"x

3^

THE

CALIPHATE

'^1'=^

CO.XTh'OVIiRSV

MO//A.M.\f/-DAX

77//:

LIFE

T.

MAHOMET
brief

8vo,
THE

Outline

RISE

THE

LORDS

Sir

BEACON

36.

Illustrations

and

and

Life,

Prophet's

the

Crown

Map.

Present

Tract.

Day

the

0/

K.C.S.I.

the

Crown

APOLOGY

TEACHING

SOCIETY

Composition

8vo,

OF

2s.

FOR

Christ.

2S.

and

8vo,

2s.

KINDY.

THE

PROMOTING

the

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the

of

from

from

the

56

Paterncster

Coran

to

the

Arabic

by

Sir

6d.

Teaching,
Sir

Century,

Translated

William

and

Ml'ik,

the

Row.

Testimony
K.C.S.I.

6d.

AL

OF

of

Nineteenth

Crown

SOCIETY,

By

Scriptures.
8vo,

the

Religion.

Translated

TRACT

Holy

Fcap.

Death

the

to

Testimony

or,

Religion.

K.C.S.I.

Its

to

Muir,

RELIGIOUS

CORAN

of

Christian

TRUTH

Christian

MiiR,

the

Tale

the

of

William

Witness

4d.
A

Virtue

OF

Edition.

London:

No.

and

By

WiLLiA.M

THE

of

Place.

ISLAM.

Abiding

An

Tract.

Truth

Truth

THE

Waterloo

15

With

OF

FIRST-FRUITS.
the

bears

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Religion.

DECLINE

Day

Arabic.

THE

1260-

EGYPT,

OF

Sitetch

SUPPER:

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Lo.ndon:

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Sources.

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Present

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his

of

AND

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on

Original

6d.

2S.

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ISLAM.

AND
a

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CALIPHATE.

ELDER,

SMITH,

7s.

Stkeht.

DYNASTY

SLAVE
THE

OF

END

London

8vo,

George

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From

OR

A.D.,

1517

PSALTER.

CLARK,

T.

THE

16s.

8vo,

MAMELUKE

THE

"

MAHOMET.

OE

Edition.

THE

OF

I ES

HIOGRAPH

TRADITION;

ON

AND

UTURGY

Edinrorgh:

THE

SPRESGER

MOHA.M\tED:
INDEiN

MUIR.

WILLIAM

SIR

BY

WORKS

Second

Edition.

1887.

CORAN.

CHRISTIAN

KNOWLEDGE.

it
N6w

CALIPHATE

THE

TS

RISE,

SOURCES

ORIGINAL

FROM

LL.D.,

D.C.I...

Ph.D.

life

of

(Bolo/rna)
OF

AJUTHOK

"THK

K.CS.L

MUIR,

WILLIAM

SIR

"

"

MAHOMET"

AND

MAHOMET

ISLAM

ETC.

EDITION

THIRD

LONDON
"

ELDER,

SMITH,
15

Waterloo

FALL

AND

DFXLINE,

Place

CO.

PREFACE

This

TO

volume

tile

First

as

Edition,

the

on,

anticipated.
the
and

of

in

the

Tabari

Athir

(d.

who

630

A.

chief

guide.

the

brief

chapter
I

GeschicJite

more

the

author.

Smith
Vols.

"

in

history
materials

accuracy,

with

impressed
and

the

the

been
for

Mameluke
admirable

been

The

with

who

has

the

gratefully

Weil.

Ibn

especially

has

indeed

other.

A.H.,

Weil's

on

are

annalist

and

under

no

sources,

close,

connection

are

century

available

Dr.

portions,

impartial

largely

late

is

there

Fourth

throughout.
the

earlier

Caliphate

drawn

to

later

the

the

on

one

Elder,

I. -III.

all

Towards

is studied

unfailing

the

Clialifcn^^ which

obligations

the

the

scanty

the

singularly

from

have

dcr

the

the

in

II.),a

companion

history

for

died

work

my

dynasty,

uninteresting

not

yet, but

for

excepting

indeed,

his

compiled

than
standing,
notwith-

length

towards

as

are,

had

language.

Arabian

After

found

contribution

larger

its

found,

than

much

that,

be

there

authorities,

purely

my

as

which

English

The

it

but

compressible

however,
may

Caliphate,'^ witli

Early

is

of

abridgment

an

Abbassides

less

narrative

for

period

the

therefore,

trust,

offer

now

of

as

the

of

matter

result,

The

hoped.

fall

EDITION

intended

Annals

or

the

to

went

first

at

was

continuation

SECOND

my

acknowledge
his

more

original
the

dispassionate

stant
con-

vast

great

ties,
authori-

research,

judgment

18S3.

Mannheim,

1846-1S51

and

\\
.

^".

Stuttgart,

1S60-1S62.

of

vi

PRE

nuMitioii

I shctulil
is

story

owx

i^r.iphyof

Mahomet.

and

phase

of

every

of

traditions

all

degrees

death

the

curtain

chief

the

Of

meagre.

with

connection

the

four

But

Caliphs.

is

though

bald

by

the

is

the

year,

for

it, and

to

is thus

broken

difficulty
experienced
But

the

upon

the

full

whole,

in

purpose.

I may

permitted

and

Crusades,

and

by

the

on

the

the

Eastern

relations
express

the

here

to

in

our

Osmanlies,

Churches,
of

that

some

thing
every-

else.

The

long

series

inconvenience
connected

lament

and

the

of

want

up

and

for

any
the

on

its

throw
over-

not

only deeply

with

the

development
and

narrative.

language

own

bound

and

amply sufficient

arc

chapters

Europe, Asia,

hope

containing

dynasty

"

but

strictlydivided

over

some

as

becomes

rule

nothing

often

Mameluke

interestingin themselves,
of

and

battles

such
a

are

rule

forming

work

standard

form

exception,

an

as

year

materials

historian's

be

then

also

each

as

up,

the

before,
the

assumes

and

continuity of subjects extending

of years

first

the

being, as

now

now

annals

chapter

belonging

of

Siffin,the story

and

jejune. These

and

lives of

profuse descriptionof

Cadesiya, the Camel,

notice,

eventuallythe styleof ordinary

there

and

their

sufficient

the

to

statements,

annals

minute

given

and

from

indeed,

have

we

scene.

is curt

remains

tradition, instead

narrative,and

in the

little that

Prophet,

lifelike

the

his

At

itself.

in

upon

Companions,"

"

of connected

as

once

pendent,
inde-

and

separate

complete

the

congeries of separate

; and

"

and

special prominence

and

h)' myriads

credibility,authoritative,

of

drojxs at

life

of his

incident

tradition

short

collapses,and

Tradition

each

"

Bio-

for the

ciiaracter, is ilhistiaud

his

of which

out

those

that, every

of

generally

materials

the

entirelyfrom

I'or

fabulous,

uncertain,

that

here

differ

woven

FACE

of

Egypt.

interests

the

cal
politi-

I venture

worthy

pen

may

that

the

Moslem

supply

to

the

want.

The

reader

will bear

in mind

year,

as

PREFACE

is

lunar,

purely

loses

consequently
The

hundred.
like

the

moon,

the

month

according
The

about

itself

Mussulman

been

intelligible notation,
thus

this

the

being

by

Roman

of

of

age

the

the
of

season

given throughout
Christian

as

notation.
the

to

in

trust

numerals

in

lish
Eng-

the

more

margin

"

Rajab

vii.
.

Shaban

viii.

Ramadhan

Ramzan

or

ix.

Shawwal

x.
.

Dzul

Cada

'

xi.

Dzul

have

been

not

very

consistent,

in

forms

ordinarily

have
of

For
any

peculiarity, that

unfamiliar

indicated,

and
of

cycle

the

been

and

solar,

every

indicates

usually

months,

have

reader,

also

the

indication

no

Moslem

the

in

date

gives

than

years

has

the

have

dates

both

to

three

month

Jewish,

The

year.

shorter

days

lunar

while,

the

eleven

Vll

the

Arabic

letter

diacritical

strict,and

rendering

the

been

names

I have

Hijj

of

has

not

been

in the

xii.
.

possibly

to.
as

Received

As

rule,

follows

present

always

not

names.

proper

adhered

work

"

assigned

mark.
VV.

Edinburgh,

literation
trans-

September

1891.

M.

KDITION

THIRD

This

Third

is

Edition

of

reproduction

simple

the

amendments

Occasional

Second.

throughout.

the

But

been

have

whole

it

is

made

the
same.

upon

\y.

Edinburgh,

December

1898.

M.

CONTENTS

PAGE

PREFACES

CHAPTER
of

Death

Mahomet.
Abu

Aly,

Bedouins

of

organised

Medina

Bedouins

chastised.

"

against

12

Expeditions

"

16
....

campaign.

Toleiha.

"

Malik

ibn

Noweira.-

of

Garden

"

of

Battle

"

"

Moseilama.

mama.

Bekr

tribes

apostate

Oyeina.

"

Aim

Arabian

Bozakha.

repelled by

IV

CHAPTER
Khalid's

...

HI

on

Osama.

border

Syrian

to

CHAPTER
Return

Omar,

"

Osama

of

of

Bekr.

CHAPTER
Attack

Abu

Obeida

CHAPTER

Expedition

of

Election

"

Ve-

"

Death
.

crushed.

Oman,

Bahrein,

"

Ashath.

kerib,

Hejaz,
l)urned

Freebooter

kindled

by

slaves

at

and

Syrian

first sullen.

35

death

Enthusiasm
"

Chaldsean

aristocracy

become

Arabs

Made-

VH

tribes

Reclaimed

"

Ibn

to

"

CHAPTER
Review.

19

\T

CHAPTER

Apostasy

"

of

campaigns.

the

world.

"

Arab

"

free

set

45

.......

\TII

CHAPTER
in

campaign

Mothanna's
of

Battle

Chains.

Lac.
"

River

"

of

Joined

by

Blood.

Hira
"

Ain

Tamar.

"

Duma

"

Khalid's

stormed.

Khahd.

"

lates.
capitu-

Firadh.
"

"

4S

incognito pilgrimage
.

CONTENTS

VSV.V.

VBAK

CIIAI'TIK
^""-

12-13

IX
defeat.

Syrianiain|iai^n.Moslem
nnik, opposed hyCireek
"

"

Imc.

aiiuy.

Battle of Waciisa.

"

Irac.

reinforcenu'iils

\.ii.

Ik'kr's death.

Aim

Omar's

A.n.

XI

nominalcd

Reinforcements

"

Bridge.

Syria.

Fall

"

of

CHAPTER
Irac.

Fresh

"

Persian

Sad.

"

of

Battle

"

army

A.

II.

Ilira

A.

H.

of

Battle
.

Jalola.

Bussorah.

Northern

A.H.

Battle

"

Omar."

His

A.H.

.109

125

advance.
of Irac

Antioch.

Kufa

"

and

Heraclius

"

retires
.

of

submits

Ajnadein. Jerusalem
"

visit.
"

Ordinance

of Omar

Northern

Syriaand Mesopotamia. Attack by Greeks

Bedouins.
and
Beni lyadh and
Taghlib. Fall
trial
Csesarea.
Khalid's
and
of
deposition
"

"

and

Jews

Christians

of Arab
"

Coran

tribes.

"

"

151

XX~

CHAPTER
.

144

XIX

"

A.H.

139

to

"

14-15

131

XVIII

CHAPTER
17

of

X\TI

CHAPTER
Palestine.

Rustem's

....

settlement

Syria,Hims,

"

Discomfiture
.

forbids

CHAPTER
15

X\

Land

"

John.

X\-

Omar

"

89

99

"

Fall of Medain

"

St.

\'ezdegird.

"

reoccupied.

....

"

CHAPTER
16

of

Cadesiya.

CHAPTER

15-16

"

XIV

levies.

advance.

Church

"

^Jordanreduced

"

defeat.

XIII

Damascus.

of Fihl.

Battle

82
.

Kuslem.

"

Obeid's

of Mothanna

Death

"

CIIAPTKR
A.M.

Caliph

him

ft)rIrac

Abu

"

Battle of Boweib.

14

hy

XII

of the

Battle

"

for
79

Omar

"

accession.

65

.......

CHAPTER
13-14

deposed

CllArri-.R
13

joinsfrom

Hahylon.Mnthanna's appeal

of

Hatlle

"

^'er"

oil

Khalid

"

Khalid

"

CIIAi"Ti:K

Advance

"

expelled from
Civil and

collected

Arabia.

"

Register

militaryadministration.

"
.....

157

CONTENTS

XI

CHAPTER
l8

A.H.

Famine.

XXI
Omar

Plague.

"

"

visits

Muavia.

Syria.
"

"

Bilal

164
CHAPTER

19-20

A.H.

Conquest of Egypt.

XXn

Alexandria

"

CHAPTER
16-20

A.H.

Southern

Persia.

XXni

Sus.

"

Tombof

"

CHAPTER
21-22

A.H.
.

Conquest

Battle

"

Domestic

events.

Death
.

morals.

of Omar.

A.H.

Othman.

and

Other

and

Growing

Outlook

Naval

"

"

victory

210
.

of

Coran.

"

and

Kufa

at

Abu

Dzarr.

"

XXX

"

Outbreak

at

Kufa.

Aly

"

warns

XXXI
of

Conference

"

help

declined

Governors.

"

235

.....

XXXII

attack

Medina.

^
"

Palace

besieged.
"

238

.......

XXXIII

CHAPTER

Aly.

.219

slain

of

198

229

darkens.

Othman

Election

Omeyyads.

and

........

Conspirators

187

204

-Discontent

CHAPTER
A.H.

Naila

"

disaffection.

Muavia's

35

of Electors

NVest.

"

-Recension

"

CHAPTER
A.H.

XXIX

Othman.

causes.

Othman

34-35

simple life

Hashimites

"

CHAPTER
A.H.

"

XXVIII

in East

Unpopularity of
Bussorah.

33-34

"

"

of Hormuzan

CHAPTER
A.H.

enlarged. MogEra of Hegira.

Kaaba

XXVII

Coreish.

Campaigns

30-34

....

Arabs

A.H.

Flight of

XXVI

CHAPTER
24-35

of

Appointment

"

Murder

"

"

Omar's

"

CHAPTER
23-24

Nehavend.

Bussorah.

"

CHAPTER
A.H.

177

XXV

Kufa.

"

23

of

Court

"

hira's trial.

Laxity of

Hormuzan

"

.182
.

CHAPTER
A.H.

Daniel.

XXIV

of Persia.

Yezdegird

17-23

169

....

"

Excitement

proclaimed againstMuavia

at
.....

Damascus.

"

War

248

CO.M'EA'TS

\\\I\

(.IIAITI-U

?6.\.ll.

/oheir.--

and

Joined l"_vTallin
Aycsha at Mecca.
They sci/c lUissurali

/.

"

255

......

WW

t'llAlTl'.K

Aly's advance

Hussorah.

on

and

Talha

of the Camel.

Baltic

"

killed.

Zoheir

"

retires

.\ycsha

"

to

261

Medina
XXWT

CHAPTKR
Kufa

of Government.

seat

threatens

Hostilities beween

A.M.

XXW

Arbitration.

Abu

"

.\.ii.

Muavia.

CHAPTER
Decision

of

Muavia

Umpires.

"

outbreak.

"

Amru

takes

Egypt

A. II.

Double

A. II.

for Muavia

"

Aly and

Muavia

A.H.

Hasan.

Treaty
295

.....

assassinated.

"

Muavia
301

........

XLI\
in

Abdicates

"

"

XLIII

CHAPTER
40-41

292

"

escapes

287

XLH

Kharejite conspiracy. Aly

Kharejites

.....

"

by Kharejile

XLI

CHAPTER
40

Caliphate. Kharejiterisings. Ziad.

between

2S4

Damascus

Recalled

"

Battle of Nehrwan."

CHAPTER

3S-40

281
.

XL

CHAPTER
A. II.

273

him

to

Caliph at

againstMuavia.

Aly marches

Umpires

Amru,

XXXIX

CHAPTER

38

\'ie]d

Kharejitesrebel againstAl\-.

Battle of Siffin.

"

and

Musa

"

268

XXXVIH

CHAPTER
37

cus
at Damas-

II

Aly and

"

"

.....

CIIAI'T1".R

36-37

Muavia

Egypt.
regicides
"

f)f Muavia.

favour

Death

"

of

Hasan

306

........

CHAPTER

40-60

Muavia

A. H.

sole

Ziad.

Caliph.
"

Mahomet's

CHAPTER
A.

!i.
.

Vezid

Death

of Amru

Africa ; Cairowan.

"

"

56

XL\'

declared
Yezid's

Attack

"

pulpit
XL\

Moghira.
"

nople.
Constanti-

on

309

.....

I
Forms

Heir-apparent.

Bedouin

and

"

precedent.
"

mother
.

'?i6

CONTENTS

xni

PAGE

YEAR

CHArTER
6l

A.H.

Vezid.

Ibn

"

Kufa.

Zobeir

Mecca.

at

CHAPTER
A.

11.

Alyitereaction.

of Hosein.

on

"

.321

CaHphate.

Mecca

"

329

....

XLIX

Merwan.

"

affects

of Yezid

Death

CHAPTER
^Iiiavia n.

Zobeir

Ibn

"

^-i'-

marches

Death

XLVHI

"

besieged.

64-73

Hosein
"

Moharram
.

61-64

"

of Kerbala.

Tragedy

"

The

XLVir

Aljd

"

Mehk.

al

lios-

Tribal

"

"

tiHties.

Mukhtar

"

"

of

gained.

Hajjaj

"

Kufa.

seizes

Hosein.

beaten.

Mecca.

storms

derers
"Mur-

Slays

"

Musab

"

Zobeir's

Ibn

"

Kufa

"

death

332
CHAPTER

73-86

(continued). Hajjaj. Azrackites.

AbdalMelik

A.H.

"

hallab."

Ibn

Ashath.

al

Wasit.

"

Mo-

"

"

Mint."

"

Ibn

Khazim

347

........

CHAPTER

86-96

A.H.

Welid.

Omar

"

Medina.

at

Khorasan.

"

LI

of Musa."

"Fall

Death

"

Multan.

"

Soleiman.

A.H.

Coteiba's

"

Constantinople

on

A.H.

Omar

II.

of \'ezid.

Fall

"

rebellion.

359

Yezid.

"

"

A.H.

conversion

at

381

Yezid

II.

LIV

rebellion.

Yezid's

"

canvass.

Flisham.
"

Zeid.

"

Africa.

"

"

Hashimite

"

3S6

LV

Alyitesand

Hashimites;

"

Yusuf.

Narbonne.

"

of tradition

Collectors

"

CHAPTER
A.H.

376

.....

Efforts

"

CHAPTER

105-125

LIII

CHAPTER

IOI-105

Spain.

"

Attack

99-101

"

Africa.

LII

Khorasan.

"

Coteiba.

Hajjaj.
"

of Welid

Glory

CHAPTER

96-99

of

India.

"

Central

"

France.

"

Abbassides.

Asia.

India.

"

Charles

Kufa.

"

"

Martel.

nia.
Arme-

Just

"

leign

393
LVI

CHAPTER

125-126

A.H.

Welid

II.

Yezid

"

canvass.

HI.

Khorasan.

Merwan's

"

of Yezid

Death

"

advance.

A.H.

Ibrahim.

Merwan

"

Dhahhak.
.

412

LYII
II.

"

Ibn

Muavia.

"

"

......

Kharejites. Spain

"

Abbasside

"

Compromise.

"

HI

CHAPTER

126-130

Nasr.

"

"

Soleiman.

slips from
.

"

phate
Cali.

.41S

xiv

COA'TJtXrs

lAiii

('ii.\i'ii:i"
A.M.

130-132

Abbii.ssidcs in Khorasan.
(ci)iiliiuicd).

II

Miiw.m

Alibassidc-s.

Nasr's

"

A.M.

Aliliassidc- Dynasty.

A.M.

A.M.

Abu

feature.s

Ibn

LXI

Abu

"

Muslim

death.

to

])ut

Ibrahim's
Mehdy.
in
Spain.
Bagdad. Omeyyads
Pilgrimage. Literature

Khorasan,

"

"

469
LXHI

al Rashid

Harun

Amin.

thama.

A.H.

Har-

489

LXV

(continued). Alyite predilections.Bagdad

Mamun

"

revolts.

Aly

"

Mamun

"

ridha.

Bagdad.

at

Turkish

"

Amorium.

Caliph.
"

Babek.

"

"

terodoxy.
He-

498

.....

soldier}'. Samira.
"

Wathic.

"

rival

Tahirides.

LXVI

CHAPTER
Motassim.

Ibrahim

"

"

Brilliant reign

"

218-232.^.11.

and

.....

CHAPTER

198-218

Tahir

"

of Amin

Death

"

Heterodoxy.

"

"

Babek.
Ahmed

"

"

the

Martyr

515
LXVII

CHAPTER
232-247

A.M.

Motawakkil.

Return

"

againstJews

to

Orthodoxy.

Christians.

and

Ordinance

"

Saffarides.

"

sination
Assas-

"

526

........

CHAPTER

247-256

A.H.

475

"

Bagdad besieged.

Mamun."

"

at

LXIV

CHAPTER
A.M.

mecides.
Nicephorus." Fall of Barof
Tus.
his
Glorj'
reign

"

dies

Hanm

"

193-198

with

War

"

........

CHAPTER
"

LXII

laxity. Manichreans.

Growing

Greece

Hady.

44S

"

CHAPTER

A.M.

bellion.
re-

mecides.
Bar-

"

"

"

"

"

"

169-193

Jafar, Mansiir.

Mehdy.

438

"

"

A.ir.

435

"

Rawendies.

158-169

426

dcatli

llasliimiya.Persecution of Omeyyads.
Ilobeira.
.'\l)uMuslim's
pilgrimage
"

CHAITKR

136-15S

Merwan's

liy

LX

.\l)ul .\l)l)as.
"

taken

lix

CIIAITKK

132-136

"

General

"

K\\{a

flight.

of Zal).~

Rattle

"

cil\i'ti:r

132-656

"

"

Mu.slim.

.\l)u

Muntassir.
"

Mustain.

"

Mutazz.

Tulun.

LXVHI

"

Rebellion.

"

Wassif

and

Mohtady.

Riot

"

"

"

Siege of Bagdad.

Bogha.
at Bagdad
"

Ahmed
.

ibn
.

534

CONTENTS

XV

LXIX

CHAPTER

:56-279

A.

11.

Motamid

and

Mowaffac.

Tulunide

"

Dynasty

Moladhid.

A.H.

Egypt.

"

CHAPTER
and

Ismailians
Druses.

547

LXX

Muktafy.

"

Saffarides.

"

......

CHAPTER
:7M-J95

rebellion.

Zenj

"

with

War

"

Greeks

556

LXXI

Carmathians.

Fatimide

"

Dynasty.

"

Assassins

"

560

......

CHAPTER

LXXn

;2i)3 329

II.

A.

Muctadir.

Cahir.

"

Radhy

"

CHAPTER
;j')-j;34

II.

A.

Muttaky.

Buyides

"

LXXHI

Hamadan

"

Chiefs.

A.

II.

Buyide

575

Mutie,

"

575

A.

II.

under

Bagdad
four

II.

Nasir,

following

his

"

"

of

11.

A.

II.

and

Grandson.
.

last

the
to

Spurious Caliphate

"

Review
.........

Caliphs.

death.

Kharizm

Shah.

"

-591

"

End

"

Plolagu

takes

of Abbasside

Bagdad.
Dynasty

595

LXXVHI
under

Conquest
CHAPTER

INDEX

5S4

LXXVH

of

Caliph put

Osmanly

...

of

Capture

"

Fatimides

LXXVI

CHAPTER

659-926

Crusades.

"

and

Muctady

"

Khan

Mustassim,
"

Beg.

....

CHAPTER
A.

Toghril

Caliphs.

End

Son

Jenghiz

640-656

Caiin,

LXXV

CHAPTER
A.

and

Cadir,

5S0

Seljuks.

Jerusalem.

575-640

Taie,

........

CHAPTER
[7

Miistakfy.

"

LXXIV

Dynasty.

Caliphs

Ikshidites.

"

........

CHAPTER
334-447

56S

.....

Mameluke

......

Kings

of

Egj-pt.
"

599

LXXIX

603

611

MAPS

Arabia

to

1.

Syria

face

page

Iran
and

2.

....

Asia

3.

Minor,

Khorasan

Persia,
and

309

arAP
nUTSTRATlN-G

EAKCrnAYS

OF

THE

THE

CALIPHATE

"9

Scale of Stjdirte Bfiles.

