Professional Documents
Culture Documents
SYSTEM
ABSTRACT
The main aim of this paper is to provide automatic irrigation to the plants which
helps in saving money and water. The entire system is controlled using PIC micro
controller which is programmed as giving the interrupt signal to the sprinkler.
Temperature sensor are connected to internal ports of micro controller, Whenever
there are a change in temperature of the surroundings these sensors senses the
change in temperature and gives an interrupt signal to the micro-controller and thus
the sprinkler is activated.
BLOCK DIAGRAM:
POWERSUPPLY
LCD DISPLAY
MICROCONTROLLER
LCD
TEMPERATURE
SENSOR
WATER LEVEL
SENSOR
MOTOR
DRIVERS
WATE
RPUM
PS
HARDWARE USED:
Micro Controller
Motor
Power supply
LCD
Temperature sensor
Water level sensor
CIRCUIT
U1
LCD1
7805
BR1
LM016L
D1
C2
104
1
2
3
12-0-12/1AMPS
D0
D1
D2
D3
D4
D5
D6
D7
1K
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
R1
RS
RW
E
22PF
4
5
6
C1
VSINE
VO
V1
VI
GND
VSS
VDD
VEE
TR1
LED
PRESET
C5
10K
R3
VOUT
1K
X1
27.0
4MHZ
2
2
3
4
5
6
7
C6
3
U2
13
14
1
LM35
22PF
8
9
10
+5V
OSC1/CLKIN
OSC2/CLKOUT
MCLR/Vpp/THV
RA0/AN0
RA1/AN1
RA2/AN2/VREFRA3/AN3/VREF+
RA4/T0CKI
RA5/AN4/SS
RC0/T1OSO/T1CKI
RC1/T1OSI/CCP2
RE0/AN5/RD
RC2/CCP1
RE1/AN6/WR
RC3/SCK/SCL
RE2/AN7/CS
RC4/SDI/SDA
RC5/SDO
RC6/TX/CK
RC7/RX/DT
.
PROBE
RD0/PSP0
RD1/PSP1
RD2/PSP2
RD3/PSP3
RD4/PSP4
RD5/PSP5
RD6/PSP6
RD7/PSP7
RV1
10K
C1
22PF
+5V
RB0/INT
RB1
RB2
RB3/PGM
RB4
RB5
RB6/PGC
RB7/PGD
PIC16F877
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
15
16
17
18
23
24
25
26
19
20
21
22
27
28
29
30
R2
Q1
+88.8
22PF
BC547
1k
12v
kRPM
U3
POWER SUPPLY
The power supply unit is used to provide a constant 5V of DC supply from a 230V
of AC supply. These 5V DC will acts as power to different standard circuits. It mainly
uses 3 devices
1. Bridge wave rectifier
2. Voltage regulator
For single-phase AC, if the transformer is center-tapped, then two diodes back-toback(i.e. anodes-to-anode or cathode-to-cathode) can form a full-wave rectifier. Many
windings are required on the transformer secondary to obtain the same output voltage.
In this only two diodes are activated at a time i.e. D1 and D3 activate for positive
cycle and D2 and D4 activates for negative half cycle. D2 and D4 convert negative cycle
to positive cycle as it as negative supply and negative cycle as positive cycle at its output.
VOLTAGE REGULATOR
This is most common voltage regulator that is still used in embedded designs. LM7805
voltage regulator is a linear regulator. With proper heat sink these LM78xx types can
handle even more than 1A current. They also have Thermal overload protection, Short
circuit protection.
This will connect at the output of rectifier to get constant Dc supply instead of ripple
voltages. It mainly consists of 3 pins
1. Input voltage
2. Output voltage
3. Ground
The capacitor C2 is used to get thee ripple voltage as input to regulator instead of
full positive cycles.
Vr = I load/Xc
MICROCONTROLLER
PIC
PIN DIAGRAM
ARCHITECTURE
Analog Features:
10-bit, up to 8-channel Analog-to-Digital Converter (A/D)
Brown-out Reset (BOR)
Analog Comparator module with:
- Two analog comparators
- Programmable on-chip voltage reference (VREF) module
- Programmable input multiplexing from device inputs and internal voltage
reference
Peripheral Features:
CMOS Technology:
Some pins for these I/O ports are multiplexed with an alternate function for
the peripheral features on the device. In general, when a peripheral is enabled, that
pin may not be used as a general purpose I/O pin. Additional information on I/O
ports may be found in the PICmicro Mid-Range.
port implies that the port pins are read; the value is modified and then written to
the port data latch.
