Professional Documents
Culture Documents
A. Salts
- Usage of salts in daily lives:
Application
Agriculture
Example
1. Acidic soil is treated with powdered _____________________ (calcium oxide, CaO),
_______________ (calcium carbonate, CaCO3) or ashes of burnt wood.
2. Basic soil is treated with compost. The _____________ gas from the decomposition of
compost __________________ the alkalis in basic soil.
3. The acidity of water in farming is controlled by adding _______________ (calcium oxide,
Industries
CaO).
1. Acidic gases emitted by industries are neutralized with ________________ (calcium oxide,
CaO) before the gases are released into the air.
2. Organic acid produced by bacteria in latex is neutralized by __________________________
Health
Definition of salt: A salt is a compound forms when the ______________ ion, H + from an ____________ is
Solubility of Salts
78
Salt
Sodium, potassium and ammonium salts
(Na+, K+, NH4+)
Nitrate salt (NO3-)
Solubility in water
All are soluble
All are soluble
All
carbonate salts are insoluble except Na2CO3, K2CO3
Carbonate salt (CO32-)
and (NH4)2CO3
Exercise : Determine whether each of the following salt is soluble or insoluble in water.
Salt
Solubility ( , X
)
1. Magnesium chloride
2. Lead(II) sulphate
3. Calcium carbonate
4. Zinc chloride
5. Silver chloride
6. Potassium carbonate
7. Lead(II) nitrate
8. Sodium sulphate
9. Ammonium chloride
10. Barium sulphate
Chloride salt (Cl -)
Formula of
Salt
1. CaCO3
2. ZnCl2
3. Na2SO4
4. AlCl3
5. K2CO3
6. AgCl
7. BaSO4
8. (NH4)2CO3
9. CaSO4
10. PbCl2
Solubility ( , X )
79
Preparations of Salts
-
Ammonium salts, sodium salts and potassium salts can be prepared by ______________________ reaction
Soluble salt
Name two chemical
substances to prepare the salt
Chemical equation
Procedure: (Diagram)
Description
Soluble salts other than ammonium, sodium and potassium can be prepared by one of the following
reactions:
Reaction between an acid and a ______________________.
Reaction between an acid and a _____________________________________.
Reaction between an acid and a metal _________________.
Soluble salt
Name two chemical substances
to prepare the salt
Chemical equation
Procedure: (Diagram)
Description
An
____________________________ reaction.
In this method, ____________ aqueous solutions of two different soluble salts are mixed together to form the
insoluble
salt
is
prepared
through ______________________________
method
through a
insoluble salt. The insoluble salt is the ________________________ and can be obtained by
-
___________________________.
The first solution must have a soluble salt which contains the _______________ of the insoluble salt while
the second solution must have a soluble salt which contains the ________________ of the insoluble salt.
Easier ways to choose the aqueous solutions
Choose a nitrate salt to provide the required cation. (Because all nitrate salts are soluble in water.)
Choose a sodium or potassium salt to provide the required anion. (Because all sodium and potassium
salts are soluble in water.)
Soluble salt
Name two chemical substances to
prepare the salt
Chemical equation
Ionic equation
Procedure: (Diagram)
Description
3. Tests for cations can be done using two reagents: sodium hydroxide solution and ammonia solution.
(Refer to the flow chart for qualitative analysis of cations)
Experiment 1: Confirmatory Tests for some specific cations
Part A: Confirmatory test for ammonium ion, NH4+
1. Pour 2 cm3 of ammonium chloride, NH4Cl solution into a test tube.
2. Add a few drops of Nesslers reagent to the test tube using a dropper. Shake well.
3. Record your observation.
Observations:
Experiment
Part A
Part B
Part C
Observations
Observations
Pour 2 cm3 of 1 moldm-3 iron(II) sulphate, FeSO4 solution into a test tube.
Add dilute hydrochloric acid, HCl into the test tube slowly until no further change occurs.
Then, add 2 cm3 of 1 moldm-3 barium chloride, BaCl2 solution.
Record your observation.
Part C: Test for nitrate ions, NO31. Pour 2 cm3 of 1 moldm-3 lead(II) nitrate, Pb(NO3)2 solution into a test tube.
2. Add 2 cm3 of dilute sulphuric acid, H2SO4 follow by 2 cm3 of iron(II) sulphate, FeSO4 solution into the test
tube and shake well.
3. Hold the test tube in a slanting position and add 1 cm3 of concentrated sulphuric acid, H2SO4 along the side of
the test tube using a dropper. Do not shake the test tube.
4. Record your observation.
Observations:
Experiment
Observations
Part A
Part B
Part C
*ppt : precipitate