35
mfin'd.'sGet^aphhcaJLKsULhhJhment.

CALIPHATE:

THE

ITS

FALL

AND

DECLINE,

RISE,

CHAPTER

Death

of

Prophet

egira,

that

ached

the

'e time

of

For

and

of

mday
;lirious.

in
the

nderly

nursing

"ew

to

stronger

aside-the
when

the

Court,
laid

he

but

; and

i-^rfabfi

the

"

'^-h-

632

a,

ix

to

up

thirteen
thus

death

early

days,

fell

or

of
her

that

curtain
where

aside)

an

un-

of

court

in

he

morning,
from

the

Abu

Bekr

times

at

relief,

door,

(as

conducting

Mosque,

great

which

rose

had

worshippers

she

throughout

husband

through

and

the

and

had
his

from

the

been

illness.

couch,

moved

commissioned
the

Abu
^

temporary
the

and

weakened
All

prostrate

Ayesha

was

had

bed.

brought

prayer,

Square

fever
his

to

lay

morning

chamber

[joining

him

week,

of
the

three

ten

had

Mahomet

lasted

burning

confined

fatal

hour

sembled

2eling

before,

Monday

the

was

of

year

of

Death

Medina.

and

the

been

eleventh

and

His

when

era

had

Mecca.

years

vigorous.

upon

grievously

from

which

illness

days

some

Flight

our

He

the

now

was

of

632

away.

threescore

last

shock

ipected

the

of

age
his

it

A.D.

year

passed

for

is of

hale

been

.d

Arabia

Medina,

at

ars

the

in

Midsummer

Bekr

Abu

of

632

A.H.

Election

Mahomet,

of

was

service

softly
by
in

Bekrl
^^"'"'

Ann

A. II. n.

his

When

place.

hi.s Master
his wife

lived

his Aunt

to

back

and

chamber.

return

It

scene

in

court

of

the

Mosque

was

and

wild

dead

not

excited

but

in

he

down

Then

he

of bewildered

who

arose,

he would

the

the

Court

not

had

the

Coran, which

words

sacred

would

he

Men

meet

to

elect

the

of

in

the

messenger

of Medina

men

chief.
a

from

ruler

critical.
power

would

mantle
on

The

one

undivided

of the
alone.

amongst

unity
fall to

court

Faith

pieces,and

The

Caliphate ;

had

was

must

fall upon

sovereignty
and

Arabia

of

from

his

mind,

would

die

the

trembled,"
hour,
indeed."

dead

assembled

had

might
one

Islam

would

now

with

be

choose

to

moment

stake.

as

struck

never

breathless

up

liveth

verses

Mosque

at

all

God

memorable

The

was

is dead

limbs

My

themselves.

of the

Prophet

had

the

ran

"

Recognising

that

Mahomet

quieted down, when

report that

of

certaintythat

assembly

The

of

of

I knew

and

speaking

"

Whoso

upon
and

that

speechless.

was

dwelt

him.

meaning

in death."

art

certain

mortal

before

when

say

long

was

died

bear

to

before, Omar

him

Medina

Mahomet
had

Prophets

other

recited

had

doubt

no

signifyingthat

as

"

not.

Sweet

"

still haranguing the

finding Omar

saying, he

So

dieth

his

chamber.

Prophet's face.

words
people,put him aside with the memorable
Mahomet, let him knoiv that Mahomet
worsJiippeth
but ivhoso luoj'shippeth
God, let him knoiv that
and

this

by

heeding

Ayesha's
thou

was

arise and

soon

Bekr

sweet

in

and

Prophet

Abu

into

and
life,

forth,and

went

which

entered

in

"

on

spreading,

that the

the land.

kissed

thou," he said,

wert

last

host

Omar

crossed

friend, and

impetuous

Stooping

He

back.

hurried

time

his

Rumour
a

declaimed

strain

trance, from

with
was

hypocritesfrom

the

out

root

them

Amongst

followers.

Mosque.

effort,his

breathed

midday.

crowded

soon

helped

was

wife.

little after

yet but

was

he

words

kindly

the

by

.\flrr

city,

him,

Exhausted

shortlyafter

and

few

visit

leav^e to

of the

around

crowding

of his favourite

bosom

AbuReki"

Upjicr suburb

in the

others

the

into

strength sank,
the

better,obtained

left,the Prophet having spoken

had

he

who

l^ckr,seeiii;;

.\l)u

ended

were

juaNTrs

all appearance

to

[Cll

nF.k'R

was

divided

lost.

The

Successor, and
demanded

acknowledge

an
no

\.i..

r,?.2]
but

iiaster

;ast, and

from

this

another

Obeida
if

report

he

friendly Citizens

two

way

ilone; but

bent

swords

hey

had

icader

of

of

Ruler

;overed

have

they

been

shall

Medina

entered.

Companions

elected

It

the

We

cried.

plant
Sad

sick

of

their

pledged

by

Faith.

ibn

Obada

fever

lay
three

the

; for

time

It is

ourselves."

on

in

have

the

Hall, when

just

was

and

Sad

who

Halls,

"

amongst

choice

of

farther end

the

at

from

be

men

rude
"

to

excited

The

course.

able

On

entering it

on.

strangers,"they

already fixed their

the
Beni
Khazraj,

up

Citizens

of

nest

in

of their

one

spot,

bud.
the

ran

hastened

independent

an

upon
this

good

The

they

meanwhile, gathered in

^licltered
)ur

risk

the

Abu

the

to

from

coming

notwithstanding they

if Medina
^\ ere

of

them

.enclave, warned

Prophet
by

in the

conspiracy

n.

thoughts

the

hurried

leading Chief, they

haply they might nip

the
of

bcA.H.

must

accompanied

so,

the

die

were

Companions

and

The

doubt,

no

chief

two

Coreish.

Such,

once.

the

to

hearing

the

amongst

at

cast

,hat occurred
)n

CALIPH

ELECTED

the

had

troth

Met

by

omar

him, -^'3^.,

to

Obeida.

Medina

with

;)mar
\\
'

his

Abu

hen

have

might

in your

but

noble

in

and

nount,

to

cried

ind

from

Dmar,

"

aeneath

vould
:he

his

only
of

side

Tie, for I

t must

be

they,

is true, and

weaken

Sad, cried
the

that

out,

"

stopped

at

Meaning a pahn-trunk
ipon ; metaphor for a person

any

"

and

you

even

divide

him

!
If

the

to

you

exclaimed

to

come

for counsel.

from

Sad
the

power

to

they refuse,
thee

words.

and

at

Attend

Bekr

rub

!"

The

stepping forward

beasts

resorted

"

destroy

bitterness, Abu

risk,and

para-

Hobab,

not

Lord

returned

true

amongst

ensued.

The

"

yield obedience."

to

Hear

lefc for the

much

are

Palni-stem}

city."
heat

Coreish

; and

words

High

Hobab

gaining

than

with
"

thus:

Medina, have

Chief

one

together

wdl-rubbed

and

be

Away

"

muttered

it.

speak,

to

more

will Arabia

them

stand

covering

the

influence

us."

of

men

ye,

let there

"

amongst

from

Omar;

Itercation

but

none

the

am

pxpelthem
ried

and

cannot

two

which

praise

birth

Then,"
j'
one

he,

"

about

was

firm, anticipated him

and

own

irretrievablycompromised.

vehemence,

calm

said

Iwery word,"

attered

been

native

Bekr,

and

saw

said.

themselves

A/w

A.M.

11.

Vc

"

two," pointing

these

-scc

"Choose

j'our Chief."
hast

alread}'at

thou

art

their

follow

Khazraj

thine

own

replied;

Abu

Bekr

elected

If this

Calipl).

Beni

the

their hand
who

still

take

Bekr's

I le

his

place

him

already indicated
done

was

the

The

Burial
of the

The
in

or

Successor
in

washed

was

the

On

the

children,thronged the
their

Prophet's

face.

reverently committed

the

Now

am

Then
Ruler

he
over
'

Bekr

in

dead

a
so

to

manner

homage

saluted

for
the

had

as

men,

look

grave

dug
his
and

women

once

the

sepulture.

breathed

more

upon

remains

of the

court

were

Abu

great JVEosque

Bekr

ascended

Caliph

acknowledged

was

and

arose

you,

no

dust.

address.

acclamation.

be
Meccan

was

out, and

then

The
the
funeral over, and
Bekr' i
inaugural still crowded
with the mourners,

"

the

He

the

to

Abu

pulpit and, sitting down,

could

had

Citizens,

And
to

ledged
Acknow-

themselves, but the

Mahomet

chamber

left

Prophet.

laid

where

to

was

none

by

Bekr.

of the

our

as

advanced

Vicegerent. And

and

morrow

Bekr

Abu

with

ever

corner.

prayers,

Abu

right

jealousof

appointing Abu

preparing

Ayesha's apartment

last.

his

as

night passed

body

Prophet.

daily

all sides to

on

Caliph,^

the

cut

thus

the

for

there

of

one

aside, by

at

the

Medina,

only

the

themselves

group

acceptance

not

was

laid

when

Prophet

of

men

of
thou

Aus

Bekr, till
in

to

one

among

after

of Abu

about

whom

Beni

salute

once

Arab

so," the person

rule will be

covered

lay

the

Abu

Refugees."

that

on

by

of

doubt

at

us

is the

to

only yieldthe rightto

Let

I (c did

were

cried

"Not

chosen, the

Prayers ;

pledge, "Wilt

example set, group

thus

"

be

man

The

Sad

but

the

throat?"

"

once,

the

as

T/iou

"

(as

Others

1 lobab

take

to

Khazraj.

Chief."
strike

when

him

hand."

his

on

they yet hesitated,the

and of Sad its chief,spake

the rival tribe

"

hand

Whilst

is due."

"

about

kinsman's

addressed

salute
at

thine

allegiance.

example,

Beni

forth

their

of

token

in

both

they

Stretch

the}' struck

custom)

will,and

Prophet's bidding;,led

tlic

C"iiief.

our

and

so,

answered

Xay,"

"

Obeida.

Abu

Oni.'ir and

to

of tlieni ye

which

now

ye

[('

n/':kh\

albeit

In Arabic,

said
not

Khaleefa.

"

"

the

Oh

the

by

people !

best amongst

632]

.D.

If

you.

Follow

the

the

True, wherein

is

treachery.

stronger with

his wrong

he hath
the
Lord

; wherein

and

prayer,

the

p for prayer

lied the
The

Abu

and

place of
of

sfrained from

Abu

such

uite

'atima

He

Abu

is

had

kind.

she

1
'"

T"

-J

Presidency

isted in Aly and

y others

for him

II the election of
ate, and

death

then

even

anions

rather

lahomet

by

ever

end

of

than

successor

on

his claim
on

any

marriage with

the

denial

from

aloof

"

"

'

so

the

hence
any

Fatima

Fatima
mother

of

Hasan

and

the sign of chief command,

Hosein.
and

assumed

death

distorted

is not
or

daughter.

Bekr

of Omar

grounded

on

the

of

canvass

rightof succession as
shadow
of proof that Aly
such

that any

Abu

by

divine

the

supposed rightin
his

took

himself

Caliphate.-

in Islam

There

was

holding

had

Mahomet

the

to

the kind,

the

lands

crown

claim

of

death,

Aly recognised with

that

is coloured

claim

the

as

the

warrants

father's

her

[jomfsre.

previous life,

in the

share

at

have

to

of her life. And

during the Caliphatesof

a

after

altogether

"

in the

any

grievance, but

Fatima

Bekr

his descendants.

made

ever

her

regarding Aly
which

Caliph,

looked

he

him, that

short remainder

publicprayer was
in military
life.

at

olitical faction

held

title of Abu

in civil or

Tradition

imself

the

only after

hether
-

that

that

disallowed

luch

the
ordiality

of Fatima

death

towards

his

to

of State.

was

stood

sa^'d to

in his

day

esired,for purposes

'aliphduring

to

hindrance, Aly delays

nothing

destined,

were

heart

his

chagrined

is also

indeed

The

Bekr

revenues

to

as

let or

Obada

Aly

Prophet

preferred a claim

the

lat

the

arise

assembly

till after the

there

of the

surmise.

Kheibar.

of

and

first time

ibn

Sad

aloof.

But

different

The

Alyite party pretend

in the attitude

which

ways

Now

passed,without

Bekr.

held

himself.
!aliphate

ny

thus

doing homage

is wife. The

"

Bekr, for the

power

hands

you

until,

Mahomet.^

eing superseded,

be with

the

Lord

not.

me

redressed

verily shall

the

obey

as

False,

that

fight in

ii.

shall be

you

him

off, him

disobey,obey

Lord

supreme

the

ito

me

the

the weaker

as

from

off to

not

right.A.H.

me

I shall have

taken

leaveth

Obey

set

amongst

until that

Leave

whosoever

abase.

Prophet

weaker

The

stronger shall be

wrested.
;

then
if ill,

me;

will,I shall have

Lord

is faithfulness ; eschew

me,

the

; and

if the Lord

FATIMA

well, support

I do

wherein
as

AND

ALY,

and
that

claim

Omar.
he

being one

became

made

was

It

was
a

not

candi-

of the chief Com-

virtue of his

to
relationship

A.H.

11.

Anc

the

was

last

surviving child
of whom

daughters,two
already

were

some

two

sons,

but

the

only

other

Medina

No
But

had

died

in

the

infancy at

Prophet

Hasan

grandsons,

daughter Fatima.

and

They

married

had,

were

sixteen

Hosein,

him

third,

born

at

months

old.

male

line.

the

left -by his

were

but six

now

was

in

tjiree

borne

Mecca.

ever

I.

Othman,

had

Khadija

slave-girl
Mary, and died
the
Proplietthus survived

of

two

in succession

dead.

son

ilis other

the

by

issue

of Mahomet,

time

both

re HAT.

nEK'h\

seven

or

years

of age.
How

With

far
"^ ^

election

formed

Mahomet

^i^iglyfunctions, as
cording

ruler

Arabian

to

the

Chieftain

his

people, and

of

election
irregular

the

scene

for

he

said, an

head

event

of

had

have

might
survived

the

invalid

remains
in

Bekr

sentiment
have

own

shrunk

days, hekl

after

follow.

But

(referring
apparentlyto
be

happiest

his illness mortal

Abu

Bfekr

mark

of

natural

to

if any

kingly power

of Mahomet

son

But

we

as

may

death

conduct

the

foreign to

was

him

suppose

impending,

the

indication

of

have

to

the

fell

nomination

public Prayers (acknowledgec

be

delegated authority)may

or

certainlyi

stood, Mahqmet_seem^

matters

and

chief

of the moment.

speculate.

to

now

of

far

so

issue

p^rccedenl.

anticipatingthe contingency of hh
made
no
preparation for what migh'

had

in

that

in Tts consequences

As

from

death, and

firmed
con-

the

the

Arabia.

till

not

it is useless

of

nation, like

Hall) should

been

hereditarydescent

Ac-

representativeof

and

Islam, but justified

only by the urgency

What

to

in the

his

Islam, descended.

Omar,

of Abu

but

power;

leader

nomination

homage.

the

It was,

all

over

tribe,is the

enacted

theocratic

notions, the

the

their

by

the

ceased

wish

that

he

held

should

th"

succeed.

of Medina, whicl
Apart from the pretensions of the men
in the election neithe
immediately died away, there was
doubt
nor
hesitancy. The notion of divine right,or evei
of preferential
claim, resting in the Prophet's family,wa
the
Parties
Medina,

at

growth
It

of

an

maybe

^^.^^j^^^^^

altogetherlater

necessary
^^^

study of
'

See

here
the

age.

to

recall

to

the

reader

Prophet's life,the

Life of Mahomet,

p. 499.

state

nc
c

A.

11.

11.

.soft

tlic

of

vehemence

On

Obeida.

[slam.

Thin,
Alild,
destined

wives

these

two

The

third,

tall,

and

to

take

at

Abu

Obeida,
he

and

unassuming
a

in

leading

was

between

was

bald

and
Abu

in

the

to

of

one

child

of

the

future

Abu

end.

hung

moment

1.

the

relation

was

the

the

to

unwarlike,
part

like

Ayesha,

al)atc

to

daughter,

but

this

men

sinew)',

.stood

affections

his

in

but

.scrvctl

Omar's

Ilaphsa,

Queen

was

l"ckr,
\lo\.\\

favourite

Mahomet's

Bekr,

Abu

Omar.

Prophet.

the

Abu

of

nature

[('iiM'.

nEK'R

AJUI

them
with

age.

beard.

little

Obeida

conquest

in

of

was

of

Syria.

yet

CHAPTER

II

Expedition

to

Bekr
out

carry

both

had

disaster

Moslem

the

bosom

and

friend

distinctly

so,

his

fatlier's

death.

Medina

issue.

force

camp,
of

Mosque,

day

the

banner,

was

still

even

at

and

the

it

his

-1.1

as

it

bade

the

had

done

his

Obeying
its

amongst
horizon

Ayesha's

number.

darkened

up

at

the

the

great

took

Bekr

in

up

that

token

Bekr

damations

assemble

not

the

command,
all

Abu

he
and

before

neighbourhood
the

Abu

again

army

'

apartment.

Osama,

to

-^

the

broke

of

court

inauguration,
it

of

received

the

in

ness
sick-

Prophet's

banner

force,

outside

way

place, Osama

the

of

restoring

ort

and

Omar

back

door

following

behind.

Medina

depart,

the

commander,

encamp

took

event

com-

ing
fight-

uncertain

there,

ap-

his

available

the

*"

by'/

avenge

little

During

inactive

planted

by

Jorf,

road.

fatal

all

d.

Osama

expedition,

to

a.

fell ;

nominated

bidden

at

Zeid,

army,

the

was

including

formed

Mahomet,

object

and

camp,

carrying

close

The

left

the

of

young,

command,

remained

and

the
still

Syrian

When

hands

of

to

been

the

on

the

be

Mahomet,

the

reverse,

the

led

ex-

Mahomet^

avenge

befallen

that

who

to

was

had

In

orders

given

It

before

Muta.

mark

The

had

men,

the

the

to

of

of

soii^_Osama, though

Mahomet

border.

years

field

the

Syrian

things ^j {/,""'

in

had

Prophet

Syrian

three

on

Mahomet

resolve

632

the

sick,

the

to

which

arms

of

will

his

showing"

fell

expedition

an

the

he

A.D,

for

the

utmost

small.

before

Just

Border

occasion

an

the

and

great

Ifor

soon

to

632

A.H.

II

Ai'.u

Syrian

to

suddenly.

to

yet

to

was

fighting

flocked

While

man

the

men

camp,

preparing

Report

of

to

the

against its
despatch,

A. II. 11.

like wildfire

spread

and

the

Caliph exposed

deputed

if the

unmoved

and

"

packs

"

force

"

fall to

of

!"

"

the

"

and

^^^

on

foot,

all

of the

Lord

foot.

"

"

I will

"

moment

"

trodden

"

manifold

mount

not

in

After

the

in the

good

while

of

Lord.

the

is

works

and

wipeth

out

said

stopped, and
that

me

he

little way

equal

or

Bekr

feet

to

may

the

to

Osama

"
"

for
he

step
of

of sins."

return

little

merit

multitude

on_

else I will

"

city." So

the

to

repaired^

Verily, every

Lord

with

counsel

and

; I will walk

leave

So

place?"

soil my

of the

thy will,give Omar

Shall

command

so,"repliedAbu

ways

he

"

Bekr

him,

to

Not

"

Abu

force

the

and

ways

in his

march,

Osama

by thee."

walk

and

dismount

"

the

to

man

beard

the

of

son

object gained.

for the

said

Caliph's

childless, O

by

accompanied

mounted,"

Be

lipsshall

the

demand

be

appoint

neither

ready

was

and

camp,

Oimaa
littleway

mother

said, seizing Omar

returned, with

When
^"

"

second

with

alone, the

Master's

my

I,deposing him, appoint another

Omar
accom-

he

Prophet

the

Thy

"

td

replied,

round

City swarming

from

word

At

Bekr

Abu

and
I left solitary

and

also

refused)that,
experienced general

more

the

wolves

go ; not

kindled

Khattab

"

ground."

the

anger

ravening

should

Were

"

Omar

danger.
Bekr, and

first request

the

To

command.

should
calm

proceed, a

expedition must

defenceless,

thus

Abu

to

came

already had

Mahomet

which

of Osama

City

had

yoke of
himself,

the

cast

to

risk of sudden

to

represent all this

to

(a request

urge

the

side

every

and

army,

strongly against leaving

He

of the

sense

h'rom

of resolve

was

was

The

off.

Islam

land,

the

over

disloyalty,and

of

rumours

by tidingsof his death,

followctl

soon
Prophet'sillness,

[CnAi'. ii,

nKKR

ABU

lO

If it be

strength

gave

him

leave.
And

The

gives

illJtlS
^Xds.
tions.

right.

\/

child

or

aged

palm, neither
wherein
or-

herds

shalt
man,

burn

is food
or

for

mutilate
nor

any

or

in

not

none

"thaF

wise

any

shalt

neither

from
thou

thoiT
the

kill

Injureno'fthir'dafe^
and_cu^ot downjjiy-tree

woman.

fire;

it with
man

Jiekr^sparting

he, addressing Osama,

treachery. Depart

Thou

Abu

receive

halted, to

said

"See,"
of

beware

then

army

beast.

Slay

camels, saving for needful

not

of "the^flocks

sustertance.

Ye

(;32]

1).

EXPEDITION

of

eat

ay

"ing

unto

the

the

if

jads,

Abu

So

by

larched

hich
is

Wadi

months,

jomed

the

far

army,

may

Osama

Medina.

direction

of

Duma

of

his

Osiimare-

and
toHous.

in

and,

near;

laden

discomfited

with

fire
after

spoil,

and
blood.

and

was

an

attack

tribes

semi-Christian

had

avenged
and

brunt

the

banner

now

He

"

to

The

and

Roman

and

Lord,

Omar

Syrfa.

Codhaa

disaster

the

in

Now

slain
The
of

absence

joyfully

wel-

back.

Meanwhile

Jcdina.

of

Beni

ravaged

was

u()

south'

haven

the

pestilence

with

Cora,

al

the

under

father,

ukI

the

upon

and

returned

HTghlands

ic

of

A.H.

thereon

unmolested.

_them

shall

mention

making

leave

sword

Bekr

land

the

Ajid_Jlie_^Ionks_with_s

intlie^Tiame
from

you

Lord.

of

men

vessels,

submit,

they

Irotect

their

the

forward

iiarch

11

in

of

name

which

meat

you

"

OSAMA

OF

stirring

events

had

been

transpiring

at

11.

CHAPTER

III

Medina

Threatened

A.

I 1

iNafterrdays

Efl'ectof
'

AbuB u

CKr

action

Bckr

A.D.

used

was

look

to

baek-iidth

just

force

uni-

"

pYldc

having

upon

Osama's

despatched

reclamation

versal

iv.-v.

Abu

632

II.

notwithstandincj.

Public

the

opinion

t"

was

1
~

II

A.M.

Bedouin

A.D.

in

long

Tune-jiily

"o^

632

justifying

mind^lvith

leaders

home

they

would

Jhe"Arabs
that

It

indeed

was

aukudc"""^
proud

of.

"

rising

"

their

heads

"necks;

and

Arabia.

life,three

office

already

the
of
the

south,
the

"

the

Still

brave

read,

position

his

of

Abu

their

without

sheep

few, their

Bekr

left

force, and

only

out

numbers

all this

sides
raised

stretch

to

their

gone,

all

_on

be

to

disaffection

flock

Caliph

were

all
rivals

had

Medina

Prophet
of

Mahomet,

violence.

"

standard

sent

open

Yemen,^

of
it

burst

Northwards
^

12

the

to

when,

p.

the
463.

by
on

again
centre

of

close

prophetic

rebellion.

of

forth
in

Lt/e of Mahomet,

the

quelled

hardly

was

towards

claim

laying
the

raised

for

around,

much

the

"

began

as

of

old

and

Jews

face

insurrection

Veiled

decease

done.

were

In

Mahomet's
had

from

at

and

army

restrained

we

and

danger

was

strength

defenceless.

apparently
There

Insurrec-

for

Prophet

recall

in

the,

If-4Jiew|

rule.

their

away

Apostasy

multitude."

his

struck

alarming.