Pin RA4 is multiplexed with the Timer0 module clock input to become the
RA4/T0CKI pin. The RA4/T0CKI pin is a Schmitt Trigger input and an open-drain
output. All other PORTA pins have TTL input levels and full CMOS output drivers.
Other PORTA pins are multiplexed with analog inputs and the analog VREF input
for both the A/D converters and the comparators. The operation of each pin is
selected by clearing/setting the appropriate control bits in the ADCON1 and/or
CMCON registers.
PORTB and the TRISB Register
PORTD is an 8-bit port with Schmitt Trigger input buffers. Each pin is
individually configurable as an input or output. PORTD can be configured as an 8-
bit wide microprocessor port (Parallel Slave Port) by setting control bit,
PSPMODE (TRISE<4>). In this mode, the input buffers are TTL.
TIMER-0 MODULE
The prescaler is mutually exclusively shared between the Timer0 module and the
Watchdog Timer. The prescaler is not readable or writable.
TIMER 0 BLOCKDIAGRAM
TIMER 1 MODULE
The Timer1 module is a 16-bit timer/counter consisting of two 8-bit registers
(TMR1H and TMR1L) which are readable and writable. The TMR1 register pair
(TMR1H:TMR1L) increments from 0000h to FFFFh and rolls over to 0000h. The
TMR1 interrupt, if enabled, is generated on overflow which is latched in interrupt
flag bit, TMR1IF (PIR1<0>). This interrupt can be enabled/disabled by
setting/clearing TMR1 interrupt enable bit, TMR1IE (PIE1<0>). Timer1 can
operate in one of two modes:
As a Timer
As a Counter
The operating mode is determined by the clock select bit, TMR1CS (T1CON<1>).
In Timer mode, Timer1 increments every instruction cycle. In Counter mode, it
increments on every rising edge of the external clock input. Timer1 can be
enabled/disabled by setting/clearing control bit, TMR1ON (T1CON<0>). Timer1
also has an internal Reset input. This Reset can be generated by either of the two
CCP modules (Section 8.0 Capture/Compare/PWM Modules).
TIMER2 MODULE
Timer2 is an 8-bit timer with a prescaler and a postscaler. It can be used as
the PWM time base for the PWM mode of the CCP module(s). The TMR2 register
is readable and writable and is cleared on any device Reset. The input clock
(FOSC/4) has a prescale option of 1:1, 1:4 or 1:16, selected by control bits
T2CKPS1:T2CKPS0 (T2CON<1:0>). The Timer2 module has an 8-bit period
register, PR2. Timer2 increments from 00h until it matches PR2 and then resets to
00h on the next increment cycle. PR2 is a readable and writable register. The PR2
register is initialized to FFh upon Reset. The match output of TMR2 goes through
a 4-bit postscaler (which gives a 1:1 to 1:16 scaling inclusive) to generate a TMR2
interrupt (latched in flag bit, TMR2IF (PIR1<1>)).
Timer2 can be shut-off by clearing control bit, TMR2ON (T2CON<2>), to
minimize power consumption.
display contains two internal byte-wide registers, one for commands (instructions)
(RS=0) and the second for characters (data) to be displayed (RS=1).It also contains a
user-programmed RAM area (the character RAM) that can be programmed to generate
any desired character that can be formed using a dot matrix. To distinguish between these
two data areas, the hex command byte 80 will be used to signify that the display RAM
address 00h will be chosen Port1 is used to furnish the command or data type, and ports
3.2 to 3.4 furnish register select and read/write levels.
The display takes varying amounts of time to accomplish the functions as listed.
LCD bit 7 is monitored for logic high (busy) to ensure the display is overwritten. A
slightly more complicated LCD display (4 lines*40 characters) is currently being used in
medical diagnostic systems to run a very similar program.