Faithful

their

front

confident

were

have

Arabs,"

the

beyond

away

throughout

and

sent

; Christians

shepherd,
foes

"

have

thing

rebellion.

in

been

times

The

"

not

otherwise
at

of

stability

thus,

reasoning

critical, and

"a

not

they might

was

His

had

bold

His

act.

the

Medina

at

the

the

In
death

tidings
with
of

of
doubled
re-

the

r,32]

'

ATTACK

jminsula,Moseilama
ouiid

from

Yemama

icnlyand

detached

their

allegiance. And

he

Collectors

le

Legates

Residents

.lam, fled

or

)inid

massacred,

were

the

Mecca

there

nd

firm.

but

eething
)man

they

whole

he

eady

to

lis report filled the

ruth, Islam
Drovinces

had

; and

for

as

the

Here

of

be

obedithe

back

he

as

from

by
passed,

apostasy

open

Medina

or

of tithe ; and
with

hold

In

dismay.

of

the

distant

Mahomet

Bedouins,

the

Ambassador

an

in

firm

taken

of

amidst

first demand
of

Citizens

never

as

first ;

might

semblance

either

the

the

it

hurrying

sent

suffering

alone.

Pilgrimage)saw,

on

away

wherever

influence

loyal,or

Amru,

Arabia

of Central
break

authorityof

at

almost

the

been

Farewell

the

at

the

hardly discernible

had

Bedouin),

throughout the

wavered

were

rebellion.

he

(whither

the

to

strong

maintained

north-

become

confessors

tribes, under

were

of

mass

Jahomet

the

ii.

quarter, in

Faithful

the

Tayif

They

few

some

imporising Chiefs,
nce

and

end, through

ureish, stood

hateful

The

of

A.H.

spreading disaffection.

represented

some

the

to

every

Mahomet

expelled.

were

death.

in

ut

of

all,in fact,who

"

From

(an impost

pawerfuLixibes

Pretender, had

of

news

of tithe

the

third

hostile.

came

and

lovinces,

cruel

the

dangerously

pid succession,

had

home, Toleiha

st, nearer

MEDINA

ON

himself
_^

lad
3f

frequent cause
punishment,

9anner,

had

rather

held

in

restraints

and

than

As

they

but

measures

the

were

ever

them, they

his

as

the

were

were

fear

was

Prophet's
hitherto

desert.

The

irksome

again

and

ing
return-

crisis

the

until

defence

called
to

fresh defection, Abu

scattered

possible.

were

approaches

in of

together

immediate

neighbourhood

the various

the

Faith, which
of

Sons

came

hold

to
over

the

under

It

life.

instruct

tide

For

the

rid of

now

the

Islam

obligationsof

able,

were

to

wild

report after report

trustingto
such

these

their lawless

Bejo- could

plunder

attachment

check

fickleness.

their

of

lust

and

distasteful ; and
to

chide

to

the

officers,wherever

loyal few, bravely

Osama's
of

Medina

The

in, and

City.

Danger of

faithful

force
he

turned.
re-

took

tribes

pickets posted
The

turbulent

in
at

clans

-^/''f^

14

A.U.

11.

in

the

desert

near

The

attitude.

numbers

such

that

"

other
road

the

encourai^e

land

of

bethouL^ht themselves
offered to hold by Islam

their

advances

relax

not

tether of

the
will

Now

left.

defenders

for

only, but

the

was

ened

and
pickets,

the

"If

set

"

"

of

ness

the

"

of you

"which

Abu
He

repelled,

And
.^^.j^gj^
^

outposts

to

came

Zobeir.

which
the

unused

Mosque.

said,
weak-

they will

by^ay,

you

was

hurried

but

tarried

kept
up

upon

their

Dzul

the
on

reserves.

insurgents, blowing

the

them, thus

cast

he

the

three

or

ye

assailants
camels

to

out

inflated,before the camels

the

None

stratagem
were

killed

took
or

They
their

so

The
at

bay,

from

the

warm

were

sued
pur-

water-skins,

of the

frightand

days,

Cassa.

Bedouins, hardly prepared for

The

but

They

alert and

main-guard

reception,fled back
;

vous.
rendez-

Wherefomjae

attempted from

the

on

were

Mosque.

the

For

and

upon

first attacked.

pass.

surprise was

the

while

it

so

come

or

'

chief

three

whether

not

Bekr

ready."

"vigilantand
Attack

I I

strength-

against us,"

know

Ye

be

may

.plunder!

for

only

and

nakedness

our

by night

you

upon

but

sharply,

Medina.

them

over

out

defence.

our

"

come

spied

have

they

and

would

withhold

not

precautions.

rebelled

hath

land

The

Caliph

He

Bekr

'

the

people at large he appointed the great Mosque

"

they

they retired,and i
City had but few I

the

remaining with him, Aly, Talha,

men

last

by

ye

Abu

upon

his

foreseeing this redoubled

but

moment,

blow

decisive

this refusal

intelligencethat

the

with

also

the

bearing this message

strangers

With

for it."

fightyou

its

tithed camel," said

on

deputation !
I
ritual,if only they were

legal dues.

tittle of the

y\t

indignantly rejected.

were

'

still vacillated I

Islam.

chiefs of Medina,

the

by

welcomed

were

and

the

his brother

sent

they

of

in

by them,"

Medina

compromise.

The

tithe.

the

excused

from

but

those

there

Rabadza,

to

one

Toleiha

prophet

and

massed

straitened

was

bodies,

two

I
threatening

Dzobian

insurgents:

claims

his

between

the

false

The

Nejd.

to

and

assume

Cassa, the first station

Dzul

to

Abs

into

they parted

and

to

Bcni

first to

the

were

U'.uav.III.

/7/':A'A'

Moslems,

fled back

to

wounded, but the Rebels

CHAPTER

Return

Osama.

of

Expedition

apostate

THE

tribes

OSAMA

return.
VI.

II

Sept.

last

at

for

Medina,

632

his

rctumcd,
months

two

A.D.

laden

army

the

to

Caliph,

and]

relievedi

once

Fifth_(portion

ordinance

and

booty;

at

was

royal

sacred

by

bootyi^-eserved
delivered

The

danger.

with

'

further

from

362

against

Arabia

unprotected,

'

A.H.

sent

throughout

A.H.

I I

Osama's

IV

by

for

him

the

of

the"

State)

distributed

was

tRe

among

people.

Bekr

Abu

Expedition

lEnTAbs

advantage

and

Driven

back

followers

there.

Deeply

oath
of

"

them

at

Ra-

small

men

be

would

killed

gone.
will

selves."

"

own

the

enemy

and

taking

fled

to

So

Nay,"
be

they

completely
others

Toleiha,

in

and

the

16

The

chie

fight

to

in person

fell,

and

their

Abu

Bekr
even

on,

army

one

coming

them,

at

;
as

and

Beni

"

Abs

easil}
mastei

but

Bozakha.

wil

I
of

youi-

up

witl

killing
and

0;

with

Rabadza.
forth

also

Bekr

head

The

an:

many

and

City

could

discomfited

his

as

place

marched

joined

destroy

comrade

prisoners.

took

action, his

replied

your

them!

Bekr

recruit, Abu

to

going

Caliph

the
"

forth, and

his

against

if

; but

of

towards

out

some

more."

even

little

death

deaths

amongst

fate, Abu

command

for

there

Commander

filled

"go

in

or

left

Rabadza!

to

cruel

by

the!

up

insurgents,

retired

still

like

slain,

marched

force

their
the

by

had

expostulated

Were
be

would

had

they

Prophet
at

the

over

destroying

the

Osama
left

^^^^ army
rebel'trlbes

of

they

as

in

anger

following

now

gained

Cassa,

moved

he

Leaving

Bekr

Abu

that

"

Dzul

their

in

already

from

faithful

time

no

had

he

vented

and

lost

some

Dzobiai
There

r,32] PROCLAMATION

A.i".

Abu

upon
time

confiscated

Bekr

to

come,

The

State.

APOSTATE

TO

for

reserve

rebels

their

after

stud

tendered

lands

their

Satisfied

with

The

Iliadbegun

to

from

Medina

was

Caliph. Save

Arabs

of all

Arabia;
creed,"

ti'jathbed.

False

the

of Abu

With

Cassa, and

of Islam
ablejorces

divided

into

appointed

parcelledout,

was

reclaim, with
Ikrima

with

Yemen;

Thus

Bahrein

to

against the Beni

at

Codhaa.

lish

By
be

home

few

were

Having despatched
returned

to

was

to

Medina.

and

the

various

Apostate

each

ex-

despatch
^

different

Arabia,

Arabia

"

quarter

Toleiha

scheme, in
The

needed

were

course

troops
now.

Bekr

expeditions,Abu
concern

to

Amru

and

Mahra;

and

sent

was

to

what

and

begin

subdue

first

his

he

over

banner.

Mohajir

few

avail-

Eleven

(following the

to

to

second

These

unconquered.

but

There
to

summons

this great

left

; and

whole

given

where

; Hodzeifa

spot would

no

ictained

orders

quished
van-

short, the

in

the

whom

detachment

Khalid

rebels

loyal Chieftains.

Shorahbil, Moseilama.

Ala

of time

there

presented

each

marching

take.

to

course

and

he

his

upon

forth

independent Columns,

Master)

shall be

exterminated

Bekrjyenl

distinguished leader, to

of his

example

all tlie

the

dying Prophet's words.

summoned

and

eleven

Abu

be

to

there

It was,

the

lay

Peninsula

was

crushed

Islam.

redeem

to

the

land

posed"on
^.H Arabia.

there, faith

Mahomet

else

or

of

this great purpose,

timejto Dzul

be

must

reclaimed

Bekr

of

behest

prophets

vindicated

supremacy

mission

the

was

apostates

the

must

the

still

and

Islam

"Throughout

"

tithes

peril,and

throughout

Faith

tajslam

in token

burden

here

Yet

The

tribes

in

heavy

remnant

the

refitted.

longer

But

relapsing into apostasy.

second

conquered

returned

Caliph

was

no

were

no

n.

of the

submission,

in the

neighbouring

freely.

vanishing,and

was

this time

by

come

the

success,

in

breathed

the

upon

this

army

of submission.
Citizens

A.H.

Arabia.

beyond

Aledina.

in all

be

camels

and

eventuallyfound ample compensation

.ind

17

pasture-landsto

the

time

TRIBES

to

was

tribes, commanding

pubthem

Proclamaapostates
^^

repent.

viii.ii A.H.
1

everywhere
condition

Islam.

to

they
Such

and

repent

as

should

be

refused

11-1

submit

pardoned
would

be

1-1

themselves,
and

received

on

back

which

oct.

into ^-5^'^"""

attacked, their fighting

i8

A.Il.

11.

Anu

cut

men

captive.

This

to

province

every

Call

to

never

again

went

forth

to

tielit.

Sorne
he

it,

as

of

his

central

in

have

been
It

so

all

many

bitter
his

end.

troops.

the

From

movement

with

and

control,

that

likely

ncjt

direct

to

quarters

people

place.

Peninsula;

the

over

the

the

proper

to

were

f)pera-

could

he

not

placed.

quite

not

able

was

different

better

is

he

his

was

is

it

or

that"

lead

to

but

this;

Capital,

point,

Medina

if

to

luivoys

Adzan,

if not,

punished

left

regretted

Commanders

tions

and

1 he

fajth

well

and

again

the

Medina,

did.

thc_test

apostate

he

of

of

hand

tribe.

good

to,

never

that

say

chief

No

Bekr

Abu

Bckr

as

be

to

was

held

be

to

rebellious

and

the

by

sent

taken

cliiidren

and

women

was

responded

and

were

their

and

summons

prayer,

heard

Al.ii

pieces

to

{C\^^v

ni-KR

clear

so

he

why

appointed

of

none

the

Com-

panion

more

appointed

The

to

distinguished

afterwards

was

same

Companions

to

the

chief

any

of

policy

command.
who

Omar

used

com-

mand.

to

that

say

liability

he

render

to

from

refrained

with

his
This

advise.

Abu

with

matters

that

of

men

like

Aly

the

by

to

leading
and

should
in

their

reason

used

the

Mahomet,

operations

latter
who

Bekr,

hands

own

field.

having
doubt

no

so

the

prominent
moment

to

him

to

weighed
all

Still,

Companions.

chiefly

about

them

on

jection
sub-

implied
but

counsel

take

for

have

also

the

because

partly

dignity,

Zobeir,
now

so,

w^ould

account

an

inconsistent

strengthen

doing

it
in

with

important
is
the

disappear

singular
battles
from

CHAPTER

Recovery

Arabia.

of

indeed

was

Defore

decisive

A.l).

action.

Peninsula

entire

Khalid

of

632-633

for

time

the

and

Campaign

A.M.

II

It

But

submissive

was

few

weeks

the

to

The

^^''^ss'*-'

claims

of

3f

Mahomet

both

sudden

into

elapsing
:o

reclaim

resistance

:he

indomitable

ul

followers,

spirit
that

The

Arabs

kvith

unwilling

ubmit

in

last

at

brief

by

crowned

the

land.

efforts

with

sullen

of

faith

the

his

tor

year
and

It

into

in

year

F^"^^'^*

fast

were

Arabia's

on

fighting

Mahomet

back,

confess

was

faith-

victory.

mood

and

Mahomet

and

campaign

will

Successor.

his
of

tradition,

of

was

took

It
hard

their

forced

to

outline

iuffice ; for

breathed

to

step,

themselves

corner

were

of

year

every

alone

Islam

abjuring

independence.

Peninsula,

all

Now

King.

Arabs

and

apostasy

the

DBstinate

the

and

changed,

and

Prophet

as

twelvemonths'

the

the

to

up

death

Prophet's

clear

Details

and

'"'??^^*^
,

:opious,

:he

The

land,

With

;he

when

liven
^e

of

sense

for

Such

being

of Khalid

the

in

Bahrein

Persian

the

prevailed

order,

of

the

over,

terrible

shall

as

Gulf

and

they
to
19

lance
little

discon-

throughout
and

hazy

life, its
and

fol-

sword

remained
No

but
date

the

throughout

is

year,

events.

begin

east,

and

lie around
Yemen

very

danger.

of

sequence

north

for

thus

was

we

dim,

meagre,

fought

case,

:)ther Provinces
on

the

at

the
on

last

at

battles

many
guess

that

only

from

escape

only

can

obscure,

in

us

moment

struggle

the

to

and

curt,

struggling

the

at

the

confusion

itself

Islam

thought

owers

of

scene

presents

outline.

md

suddenly

now

lected.

becomes

on

with
then
the
the

the

paign
cam-

take

coast,
Red

the

up

from

Sea.

20

A.H.

I.
After

Klialid

Abu

the

that

More

h\aith

with

brave
soldier,

even

cool

of

decided

From

the

of God;
would
with

loss

and

wed
his

the

mainly

which,

Prophet's
having

been

after another

Khalid

whom

Prophets
His

against
Toleiha.

the

flower

the

out

both
To
his

by

already distinguished
Ohod

at

due

was

the

was

gave

down

brought

Muta

when, the Moslem

legions and
the

and

upon

field of

the

Roman

shattered

this

was

against the rebel

forth

sent

one

from

remnants

It

army

its leaders

intrepid tactics.

now

Moseilama.
far

the

strongest,
and

Refugees

the

""

the

fighting on

he

destination

fresh

the

greater terror, that

there with

the field still sodden

him

of the
divert

that he
life,

tribe

Bekr
and

column,

Medina.
gave

Toleiha

Szuord

massacre

by

Abu

Islam.

again shortlyafter,the cruel

skilful

by

The

in

capture of Mecca, disobeyed by

slain,he saved

destruction

die

to

conversion, his

of his great future

routed

the

loss of

Prophet'sdefeat

reproof. ")n

stern

signalpromise

Khalid

and

of

one

again,always

cast

While

After

ICmpirc,
as

named

on

had

He

the

on

him

he

for

dashing

tempered

destruction

he

Islam.

the

on

unoffending

an

of

prowess.

shedding blood;
of

had

J'ersian

and

was

of his enemy

annals

his

column

only

heroism,

care

Coreish, the

to

Over

he

after
there-

conduct

Syria,ranks

arms

is it due

was

Mis

been

Khalid

standing,and

rapidity.

have

of his

widow

the

of the

side

in

soldiers' blood.

in

its

of the world.

little

so

own

himself

rule

would

carnage

other

any

fate of the

the

skill and

consummate

where

to

of

that

rashness, his courage

Byzantine

crises

than

ready judgment.

the greatest Generals

with

him

doubt

marvellous

to

and

the

is without

to

])r()mincntfigure

llic most

Omar,

such

battlefields which
and

7 'oldha

rapidly recovered

so

spread

by

Again sf

l^ckr and

of W'elid.

Kiiai.id

of

of Islam
early claj's

in the
son

marches

niik-R

Campaign

11.

ilm Wclid

in/

enemy's
as

the

for

of

the

composed

of

Citizens

of

attention, Abu

Kheibar

Caliph

Contingent.

was

himself

Bekr

and,^,to strike
would

join

Khalid, however,-"was

it

not

(i3L"-3] CAMPAIGN

\i..

he
"ight,

made

the

the

Striking

mountain

range,

the

of

Toleiha, and

the

little ; nor
propheticoffice,we know
of their
the secret
kllto show wherein
as

their

appears,

doggerel

Some

also

such)

Pretenders

should

just

md

of

5ense

had

Arabia

his

that

and

claims

others, and

of

Jealousy

success.

of

of

Bedouin

tribes

Pretenders.

Thus

Beni

league with

them

the

lost

and

counselled

the

had

have

with

return

I known

to

the

QyehfaTwith
at

army

On
an

the ancient

our

pasture

as

at

is dead
700

spiritual

and
incen-

in their lot with

these

aforetime

who

recently fallen

alliance

their

which
since

never

we

chief
Let

go

Islam
it up
of

A_R^phet

joined

Medina.

now

us

JBeside

So

-l^jgcca

with

out

gave

is alive."

Bedouin

were

before

Coreish.

the

of his warriors

the

their

to

moreover,

;
old__relations

of

of

preaching

powerful

Toleiha

and

the

rapidly

were

boundaries.

aProphet

Moslem

"

Asad, for

Beni

the

suggested

Medina,

cast

first hearing of Toleiha's

to

the

\vas~now

thus

rhymes,

our

all

saying,._

Toleiha

and

his

Bozakha.

Envoy

mish

both

Ghatafan

their

to

Qum_JaJ3etterJthari

this,Mahomet

the

pasture-land. Oyeina

bacl"7T^e~said,
we

had

Asad, had

Beni

some

"

to

them, would

that

Islam,

Prophetess
in different

of

assume

the

of their

senseless

variations

and

tives for the

the

after

quickened by

Mecca

all that

are

arisen

than

contributed

at

lay. So

transmitted

have

example

anything

travesty of Islam.

(forSajah

to

trammels

impatience of the

in

has

petty

been

Mahomet,

Toleiha's

influence

multitudes

unreasonable

It is not

n.

pretenders Toleiha.

indeed

sayings

then

drawn

specious than

more

rite.

and

other

mere

imply something deeper

to

icem

of tradition

four

of Arabia

jarts

was

childish

and

verses

leaching. That
.vas

worship

voice

:ontemptuous

of

theA.H.

of the

seat

scene

:o

ar

off to

Asad.

Beni

doctrines

2 1

route.

from

distant

not

"c\-olt among

Of

for the

direct

Tai, and

Beni

TOLEIHA

northern

quitting the

in

ong

AGAINST

rallythe

thus.

Pretender

supported by

by insurgentswho
Rabadza

; and

faithful

so

the

the

amongst

But

the

the

to

Envoy

and

Beni

Tai,

as

well

after their defeat

Toleiha

had

Asad

Beni

sent

gaining ground,

cause

neighbouring

flocked

had

heresy, Mahomet

to

fly.

The

great

Beni

Tai

ABU

2 2

A.n.

11.

family

oi

above

mentioned)

Tai, however,
Bekr

Abu

to

loyalchief

their
in the

of

hope

He

found

the

foal !

do

to
;

Ye

shall

an

in

they

cried

hold

full

tribe

see

for time

of

flower

put

days,

and

in

of

the

Thus
the

reinforced, Khalid
his army

march

of two
who

lusty
who

will

surely

"he

the

death."

to

end

whole

the

the

and

with

him

joined

of Tai

his

at

fellows

them

but

land

the

bravest

hot

by

and

left

armies

propheticgarb

met

of hair.

who

he
becoming critical,

saying, Hath
any
N'ot yet,"answered

message
the

"

and

received

after,
"

the

shalt

shall

Jiappenthat
Oyeina

cried
that
^

an

Abu

tho7i wilt not

scornfully;

affair will
Bekr

nickname

means

Ab

ul

happen
"

Father

fasti,

"

of

Father

"

that

time

"And

he

the young

Away

the

doubt
thou

"

shalt
camel

of the foal."

not

"

so

to

an

with

Lord
soon

little

is it?"

Gabriel

his, and

unto

"

asked,
a

what

saith

forget^
no

Gabriel ?

Yes," cried Toleiha

like

millstone

Toleiha

to

from

second

Thus

"

eagerly.

have

"

come."

hath

now

inquired Oyeina
Thou

reply.

same

message

Prophet

turned

thee

to

come

his

his 700

bravely with

when, the situation

"

tuTned

was

fightingin

was

on

on

the combat

tide of battle

held

Oyeina

trampled

Bozakha, and

at

of Toleiha

utterance

toJae

bodies

Okkasha,

4iamed

by Toleiha

last the

At

long.

strange

The

of note

warrior

slain and

been

the road.

was

one

On

agaiiistToleiha.

advanced

exasperated by finding the

was

of their scouts,
had

upon

the

but

them."

Battle of
Bozakha.

or

else

submission

tendered

withstand.

their

they,

temptuously
con-

it,"replied

Alarmed

recall

of

persuade

cannot

it."

to

of

foal

no

"for," said

shalt not

ye

to

Father

The

better

is

ye

three

halted

horse, "the

looo

he

cause.

sobriquet they

Think

"

by Khalid

Toleiha's
"

thou

Bekr^),

hostages,

only

not

the

was

Adi

them.

forward

from

people

"

soon

Toleiha
as

Khalid

So

his

of

some

sent

now

him."

Wherefore

them

of

approacheth which

know

joined

behalf

(such

to

disloyal,for (as
wlioll)had
been
already presented

friendlyhumour.

no

words, they begged

had

dues

for Abu

army

stallion.

legal

detaching

homage

Adi

"

not

therefore

them
"

was

on

was

used
us

the

[Chai-. v.

liFKR

me,

affair
thee

!"

knoweth

forget!

they called liim by

Anr

24

only

A. II. 11.

tlircction

cmc

malcontents
brook

Mother

of

been

captive

herself

in the

spiritof

Mother's

war-camel, she led the

reward

great

was

disabled

soon

rebel

host

few

Oyeina

-Qq^^.

the

was

of the
of

on

he

by

Medina

hands

the

with
The

was

also
the

the

rest

the
"

very

Oh

the

A.D.

battle

in

ibid, p,

of

"

He

had

"

Honein,

was

City
To

been

behind
at

gaze

him

led

now

tied

to

with

the
their
"

the
I

the

inffueTif Ial~T^eaders

smote

of

tain,
chief-

\vere'~happily

round

children

\h\\

assistance

which

crowded

Lord, apostate !

am

no

apostate

and

The

now."

Caliph listened
captives. He forgavethem,

of

Beni

Tenum.

Story of

ibji Noiveira
tribes

Medina,

Khalid

Siml's mother,

etc.

the

the

subdued

north

280,

It

of the

rout

chains, his hands

appeal of the

Discomfitureof

^"-"' Oni"^

camel.

their release.^

Having

iiA.H.' deserts

offered

of the

enemy

Malik

6^2

he

terms

one

until

believer

commanded

Khalid's

incited

When

Prophet's largesses.

Citizens

and

patientlyto

II.

her

marauding

of Medina.

terror

so," said Oyeina bravely ;

never

on

prisonersto

sent

notable

Coreish,

was

crying out,

Not

and

the

hearts," after

fallen chief

"

been

humiliating

back.

the

proclaimed

her

slain,the

were
a

Prophet

reconciled

his

leading rebels

besieged by

"

maim

Siml

the

"whose

but

and

Khalid

should

them, Oyeina

often

refused ; and

into

who

herself

resistance.

and, Omm

Ayesha

upon

Mounted

force

cruel

easy.

q^^q

had
was

him

to

waited

Her

to

put

survived.

race

bold

had

Siml,

Ghatafan.

Prophet's household

haughty

insurgents to

the

prisoner, and

She

her

of

to

crushing.

Omm

around

of

had

They

and

stern

was

chieftain

taken

maid

Islam

attitude.

great multitude

Mahomet.

by

the

in

body

unable
penitent tribe.s,

defiant

grip of

famous

had

death

one

the

gathered

daughter

par

that

learn

The.se

as

the

amont;st

submission, assumed

to

yet

.seriou.s ()j)p(j.siti()ii
A
met.

\\;i.s

frcjm

[{"IIAIV

nF.k'R

see

inhabiting
bent

the

his steps

Life of Alahotnet,p. 336

; and

hills and

eastward,
for

Oyeina,

\.

11.032-3]

ON

ATTACK

againstthe

MALIK

Temim

Beni

IBN

NO

WE

IRA

25

occupied the plateau towards

who

A. 11. 11.
~

Gulf.

the Persian

great tribe,partly Christian

This
from

had

the

of

had

of its

Chieftains,as

manded

on

tlie Beni

embroiled

the

the

of

rest

Malik

same

success

of their

with

had

arisen

clans,conx-^

ibn

Noweira) in hostilities
eventuallybrought Xlialid

tribe,and

the

the

Medina

complication

Yerboar(ohe

famous

the

hy

the
first

to

came

seen,

strange

Bekr's

Abu

have

we

Meanwhile

tlie tithes.
which

After

'"'

mouth

But

them

produced amongst

'^'^

it acknowledged

claims.

his

to

the

Arabia

of

rest

Beni

branches

and

Yemama

the

elsewhere.

[apostasy as

partly heathen,

its innumerable

submitted

and

I'rophet'sdeath

with

With

Euphrates.
Mahomet

'some

spread

pasture-lands between

the

over

immemorial

time

and

scene.

It

was

Sajah,

the

at

Descended

than

the

of

great

less

no

head

from

the

of

advent
host

the

from

Prophetess Sajiih,the

Yerboa, her family had

Beni

hivades*^^^

Mesopotamia,

Central

migrated

Arabia.

north

ipotamia
she

long
her

joined the

and

she

had

been

had

assumecTthe

peculiar tenets,

Taghlib
Arabia

hoping

to

attack

summoned

clan, and
her

jcrown
I

They

ibn Noweira

their

at

the

joined

head.

the

The

the

them.
she

was

series
Iji^a

standard,

other

clans

Medina, she turned

worsted.

Then,

prophet Moseilama,
of the

Khalid

submission.

Sajah

and

flushed

branclies
At

left Malik

of

her

was

of the
her

victory
Malik

with

of the

and

into

Temim

so, diverted

against

arms

combats, though supported by Malik,

of

having

prisoners,she bethought
As

of the

Yerboa

should

kingdom
her

seats

Beni

the Prophetess ;
rcfuaed_iLQ_acknowledge

[from her design upon

were

now^crossed

Reaching

them

what

present confusion, and

the

her presence

to

arms.

she

How

the head

At

tribes

Medina.

promised

office and

know.

not

profitby

'Temim,she
n

do

in Meso-

Christian.

^as

up

prophetic

Christian

to

whom

Taghlib, among

brought

we

other

and

jon her way

()\\

Beni

with

the

this
ibn

so

onwards

victory now

critical

terms

and

',

changed
ex-

her of attacking the rival

passed

Temim

Noweira

made

tender

to

juncture, the
the

Yemama.

approached,

hastened

with

to

their
of

withdrawal

Yerboa

tribe

Malik

most

in

ibn

26

ABU

[('II
\r.

JlF.k-R

v.

and
lu' was
undecided
how
to
jjciplcxit)",
positionof some
views
act.
ConflictinLj
respecting Malik's loyalty divided

A. II. 11.

the Moslem

For

camp.

to

listened.

it is for

with

such

he

left the

and

better

of

found

to^Kave_

Comj^an^er,

am

against MTdik

compel

malcontents
it

was

maw?"

no

So

behind.

These,

army,

ivhalid

rejoined the

straightagainst the headquarters

in full force,marched

MPdik, but

mc.

"

march

I will

follow

there

Khalid

for

on

equally

were

they alleged

better

decide.
to

thinking

however,

of

me

choose

as

been

bent

was

Medina

repliedhaughtily,
to

forward

went

then

he

But

and

had

\t

authority.

no

of

men

design, for which

the

Khalid

reason

The

attacking the Yerboa.

opposed

some

not

soul

the

upon

spot. _Jt3vas

utterlydeserted.
Brought

fact,Malik

In

had

resolved

submission, though his

on

K"alicrpi'oud spiritrebelled against presenting

Khalid.
but

He

be

down

molested.
in

up

suffer

camp,"

plunder

and

the

call

prayer,

for

his wife

"

weapons

take

and

it

he
Malik

The

that
puTIo"^^
death.

thou

is not

ibn

"

forth

say ?
!

Catada,

that

they

complied

had
with

them.

failed

to

"

"

they

laid

seized

was

challenged,
their

aside

Master

Thy

arms

they passed

As

"

to

Why, then, these

camp.

him,

to

respond

never

Thy master," rejoined Khalid,

Then, rebel, by thine

admission,

own

"

in their evidence.

offered

prisoners had

Abu

was

bowing

over

pass

others, Malik

So

aloud

captors differed

the

there

everywbere-to slay

Moslems.

were

cried

prayer

to
depart every man
hood
treatingthe neighbour-

bands

Amongst

for this."

thine

on

captives to the

Malik

to

none

said, and

asked.

as

command

didst

wave

to

that

but

way,

party of his people. When

was

led

were

by Khalid,
"

the

that

people

captive all who

they replied that they

gave

new

Khalid, still bent

and

and

he

his

this

enemy's land, sent

as

with

told

call

the

refused

who

he

opposing

your

house."

his

and

Bekr, that

of Abu

ordinance

So

should

they

Break

the

resisted

longer use

no

"

who

they

should

knew

before

himself

citizen

of

declared
the

call

resistance.

Medina

themselves
to

prayer.

at

their

Some

Others, with
head, deposed
and

Moslems

So

averred

the

at

party

once

was

G32-3]

A.n.

ATTACK

remanded

ON

till morning
cold

and

set

in

he

averred)

under

of

armed

an

of the

began
to

but

hath

at

determined

The

rest.

!"

work

of

men

asserted

Klialid's

by wedding
conclusion.

in

Bekr

bonds

that

one

of his

be

Khalid

to

Khalid

far

of

sword

"

;
"

the

with

chief.

enemies

victim, on

drew

the worst

His

widow

^jfe^^y"

that

instant

was

be

degraded

and

Khalid, dipped in
"

he

Nay !" replied

degraded

never

which

the Sword

the Lord

I sheathe

shall

Nevertheless

it ?

summoned

he

charge.

the call.

On

reachm^Medina,

great Mosque
rusty with
arrows,

passed along the

met

his

his

He

be sheathed."

must

me!"

the

costume, his clothes

chamber, Omar

should

against the heathen,

obeyed

straightway to

he

The

there

slay a believer,-'M4"-K-halid.

his wife."

it is said

from

answer

turban,stuck

"

to

the

Ibn

with

his

is

under

Yerboa

of

widow

the

This

Medina, and

allegationsof

be

Catada
"

serve

of the

cause

offender

Commanders)
bare

made

Abu

Caliph. Omar,

conspired

the

outrage,

any

opposed

act, Omar

in unto

gone

Caliph (of whom

"That

the

beautiful

hath

saying,

and

verilyto

had

he

the

Motammim,

for

once

this scandalous

the

hath

at

the

hath

Abu

"violence

As

out

given point to

He

When

"

easilyto

fate.

with

the

"

said, "and-

"

set

Leila, the

forth

thus

would

again

up

From

spot.

who
cruel

his

complaint before

had

not

company

impetuosity,took

Khalid

put

and

sense,

hurried

cometh

same

was

never

In

brother, he

laid formal

with

though chided, persisted in

said ; and

banner.

Noweira's

tlic

slay

responsibilityof Khalid.

charge,declaring that

native

was

"

exclaiming,

Medina

at

the

he

retired

Malik

of

shocked

were

roundly
thy

(so

word

it in that

guard, taking

thing,the

fate

the

But

advance

he

and

over,

was

pass."
set

view

11.

inclemency,

to

Khalid, hearing the uproar,

sword.

all

Lord

"

night A.H.

includingIbn Noweira, forthwith

put the prisoners,

to

the

the

its

dialect

ambiguous, signifyingin another

Dhirar, commandant

The

prisoners."The

lurap the

to

from

them

27

guard.

Khalid, with

protecting
"

NOWEIRA

IBN

and

stormy,

command

gave

MALIK

him.

the

coiled

girded
rudely

courtyard
Unable

entered

and

to

it in

armour,

restrain

the

Khalid

rough

and
the

about

towards

he went

p^^[^
i-,y
his E^^^

head.

Caliph's

himself, he

A. II. 11.

Anc

sci/cd

the
his

over

adulterer,

and

be

not

into

of

-^ivhalid,
unaware

the

chided

him

widow,

and

counter

celebrating his

Motammim

then

the

Omar,

'^
Umar.

^^^"^^ ^^^ should

last
"

"

be

in

Khalid.

understood."

incontinently
As

been

Khalid

Omar

exonerated.
for his

blood-money

remained.

but

command,

The

scandal

case.

^^,^g

chief

well

also of

no

had

no

fate

of

But

Omar

payment

for

shall

we

been

brother

order

He

neither

Malik
and

to

himself
to

forgave

ibn

Noweira

princely virtues,

listen

poet

tragicend

in many

to, and

used

have

poet, he would

in such

mourn

Zeid,"

mis-

was

Motammim

his

loved

than

thy tongue

the

brother

His

at

see.

generosity

Omar

he

own

not.

commemorated

higher ambition
his

heeded

and

who

Bekr,

! Refrain

peace

lie

command,

Abu

the greater because

which
had

the

upon

order,

an

sequel

fame,

"

view

advised

innocence,

from

thy

poetictalent.

verses

that,

say

gav^e

was

mean

touching

He

renowned

for

as

of Khalid's

hold

in the

forgot,as

of

to

of

gave

this

pressing

replied, Omar,

from

as

had

he

victim's

his

prisoners that

withdrawn

"

nor

the

Bekr

in

but

lightly rallied

he

of the

still unconvinced

persevered

Scandal

Abu

his story, and

declined.

held

But

release

passed

wife

to

he

his claim

release

but

field of battle.

that

pressed

life and

brother's
For

showed

might

l^ekr ;

sentiment

the

nuptials on

which

words

he

Arab

to

relieved, again passed out,

thus

Abu

taken

liekr

word

jie told

accepted by

was

Abu

not

There

tlicm

hypocrite^jmirdcrer,

whether

roughly for having

run

turban, broke

as

answered

mind,

same

explanation

in

him

Caliph'spresence.

the

the

abused

and

shoulder,

warrior's

tlu-

ironi

arrows

[('n.u'.v.

nr.k'R

shortly after

who

the

verse

fell at

Yemama.
The

materials
on

the

scandalous
whose
colour

of
the

or

marriage

blood
to

guilt

yet

was

darker

meagre

for

innocence

of

too

are

with
fresh

the

widow

upon

the

conclusive

Khalid.
of

indulgence

proprietiesof life.

and

But

Ibn

reckless

his

Noweira

spot, if it gave

at anyrate
suspicion,justified

shameless

ment
judg-

the

no

ment
indict-

disregard of

I ..

A
.

632-3]

MPAIGN

CA

III. Battle

End

But

work

of

Arabia,
Hanifa,

Beni

of

Ye

in

was

MOSEILA

powerful

MA

A.ll.

mama

633

of

the

Khalid's

^gainst^

Yemama.

of the great Bekr

branch

the

In

lay

east,

11.

a.d.

Khalid.

for

reserve

little towards

a
a

Beginning

a.ii.

ii

sterner

centre

The

of

INS

GA

tribe,Moseilama.

resided

submitted

had

Small

of Mahomet.^
he

visited
\as

with

Medina

pretended that
he

signifying that

Medina

from

in

abandon

to

thereupon

Rajjal

sent

the

counteract

Rajjal,like
Moseilama,

we

rest,

told,deceived

are

but

religionwas

the

strongly supported by
Abu

Bekr

Generals

Gulf,

this

Sajah, worsted
coming
her

with

close

to

whom

we

Sec

brethren

by
of

seen

She

by

Life of Mahoiuct,

Coran,
In

but

the

the

Though
as

Beni

Persian
not

far

Prophetess

Temim,

perplexityhe

462.

of

Caliph's

of the

the

their

meshes

The

was

and

short, his

both

most

and
p.

and

Pretender.

the

coast

In his
came,

sent

tribe, to

the

tidingsthat

troops against him.

friendlyinvitation.

his

him.

dreaded

he

have

same

felt that

round

juncture came
as

the

people

now

moned
Sum-

people by pretended

steadilyreclaiming the

Khalid
At

he

claim,

presence,

Mahomet.

own

the

Mahomet

travesty of Islam.

his

Ruler,

began
were

and

behind.

their

and

of

wretched

the

him
the

land.
his

over

language

those

like

prayers

of

gained

with

pretensions,he

from

it

Mahomet

prophet.

the

reclaim

and

was

miracles, counterfeited
instituted

divide

convert

heresy

the

to

their

He

and
p'^ople,

advanced

these

a.d.

life Mosei-

the

to

from

share

as

ambassador

the

drove

Prophet

people

reply claiming

insolent
anger

his

his

fallen

this Moseilama

633

countenance,

mean

from

to

of

ggg^j-j^
of

was

for command.

then

had

End

his steps.

of

him

destined

was

prophetic office. On
and was
accepted by
an

fitted

words

It

story belongs

deputation

Moseilama.

directed

in stature, and

rebellion

in

were

Prophet

next

which
qualities

had

yet

partly heathen, they

now

of Moseilama's

beginning

The

their

Khalid

that

;ii "^ainst these

but

Mahomet,

to

strong, around

zio,ooo

and

Partly Christian

there.

was

sent

their sentiments

liis

mar-

safahr'
the

Pro-

ABU

30

A. 1 1, n.

were

alike

much

SO

of

rrophctess
nuptials

Moseilama

and

Ikrimaand

still

Khalid's

when

dues

and, like

ranged

approach

marching

land

scene

to

meet

Jifikr to.quell the

already suffered badly

had

Meso-

the

force

heavy

at Acraba.
him, pitched his camp
and
Ikrima
Shorahbil, sent by Abu

risiiig'at
Yemama,

the

collectingh.er

changed

once

with

out

half

one

I'arties of

the

at

their

vanished, just as

advent.

over

Ihe

days, Sajah departed

meteor,

her

by

be

V.

look

celebrated

to

few

Yemania

ife,and

dower

After

home

horse

potamian

Shoralibil's

"

startled Arabia

had

to

the

spot,

northern

for her

I'mpliclof

llic

of Yemama.

revenues

she

that

Mesopotamia

the

on

[C HAr.

BRKR

the-liands

at

ie%erse.

from

of Moseilama
was

reverse

Ikrima,
as

I will not

"
"

thou

now

Thou

Klialid
out

It

sets

for

Vemama.

to

was

from

While

Mojaa
taken

mounted

prisoner.

chief

yet

sent

body

the

They

Mojaa.

the

to

Beni
were

being useful
under

charge

Next^

Battle of
Yeniama.

Acraba.
"

Fight

the

on

of Leila

day

the

The

enemy

for your

Khalid

his

armies

and

loved

ones

from

met

spared

upon
on

"

with

Bitah,

at

camp

surprised a
of their

raid

all put

kept

of

Medina.

command

to

in

against a

But
the

in

they

as

sword
of

hope

chained

latelyespoused

rushed

and

approach.

were

severe

enemy.

under

returning

morrow,

his

the

of his

mission
com-

column

Acraba, Khalid

they

whom

Mecca

to

Hanifa

his

fresh

of

meet

from

enemy,

excepting Mojaa,

him

men

neighbouring tribe,unaware
belonged

to

summoned

anticipationof

In

returned

march

of the

So,

of Khalid.

approach

Malik, received

with

strength to

coasts,

Omanj._therc

to

Khalid, when

affair of

Khalid

in

advanced

hearten
dis-

to

south."

and

east

the

that

amongst

reinforced

Thus

hither

to

mine,

see

uttermost

forward

await

reverse

Caliph

fightingthe

the

the

Moseilama.

attack

thou

return

The

angrily

wrote

shalt

unto

in

advance.

reputation. Shorahbil, meanwhile,

the

about

Bekr

not

went

and

this

upon

to

and

halt

to

Medina

veterans

armies

tarnished

his

directed

was

shalt

Ikrima

skirtingYemama,
retrieve

Abu

people. Depart
join the

there

and

ill-advised

thy face,nor

see

art.

the

that

serious

so

and

hasty

his

his
tent

wife.

sandy^lajo^of

the

desperate bravery.

they cried,
"

"

it is the

day of

AliU

32

A. 1 1. 11.

clear of ye,

as

and

so

even

apostate enemy,

clear

am

he

of

himself
fliuiL^

valiant

heavy
and

arm,

the Moslem
and

fled.

leader

of

gate !

"

the

Beni

into

with

Moseilama

last

S" ^^^^yI'ftcd
oTDeatli.
the

surging

gate, and

For

up.

Garden

he

beat

and,

in ;

by

they

trees,

the

on

onbmlf'had

cause

sides.

was

loss

killed hand

to

the

The

battle.

Medina
the

300,

At
'
or

Mosei'^""^

Refugees

in all ; while

nearly 700

somewhat

the

there

Moseilama

hardly

was

Citizens,in which
was

narrow

space,

the

The

tion
(as tradi-

of

their''

for

Besides

and

those
fell in

the

of

Men

slaughteramongst
the

the

whether

of

wailing was
tjie

loss
the

of

Wahshi

by

the

in

not

yond
be-

dead

Prophet.
Refugees
heard.

same

negro

among
slain.

were

number

Amongst

house,

the

bers,
num-

man.
"

less,raised

voice

slain

Death,"

nine-and-thirty chief Companions

Medina

in

their very

men,

wounded.

the

in

splendid victory,

of

360

rades
com-

Ilanifa

garden, great numbers

lost

the

equal number

their

"Garden

in the

hand

besides

snared

previous experience.

Bedouins, though
1200,

were

the

all

beyond

despite

too,

then, boldly

forest

equal

an

on

reached

thousands

walls,an

again

remember

to

the

looked

up, his

from

"

wall."

pent

perished to

besides

field,and
Moslehis

flight. The

Terrible

and

he

the

useless

the

Beni

within

down

for
fearful,

the

brave

arms

puts it)slain within

killed

the

they

the

he

hesitated

of

as

entrance

upon

as

waters

beasts

as

aloft

the

left,until

Like

Hemmed

hewn

were

was

carnage

the

hero

right and

it open.

DeatJi.

of

hampered

''^

the

below,

the

troops following

moment,

brave

strong wall, and

found

me

broke

close

their retreat

but

Lift

"

and

garden,
by

wall
"

wildly struggled

so

Khalid's

urged by

Moslem

cried,

him

threw

rushed

trap,

the

one

mass

leaping down,

the

swayed

Mohakkem,

the

to

The

round

At

barred.

The

cried

surrounded

them.

close, swarmed

"

"

stand, he guarded

orchard

an

garden

llanifa;

his

Taking

rushed

file

"

To

the

Hut

carnage.

and

and

raisingthe battle-cry Ya Mo/uinuncda

at length prevailed. The
enemy

arms
"

the

was

rank

forwards

and

the

them

amon^;

thus, the

charged furiousl)-.l^ackwards
Kncmydis- line,and

to
these," i)()intin^

Animated

their midst.

perished in

[('MAI-.
V.

r"Fh'R

the

warrior

who, swinging

round

his

head

javelin after the

..D.

Ethiopian style,had on
to the
ground. After

savage
Hamza
the

chief

the

dead.

the

field of Ohod

the

battle,Khalid

bodies

they

over,

"

man

it

;
"

retreat,
of

Garden

Death,"

one
on
they stumbled
man," Mojaa said,as
its side ;
trulyye
"

"

"

Khalid,

hath

This

"

"

"

horse

the

scoured

now

representedthat

brliind,and

"

favourable

Mojaa's

artifice

him

the

on

No

the treaty.

idespatch
strike

into

of the multitude

sent

them

received
said ;

back

and
more

given.

When
but

angry;
the end

cusing
ex-

stood

by

he received

"

Oh

"

how

Abu

Bekr, who,

to

the

rebel

and

the

truce

forbade

into

retained

were

ended, Khalid

"

left

were

as

Islam, and

ungodly
a

; the

Beni

portiononly
campaign

deputation of the tribe to

courteously. Out upon
is it that this impostor has

Abu

"

"

race

The
prisoners./-

Caliph !

that

apostate tribes,commanded

other

received

were

were

/
^

of
single fightingman
spared. Fortunately this

astray

gem.
strata-

truce

than

it concluded

I firsthe

of

have

severityfrom

of unwonted

terror

IHanifa

incapable

wearied

concluded

otherwise

was

Hanifa.

battlements

army

light,Khalid was
in
ground of patriotism,

sooner

with

Tmce

that the inhabitants

to

came

that

line their

to

seeing the

Khalid

would

he

than

Aware

all that

"

thus

Persuaded

homes,

for their

.inxious

who

children,

disguise.

and

country ; in proofof which

the women,

men,

fight to. the last,and

would

be

the

even

ill warrior's

not

aged

country

fastnesses

forts and

the

throughout the

in force
to tell the

Ik- sent

on

all that

for you

done

of prisoners.
day brought in bands
were
after their crushing defeat the Beni Hanifa
of resistance, their chief Mojaa bethought him

stillheld

is your

Yea," replied

every

He

dead

mangled

of Moseilama

body

for him

done

have

Mussulman

The

of

heaps

the

turned

he

the

Entering

mien.
insignificant

of

and

done."

hath

he

which

the

among

said

nobler

Caliph's son.

it is he that

rather

or

the

by

slain

was

upon

who, covering

Mohakkem

brave

the

was

identify

came

il.

A.H.

carried

Master?"

"

better

brought

field to

the

this your
figure. "Look, was
Nay," repliedMojaa, "that was

Khalid.

"

33

chains, over

the

Turning

stalwart

the

still in

Mojaa,

MAMA

YE

OF

BATTLE

032-3]

they answered,

"

thou

you

Bekr
!"

led you
hast

at

all

heard

^'
-

A.ll.

11.

it all; he

people
used

"

of words

good

student
panTons
slain.

"

(those

who

to

text,

"

lest

death

of his brother
the

face."
and

Father,"

"

the Lord

Moslem

Mojaa's

daughter

upon

he

to

said

not

daughter

after

was

solable.
inconson

Wherefore
to

for
the

his

to

not

the

was

he

thy

see

martyrdom,
but

same,

spiritof

with

"

thine

"

beneath

"

of twelve

"

This

not

art

"

"

The

of

heard

weddest

work," he said

Abu

was

wilt

By

"

it

these

be

shall

Bekr's

own

so

to

cap-

wife,"

faithfully

Wait," replied

"

harm

thyselfin

the

Man,

give

thy

Mojaa

so

it,he

me

her

gave
him

wrote

life! thou

my

at

damsel, w^hilst the ground

is yet moistened

with

the blood

Khalid.

reprooffell lightlyupon
as

of

son

pretty fellow, livingthus

he

read

fellow,"meaning Omar.

left-handed

had

peril.

likewise."

nuptialcouch

hundred

is the

thou

blood.

Thou

the

of

hour

Bekr

father,thou

ease.

who

repeated imperiously;

sprinkled

Khalid's

thy daughter

me

same

the

me

Abu

"

Give

"

hasty;

so

When

him.

letter

"

in

and

Caliph's eyes,

of the

I strove

Such

all the

is dead.

asked

the

Mojaa,

Mojaa; "be

We

Zeid

the

him

said

reply,"he

the field.

his bride

defended

could

he

I wish

me."

unto

with

shared

him?

it.

so

At

again signalised his victoryby wedding

^^^'^ maid

to

his

was

was

lost."

be

Islam, Omar

and

the

amongsj:

warriors.

Khalid

Khalid

of

the

collectingthe Sacred

home,"

sound;

granted

given

not

was

battles

slain before

thou

not

had

returned

art

Abdallah, "safe and

wast

who

have

to

by heart)

of

in

sense

familiar

Coran

their homes.

to

carnage

it should

Zeid

early

Thou

"

of

Bekr

fatuityto

names

first idea

the

part

any

the

things he

is neither

them

The

yet his

nor

Abu

strange

few

life.

had

give Omar

as

of

There

dismissed
not

are

Prophet's

great

dangers

he

So

slain

of the

Readers

"

exclaimed

yet for evil,but

nor

the

Among

Many

not,
of the

some

"

these ?

are

thus."

beguiled you

blessed

him

heavens

Good

say.

for

Lord

the

they repeated to
"

kind

them

whom

one

; and

to

what

"

was

[Chai-.v.