2 Vcc
3 Contrast Voltage
4"R/S"_Instruction(0)/data(1) Select
6 "E" Clock
+5v Vdd
1
15
16
RS R/W En
11
4
12
RELAY
5
13
D0 D1 D2
60D
6
14
D3 D4
D5 D6 D7
10
Introduction:A relay is an electrical switch that opens and closes under control of another electrical
circuit. In the original form, the switch is operated by an electromagnet to open or close
one or many sets of contacts. It was invented by Joseph Henry in 1835. Because a relay
is able to control an output circuit of higher power than the input circuit, it can be
considered, in a broad sense, to be a form of an electrical amplifier.
Operation:-
When a current flows through the coil, the resulting magnetic field attracts an armature
that is mechanically linked to a moving contact. The movement either makes or breaks a
connection with a fixed contact. When the current to the coil is switched off, the
armature is returned by a force approximately half as strong as the magnetic force to its
relaxed position. Usually this is a spring, but gravity is also used commonly in industrial
motor starters. Most relays are manufactured to operate quickly. In a low voltage
application, this is to reduce noise. In a high voltage or high current application, this is to
reduce arcing.
If the coil is energized with DC, a diode is frequently installed across the coil, to
dissipate the energy from the collapsing magnetic field at deactivation, which would
otherwise generate a spike of voltage and might cause damage to circuit components. If
the coil is designed to be energized with AC, a small copper ring can be crimped to the
end of the solenoid. This "shading ring" creates a small out-of-phase current, which
increases the minimum pull on the armature during the AC cycle.
By analogy with the functions of the original electromagnetic device, a solid-state relay is
made with a thyristor or other solid-state switching device. To achieve electrical isolation,
a light-emitting diode (LED) is used with a photo transistor.
Types of relay:-
A latching relay has two relaxed states (bistable). These are also called 'keep' relays.
When the current is switched off, the relay remains in its last state. This is achieved with
a solenoid operating a ratchet and cam mechanism, or by having two opposing coils with
an over-center spring or permanent magnet to hold the armature and contacts in
position while the coil is relaxed, or with a remnant core. In the ratchet and cam
example, the first pulse to the coil turns the relay on and the second pulse turns it off.
In the two coil example, a pulse to one coil turns the relay on and a pulse to the
opposite coil turns the relay off. This type of relay has the advantage that it consumes
power only for an instant, while it is being switched, and it retains its last setting across a
power outage.
2) Reed relay:-
A reed relay has a set of contacts inside a vacuum or inert gas filled glass tube, which
protects the contacts against atmospheric corrosion. The contacts are closed by a
magnetic field generated when current passes through a coil around the glass tube. Reed
relays are capable of faster switching speeds than conventional relays. See also reed
switch.
A mercury-wetted relay is a form of reed relay in which the contacts are wetted with
mercury. Such relays are used to switch low-voltage signals (one volt or less) because of
its low contact resistance, or for high-speed counting and timing applications where the
mercury eliminated contact bounce. Mercury wetted relays are position-sensitive and
must be mounted vertically to work properly. Because of the toxicity and expense of
liquid mercury, these relays are rarely specified for new equipment. See also mercury
switch.
3) Polarized relay:-
A Polarized Relay placed the armature between the poles of a permanent magnet to
increase sensitivity. Polarized relays were used in middle 20th Century telephone
exchanges to detect faint pulses and correct telegraphic distortion. The poles were on
screws, so a technician could first adjust them for maximum sensitivity and then apply a
bias spring to set the critical current that would operate the relay.
A machine tool relay is a type standardized for industrial control of machine tools,
transfer machines, and other sequential control. They are characterized by a large
number of contacts (sometimes extendable in the field) which are easily converted from
normally-open to normally-closed status, easily replaceable coils, and a form factor that
allows compactly installing many relays in a control panel. Although such relays once
were the backbone of automation in such industries as automobile assembly, the
programmable logic controller mostly displaced the machine tool relay from sequential
control applications.
5) Contactor relay:-
A contactor is a very heavy-duty relay used for switching electric motors and lighting
loads. With high current, the contacts are made with pure silver. The unavoidable arcing
causes the contacts to oxidize and silver oxide is still a good conductor. Such devices are
often used for motor starters. A motor starter is a contactor with an overload protection
devices attached. The overload sensing devices are a form of heat operated relay where
a coil heats a bi-metal strip, or where a solder pot melts, releasing a spring to operate
auxiliary contacts. These auxiliary contacts are in series with the coil. If the overload
senses excess current in the load, the coil is de-energized. Contactor relays can be
extremely loud to operate, making them unfit for use where noise is a chief concern.