BRKR

^^^'

34

; but

the

next

in

the
The

"

Sword

epistle, of
"

that

ever,
sentiment, howof the

Lord

spared.
meet

Euphrates.

Khalid

Chaldsa, by the banks

"

VI

CHAPTER

Apostasy

Rebellion

and

Parts

of

Peninsula

the

632-633

a.h.

a.d.
"

other

in

crushed

le^orth

nd

there

lough

in

many

in

the

end

^veen

Catif

lejer

and

ito

reclaim

of

the

Khalid

after

just

had

Ala

bund

him

'e had

to

so

to

to

well

jhrough his
pok

their

his

had

army

indecisive
that

spies

Prince

passed

the

that,
and

them

overwhelmed

he
a

prisoner.

The

of

scion

thus

were

neighof

Chiefs_

many
the

and

Hira
Ala

strengthened,
himself

content

enemy

cam-

borders

Mondzir,

skirmishes.

strong

the

the

from

even

went

brilliant

near

succeeded

But

into

Pro-

Province
with

terror

loyalty.

supported

and

j.runken
state,

he

the

The

struck

the

Court.

back

sent

people.

as

of

his

and

of

chief, had

Christian

at

be-

Gulf

suzerainty

the

was

then

their

Islam,

entrench

iingle combats

so,

prove

hostile

ynasty

632-3

a.

i".

doubtful,

provinces

desert

two

joined by contingents

was

thus

nxious

Arabia,

success,

Persian

the

Mahomet,

apostate

loiTrihg
countrjrpand
'cmama,

apostate
The

times

at

even

Resident

as

fled, but

Ala

rebellion.

aign

Ala

shortly

died

to
j)rce

gQ^jJ^^^^"

the

and

their

recognising

and

received

londzir

the

lie

Mondzir,

Bahrein.

had

columns

Peninsula.

the

skirting

and

Oman,

and

Islam,

dopted

and

slow

the

Campaign

complete

Yemama,

Beyond

het

quarters

with

stubborn

less

not

was

from

career

various

engaged

were

in^other partsof

tribes

rebellious

pp^sTtion

'as

Bekr

Abu

by

espatched

the

Arabia,

of

Centre

the

to

victorious

his-

pursued

thus

v^HlLE_Kha]id

At
in

last, finding
a

festive

unexpectedly
discomfited

with

host

and
and

fled

Bahrein
^'
Jjj^^"

36
A.H.

11.

by ship to Darin,

island

an

and

attainpursued

were

taken

children

and

the

the}-

sword.

the

utterlyto
was

so

coast, whither

the

near

put

and
prodigious,

spoilwas

[('iiAi'.
vr.

/.VfA'A'

.//.T

The

of

multitude

women

captive.

to indulge in
Prophet'sdeath tradition ceases
^^^^ miraculous; but this expeditionforms a singularexcep.ind\loiiiu
"P of the

the

On

Miracu-

waterless

of

zone

while

pursuing

second

miracle

wild

the

it had

as

the

likened
Red

Sea,

the

double

the

been

that

of

miracle

of

and

the

in

hurried

lake.

isle of

No
;

nor

after

bard

converted
in the

out

has

through

been

channel

cross.ed the

pious

Israelites

the

Darin,

I\foT5tems
and

on

breaking

up

water

before

the

have

to

-waters

drying

waters

the

to

beach.

is said

the

again. Shortly after,

Deity, rushed

to

monk

wilderness

waves,

shallow

passage

and

and

the

beast

extensive

an

host

apostate

of

and

found

ever

reached

extremity,

man

in that

seen

parted

invocation

strait

horizon

lake

miraculous

the

was

last

tlieir thirst at

ever

Medina

nearly perished by long-

the

in

the

in

slake

been

had

spring

when

suddenly shining
to

it had

Dahna,

protracted thirst
joyfullyon

marching from

column

the

As

tion.

of

the

by

ness,
wilder-

the

great

deep.
thus

While

Moihaiina.

loyal followers

Ala

along

from

the

close

tendered

on

as

led

by

Prince

task

the

Resident,

fled to
of

to

Mahomet

rebel who
the

last

the

victory of

in his

progress

the

fresh

who

ence
great influ-

delta

of the
that

movement

the

Amru

the

were,

tithes

local poor.

was

claimed

no

to

Oman

and

be

and
the

had

was

Oman

recently

thereupon

of the
by reason
Notwithstanding this

dead

sooner

mountains,

reclaiming

Its Prince

Mahomet.

and

of

important province

that of Bahrein.

distance,given up
concession,

warrior

inaugurated

allegiance to

deputed

of

followingup
at

of

reduction

followed

those

from

attention.

shortlyengage
The

Oman.

chief

reached

Hejer northwards,
he

help

Amongst

Gulf, this

Persian

Euphrates, where
will

clans

Bekr

material

coast.

Mothanna,

was

the

amongst

received

the

along

in this work

aided

Ala

engaged,

than

the

people,

prophet, rebelled.

The

Amru

The

to

Medina.

adjoining province of

I ..

A
.

632-3]

CA

committed

Mahrawas
of influence

sent,

as

have

we

by Abu

distant

sufferingdefeat, when

to

land

Iamongst
the

the
to

rear

was

at

jofslaves

and

Hodzeifa

turned

tracted

supply

the
of

south

and

While

must

of

the

an

daily swelled

army

victorious

his

the

at

Espousing

as

great victory.

and

he

order, Ikrima,

to

been

had

vast

quarter of the

This

restored

faith,

the

camels

of burden.

dis"-

moment

avowed

once

Bactrian

and

Mahra.

point of Arabia,

achieved

and

instructed,

and
campaign against Hadhramaut
of how
first take note
things stood

Mahomet

of

towns

Hordes

plunder

and

They

dispersed with
men

Ikrima,

of Oman.

nearer

home,

in the

Tayif

remained

and

west

Peninsula.

Holy City.
of 500

royal

rival chiefs.

at

2000

beasts

in the

we

andjnisrule.
for

by
Fifth

two

other

Mecca

ably secure, the^ountry

ever

^"

into

the

with

strength,advanced

death

of the

in

and

governor

who

spoil were

But

after the

between

the

join Mohajir

Yemen.

prize
enriched

tribes, pursued

quickly subdued

in great

field

magnificent booty,

province was

weaker

the

arms

Peninsula
now

This

attacked

.\mong

the

placed

welcome

easternmost

repentant

breach

of

cause

Ikrima

lo

the

slaughter

women

Medina

to

and

south-west;

Mahra.

by

as

the

reached

from

to

course

left behind

was

levies

tlie

yielded

from
on

Daba,

Battle of

plunder.

the

to

of

mart

despatched

once

thus
[having

by

The

11.

ment
engage-

The

the

fell

courage,

hands.

merchandise,

IIndian

great, and

their

nerve

they

pressed,were

favour.

their

in

was

enemy

jthe believers'
tliere

battle

the

turned

Oman,

appeared

in Bahrein

recentlyreclaimed

tribes

tation
repu-

column

strong

A.H.

his

An

hard

Moslems,

the

in

Prince.

loyal

the

followed, in which
near

x\rrived

convert

retrieve

to

37

by Ikrima,

assisted

Bekr,

BIA

Hodzeifa,

to

was

quarter.

junction with

He

parts.

seen

this

in
effected

those

in

Bekr

Abu

by

A RA

OF

EAST

THE

IN

A IGN

MP

were

round
from

and

about
the

quartered

picketsthroughout

the

wasjjfewithviolence xihama"

within

the

tribes,ready

lawless

rapine, hovered
attacked
by

slaughter. Order

was

toler- The

close
the

neighbourhood.

the

to

and

Governor,

restored

sacred

even

by

body

limits, and
But

from

as

by

thence

=
"

38
A.H.

11.

AlW

all the
and

alarm.

or

stripof land
loni;"

Bedouin
the

between
cleared

length

the

unpassablc, but
Peace

Vcmeii

"Veiled

death.

by conspiratorsin
Arab

an

Fero/ce
of

and

Sanaa

Chief who,

him.

into

whose

Bekr

of

he

by

send.
the

So

effect

famous

For

of

aid

this

was

taken

about

But

Cays and
defeated.

one

side

lieutenant
at

effectual

more
was

in

he

Medina, perhaps also

^

at

Life of Mahomet

had

all before
the

and
captiv^e,

the

to

appealed
had
and

length,

at

flight,

to

Sanaa.

On

approaching.

been

the

Prophet

detained

p. 464.

to

men

any

reoccupicd

by inabilityearlier
,

weih
Dad-

his retreat

troops of Cays

by

the

feast,but

carried

Caliph

]\Iohajir.Appointed
Hadhramaut,

the" whole

faith,Tavagedthe

Feroze

now

was

against

direction, fled

family and

help

his

mfluential

and

for himself
the

loyal tribes,put
his

rebelled

Amr

the

after

FerozeTo"^

prophet'sarmy.

Cays

cast

descent

this,he callecT in

time

before

were

just

hardship secured

long

regained possession of
Amr

Medina

poet

false

Feroze

The

the government

off the

cast

after much

Feroze

of

mass

plotted to exper

To

of the

was

timc_^

Persian

Cays

settlers,pursued in every
Aden.
mountains, or took ship from
to

of

appointed

blood

remnants

but it

for

These

hands

Persian

at

recently assassinated

others

like others

friendlytribe.
The
family of

Medina

munication
com-

ually
effect-

so

offensive

tidings reaching

escaped, and

was

army

"

of Mahomet.^

treacherouslyslain by

was

been

two

Arab

having

with

country

with

had

Madekerib,

ibn

all

easily restored.

so

Persian, and

of_

Sea,

An

again

"

Tihama,

Red

robbers,

the

not

foreignimmigrants.

of Amr

Feroze

chief, and

The

these
became

interest

death, Abu

serving under
of

the

fell. The

lieutenant.

aid

.\swad

Dadweih,

Mahomet's

body

was

Prophet"

Cays

of

pro

them.

Yemen

in

The

south.

onl}- from

upon

after
Aswad':

false

loyal adherents

of the

and

roads

now

strewn

carcases

north

the

turmoil

robbers, stopping

country

that

indeed,

shore

VI.

HAP.

save

fastnesses.

skirtingthe

of

bands

by

overrun

mountain

flyto

to

seen

of the

the

; and

ravaj^ed Najran
fain

ere

be

to

was

of bandits, remnants

Troops

l"het's
army,
Islam

nothing

Yemen,

to

way

BEKR

by
to

his

ness
sick-

obtain

A/iU

40

A.H.

11.

the

rescued

tendered

he

Ziad

time

this

and

tively from

Ikrima.

at

Sanaa

Marcb, and

between

them

Mohajir
by Ziad,

and

The

Ashath
routed

to

the

discomfited

and

both

enough

fled for

enemy

around.
and

Stung
and

fought

refuge to

bodies

of the

Abu
orders

which

The
and
the

Seeing

wretched

fortress

of

entered, slew the fightingmen,

When

Ashath

Thy

"

"

ingly;

for the

of the
be

to

presented

name
craven

hath

order

his

execution

him, much

traitor

had

enter

condemned

So, having

cast

him

when

against
^

the

here!"

his

his

Meanwhile,

and

Ashath
to

thee
into

be

to

Mohajir, exultthe

of

ment
excite-

The

Lord

thine

own

"
"

chains, he

about

was

Ikrima

interposed

will, to

refer the

Z//e of I\Iahoiiiet,
p. 448.

the

tive.
cap-

nine

;
out

up

women

forgotten in
name

hi-

Moslems

The

cried

hope.

made

deliver

the

no

creasing
daily in-

bereft of

list of

ow^n

give

enemy

now

took

is not

to

moment,

praised,who

mouth."

the

wily

and

perate
des-

filled with

were

guaranteed.

were

sallied

resistance, sent

treacherouslyagreed

lives

kindred,

After

rebels

garrison,with

position desperate,the

if nine

spared,

the

country

garrison

obstinate

their

troops

their

back.

were
prospect of relief,

no

Ikrima, and

to

of

soon

now

plain.

driven

were

hold,
strong-

the

of

approaches

example

an

ruin

in the

the

dead, they

make

to

quarter.

way

Moslems

l^ekr, apprised

the

great

Ikrima

ravage

dishonour, the

to

the

struggle,in

city and

witnessing

at

preferring death

forth

the

besiege

to

message,

liim with

Mohajir immediately invested.

with the main
body, and there were

up

lay

flyingsquadron and, joined

which
came

which

the

Receiving

respec-

junction

desert

sandy

an

ance,
deliver-

his

effected

had

Iladhramaut.
with

against

Ikrima, marching

crossing

fell upon

slaughter.

and

into

went

despatched

hasten

to

himself

to

country

enem)%

Aden,

off in haste

set

the

Mohajir

and

were

betrothed

tlic whole

by

Mohajir

who, when

compromised, he

roused

for

summons

B}'

Now

surrounded

who,

urgent

^^"

and

Ashath

same

Mahomet,

to

Bekr.'

rebelhon,

active

sulxlucdl))-

homage

sister of Abu

the

It is the

captives.

[ciiAi'.
\i.

/"'/':a'A'

and

cause

duced
into

6.'^2-3]

A.D.

Abu

CAMPAIGN

Bekr.

he

of

cro\\d

with

passed by

had

the

neither

defend, his

to

But

by Ikrima,

and

fightbravely
him

but

his

Medina,

things

he

by
for

and

as

lion

the

last

Mohajir

where

the

he

shared

administer

to

curious

betrothed

The

proprietyof
matter

in the

wrong

his

I should

not

(to stay

their

the
'

as

case

crime
been

at

the

few
the

spared

the wars,

to

name.

Teacc

^
completelyrrstoTed

Islam

in

Yemen,

Ziad

Feroze.

tinued
con-

had

She
had

marriage
and

that

married
had
not

1)^^"
^^_

been

tiothed

had

to

the

referred

there

Lady

been

questioned

Mohajir

Mahomet

omit

to

were

the

nothing

was

fulfilled

never

mention

the fate of two

accused,

one

ridiculingthe

the

hands
the

377.

"

Crime

blemish, sent

was

their

off,and

also

front teeth
the

ment
punish-

and, indeed, had

should, as

brought

her home.

pulled

against the Prophet

man

me,

in

it,approved

common

She

cut

song-

the
satirising

Moslems,

of both

of

hearing

to

of

future)their

for,said he

p.

Ikrima

damsel.^

first referred

findingsome

with

Peninsula, rebel-

whom

murmured,

against a

Life of Mahomet,

beauty,who

the

decided

singing for

first ;

of

in his camp.

but

of

Caliph,on

of the

upon

idleness

remain

with

marriage.

who

other

Mohajir

is not

the
here

songs.

The

him

soldiers

Yemen,

Prophet, the

to

lady

proceeding, as
with

out.

with

Bekr, who

contract

in

elected

government

Ikrima's

Abu

to

in

his

reign of

death.

contract

forth

the

"^{birBel

only forgave

one

went

Ashath

thenceforth

not

that

say

the

at

courage

agreed

while

province of

Mahomet,

completed.

11.

Hadhramaut.

carried

to

with

marriage

Ashath

story is told of

Aden, and

at

him

having weakly

and

re-established.

yet

the

would

redeemed
effectually

crushed
finally

was

he

for

was

afterwards

Arrived

terms

Bekr

would

Caliph

shall see,

Thus,

the

to

fulfil the

to

remained

the

in this

threatened

appeal

repented of,

we

lead, nor

faith, Abu

the
him

rebel's life. But

A.H.

recreant

pusillanimous wretch

protestationthat

Ashath

and

his

as

to

and

the

imprecation.

him

power

by

allowed

sister.

the

mourning

husbands, loaded

bitter

people;

last,moved

at

captive women,

and

sons

Medina, the Caliph abused

who

41

of their

massacre
as

The

HADHRAMAUT

IN

to

the

warning

Prophet

for

to
her

Two

stresses
song-

miunated

A.

li.

11.

Aim

.As

free-

i!!!?l'7i

of

mutilation

the
A

directed

have

others,

to

iienerous

fallen

he

l^iit

i.

di.sapproved

other.

Bekr

Abu

rule

execution."

her
the

[('n.\r.

liEkK

mikl

was

in

his

submis.sive

and

and

judi^mcnts,

foe.

Hut

there

even

as

were,

."

dc.uli.

have

\vc

of

chief

rebel

l"\ijaa

the

against

of

the

Thus

ecjuippcd,

Caliph

b",)oter, attacked
Bekr

true,"

the

treachery,

cried

aloud

burial-ground,

and

the

of

the

at

the

graveyard
together

it

Fujaa

cast

have

we

of

bandit

used

I had

for

act,
to

not

but
which
"

say,

"

done."

to

It

He

the

him
Bekr
of

the

alive

was

three

sooner

no

So,

wood

at

to

the

sorry

things

pile

by

and

which
fate

the

flames

was

afterwards,
which

the

ing
heap-

founded,
deserved

his

hard

and
the

well

into

and

traitor

kindled

he

speakest

enraged

fire."

Fujaa

doubting,

cast

one

were

that

but

this

gathered

charges

l^'ujaa

weapons

so,

with

that

in

thou

Caliph,

prayer,

chief

thy

with

him

of

"If

did

the

apostate.

asserted

aside

forth

burn

Abu
is

lay

City, they

for

ground

no

savage

If

"

frec-

pressed,

and

his.

as

Go

place

Hard

parley,

than
"

there

it.

on

band.

and

loyal

his

becoming

Moslem
to

Bekr."

Medina,

at

appear

and

alike

other,

Abu

to

obtained
for

trust,

good

as

me

he

to

fighting

of

pretence

brigand.

the

cruelty.

neighbourhood,

letters

adversary

answered

accompany

the

treachery

barbarous

accoutrements

wrote

against

his

under

plundered

commission

did

and

go

challenged
held

abused

thereupon
to

quarter

and

of

act

an

his

in

arms

he

to

the

occasion

one

note,

some

insurgents

from

.\bu

him

irritated

leader

On

exceptions.

seen,

and

would

VII

CHAPTER

Sullenness

Review.

Syria

IN

Troops

OF

Despatch

Chald.-ea.

and

paigns
Cam-

Tribes.

Reclaimed

of

Domestic

Enthusiasm.

rekindles

Events

within

Thus,

of

sway

re-established

of

year
which

Islam,

632

A.H.

1 1

the

for

of

death

Prophet,

the
clean

had

time

the

of

circle

Review.

,!^..
j^j,^^^^

was

gone,

The

Peninsula.

the

throughout

a.d.

established
Arabia.

.in

Victory

was

complete,

now

of

expedition

Osama

Khalid's

brilliant

Arabia.

But

the
in

faithful
the

balance,

the

the

in

last

sullen

of

Simply

had

prospect

soon

and

was

and

great

but

vigorously
with

till, in

the

and

joined

end,

have

we

by
seen

spurned

obedience

attached

yet
would

have

disappeared

as

to

been

of
and

the
fear

Medina,

without

The

shallow,
would

Bedouin
would

of

fortune

so

Arabs

not

war-cry

without.

Caliph.

the

the

The

moused

the

at

to
to

re-

wander

chafed

Convictions

those

force

him

from

arisen

impulse

tribes

Arab
wont

deserts,

as

low,

the

Bedouin,

encouraging.
so

as

pathless

what

occurs,

aspirations
have

his

fear

not

of

where.
else-

quarters

some

out

The

averse.

over

no

stamped

flower

trembling

then

carried

coast,

eastern

the

languished

fortune

suppressed,

was

and

question

Islam

of

centre

apostasy.

tithe,

force

Islam

and

of

free

and

demand

The

south,

rebellion

mained
wild

the

in

"

Death

by

up

and

east

was

though

the

down

embers

The

campaign

avenging

followed

season

varying

and

sweeping

Mohajir

the

of

the

was

the
of

fate

for

provinces,

resource

Ikrima

the

operations

other

limited

in
Garden

"

deciding

were

P^ventually,
over

the

in

it

north,

achievements

while

with

liegun,

the

in

-11

long

bv

A.H.

11.

Iiavc availcil
as

feuds

and

impatient of

freedom

soon

Arabia

would

sooner

in

have

fireof

foreignwar

both

Town

,,

but

conceived

ordained.

The

teachingof
Arabs

before

its

and

his

of Islam
Nor

them

to

it otherwise

the Arab

had

Idolaters;that

and

tribes

reference

assembled
Arabia

to

bearing on warfare
dying legacy was
"Jtjmt there
The

seed

that it ever

be

of

but

this

universal

germinated
^

Coran

effect :""
P^aith

one

had

creed
was

XLii.

due
v.

to
6

years

the

Kings

the faith
up.

as

announced

pilgrimage,
no

The

immediate

Prophet's

See," said

he,

throughout Arabia."

indeed

been

circumstance

; ef

was

fightagainst

Farewell
had

for the

followed

to

its bounds.

same

"

confess

command

alone, and

the

himself.

some

to

way

any

the

at

beyond
to

to

the command

with

after-

summons

that

them
in

not

was

spoil.
an

was

embassies

sent

by

Dispensation was

new

It is true

alone.

step

world,

"simple Arabic

him, callingon

the

lust of

firstto last the

death, Mahomet

; but

was

in

ran

people,

all,by Mahomet

at

the

proleptictradition,had

for it the

people.'^From

Jews, Christians
to

dimly, if

Princes around

and

is the

and

Islam

to

the

and

r-

Revelation

No

nation.

Arabian

riveted

Islam

Arabia, and

tunately
for-

But

state.

tribes kindled

the whole

rapine

power

than, first in ChakUea

were

To

Islam, and

electrified the

forthwith

of

primeval

wild border

with

lightly.

supervened, he

yoke

idea, spite of much

1 he

was

its

put down

heritageof
"

the

idea

new

the love of

T-1

IT is world

to

to

Bedouin,

"

the

thought.
been

returned

; and

and

bond

That

in-

.\r.ibia:

Islam,

off

the

Bedouin

Central

had

were

jealousof

sits

on

external

shaken

Syria,collision

common

Aus

Beni

that

even

bour,
neigh-

law of blood.

were

dependence

nothing

apostasy

was

then

for

If

have

would

for

Islam

life;and

is

hateful.

most

Chief, and

.settled

its

only authorityrecognised by

of his tribal

is that

of the

both

jealou.s

the

rivalrywith

faith,the

the

Kha/.rajand

the Ikni

The

Refugees.

of

materials

wa.s

scorned

arising
of

South

desert

cause

ever

were

The

out

Medina, cradle

in

Kven

of the

tribe had

each

rated
disintcLj

nation.

Bedouins

population;

him

the Arab

North;

\Vn.xv. mi.

toi^cthcrsuch

hold

to

form

to

go

of the

tended

AVfAA'

-UU

44

passim.

sown;

rather

but
than

632]

A.D.

design.

Even

dreaded

lest

"cut off
shall

his

the

not

armies

the

The

Islam.

in

the

spread

to

the

firstthe

only

Caliph
had

the

after

warrior, column
with
And
; of

on

two

the
"

the

as

sight

and

"

all

to

the

land,

with

by

year.
from
for

reserved

faith.

But,

appeal

and

fillthe

ran
"

Martyr

"

bidden.

whole

the

war-cry

year

the

were

the

fire of
the

Warrior

Teeming

tribes in endless

'

tale

of

man

onward,

fresh
like

parted
forth

set

tribes

or

in
and

arose

from

swarms

to

quered
con-

damsel

Royal Fifth
"

cities

; of maidens

every

forth

the

flightsof locusts darkening the land, tribe after

forth
and
issued
hastening northward, spread in

hive, or
tribe

great
It

masses

must

to

the

not,

East

and

however,

to

be

^o
^^^}^
forth.

children, issued

Medina

still

tribes

be received

to

beyond compute
of

Arab

their apostasy.

in

marvellous

battle

of

scent

began

magnitude

and

the

at

the

was

Caliphate, the

column,

women

it reached

Onward

went.

their

field of
at

ever-widening

from

levies

and

Islam)

the new-born

steadfast

^"^.

in

exodus

inaugural ad-

privilegebeing

fresh

fightin

the Rubicon

help should

the

after

rapine rich

very

splendour

that

put aside

ever,

and

grew

for

shore
was

in

off to

throughout

the

"

when

spheres opened out,

gaps,

ban

with

the

at

with the

brigand spirit of

The

of

remained

shore

to

the

spread
conquer

of the

temper

first reclaimed

and

new

as

It

reverberated

forbade

from

fight.

thus

backslidden,

step by step,

succession

sullen

year

south,

as

World.

eagerly.

second

that had

such

they

of militant

enlarged

into unison

north, those

Later,

any

for

answered

was

accord

in his

people." Thus,

the

call to battle

tribes in the

At

ii.

we

distinctlycom-

keynote

horizon

brought

was

Goran

Bekr

the

the

loyalty:

eager

and

off that

turned

now

Abu

struck

till it embraced

Bedouin

(as

which

beyond

arms

altogetherin

was

said

crossed, the

that

into

barriers

set

leaveth
WhejT_a_people

"

Lord,"

casteth

was

circles

he

in the

empire

saying

so

''the Lord

war

of his

nowhere

of the

(and

once

Therefore

Faith.

the

ways

dress

A.H.

pass.

universal

spiritof

45

splendid conquest everywhere,

proceed too far, and be

ambition

Still,though
manded,

WAR-CRY

should

succour.

see)to

BY

after

Omar

from

should

ROUSED

ARABS

West.

overlooked

that

though

46
All.

A/W

apostasy

11.

condoned,

lost siiifht
of,

.Uniost

n,^,.,i:,

thus

was

^''"

repentant backsliilcr.

to

men

ap".)s^^"^"-

who

had

snincd

had
enlightened,

His

belore

by

cast

tslani. 'i'hereforc no
ipostasy
#!

was

ever

in the

and

certain

[CiiAi'.
VII

/,'/":
A'/\

blaze

discredit

guiltwas

leader

who

promoted

to

like that of other

1 he

apostate,once

deliberate

slur upon
joined the great

had

chief

command,

and welcome, in the ranks; was

might fight,
hundred
or
to heatl small
a
partiesof fifty
denied.
last,high post of honour was

Arabs, thus

The

Aral.^ ihc

o"iho'^became

the

Moslem

when
higherci\ilisation,

"

of mucli

from

emerging

of Islam.
aristocracy

victory

stillchin;/ to the

not

conversion.

his fall

of

lie

allowed
; but

their

"

even

to

the

desert-home,

Conquered nations,even
they embraced the faith fell

world.
.

into

Ill

altogetherlower

an

"

11-

Arabians

caste.

the dominant

were

and they alone wheresoever

class,
theymight go. It was only
as
or
Clients,"
dependants,that the peopleof other lands
might share their privileges,crumbs, as it were, from off
"

"

the master's table.

at

were

great numbers

Yet

of the Arabs

this earlyperiodslaves,capturedduringthe

Apostasy or in previousintertribalwar,
by their fellow-countrymen.Omar
It
remain

in

was

said,

"

hath

Slaves of
set

free.

"

one

given

of us, taken

recent

Arab

descent

payment
who

of

to

were
a

us

from

without.

be

the

holden

ransom,

the

saw

of the noble

race

sistency.
inconshould

succeeding to

blood

The

"

the

It is not

Lord,"

the
he

victoryand

that any
of ignoranceor in themeet

days
in captivity."Slaves

therefore all allowed

slender

held in bondage

and

freedom.

of Arab

captivein

should

wars,

their

decreed

"great conquests
"

fit that any

not

slavery. Therefore, when

he
Caliphate,

selves
them-

their

of

on
liberty

exceptingonly bondmaids

having borne children to their owners

alreadyheld
that had lost their
as
such, a place of privilege.Men
wives or children,
set out in search,if haplythey might
now
find and reclaim them.
consolate
Strangetales are told of these disof the women
journeys. But some
captiveat
Medina
preferredremaining with their masters.
This ascendency,
and political,
the Arab
social,
military
nation maintained
for upwards of two
centuries.
Then
they were
supplanted(aswe shall sec)throughgradually

CHAPTER

VIII

C'AMPAIGN

l^lordcr^^^^
tribes
to

and

ChalD/KA
tribcs

led

chiefly

conflict

least

with

Greek

ot

part

p"^

diate

empires,

came

they

the

.Arab

of the

into

collision

the

by
the

It

History
on

purely

of
is

the

face

East

the

has

in

mortal

and

of

the

him

guide

these

frontier,

the

the

by

Islam

the
"

Chosroes,

brought

was

with

the

sently
pre-

two

great

West.

bear

to

however,

Sovereigns,

eastern

conflict

theTliiHiL'-

on

respective

the

in

especially

student
to

When,

and

widened,

withm

~T-

"

but

integral

an

"

columns

the

and

11

lell

Moslem

their

by

important,

all he

^re

the

Kaiser,

to

history, for

Arabian

with

struggle

face

such

as

formed
r

Dispensation.

supported

western

Arabia,

to

heathen

partly

Christian,

and

new

properly

region,

name)

race

A.I).

belong

this

scope

Powers

Syria

in

were

Thus

southern

inhabiting

(at

633

A. II.

12

Collision

ClIALD.liA

in

in

mind

here.

early
that

of

part

Arabian

Byzantine

this

sources

annals

utterlv

sources.

disappear
long

the

in

before

years

The

swallowed

it is from

consequently
the

about

events

East

West,

and

to

as

and

best

we

all

concerned.

In

neither

about

to

we

which

tradition,

left

to

try

entirely

are

itself

the

at

to

can

of

the

conclusions

draw

great

brief

which
the

nerve

and

Abu

and

boFh

for

Arabian
and

one-sided,

just

together
al-

learn

we

on

but

narrative

had

from

Arabs,

Thus,

it.

entirely

Powers

with,

is

many

was

that

dependent

first

being

moreover,

the

alone

regarding

is

again

of

Conquerors

told

it

available

empire

invasion

the

the
be

is

Persian

in

up

and

whatever

help

any

chronicles.

western

cataclysm

impending

mentary
fragwe

impartial

Bekr
and

are

\-irtue

was

of

StxmfordJs

Geo^aphicaLSisuiblishjnent.

033]

A.D.

earlier

CAMPAIGN

survived.

days

religiousstrife
vigour

and

IN

CHALD^EA

49

Luxury, corruption and

and

military disaster, had

undermined

their

oppression, A.n.

Barbarous

strength.

their

impaired

12.

po^iti^n
of
Greek

hordes

and

Persitin

overrunning

the

from

provinces

again,

Mesopotamia,

war

of

scenes

of one,

prize,now

rule.

the

Persians

coming

the

triumphantly to
Siroes,

after

putting

brothers, enjoyed but

crime
of

"

space
"

; and

four

few

(as

his

the

disputed,with

of

condition

Persia,its Court imbecile

the

at

of

exhausted

when

time

Abu

vvith the apostate tribes.

with

smet

than

Persian
i|:he
hat

fiercer

Islam

its blow

Constantinople might remain,

with

if the

lose at

hand,

Among

lllothanna has

ms"

chiefs

been

Gulf, he

asked
[lothanna?"

lat

ng

he

he
vicinity,
in the

sdouins

ristian

and

and

"

his

struggle
armies

the

on

is

reason

heart

of

Persia.

ignobly

gone,

To

this quarter

carried

him

Lord."

his

clan

to

"

The

column

tribes

"

does

march

was

were

Who

kept

success

he

belong ?

was

in

roused

fight-

such

front.
;

"

peopled

swelled

soon

the chald^a.

is this

forward

service

Mothanna

victorious

tribe which

opposition gathered

heathen

his

tidingsof

as

what

Bahrein,

Advancing along

qfthe^great Bekr

and

reclaim

Euphrates.

Bekr,
to

of the

But

men.

in

it.

to

named.

the

commanded

love ;

the

was

anarchy rampant,

Syria

Catif,and

Abu

was

ways

Such

very

helped

already

iftt"-~4he__delta of

earning that

nine

dagger, the

or

And

with

Persia

who

reduced

pachingMedina,

by

directed.

now

the

the

gained Irac, Ctesiphon (Medain)

and
fall,

will be

ttention

'ersian

Arabs

must

and

side.

Syrian

the

But

sword

a. h.

cidal
parriin

"

protracted opposition

more

at

aR'.

his

Nevertheless, the Arabian

the

aimed

eighteen 6

assumed

engaged

was

and

on

and

monarchy."

Bekr

advanced

Gibbon)

was

the

"fragments

an

Sea, had

fruits of

by

royal title

of

turn

enemy's capital.

father

told

are

Black

the

months

we

the

years,

candidates, who

death

to

last

Nineveh, and

of

gates

very

the

By
the

field of

and

warfare, being the

other.
from

empires,

and

the

the

on

the^Kaiser

Between

long prevailed. Syria

of the

now

farther

the

wrested

had

fortune, Heraclius, marching

routed

had

Empire,

Byzantine

Chosroes

the

Western

and

as

to

The
Abu

50
A.H.

1-'.

and

KhaHd

so

loVrac.rebellion
i.

12

A.M.

ojjA.D.

the

columns
armies

the

city near
driving

the

enemy

towards

llira

of the

other,was

its

the

up

directed

Sea

and
allegiance,

first reached

that

^^^ neighbourhood
M'othanna
in Irac.

obstacle, was

joined

bodies

by large

of

of

his

the

after

army,

furlough
was

rejoined

himself

at

The

Mesopoia-

desert.

the

familiar

head

before

the

invading

the

Sea

stretches

head
a

of

Tradition

whether

the

here

the

by

10,000

hastened

widened

as

to

found

he

besidgs-^he

this

place himself

loyallyto

command.
them

in

was

.'^ome

army,

in others

Persian

Gulf

Nature

the

on

expedition
the Caliph,

Euphrates,
and

men;

cityof

of

and

new

strange.
the

to

across

and

its features

bereft

Dead

of water.

relaxes; the plain,still a wilder-

the
probablyanticipates

Caliph had

his Master

the

proceed

to

flyingvisit

the

permission given

campaign,

stony desert, trackless

Advancing north,

and

of

free

greater

only by

not

Nevertheless, the

camp

Country

From

'

his

the

Irac

to

of the

were

such

no

Yemariia

thinned,

by

when, after

great Leader's

to

been

also

meeting

from

These

arduous

of ^lothanna, who

under

Syrian

the

Khalid
march

in

long detained

was

enemy,

homes.

that

Khalid

8000

the

that

their

to

popular

so

had
but

of the

-"^

Bedouins.

Yemama,

at

carnage

ever
Which-

"

Duma.