Circuit symbols of relays. "C" denotes the common terminal in SPDT and DPDT types.
Since relays are switches, the terminology applied to switches is also applied to relays.
According to this classification, relays can be of the following types:
* SPST - Single Pole Single Throw. These have two terminals which can be switched
on/off. In total, four terminals when the coil is also included.
* SPDT - Single Pole Double Throw. These have one row of three terminals. One
terminal (common) switches between the other two poles. It is the same as a single
change-over switch. In total, five terminals when the coil is also included.
* DPST - Double Pole Single Throw. These have two pairs of terminals. Equivalent to
two SPST switches or relays actuated by a single coil. In total, six terminals when the coil
is also included. This configuration may also be referred to as DPNO.
* DPDT - Double Pole Double Throw. These have two rows of change-over terminals.
Equivalent to two SPDT switches or relays actuated by a single coil. In total, eight
terminals when the coil is also included.
* QPDT - Quadruple Pole Double Throw. Often referred to as Quad Pole Double Throw,
or 4PDT. These have four rows of change-over terminals. Equivalent to four SPDT
switches or relays actuated by a single coil or two DPDT relays. In total, fourteen
terminals when the coil is also included.
The contacts can be either Normally Open (NO), Normally Closed (NC), or change-over
(CO) contacts.
* Normally-open contacts connect the circuit when the relay is activated; the circuit is
disconnected when the relay is inactive. It is also called Form A contact or "make"
contact. Form A contact is ideal for applications that require to switch a high-current
power source from a remote device.
* Normally-closed contacts disconnect the circuit when the relay is activated; the
circuit is connected when the relay is inactive. It is also called Form B contact or "break"
contact. Form B contact is ideal for applications that require the circuit to remain closed
until the relay is activated.
* Change-over contacts control two circuits: one normally-open contact and one
normally-closed contact with a common terminal. It is also called Form C contact or
"transfer" contact.
Applications:-
* To detect and isolate faults on transmission and distribution lines by opening and
closing circuit breakers (protection relays),
* To isolate the controlling circuit from the controlled circuit when the two are at
different potentials, for example when controlling a mains-powered device from a lowvoltage switch. The latter is often applied to control office lighting as the low voltage
wires are easily installed in partitions, which may be often moved as needs change.
* To perform logic functions. For example, the Boolean AND function is realized by
connecting NO relay contacts in series, the OR function by connecting NO contacts in
parallel. The change-over or Form C contacts perform the XOR (exclusive or) function.
Similar functions for NAND and NOR are accomplished using NC contacts. Due to the
failure modes of a relay compared with a semiconductor, they are widely used in safety
critical logic, such as the control panels of radioactive waste handling machinery.
* To perform time delay functions. Relays can be modified to delay opening or delay
closing a set of contacts. A very shorts (a fraction of a second) delay would use a copper
disk between the armature and moving blade assembly. Current flowing in the disk
maintains magnetic field for a short time, lengthening release time. For a slightly longer
(up to a minute) delay, a dashpot is used. A dashpot is a piston filled with fluid that is
allowed to escape slowly. The time period can be varied by increasing or decreasing the
flow rate. For longer time periods, a mechanical clockwork timer is installed.
Protective relay:-
A protective relay is a complex electromechanical apparatus, often with more than one
coil, designed to calculate operating conditions on an electrical circuit and trip circuit
breakers when a fault was found. Unlike switching type relays with fixed and usually illdefined operating voltage thresholds and operating times, protective relays had wellestablished, selectable, time/current (or other operating parameter) curves.
Such relays were very elaborate, using arrays of induction disks, shaded-pole magnets,
operating and restraint coils, solenoid-type operators, telephone-relay style contacts, and
phase-shifting networks to allow the relay to respond to such conditions as over-current,
over-voltage, reverse power flow, over- and under- frequency, and even distance relays
that would trip for faults up to a certain distance away from a substation but not beyond
that point. An important transmission line or generator unit would have had cubicles
dedicated to protection, with a score of individual electromechanical devices.
Each of the protective functions available on a given relay is denoted by standard ANSI
Device Numbers. For example, a relay including function 51 would be a timed over
current protective relay.