service,as his numbers

off

cast

command

in

the

~~~

his

on

be

to

"

by

had

Hira.

to

on

head

between

(midway
also

the

at

Gulf) which

pass

~^~---

lyadh hampered

\\:ork its way

to

lyadh

Duma

city was

country.^
Khalid

bank,

Chalda^a.

to

Khalid

Obolla, anajieit5ht

on

Persian

thence

of

two

Euphrateji,
ajidLjrom^thencc,

to

and

^\rab

despatched

command

western

capitalof

the

of the Red

head

of the

mouth

pacification.It

He

march

to

was

llegira

his restless

turn

One, under

joined by Mothanna,

of

elsewhere.

North.

the

to

in fair way

policy to

work

similar

to

the

of

year

^^

throughout Arabia, excepting

also

Bekr's

Abu

now

CkaicUea.

twelfth

the

that

again unsheathed,

subdue

to

put down
was

be

sliould

deputed

been

had

became

Lord

was

South, which

the

"

beginniuLj of

the

By

Troo|)"

of

Sword

the

\iii.

resolved
struLjglc,
iiiipciuliny;

the
Hckr, iinticipating
"

[r HAT.

/;/-:a'A'

/if

ITira

victoryled him

march

yet in view
onwards.

of
:

events.

for the

It is

aims

of

doubtful
Khalid

fi33]

A.D.

ness, is in

instinct

ARABY

IRAC

clothed

season

with

the

with
of

song

INVADED

verdure,brightwith flowers,A.

birds

hum

and

of

winged

II. 12.

life.

pasture-landwhich for hundreds of miles lies

the Tigris. Still farther north,
and
between
Damascus
and about
the latitude of
the desert graduallydisappears,
is the

Such

Mosul
Athwart

blends
the

with

the

hills and

country from

Persia.

Between

is

(as

still there
The

Asia

Minor.

to

that

range
the two

roam)

separates Irac

rivers lies

Over

full^^patriarchalmemories.
tlicre roamed

of

the
Babylon runs
bounded
by the Tigris

Aleppo

Euphrates, while the far east

flowing under the mountain

Araby^ from

vales

this

Bedouin

Mesopotamia,
great plain

tribes with

greater part had

long professed
on
Syrian side,as the
to the Roman
(iliassan of Bostra,owed
allegiance
Empire;
Persia.
But
the east
were
jthose on
dependent upon
of
faith ; and
INomad
life tends to fickle loyaltyand laxity
led by
these northern Arabs
were
now
so, not
infrequently,
with their brethren of Arabia, as well as by the
iaffinity
ilust of plunder,to desert their ancient allies and ancestral
and cast in their lot with the invadingcolumns.
faith,
The
lower
Euphrates, Irac Araby, is in strikingcon- Chaldsea
The two great rivers,
trast with the regionjustdescribed.
of the
each
other
Euphrates,
inwhile yet far from the sea
approach
; but,
hundred
stillkeep apart and, for some
stead of joining,
two
inclose the memorable
miles running parallel,
and fifty
The country is covered with long hillocks
plainof Dura.
and mounds
marking the ancient channels of irrigation,
and strewed with fragmentsof brick and pottery, remnants
Df a dim antiquity. The face of the land was
not then, as
and watered
by
now, a barren waste, but richlycultivated
the two rivers
:anals.
little below where
On the Tigris,
a
the double
firstapproach each other,was
Medain,
city"
bank and Ctesiphon
called from Seleucia on the western
so
the eastern)then the capitalof Persia.
)n
Fifty miles
of shapelessmounds, lookingdown
arther south,a mass
shore,marks the site of
ipon the Euphrates from its eastern
flocks

and

herds.

the Christian

religion.Those

the

"

'

Irac of the

'ersianIrac.

Arabs,

as

from
distinguished

lyai

i.e. "foreign"or
Aj":ni)\

AIW

52
A. 1 1. VI.

Ximiud,
the

tlicii'summit

from

Hah\-Uin, ami

of the verdant

horizon

the

stood

(like its

Kufa)

of

the

alonq;

successor

Euphrates by

hand

the

i^reat lake

especiallythe
after

with

the

the

returned

branch,
other

taking

the

by

upon

is covered

ease,

has been

with
the

called

familiar

palm,

the

and

pomegranate.

the

fens

and

But

; and

of

sandy steppes
luxuriant
driven

of endless

Hormuz.

and

civilisation and

the
as

The

Delta,
master

beauty

fig,mulberry
oppressive;

nothing
at

Arab
or

the

but

the

at

buffaloes

the

unwieldy

bodies

shallow

the

were

days of

in those

the estuary
or

the

Besides

waste

upwards

was

peasantry, and
district

officers

of

Court.

Desert

arms.

from

by Dihcans,

over

Such, then, was

^^^

their

hide

FellaJieeii

by

lorded

were

Persian

Khaiid

to

splash lazilyalong

or

now,

to

rushes, and

and

lagoons. Chald^ea

cultivated, as
the

of reeds

water

with

inundation,

to

in

Delta

Peninsula, gazed wonderingly

by pestiferousinsects
the

like the

its

and

sluices

and

This

pressed

from

is close

to

the

to

w^atered

the

invading force,used

the

growth

beneath

these

the

so

dams

bar

lower

and

with

liable

marshes, always

aggravated by neglect of
anarchy

The

world."

of the

climate

the

belt

; and

abounds

country

as

which

green

corn

branch

Obolla.

near

desert.

junction

range

stream

the

of

sea

Garden

"

its

intended

flow,alluvial,low

tidal

again,subject to

Najaf"; and,

another

times

river

widen

sandy

western

of

Sea

yet wider

parent

helped materiallyto

by

cut

marshes,

many

Euphrates above

dry,originallycarried

now

"

Sapor" which,

the

into

the

in olden

was

of

"Trench

feeds

called

incursions, and

Bedouin

west,

There

Tigris.

issues

rock,

live

It

antiquity. Sweeping

stream

circuit,rejoinsthe

wide

called

rival

the

in

on

tribes.
which

branch

of unknown

this

west,

on

channel

but

man

head

yet farther

miles

surroundintjArab

lay Hira, capitalof

the

tlic Hirs

descried

i)lain.Thirty

south

from

he

may

Isabel," rcarint^its weird

of

Tower

"

or

\Vu.\v.VIII.

nF.h'R

the

the

first
a

magnificentprovinceJying-betxveen

mountain

to

range

arts,
"

oppose

tyrant hated

of the

tribes

which
them

by

of

Persia,
"

^^the cradle

attracted

now
was

his Arab

Moslem

the

Hormuz,

Satrap of

subjects.

gathering in front,Khaiid

of

To

hjm,

addressed

'

Aiu'

54
A. II. 12.

brother

tlic

garrison to

she

embraced

her

hand

Tigris which

small

his

with

apprisedof
just in

and
the

drowned

fit for

the

men

the

Fellaheen

The

^i2''a!h.
vaders,

it

knew

their

lieutenant,

his

the

their

the

Bekr

the

so

raised

King

great^eyy^f

the

guard
the

tactics

exhausted

enemy

by

the

his conquests

enemy.

won

The

discomfiture

by

their

been

taken

prisoners.

the

"

"

"

"Ye
so

see

that

Arabian

the
corn

and

wastes.

with

Plushcd

oil abound
If but

as

land.
even
a

success

Its
as

surprised
fled ; and

until

had

many

as

he

gazed

his followers

addressed

thus

of the

not

was

in J:he[rrear.

Persians

The

allies,but

Bedouin

riches

placed

ambuscades

around, Khalid

scene

obstinate,

leader, who

Moslem

complete.

was

Delta, Khalidrnarched

battle,long and

of the

them

at

in the

The

with

oration.

vet^raji general,

the

command

the

meet

to

^i:amolLPf

famous

\vY\o

by Arabs

best be matched

in-

^^rab

aroused,

loyal clans, under

to

east,

combined

to

But

The
imperial troops.
to
in imposing force, advanced
Walaja,
army
ment
rivers.
junction of the two
Leaving a detach-

the

near

camp

captive.

also summonedTialiman

He

own.

from

other

and

the

killingall

country,

women

or

The~"deep

spoilof

the

Again
slain

either

boats.

in

him

peasants, he left unharmed.

said, would

tactics; and

placed

the

peril. Khalid,

were

thoroughly

now

of

branch

'

their

Khalid"s

was

was

(a

contested.
fiercely

was

taking

unwarlike

or

who

relieve

to

scoured

and

]\Iothanna

great

escaped

Khalid

war

Court

ii.

"^

remainder

him.

met

prodigious number

great.

very

Victoryof

in

stopped further pursuit,but

canal

-^P"!

the

column

field

The

time.

reinforce

to

Pcninsulaj,and

the

disaster.

King

canal

Great

check, hastened

fled ;

enemy

was

the

flying

the

of,

Medain, the

troops

this force

army,

athwart

runs

heard

lord,gave

causing

reached

with

Prince

stopped by

been

had

lady

Persian

to

near

was

1 lormuz

defeated

the

Rallying

of

another

despatched

the

put

brother.

of Mothanna

the message
When
iciTeli'^'^^

and

by storm,

which, when

IMothanna's

ardour

took

fort de-

second

and, forgettingher

Islam

to

The

I'ersians

sword

the

to

he

This

husband.

her

by

fended

advanced

besiege it, he

to

fCiiAi'.
VIM.

/"'/":
A' A'

paths drop fatness,

do

the

provision for

stones

this

in

our

present

";"]

v.D.

the

life, let alone

"

"

"Lord,
"

it

"

were

fair fields

these

here

lieart.

Now,

matrons,

and

banish

of

stint

execute

religiousfanaticism

native

riveted

by

spoil of

war,

and

cup,

however, had

The
a

many

chance

family of

Khalid

it from

dash

part with

the

of those

taken

tribes

of

Bedouins

urged

Just then, Ardshir

the

detained

Court

at

Euphrates

join

to

side

flocked

News

of

this

rushed

to

the

to

the

the

Persians

were

hard

battle
was

front

vast
as

they

doubtful, that

Khalid's

1887, p. 85.

of

victory the

speech

is

slew

Khalid

from

Hira

had

Khalid
blood

and

the

vowed
of

quoted liyAl Kindy,

his

was

the
every

Obolla.

and

fall back

to

Then

leaving
he

rear,

Arab

Then

Moslems

before.

issue
to

the

at

one

Lord

foes should

the Christian

first

tribes

the

been

boldly

their leader.

up, and

came

never

fiercelycontested,

in event
^

with

The

revenge.

who

his

of

Bahman

Khalid

secure

enemy.

attack, and

pressed

was
so

the

to

to

across

between

tian
Chris-

banks

army

l"uphrates.

Hafir

at

meet

an

rising forced

recross

Persia

loyal Bedouins,

the

great

strong detachment
advanced

sent

Allis,half-way

to

hastily,and

he

but

and

treatment

both

on

sick, and

fell

King

feeling

injury,the

of

Court

the

-j

^JJ

bitter

the

by

and

Battle of

great

Mesopotamia

brethren

Nomad

their

roused

lips,and

j^^

struggle,part ^lay

under

captive. Smarting

luiphrates,and

the

foray,

The

them.

Persia.

Invaders, aggravated by defeat

the

their

in the

divided

was

and

between

aroused

was

ardour, both

just touched

but

Bekr

Beni

Iioldingwith

Thus

fight and

"

to

captive charms.
might yet

the

Arab

the

to

loth

written."

martial

with

along

they
in the

and,

nothing

judgment

"the

grew

motives

which

conqueror's embrace;

heathen

the

upon

forthwith,

were

were

and

maids

by permission

privilege,they

this

of

enjoyment

the

to

respect

"

right hand

and

to the

divine, lawful

licld

their

Bedouin

the

ladies,both

12.

for ever,"

delightful to

A.ii.

for

battle

penury

with

of the

ways
do

to

and

care

Persian

number,

the

while

our

inducements

tell.

to

55

fighting in

chord

captives of

"

as

without

worth

also, the

began

sex

of

well

BLOOD

OF

merit

struck

Khalid

other

RIVER

T//E

The
time
that

flow

Apologist,S. P.C.

as

K.
,

56
A. 11. VI.

in

crimson

At

stream.

withstand

the

his savage

oath, Khalid

the

days
and

countrj'

of

butcher}' commenced

The

""^

Blood" earth

drank

of

advice

blood-red

flour- mills
the

that

barbarity; but
of

"

Blood

the

by

horse,
the

canal, but

the

for

At

three

days

for

We

of

details

were

corn

flood.

in the
the

last,by

There

vow.

reddened

lived

was

company

floodgate opened,

his

thereafter

which

two

'I'hcn

after

magnified the

its memory

by

of

had

spot, and

has

tradition

Moslem

remained.

redeemed

ground

was

army

hope

the

upon

bed

gorj- flux

tide

For

camp.

the

Company

chief, Khalid

.Arab

an

the

and

still the

and

beheaded,

fugitiveshould

no

the

by

dry

blood.

the

up

that

to

fulfil

To

prisoners gathered.
the

in

fled.

ami

into

scoured

was

rcisians, unable

broke

alive

brought

all

the

proclaimed

great multitude

last

impetuousonset,

slain,but

be

[Chai". vm.

BEk'R

AnU

may

thrs^^reat

of-t4Te-'*^iliver

name

ill-omened

stream

was

called.
battle

The

Persian

thc^eld"
spread

the

in

enemy's

surprised by Khalid,
experience

for the

fritters with
rich
his

pancakes
of

equal
he

had

Fifth

Bekr.
the

AbuBekr"s
^

'^

'"

heroes, the

of

the

spoil.

prin"

H?ra!
'

The

Tidings
at

the

of

envoy
he

For

the

spiritof

allies

proved

the

moment

their

and

occupied

Bedouin

annoy
he

his

resolved

had

position from
rear
on

and

at

with

the
so

victory,with

and

of

his

prowess
riches

glowing tale,
from

amongst

him.

Persians

they

communications

reducine;- the

the
Abu

to

the

whole

broken

was

troublesome

which

the

warrior, described

captives

carried

"

combat

earnest

beautiful damsel

captive maidens

ate

hero,

battle,the feats and

multitude

avidity

single

of the

brave

white

despatched

once

himself

of

in

welcome

spoil,a

the

Khalid

stalwart

Caliph,overjoyed

the

upon

^^^

that

the

progress

its

bestowed

down.

follow, were

of

of

body

novel

with

delicacies.

warriors," whom

Messenger,

and

devoured

"

handled

who

Eastern
the

on

cut

of

to

The

heat

the
The

just

portion

royal

other

and

Arabs

ready

Persians, when

sit down;

to

delight,and

thousand

but

choice

simple

leaning

supper

about

found

was

the

which

to

camp

were

childish

repast

sumptuous

over,

to

could

Khalid,
so

terially
ma-

with

Medina,

tract

west

of

G33]

A.D.

BESIEGED

HIRA

Euphrates

^he

Hira,

its

rule

to

been

governed

interests

by
akin

being

Mesopotamia, partly from

the

of

influence

Arabia

the

Bekr
the

resist

to

such

But

With

this

channel

of

share

reached

"

"

'"

"

the

lion

and

of

spoiled

exhausted.

Hira

boats

the

the

and

Satrap

fled

lay

sight;
of

lion

Oh

"

lion,
Persia,

womb

the

bear

is

second

Then

discharge

without
to

of

before

and

the

citadels, refused

to

'

the
A

of missiles.
at

fury

capitulateon

the
the

and

easy

of

length
the
terms

Life of Mahomet,

the

the

The

city walls.

and

Monastery
and

in

vol. i. p. clxxi.

as

The

surrender.

besiegers kept

embodied

the

city,defended

Monks

to

boats

of

palaces

besiegers,induced
1S61,

Apprised

disembarked

having

beautiful

the

irrigatingtulates.

some

enabled

and

llira

^nd^cTpi

stream

flying squadron

army,

his

the

up

suddenly.

river ; but

manned,

were

tracking

sluices
the

the

across

four

embarked

Khalid

with

Hira,^ encamped

by

ramparts
the

a^'^'^'^

reached

verily your

"

more

was

the

closed

possession

of

was

and

hastened

ascend.

to

Princes

by

no

flotilla grounded

Khalid

cause,

taken

it

the

Satrap having opened

the

above,

canal-head,

again

Amghisia

ants
inhabit-

Fifth

Surely

Amghisia,

at

baggage,

when,

escapes
the

western

horseman's

each

the

upon

prey.

shall

Hira.

to

The

at

ecstasy,

leapt

his

Woman

infantryand

of

in

of

of

!"

Khalid

to

exclaimed

him

even

capital

the

up

the

When

overwhelmed

hath

in

recurrence

steps

rich that

so

that

wealth.

and

was

Islam,

Finding

to

he

was

Persia,

surprised Amghisia,

and

pieces.

Bekr

Coreish,"

ye

booty

the

rapidly

size

in

1500

'Medina,Abu
"

Hira

the

fled,and

advanced

of

border

his

directed

Euphrates,

the

shown

prevent

of

little felt

the

with

to

now

he

view

rival of

the

town

Khalid

danger,

and

invader;

had

events

combine

might

been

its

tribes

dependency

hitherto

recent

from

Christian

the

being

had

Hira

proper.

Beni

its

of

12.

had

years

Partly

A.H.

ceased

long

many

Satrap.

those

to

for

now

Persian

had

dynasty

city,which

this

over

Lakhmite

The

57

tribes, together with

these

occupied by

capital.

CAPITULATES

AND

bay

at

cloisters

Clergy,
the

treaty.

posed
ex-

citizens
Then

"

A. II

1-'.

Khalid

uiuch
brought gifts,

ihcv
thcin

I'nc presents, but

from

deducted

with

Una.

of

tribute,for

which

shortly

The

be

may

had

she

captured
the

should

it

lightly.
in

me

saw

remaineth

was

my

even

having paid
The

Hira

12

A.

youth,

and

she

of

to

to

her

Hira

and

headquarters

found

name

that
The

"

but

she

the

fool

youth

that

which

ransom,

it

that

out

people.
first definite

the

was

of

movement

forgotten
soon

glad

returned

outward

He

was

fulfilled.

said,

on

charms,

Hira
insisted

now

hath

her

her

when

it,"she

for

ever."
was

be

had

to

lady's household,

not

Occupation

^^^

his

A.M.

should

dition
con-

Keramat

Khalid

bride.

Care

and

so,

strange

extol

that

runs)

his

the

for

not

him

cipality
prin-

claim

laid

the

over

with

beauty of

hearing

to

"

swept

One

soldier

be

treaty, though

which

The

story

grievous

was

took

633

the

part, engaged

The

Peninsula.

the

prophetic promise

thing

he

yearlj'

pay

first concluded

the

Mahomet,

promised (so

""^
ChristiL

rising

mentioned.

that

ground

the

"

the

b}'

long proverbial,and

been

"

attack.

without

lying

to

their

on

from

interestingas

is

land,

cepted
ac-

should

their \alue

themselves

Moslems,

city

aside

set

that

treat)' and

classes,saving religiousmendicants,

all

protect the

to

desired

I lira bound

assessed.

were

ratified the

tribute.

the

men

The

Treaty

despatched

accepted,and

Bekr

Aim

Medina.

to

[('iiAi'.
\iii.

/.'AAA'

.un:

5S

Here

Khalid

year.

It

Islam.

remained

step
fixed

was,

in

limits

of

1).

fact, the

earliest

Arabia.

The

the

of

Moslem

administration

cit}-,who
long

that

ruled

actively have

of

poet

the

which

of

concluded

rallying him,
"

"

"

"

blood

"

"

ignoble birth
do
us

ye
?

"

not
"

"

"

ye

by
"

join

Nay,"

peace.

whether

Judge
?

"

our

be

answered

Khalid

the

cast

in

Christian,

that
"

your
"

Persian

of

or

doth

Khalid,

said

me,"

answered

faith, and

grandson

deputation

the

Arab

speech

our

True,"

of

Tell
of

selves
them-

inhabitants

the

Adi,

cause,
one

was

name,

the

dynasty,

his

Khalid,

neutral.

descent, and

Arab

native

joined

that

least

of

being

by

would

the

heads

the

with

left

was

at

were

indeed, expected

the

capital beyond

that

betray

then

why

lot

with

we

shall

033]

A.n.

shall

but

"

"

of

Roman

invasion

in

Persia;

but

had,

flux

The

of

Medain

Here
of

the

reflux

and

faith

their

hand

at

near

was

12.

"

and

and

doubt, loosened

no

Court

the

desert

stranger

fools !

mankind.

of

stranger!"

the

choose

they

"two

and

abjure, A.il.

the

trackless

silliest

59

not

Beshrew

"

as

the

x^rab

guides, an

two

are

is

shall

we

thee."

unto

it

in

fathers

our

unbelief

"

wanderer

the

"

tribute

pay

Khalid

cried

of

faith

the

do;

"never

VICTORY

OF

SERVICE

AND

PRAYER.

sufficiently
strong
and, though in the last stage of senility,
its hold

retain

to

The

permanence

the

love

of

and

so

the

of xA.rab

faith

ancestral

their

chose

city

later

centuries

conquest, too,

find

we

Several

hood
neighbour-

of the

still attached

predominant

tributary.

inhabitants

the

numbers

in considerable

still

remain

to

yet uncertain

was

was

Hira.

like

dependency

small

upon

the

to

tian
Chris-

faith.^

Public
was

of

cry
with

the

as

rulers,and

being swallowed

then

verses

sung

of the Lakhmite

that

Now

of

of

she-camel

homes

our

neck, he

the

thus

and

assembly

the

turned,

their native

invasion,is well expressed

Mundzir

and

Noman

Princes

were

house

of Mundzir

returningat

of camels

sliall I

gone,

are
eve

the

from

ever

pastures

Sedir?

on

on

(theinvadingMoslems),
Heretofore

the

royalherd

and

flock of goats

Clad

memorable.

was

in the Moslem

poets.

special

"

of

the horsemen

the young
Like

the

to

in

in losing first
principality

up

of their

one

tlie Princes

Khawarnac
that

by

dynasty :

again behold
Now

ended,

feeling of this Christian

The

in these

occasion

were

Noman
the

are

even

shall I

passed away,

and

Mecca

pastures between

scattered

stormy
as

day, we are
piecesof camels

sacred, and

we

by

again feed

ever

Hafir ?
Beni

the

for
slaughtered

like the

teats

of

Maad

the feast.

well-filled

udder,
at the

Yielding tribute
and
Alas

appointedtimes

to

the

Chosroes, and imposts in cattle

gold.
even

ascends

so

with

distress."

changefulwheel of the well of fortune.

into
it sinks
joy and gladness,and now

is the

'JJJ.^.
^^'

adjacent

the

success

the

beginning ^"iclory.

day

from

girt looselyabout

were

prayers

times

his

celebrated

robe

flowing

five

hear

might

Citizens

the

faith,Prayer,

dominant

the

it resounded

dawn,

of Victory. The

when

""

Muedzzin,

Khalid

Service

and

earliest

the

camp.

in

established

now

of

symbol

outward

prayer,

Now

the

darkness

day
and

6o

A.H.

12.

with the Greeks,

fis^fhtintjj

"

Hut

haiui.

"

I met

the

I lira

While

Adininisiration of
the pro-

vince.
The

Dihcans

gatherers

had

"

began
for

the

their

rights

demand

remained

with

the

with

those

people

and

consent

of

defend

to

threatened.
the

the

region

revenue

The

the

"

Persia

bvTnternal
progS"}'
troubles,

that
a

no

well
"

army
of its

the

heir of

faith,the

their part

Khalid

Thus
in

kept

check,

Throughout

this

such

had

but

rapine

as

taken

were

discharge given

for the

there,

and

here

was

east.

booty,

danger

columns.

Hostages
the

pledged

if

give notice

movable

the

to

as

its

upon

of

strengthening

payment.

distributed

all

was

for the

and

its will

courage,"
hopelessly distracted.

was

throne

royal

succession

to

from

meanwhile
"^ar

rapid

Delta

formal

emboldening
Persia

in

engagements.

and

the

corresponded

ancestral

on

made

terms,

army,

Euphrates

secure

tribute, as

amongst

the

lower

into
;

only

addition

the

quartered

were

ready

of

was

they

themselves

held

west

none

entered

their

them, and

that

possession,and
respected. The

respects, the

Holding

bound

troops

also

and

with

of the

Garrisons

country

engagements

Ziinniies,or protected dependants.

allegianceand
and

soil

approval

Hira.

became

undertook

in

the

other

In

Seeing

wisely enjoined

had

of

tax-

him, many

into

enter

unchanged,

light poll-tax.

imperial
fortune.

maintained

occupiers

men,

adjacent country.
and

upon

and

be

should
as

the

Bekr

Abu

Fellaheen

the

of

submission

revenue.

over

its chief

of

everything before

carried

tender

to

hands

waiting

time.
J'rophct's

the

the

that

with

compared

landholders

been

Khalid

that

now

up

great

"

in

set

was

have

i^reat,and

been

hitherto

not

field in

left

was

rule

summary

than

valiant

more

none

hardly

well-contested

man)-

had

side
could

here
fiijhtint^

the
of

Moslem

the

on

of these

have

the foes ye

match

to

in my

broken

were

early campaign in Irac, indeed,

with
a
special halo; for the
by tradition

is surrounded
loss

there

when

Muta,

'Ihe

of Allis."

men

swords

nine

any

and

here;

"encountered
"

not

field of

the

"In

bravery:

their

extolled

'~~

[CMiAP.viii.

nEKR

AHU

had

blood
of

been
could

feeble

so

Male

ruthlesslymassacred,

anywhere

claimants

was

be

found, and
set

up

by

62

A. 11. \-i.
"

",,

,"

the

upon

tlicinselves

LTavc

"

"imlcm.s.

When

enemy.

ti-jc

tUstributed

Hvcs

Their

Gospel.

the

the

anioni;

be

brought
been

have

tide of Saracen

of

progenitors
lyadh

wJiilc

this

All

ai

several

joined Khalid,
who

urgent

an

after

with

enemy

now

"Wait,

Leaving
with

He

Duma
'

^^

not

tribes

from

633

were

pouring

T).

the

Christian

beset,
Khalid
a

having
to
on

several

attacked

have

to

Welid
of

charge

despatched

Tamar;

field,answered

The

courier

and

Khalid,

lyadh thus

the
the

Hira,

at

his word.

in

too

soon.

of

Bostra.

the

Judi, Chiefs

Okeidar

hostile
*

Ghassan

Jabala,

The

His

hastened
and

Khalid

and

Lifeof Maliotnet,p.

by
to

thus
of
was

name

his prowess,

him

prisoner

surrender,

beheaded.

but

Then

^on"the__JL^ersian7~

utterly
^

429.

the

advent

very

taken

been

prisoner
tribes

under

already felt

had

Syrian side, and

J^eni

otlier

position of lyadh

once.

afraid,he
taken

the

now

and

Kelb

Beni

critical.

at

once

and

north,

more

before

startingat

Okeidar

The

scene

and

intervening

and

the

appear:

glittering
spear."

the

Syrian desert;
from

and

crossed

the

years

was

speedilyshall help

moment,

good

Much

way
on

in

his advice

Ain

force, he

strength.

Medina.^

lyadh

Ibn

Spain,

sent

Khalid.

to

his

down

changed

the

the

day by day

grew

of

were
as

of

Medina

to

supported by

prince

tower

such

men,

anxious,

follows, waving sword

day

were

vii.i2.\.ii.

A.

of

made

Duma,

makes

them

conqueror

by

fall of

in command

flower

was

Khalid

help

in

cohort

Cacaa

desert, and

the

friend, but for

upon

the

tradition

"

my

Cohort

Khalid

for

message

verse

sanguinary

ought long before

lyadh, who

assist

just

martial

the

fortunate
un-

faith,must

amongst

Caliph becoming

reached
no

these

seminary

and

why

that

who

deputed by

royal booty, to

of

Ji'ith -enemies
battling unsucces^sfully

was

been

had

rude

distinguished

lyadh,

The

Duma.

at

the

Musa

fate

Moslem

reason

is

these,

historian, and

the

Ishac

of

the

in

in

the)- were

Nestc^rian

in

the

invasion;

mention

special

from

enough

common

The

leaders.

captives

as

up

instruction

and

spared,

viii.

forced, they

was

rcceivinsj

were

\-ouths, snatched
Ui

retreat

students

as

up

[Cn.w.

liKk'R

AliU

routed

them.

A.I).

effected

^abala
crowd

that

forces

and

remained

battle,he enjoyed
of

the

of

and

of

execution

the

than

more

the

rendezvous

leader, to

there

were

strations
demon-

Ain

Tamar
thus

that

vowed
the

to

eastern

he

killed ; while

tlieir leaders

able

of Hira,
himself

back

would

crush_the

the

Bedouins

well-planned night attacks, the

repeatedly surprised as they slept secure
homes,

desert

cut

portion also, with

there disposed of by
A

'

One

and

the

being

of the

she

son

thus

hereafter.

of the
He

child of Zeinab
mistake

here,

Mahomet's

booty, were

him

stock

of

also married
and

had

Me

hence

Aly,
in

had

this

called

read nowhere

daughter. 3rd Ed.]

"

Medina, and

recently taken
;

the

she

was

of

into
the

his

harem

Hanifa

Hanifite, whose

tribe,

descendants

shall hear
role of which we
political
of
the
Prophet the
year a granddaughter
a

niece of his deceased

for I have

army.

sale.^

captivesof Yemama

bore

to

women,

the

among
sent

off.

carried

of

Multitudes

their

in

families

distributed

bought by Aly.

was

girl,one

another

rich

their

vow.

birth, were

noble

of

many

pieces,and

fulfilled his

Khalid

Thus

to

of

series

brilliant and
were

for

and

routed

by

in_jts

vrper

were

western,

despatched

Taghlib tribe;

wife Fatima.

else of any

[There

may

surviving child

of

be

a.h.

633'A.i).

from

appointed

the

12

do

to

Khahd-h^st^ined

attack

(jn

offelistve

resume

bank, the Persians

j'"^"^
"-jj

and

protect Anbar

and

this news,

At

vicinity.
Expedi-

still smarting

alert,was

the

on

frontier

the

guard

at

On

main

Persians

Taghlib

placing lyadh in the government

the JEuphrates,while he
Cacaa
across

nest.

field of

the

that

encouraged

and

had

Khalid

outward

in

their

though

inroad.

threatened

he

Hira,

smoothly

on

had

Khalid

of

operations. Cacaa,
110

cymbals

the Beni
allies,
especially

their Arab

under

to

going

not

was

absence

Xh^

and

timbrels

the

while

Duma,

back

marching

them,
the

nuptialson

at

repose

the

rejoicing.

all

But

short

troops

with

received

fresh

to

bought by

Judi, was

Celebrating thus

of

was

cuously
promis-

sold

were

12.

two

fort

put

beautiful

most

the

the

inmates

women

unfortunate

of the

for himself.

body

the

and

highest bidder;
daughter

The

sword.

the

to

of

gate

crowded

the

and

helpless A.H.

between

in

The

escaped.

none

down,

battered

hemmed

were

the

But

Bostra.

flight to

his

6^

IRAC

IN

EXPEDITIONS

"i33]

some

Zeinab,

Syrian border,

the

1*ii'''idho\\

Battle

oi

Firadh.
c.ivcks,

**'"l

after.

the

Hut

Hjv.antme

prolonred

at

the

of

KhaHd,

and

for

llie

on

i,^'irnson
and

encampment

rested

river

and

viii.

reached

;il last

the

by

Ramadhan

of

fast

the
tkn-inij[

army

foes, Khalid

Bedouin

l-'ollowiiiL;uj) his

A. 11. 1-2.

[Chap.

HEKR

AfiU

64

his

weeks

some

h-ontier, uneasy
attitude

threatening"

defeated,

and

'^""'

^^"^^'^outposts