Design and theory of these protective devices is an important part of the education of
an electrical engineer who specializes in power systems. Today these devices are nearly
Temperature sensor
The LM35 series are precision integrated-circuit temperature sensors, whose
output voltage is linearly proportional to the Celsius (Centigrade) temperature. The
LM35 thus has an advantage over linear temperature sensors calibrated in Kelvin,
as the user is not required to subtract a large constant voltage from its output to
obtain convenient Centigrade scaling.
The LM35 does not require any external calibration or trimming to provide
typical accuracies of 1/4C at room temperature and 3/4C over a full -55 to
+150C temperature range. Low cost is assured by trimming and calibration at the
wafer level. The LM35s low output impedance, linear output, and precise inherent
calibration make interfacing to readout or control circuitry especially easy. It can
be used with single power supplies, or with plus and minus supplies. As it draws
only 60 A from its supply, it has very low self-heating, less than 0.1C in still air.
The LM35 is rated to operate over a -55 to +150C temperature range, while the
LM35C is rated for a -40 to +110C range (-10 with improved accuracy). The
LM35 series is available packaged in hermetic TO-46 transistor packages, while
the LM35C, LM35CA, and LM35D are also available in the plastic TO-92
transistor package. The LM35D is also available in an 8-lead surface mount small
outline package and a plastic TO-220 package.
Features
Calibrated directly in Celsius (Centigrade).
Linear + 10.0 mV/C scale factor.
0.5C accuracy guarantee able (at +25C).
Rated for full -55 to +150C range.
OUT
PROBE
RV1
10K
C1
22PF
+5V
ETCHING
The final copper pattern is formed by selective removal of the unwanted
copper which is not protected by an electric rebist. FeCl3 solution is popularly
used etching solution. FeCl3 powder is made into a solution using water and kept
in a plastic tray. Immerse the marked copper clad in this solution for two or three
hours. Due to the reaction solution will became weak and it is not recommended
for further etching process. Take out the etched sheet from the tray and dry out for
in sunlight for an hour.
ETCHANTS
SOFTWARE USED:
Embedded C
MPLAB IDE
PROTUES
PIC KIT2
SOFTWARE TOOLS
1. MPLAB
MPLAB IDE is an integrated development environment that provides
development engineers with the flexibility to develop and debug firmware for
various Microchip devices
MPLAB IDE is a Windows-based Integrated Development Environment for the
Microchip Technology Incorporated PICmicrocontroller (MCU) and dsPIC digital
signal controller (DSC) families. In the MPLAB IDE, you can:
Assemble, compile and link source code using various language tools. An
assembler, linker and librarian come with MPLAB IDE. C compilers are
available from Microchip and other third party vendors.
Debug the executable logic by watching program flow with a simulator, such
as MPLAB SIM, or in real time with an emulator, such as MPLAB ICE.
Third party emulators that work with MPLAB IDE are also available.
Find quick answers to questions from the MPLAB IDE on-line Help.
2. MPLAB SIMULATOR
MPLAB SIM is a discrete-event simulator for the PIC microcontroller (MCU)
families. It is integrated into MPLAB IDE integrated development environment.
The MPLAB SIM debugging tool is designed to model operation of Microchip
Technology's PIC microcontrollers to assist users in debugging software for these
devices
4. COMPILER-HIGH TECH C
A program written in the high level language called C; which will be converted
into PICmicro MCU machine code by a compiler. Machine code is suitable for use
by a PICmicro MCU or Microchip development system product like MPLAB IDE.
4 WRITE PROGRAM
The MCU needs a program to work as required. From the Source menu, select
add source file, new and open the source file GPS.C in folder GPS. Select code
generation tool MPASM. Open the source edit window by selecting the new file
from the source menu, and enter the source code listed here Save the source file
code file GPS.C in the project folder.
ASSEMBLE PROGRAM
Save the source code when complete. From the Source menu, select Build All. The
message window should confirm build OK. If not, correct syntax errors in the
source code by reference to PIC programming rules. A hex file is produced as
shown, GPS.HEX, which contains the MCU machine code.The machine code
program GPS.HEX is stored automatically in the project folder with the source
code.
ATTACH PROGRAM
This hex file must be attached to the MCU in the schematic. Right click, then left
click on the PIC chip to open the Edit Component dialogue. Click on the Program
File folder tab and select the GPS.HEX file from the project folder. Set the
Processor Clock Frequency to 4MHz. Note that the external components do not
affect the simulation clock frequency. The Port B output LEDs should operate
when the run/step/pause/stop controls are clicked (the buttons on the schematic
have no effect with this program). Save the completed design file.
TEST PROGRAM
Pause the program and from the Debug menu check the PIC CPU Source Code
option to display the program with the execution point highlighted. Use the Step
Into button in the source code window to single step the program. Note that the
initialisation instructions are executed once, and the loop then repeats endlessly
this is the usual program operating sequence for control applications. The source
code window has buttons to run, single step (into, over and out of subroutines) and
set breakpoints.Correct any logical program errors detected.
DEBUG PROGRAM
To monitor program progress, the MCU registers can be displayed, and other
changes monitored, using:
Execution clock
Simulation logs
The effect of the program on the registers and status flags, and program timing can
thus be checked.
Save the test window arrangement using save preferences.
DOWNLOAD PROGRAM
When all logical errors have been resolved, the program can be downloaded to the
real hardware using the programming tools in MPLAB, for example, using the
PICKIT2 programmer unit. Alternatively, the ICD system allows in-circuit
programming and debugging, requiring the purchase of the MPLAB ICD2 module.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Proteus ISIS:
Open the ISIS Professional from PROTEUS. This is the application where the
simulations of the circuits can be tested. But the same file can be further processed
to transform it into a layout. Layout is the final design which is needed in order to
make the PCB of a circuit. To make the schematic, first we must have its raw
design. Below is the schematic, that this documents uses to explain the steps to
make the PCB.
Proteus ARES:
ARES Professional will open automatically once the previous step is done. This
is the application where the final layout will be made. Once the layout is made, the
work on the software will be finished. Proceed with the following steps to make
the PCB layout.
Introduction
What
is
PICKIT
2?
In-circuit debugging
Diagnostic LEDs
SOFTWARE CODE
#include "config.c"
#include "pic16f877a.c"
__CONFIG(0X1F72);
#define SOIL RA4
#define RL1 RC5
void newline();
unsigned char pc;
void main()
{
ADCON1=0x07;
TRISA=0XFF;
TRISB=0X00;
TRISC=0X00;
TRISD=0X01;
TRISE=0X00;
PORTA=PORTB=0;
PORTC=PORTD=PORTE=0;
lcd_init();
usart_initialise();
while(1)
{
lcdcmd(0x80);
lcddatawrt(" Soil Moisture ");
if(SOIL==0)
{
lcdcmd(0xC0);
lcddatawrt(" Low - Pump-ON ");
RL1=1;
GSM();
GSM1();
}
else if(SOIL==1)
{
lcdcmd(0xC0);
lcddatawrt(" Normal-Pump-OFF");
RL1=0;
}
}
// end of main
}
}
//------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------//
CONCLUSION
BIBILOGRAPHY
WEBREFERENCES:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
www.electronicstutorials.com
www.aimglobal.com
www.kernel.org
www.egtechprojects.com
www.microchip.com
www.google.com
CONCLUSION
The system provides with several benefits and can operate with less manpower.
The system supplies water only when the humidity in the soil goes below the
reference. Due to the direct transfer of water to the roots water conservation takes
place and also helps to maintain the moisture to soil ratio at the root zone constant
ADVANTAGES
1. Saves water - Studies show that drip irrigation systems use 30 - 50% less water
than conventional watering methods, suchas sprinklers.
2. Improves growth - Smaller amounts of water applied over a longer amount of
time provide ideal growing conditions. Drip irrigation extends watering times for
plants, and prevents soil
erosion and nutrient runoff. Also, because the flow is continuous, water penetrates
deeply into the soil to get well down into the root zone.
3. Discourages weeds - Water is only delivered where it's needed.
4. Saves time - Setting and moving sprinklers is not required. A timer delay as per
environment can be added to the system for automatic watering.
5. Helps control fungal diseases, which grow quickly under moist conditions. Also,
wet foliage can spread disease.
6. Adaptable - A drip irrigation system can be modified easily to adjust to the
changing needs of a garden or lawn.
7. Simplest Method - Start by drawing a map of your garden and yard, showing the
location of plantings. Measure the distances required for lengths of hose or plastic
tubing to reachthe desired areas.