6^4

A.

11.

makmg

force
Khalid

challenged
A

bank.
Moslems

tradition

the

come

the

wary

^a^tcrn

ensuedT

The

cavalry pursued the

been

have

must

number

fabulous

the

it at

places

They
the

to

over

conflict

the

carnage

in

away.
but

river ;

severe

victorious;

were

and

cross

and

long

the

rather

them

bade

General

to

invader

Persian

advanced

loyal tribes,
the

chase

to

the

with

cause

neighbouring

and

imposing

common

tives,
fugifor

great,
of

hundred

thousand.
the

For

Khalid's

Feb.

634

A. n.

beingt"

pilerimare
t"
t"
r
resolve

of

and

slowly

small

he

sagacity

the

Rear

his
while

at

Fven

Abu

was

When,

and

Bekr,

w^ho

of

after

knowledge,
which
year.

he

the

took

singular

was

in

Hira.

he

set

now

was

the

marvellous
the

rites

So

well

he

had

had

been

at

his

secret

belongs

to

kept

all

the

pilgrimage,
General.

great

to

came

But

displeased.

he

as

slowly back.

the

visit

of

like

with

early spring, just

journeying
of

with

guide,

Mecca

presided

presence

consequence

in.

thought

himself

much

in

making

secretly

with

from

ten

march

to

Without

route

steps

for

Then,

out

his

to

army

accomplished

Hira

time,

some

he

his

army

the

to

errand.

Having

marching

was

Firadh,

unaware

the

orders

gave

desert

re-entered

that

secret,

devious

retraced

guard

back

pious

speed.

and

despatch,

Meccan

even

his

recruited

behind,

the

on

he

Pilgrimage,

"

stages

remained

the

and

the

unknown

incognito,

having

easy

escort

traversed

it

-fought field,he

well

he

though

as

So

by

formed

no

performing

the

on

for

season

Khalid

hand,

at

and

crushed,

was

The

sight.

now

Master.

royal
days

in

anywhere

pilcnniasie enem)'
xii. I2A.H.

opposition

moment

the

the

his

action

succeeding

CHAPTER

Campaign

Syria.

in

Battle

in

campaign

Khalid

of

son

Syria

early

A.D.

convert,

1/

the

faith.

breed

in

retreat

to

death, and
ind

Employed

doubted

Aly

advance,

outed
ir

there

Moslem

the

outh,

available

were

Kelaa

)zul

for

his

other

any

in

despatched

service.

haste

Sea,

so

Just
in

to

Medina,

with

first

the

support

the
and

Ikrima

being

he

himself

apostasy

followers,

Himyar

danger

no

Dead

to

his

at

reinforcements.

numbers

no

permitted

finding

crushed

great

the

on

Khalid

to

in

nQrth.

le

Two

It

other

is

well

rabian, the
but
c,

for

and

were

ppear,

in

but

having

troops,

returning

were

column

urgently

the

to

few
be

must

Chiefs

again

entire
lines.
received

loss

to

of

of

remind

note

the

reader

Syria being

Details, especially
simply

as

rumours

recorded
of

the

handed

with

despatched

were

tlial

our

by

the

enemy's
down

a.d.

assumed

allow^

to

^33

by

alarmed
and

on

Omar

take

to

thereupon
as

onwards

Syrian

called

so

Prophet's

tribes

was

allies

was

and

cautiously

he

away,

hen

Bedouin

Proceeding

rear.

he

^-^^
kaI.

was

"v""xinie

friendly

garrisons,

Khalid

attitude.

yet

Bekt"

attacked

their

the

Although

Abu

Byzantine

summoned

it threatening

his

unless

The

step.

ipproach,

but

he

south,

command.

4"ally the

to

confessor

following

fitness,

him

frontier;

brward

his

sent

mportunity,

Syrian

fresh

as

the

in

posted
Syrian
,

place

Envoy

turmoil

claimed

now

an

'

high

as

the

as

il)n

Khalid
^'"^

such

held

he

Abyssinia,

to

different

very

and

"'

3xile

Yermuk^

the

under

opened

An

Said.

on

633-634

A.II,

12-13

The

IX

authorities

arc

numbers,

purely

authorities

Byzantine

movements,

by tradition.

ikrima
^''""'^

^"

'^'^

66

Anu

13.
were

Also
and

Amru

on

away

and

W'elid, who
them

given

countr)' between

the

in

Prophet,

command

joint

Ainrii

were

the

and

Tayma

the

by

Red

WclUi.

A.n.

of

"oj4A.n.

"which
but

were

to

thou

despatched,Welid
and

Ayla

occupy

this

Amru
of

pick

out

to

in

south

tract

work

life,and

made

quiver

either

option

engaging

join Khalid

these

by

Emboldened

ibn

of

having

tract

in

that
"I

answer:

Islam, and

ibn

thou

fittest

the

wilt, discharge it."

to

the

the

present

the

in

whithersoever

"and

them

this

It is for thee

Archer.

"the

To

arrow

an

this

or

were,

in

come."

is to

''am

both

Duma,

gave

they

for them,

better

"

Bekr

where

remaining

"

of

reduction

Abu

quieted down,

Jan.

Khalid

the

Since

Sea.

i;n(l of
12

These

cdinmis.sioii.

similar

A. 1 1. 1-:-

[On AT.

nr.h'R

So

they
Amru

Said, and

of the

shaft,

Land.

Holy

reinforcements, Khalid

ibn

Said

Said

defeated

at

Marj, near
Sea

in the

hastened
the

campaign.

was

in

of

Forgetful

first laurels

the

gain

to

Master's

his

of

caution, he

of

Tiberias.

his

Beginning towards
of 13

the

decoyed by

eagerness

He

Damascus.

had

General

Byzantine

reached

far

as

Marj

as

A.M.

March

634

early spring

Soffar

to

enemy

closed

A.n.

the

in

Discomfited, he
and

leader

rallied

stayed
Caliph.
"

ibn

Bekr

the
that

able

as

there
the

message

he

"

wrote,

have

he

said,

"

"

than

I.

Had

been."

not

We

from

the

thou

shalt

secure,

no

until

but
flight,

with

was

indignant
no

come

in battle

but

To

thee!"

knew

Omar

and

I listened
hear

Dzul

frontier

his

Truly Aly

able

under

the

patience

no

enemy's
sufficient

band

Himyar

retreat.

That

with

continued

the

the

them, this

to

Khalid

of

more

Said.
In

Reinforce-

Syria

had

mishap

"

his

disaster.

pratest bravely when

better

man

by

life !

my

him

about

"the

ments
for

By

coward.

those

Khalid
road

farther ; thou

"art

"

"

in

position on

strong

off

cut

camp

the

brave

the

come.

the

on

and

rear

retrieve

Tiberias, when

retreating force,and

up

should

his

to

the

Kelaa, took

of

Sea

fled, leaving his

including

remnant,

the

upon

Ikrima

hands

help

of

east

to

the

present

emergency,

it

Arabia

being

entirely pacified,he

columns

retrieve

gravity of

the

the

now

arrived

to

fortunes

was

fortunate

hurry them

of Islam.

for

off

Duly

to

Abu
was,

Syria,

sensible

of

enterprise, nothing short of measuring

"

033-4]

A.D.

with

swords
to

both

of

by the

of

Book

the

great.

"

But

"

multitude

"

most.

"

honour

when

the

in

the

reward."

he

retracing his steps

force

in

thus

of

consisted
to

the

Mecca

for

of

'battleof

reckoned

are

'Prophet, and
of

who

/iclded
lis
)n

)ut

that

to

part,

few

Vlecca, and
oined

with

lands

the

years

of

to

haughty

had

their

was

wielded

column

pleased

to

'^"^'

thousands

the

main

of

men

comparatively
after
the

on

army,

thousand

of

panions,"
Com-

with
the

pleasure

enrolled, they
;

while

views

and

he,

of renown,
whole

who
of

power

high descent,

of

anyone

into

the

on

wishes

of

present

the

famous

at

once

the

the
trary,
con-

"

conversed

Sheikhs

Chieftains

alacritythe
Caliph

consult

importance.

before

in the

themselves

choice; but

well,"

home.

homes

come

ye

in

implicitobedience

leader

bound

was

all occasions
a

of their

their

and

altogetherSyrian

That

hundred

enrolled

These

Chief

the

jnder

than

hinder-

Fare

"

them

and

seen

men.

life to

Khalid

least

is

ways

differed

Syrian

at

had

fewer

no

Bedr.

to

the

In

i.e. men

300

returned

"

i^ekr.

the

prize,riches

flocked

amongst

in

thy

simple

Irac.

the

on

in the

the

his

and

were

Yemama.

there

of

His

iVddressed

brief,for in the

hearty

to

Mothanna

had

most

in

is naught

before

the

tribes,which

Medina

and

;few;

obtain

army

gave

lost

are

returned

the

Bedouin

banners

be

brought together

from

composition

them

with

Then

Leader, and

promised

and

life,and

present

with

dependeth

thee

foremost

Caliph

done

fight in

as

haranguest

striving,ye will

So

The

such

Syrian

the

had

reward

before

ever

work

The

for

of words

great

"

another

the

on

Profession

"

of

merit

he

^'

was

formed

now

march,

to

before

command

Lord

thou

little way

12-

Potentates

after

one

mounted

its

worker.

this

Set

"

pitched

years
of

The

of the

purpose

two

side

faith.

brigades

ready

was

farewell

his

without

The

the

A.H.

nerve

every

gauntlet,and

time, with

same

West.

each

as

the

plain of Jorf,a

(as nearly

thus

"

down

the

and

the

and,

Osama)

"

Caliph strained

thrown

and

one

on

walked

"

had

the

great enterprise were

him

He

67

ARMY

"

East

the

Medina

road

Kaiser,

at

war

for this
at

the

it.

meet

waging

"

SYRIAN

now

whose

banner

of

6S

\.ll.

VI

""

Anir

however

CDininaiul,

Shorahbil
conLvn-"^
ir.ued

battalions

I-'our such

1)11

frontier,

in the

scattered

fragments of
the

up

Vezid

roused

S)'ria.

brother

His

of

Companion

the

posted himself
in the

Araba

Wady

fashion

after Bedouin

Khalid's

suggested
of

Land

Coran,

the year
besides
advance

the

even

battahons

634

A.D.

reserve

they

met

Arab

flight such
country about
in
of

sort

thus

Hebron.

the

Each

by

Many

of the

south, travelled

the

6000

"

and

Greek

there, had

of home

in

border

the

in the
in

Ikrima.

troops

In

of

Bostra

of

to
came

valley
these

the
and

first

occupied

as

up

garrisons in
Ikrima

and

of

.30,000,
their

opposition and, putting

near

Next

the

spring

numbered

Sea, eventually took

east,

of

conquests

honey.

gathered

under

make

it is called

as

and

Syrian

Dead

Belcaa, threatened

For

milk

little

farthest

and

Fourth,

their settlement

with

disaster.

recent

others.

the

to

the

ground

the

Obeida, approaching Damascus,

Abu

Syria.

Tiberias

the

with

column, and

marv^ellous

of ccJielon,
threatening the

position the
of

of

Third

from

promise

the

on

from

Obeida, trusted

invitingprospect

flowing with

four

levy

stirringnews

the

the

and

and

followed

their families,ready to

For

more

blessing

land

The

Their
advance.

with

in Chalda^a

army

now

Second

commanded

levies

their abode.

North

the

led

the

of the Coreish

Abu

of all the

west

him

men

the

army.

xAmru, who

near

was

shortly after joined him

Prophet,

troops, speciallythe

new

"

A'luavia

who

of the

by

First,

Rallying

After

chief

many

of the beaten

further remnants

the

force,Shorahbil

position.

Caliph'scall,and

the

by

Welid

Said.

the discomfited

included

which

Mecca,

from

ibn

Sofian, in command

of Abu

son

disposal of

supersede

Khalid

advanced

most

in separate

despatched.

now

to

disgrace of

involved

took

absolute

were

appointed

was

the

at

in

h'aithful.

of the

Commander
Four

itself

ix.

themselves

to

formed

force, thus

whole

held

detachments,

inferior

j'oiint;' or

the

clii;nity.And

\Vn\v.

nEk'R

the

south
held

scene

Shorahbil, ~oVera-vnng
Yezid, in

Jordan.
Amru,

eventually

in

lower

found

the

Palestine,

himself

fronted
con-

Byzantine force.

Heraclius

was

at

last alarmed.

few

years

AIW

/O

All.

I'j

_ll.

the

by

wide

themselves

out

the

crossed

and
"

I'lid

driven

such

In
and

the

armies

urgent
tcTsvri"'^

in

poverty
that

for

appeals

The

the

the

By

of

therefore, the

Caliph exclaimed
of

son

Welid, with

machinations

"

of Satan

Accordingly,he
"join thyselfunto
"they
again

his

thy

"

leavest

"

thee

do

to

in

"

a
"

care,

thou

Sets

^"^'^'V

This

Irac.

of

the

the

thy

works

same

the

ring
(refer-

helping,

resolve

on

flesh

not

return

thou

followers

the

Lord's

and

Syria,for

Lord

of the

fulfil the

in

thou

high

measure

Depart and

beware"

The

done.

attend

benefits upon
thee.

Have

thee,

ensnaring

perish.

The

doth

Lord

"

mandate

disconcerted

Khaiid

at

reinforce-

the

first.

He

set

"^^
.

ments.

"

forward, and

world

and

"

that

dishearten

shall

the

be overthrown."

But
"

for

for this !

man

Faithful

forlorn.

hast

not

Go

He

and

stumble

recompense

out

thou

shall

lest

"

and

what

Fill up

mankind,

"

armies

common

Lord, shall the

the

him

to

message

stealthy pilgrimage)

removal

"

the

downcast

are

to
"

this

sent

to

Medina

is the

Greeks

of the

and

another, in

of

fatal

help of

the

yet been

not

one

Khaiid

"

to

even

lacking military

reached

cry

much

so

mild

had

independence

aivay,

military genius,

General-in-chief, was

not

was

was

Generals

the

advantage.

delay and_the

fire and

Obeida

strong

another.

counsellor, but

their

When,

help,the
"

; and

absence

action.

of

It

often

as

passed

the

at

of

Abu
able

an

mettle

fully tested

lack

as

him.

timidity; Amru
dash.

anxious

reinforcements.

number,

disquieted

months

still facing one

became

The

result.

material

no

escape."

them

to

two

Greeks

force,and

was

skirmishing

in

in

gained

ening
threat-

; the

definite

up

ravine

remained

Bekr

shut

without

Arabs

the

indecisive

Abu

Khaiid

the

northern

seeing this,rejoiced

arc

formed

spread

thus

and

ix.

Moslems

the

on

friends

my

that

often

back;

protection,and

Iline

cheer

ensued,

Byzantine troops
^^'cre

IV

Amru

enemy.

few

warfare

the

plain. Thereupon

good

in, and

desultory
iii.iv.

of

Be

"

shut

arc

north, and

and

of the

exit

said

the

encamped likewise
spot abutting on the neck,

the

the

upon

ri\cr

bank, u]ion

from

entered

expanse,

[CuAr.

BEKR

it down

to

Omar

who, envying him

the

conquest^ of Irac,

633-4] KHALID

A.D.

There

his hand.

it from

thus snatch

would

DESERT

SYRIAN

THE

CROSSES

for A.H.

reason

was

12-

13

~"

fear.

the

for he

leave

thee

"

"command

him
be

his

Chief,

and

flower

equal,and
of the

General
of the

of the

The

Veterans.

had

served

taking

desert, and

The

lay

between

could

not

desert

Syrian

sphere_of action.

He

because

tribes

of hostile

he

fore,turning south,
tumbled

and

Thence
in

of

sea

he
few

lest

took

the

his

steps

the

design

and

pathless desert, and

the

Roman

Bedouin
"

way,
"Ihat

"

road."

the

"

l)rompt resolve

the

By
;

and

perilous attempt,

and

firm

The

words

fired

his

ye
water

and

will.
for
drink

Gather
a

as

while;

again

Do

answered

days

then

and

is but

a
one

waterless,

so

go,"

that,

wild

this

many

second

There

"

turn

so

held,

was

war

we

and
the

followers,and
"

his

waterless

the

then,"

camels

as

let

them

time

on

Khalid's

was

expostulated with

was

feared

it,lest they perish

shall

resolve,nothing
carried.

"

he

would

hinder

Tadmor,

at

five

shun

same

waste

formed, therefore,

"

for

and

when

and

he

should

desert

there-

Duma.

but

said ;

who

in

single horsemen

even

at
so

He

of

council

bare,

so

way

halted

Syria, and

there

him

that

Bostra,

emerging

guide brought
a

to

Marches

new

route, Syrian

time

north, right across

flank.

and

Nefud,

army.

strike

to

his

northern

the

second

reached

Moslem

the

take

road

have

and

Khalid

the

opposing

enemy

bold

crossed

direct

days

more

with

"

border

Byzantine garrisons;

and

sand,

the

junction

"

great

the

last farewell,retraced

moiety

the

loyally,to

so

goodly

of either

accompanied

Mothanna

should

division

the

strength

panions
Com-

accompany

by securing

last conciliated

9000.

and

assurance,

should

that

insisted

thy

Hira.

to

"

which

force

give

to

return

the

by

army,

shall

began by selecting the

Khalid

he

shalt

thou

the

Lord

the

otherwise,

half

thee

When

Reconciled

at

whom

with

then

Mothanna
was

about

was

Syria,

Irac."

in

portion

"

half

in

Syria.

to

been

it had

Hved,

Take

"

Mothanna

victory

loyal to

Bekr

thus

continued

"and

Abu

had

But

the

wild

divine

aid

on

with

nothing perilous.
by

project was
said
ye

the
can

drink

afterwards,

guide,
;

clamation
ac"

if

withhold

by

peril-

""^'""^'''

plentifully,
bind

their

-J

A.M.

1-2-

;_

"haply
the
of

slit their

and

"ears

crept

at

fault.

he

cried

lost !

"

into the

\vkh^" about

were

iv.V.'

scatteringterror
after

Khalid

slight

fell

he

skirted

emerged

their

joy

bush;._
are

we

they

loud

came

of

shouts
down

spot, dug

supply
plentiful

the

in

the

of

the
with

the

the

army

about
of

fetching
fc.
of

midsummer
which

reopened

and

tidings to Abu

sent

spoil taken

of

Fifth

the

'

and

marvellous

this

weeks,
he

south,

circuit,

Damascus,

achieved

few

Moslems

which

by-

effected

still

inactive

lay

junction
on

Yermuk.

^'^^
pared

reinforcements

lagging spirits of

numbered

240,000,

for
that
die.

the

they might
Such

are

handed

rumours

ranks.
much

Then

sight

safety,with

and

Fresh

iwo

the

with

his
;

way

of

next

neighbourhood,

attacking Tadmor

and

Having

course

-desert^^

Early

astonished

within

Adzraat.

the

Damascus.

yielded.

Hauran

of

side

communications
Bekr

of

the

all around,

resistance

at

journey

com

the

Syrian

east

on

-a

The

to

the

miles

liinc,July

armies

to

guide

directions,

it not,

with

an

water

the

.\t last

and

rushed

on

hundred

moming,

"634.

"

where

bramble

find

day

at

was

and

the

if ye

fifth

in all

all round.

found

now

Syrian

A.ii.

here

were

water,

"

13

for

root;

Lord

ground, and

They

Andcflccis

be

searched

they
the

is

supply

wanting

troop

men

the

On

neighbourhood

"Search

"

half -concealed

Great

of

signs were

The

across

their bodies

The

da}-.

host.

but

should

So

upon

each

the

despair

bramble

the

horses.

the

stage

from

drawn

So

not.

for each

slain

casting anxi(nislyabout

After
in

the

each

were

reached

been,

have

At

water

for

over

had

The}'

should

The

single draught

shudder

end.

camels

ruminate

they

last."

milk

with

mixed

"

that

lances.

hundred

i;ivcn but

"

lips so
such

wilderness, ten

was

"

HEKR

water

your

may

\V\\\\\ix.

AlUJ

But
we

may

of

had

lately arrived

the

Byzantine

whom

occasion,

and

fly,or

in

not

the
down

whatever

portion

exaggerated,
as,

no

doubt,

abatement

readily accept

current

the

in

leased
re-

line

of resolve

it may

is made
that

They
felons

were

rather

and

raised

army.

chained

others
token

and

fanciful,

be

Moslem

in the
from

army

to

them,

with

so

which

633-4]

A.D.

Heraclius

sought

invasion
also

that

believe

valour, it

the

vastly have
horse

Byzantine

army,

their

spiritwidely

Arab

was

of

his

the

lax
faith

and

sought

thus

whole

Moslem

the

schisms

him.

to

the

rent

in

from

instinctive

his

same

the

the

there

they

sword, there
The

of

troop

the

had

which

Houries
soldiers'

well

and

of

such
vantage.
ad-

take

to

host,

pare
com-

together as

fanatic

worldly

full

in

and

disunited

and

Syrian

were

fervour

Lord," winning thus

at

one

fortune.

to
,

and
For

spoil,captive maidens,

endless

they builded

digged.

the

of the

knew

wild

breast.

Nestorian

Arabia

that

than

chord

and

and

favour

was

not

was

Bitter

the cry of the Orthodox

virgin vigour,bound

its

The

army.

of hatred.

scowl

from

invaders

heavenly

which

hour.

and

strife
a

associations

lukewarm

of

vales, houses

eyed

yoke

throughout

of

Byzantine masters,

fired with
ways

time

survivors

his

in

fertile

black

Syrian

the

name,

the

of

different

ancestral

this

and

man,

far

brethren

Moslem

the

Eutychian

feeling,the
With

but

the

social and

with

the

But

the

came

passion

Church, and

strike

Bedouin, alien

fightin

often

was

patriotism

one

the

rouse

help would

accord

as

army.

up

reinforcements

sight.

auxiliaries

Indeed,

eaten

of

Bishops who, bearing banners, waving gold

in jeopardy,
shouting that the faith was

then

Lastly,the

in

Christian

if

the

ere

out

fealty of

The

lightly on
the

passion roused

the

Bedouin

as

that

be

might

must

charge,

Their

it is true, had

loose.

sat

and

crosses,

"

itself

12"

Bedouin

the

But

dash.

differed.

and

With

Monks

of

force.

empire, Christianity was

rancour.

for

troop

A.H.

combined

Byzantine

the

rapidly delivered

so

the

perhaps,

numerous,

Arab

Saracen

ments
its achieve-

by

disciplineand

celerityand

in

over,

elated

equipment,

the

galling,and

surprisewas

of

devoid

of

tide

large. We
may
union, loyalty,and

very

In

in

surpassed

light,was

been

war.

71

surging

appointed,and

also

excelled

The

have

Persian

and

movement,

the

stay

though

well

was

in

to

needs

must

COMPARED

ARMIES

TWO

THE

Should

not,

they

wells

and

fall

by

the

Martyr's prize of paradise, and

waiting impatiently for the happy

imagination

was

inflamed

by

tales

74

A. 11. VI-

of

opened

heaven

_i"^ piring

Of

embrace.
of
of

the

this

by

human,
the

in

even

tion
combina-

strange

flesh

of the

"

of

throes

death,

and
and
ten

"

The

Greeks,

half-hearted

of the

hundred

Moslems

far

stronger

were

the

than

of

240,000

enemy.

Byzantine

straitened

caused

things

enemy

worsted,

the

soon

energy

of

scries

the

encounters,
in

ravine

Still

front.

from

fire.

want

month

secure

hand.

of

saw

Opportunity
l^oman

side

Khalid

laid

true, had

fault,and

soon

offered.

led

to

his

and

"

eyes.
let

us

succession

Come
vary
for

proposal

The

same

now,"
the
the
thus

carried.

All

combined

control

surely

was

separate
in

massed

now

the- altered^

under

assumption of commajid^JiyL
merit
in the sight of the Lord

the

approve

the

each

was

enemy

would

Bekr

single General.
be

the

chiefs,and

Caliph, it

The
meet

the

on

Moslem

the

to

rerriedyit.

to

movement

them.

them

But

Abu

circumstances

would

before

views

army.

Unusual
of

impatient.
in a single

vested

himself

hung

issue

became
be

set

dently
indepen-

The

failed.

must

council

commissioned

Byzantine
one;

the

delivered

Khalid

and

command)

of supreme

attacks,

combination,

authority

success,

He

the

passed,

separatelypitched;

were

(mark

prayer

each;

in

separate

was

host

The

encouraging.

not

was

Arabian

the

of Public

conduct

The

Khalid's

behind

retired

otherwise

of

battalions

Kiiaiid

In

it back

force

and

camp

But

mend.

to

prospect

To

Arabian

quarters.

its reinforcements,

by

the

the

swollen

army,
the

overlap

to

man'ds,

"

and

sex

into

nerved

fond

their

in

upwards

the

wanton

rapine, heavenly devotion

separate

''"

him

the

with

face, and

ex-

away

spirit,faith
chase

began
T^^d\^^^'

in chief

virgins wiping

and

The

Moslem

Command

liis

the

battlefield, and

two

(WT

army,

an

for the

40,000
the

by

|("ii.\r.
IX.

incentives, divine

passion
might

very

paradise drawing

of

graces

the

on

from

ilust

and

HEKK

tended

warrior

sweat

^y.'^

the

less

not

Khalid

said

to

day, and,

if ye

adroitly made
would

Caliph's

disarm

their

jealousy,

it

control, taking

supreme

expected

the

in

merit

that,

with

likewise

will,let
was

the
pass

mine

in

each
be

first."

by acclamation
emergency,
away

but

the
once

633-4]

A.D.

in

Enemy's
much

and

camp,

facts

The

that

appears,

Arab

to

promise

the

blood
that

The

conferred

powers

he

Greeks,"

The

look

"to

"the

said,

at.

Now

like

that

eye

care

reorganise

"

vast

host, and

are

about

half

the

formed

stricken

in

roused
It

ardour

was

preparing

were

from

their

both

sides

the

iiKjving field,exclaimed,
"few

"'

if ye

"

"

but

the

Greeks

but

under

favourite
from

me

bay

Irac.

As

had

fate of

enemy

withliis^column,
east,

to

rude

up

advance.
in

haste.

face.

Would

this

for the

"

of

then
the

called

Khalid

had

day,

of

hoofs

his

by rapid marching

down

with

the
that

Greeks

near,

Tust
To

!"

help

see

ye

Arab

Cacaa

and

His

for,

Greeks!'

the

by

wax

how

"rather

Khalid,
the

the

at

kept rollingon in
Syria depended on the day.

drew

and

troop

Greeks,

the

few

how

worn

still the

And

the

been

to

volume, darkening

cried

what

good

troop

many

withdraw

double
my

The

columns.

How

Moslems,

were

well

Sofian, now

in

"Nay,"

if He

wane

led

w^as

one

bystander, gazing

aright, numbers

count

Lord,

"

the

many

rons
squad-

Byzantine captains Greek

decisive
charge. Issuing |^j"Jj^^g

"

Moslems!"

the

'"How

plain.

one

the

defences, they advanced

of

which

strong

declamation.

that

deliver

to

the

that

Ten

army.

to

divided

Obeida.

from

martial

by

manifest

soon

numbers

so

Moslem

few

but

arranged

Abu

about

army.

thousand

of

wing,

Yezid.

by

went

years,

their

each

to

other

the

by Amru,

Abu

centre, under

assigned

were

he

These

leader.

trusted

lion of

we

he

So

squadrons."

of

to Disposi-

.1

the

disposition swelleth

no

troops into fortysquadrons, each

under

used

soon

were

to

was

leave

would

"

first

His

over,

so

persuaded

he

^,.

purpose.

Khalid

on

^^^^^

side.

Moslem

join the

and

Byzantine

Greek

perhaps

name,

moment,

men.

But

episode strange.

decisive

the

the

in

leading

sympathies,was

Bedouin

at

its

General, Jareja by

and

of

12-

dissension
one

the

A.IL

single hand.

over

and

command

supreme

sown

gained

obscure,

are

of

had

Khalid

Meanwhile

"

the

proved itself so good that

after held
ever
by
Syria was
it

made,

75

ADVANCES

ARMY

GREEK

the

of

men

Ikrima
from

veterans

messenger

inquiry

upon

from
who

dense

the

Medina
flocked

Moslems

hidings
f"om

"](i

\.ll.

I'J

AnV

answered

he

around,

^"'
"

ments
secret

"

also

he

antl

message,

handed

which, hastilyglanced at, Khalid

bidding

the

tla\-,he

rode

\Vacus;\
on

but

Greeks,

General

of that

was

first it caused

the

at

letter

his

into

had

quiver.
and
the

Jareja.

meet

to

defection

The

B.-iulc of

messenger
forth

him

to

slipped

he

ear

startlingtidings it contained,
keep close by him throughout

the

by

'l"hen,unruflled

General's

for the

But

rcintorceis \\i.-ll;

"All

shortly:

way."

the

on

ICiiAV.IX.

liEKR

for the

calamity

issue.

unexpected

an

tllC

Vcrnuik.

Followed

py^antine
vm.^i3A.n.
634

A.i).

vance

ranks

and

Moslems;
such

with
broken
He

who

the

in

with

even

thrown

the

of

covenant

and

the

and

the

Uhirar, took

hero

sword.

All

and

carnage

the

held
the

fighting
; they

So

fierce

wildlyin
The
Moslem

victory.

evening
quick

from

nothing
charge
them

their

through,

reappear.

move

ro

the

drew

well_asin

gallant
the

almost

the

even

line

bore

and

The

back.

sides

as

The

the

the

company

of

brunt
to

man.

fought

women

began

enemy
that

between

the

two, and

but

lives.

The

Moslem

Arabs

so

they gained
then

drove

horse
he
the

down

front
the

his

cavalry with
a

opened

country

upon

clining
de-

were^

launched

precipice,made

them

and

falter,and

to

their

infantry. Thereupon

the

behind

for

son

own

Fortune_varied;

disabled

or

perceived

eye

wedge-like

centre

in the

field.

Towards
Khalid's

slain

arms

me

his

both

raged.

rock,

join

whole

the

Ikrima's

Arabs, that

the

were

the

were

as

firm.

flee before

he

with

Moslems,

great.

was

ground firm

their

battle
the

amongst

was

stood

Jareja,fell

of

ordered

the

day long

enemy's ranks,

he, "will

advanced, and

too

front

pledge. He charged,
dered
bewilcreated
the surprise,

treachery

Grecians

support

fatal

had

clear,Khalid

thus

The

on.

the

at

now

adthe

measured

had

hundred,

the

which

battahon

ground

Four

death?"

"

Lord, should

now," cried

its

to

Ikrima

Ignorance

of the

Prophet
"Who

infidel!

the

of

days

"

the

upon

Arab

the

that

confusion.

into

from

attack

an

hastened

battalion

energetic charge

and

for

unexpected

The

first mistaken

Syrian

rode_ form

traitor

Khalid.

meet

to

the

at

was

escort, the

his

by

the

fierce
to

never

let
to

remaining

jS

A.

II.

n.iu-

oi

battle

The

12-

ABU

13
Qf

A.

the

end

little

more

is, towards

that

11.

about

fought

was

[CiiAi-.

UEKR

the
of

midille

August

of

the

IX.

year

beginning

or

"

September

634

A.D.,

than

two

years

after

battk-.

the

Prophet
Before

must

turn

death.

narrating
for

little

the

to

sequel
what

was

of

this

passing

great

victory,

elsewhere.

we

CHAPTER

Camtaign
MOTHANNA

Half

diminished

insecure,

who

the

of

confident

"

he

about

was

"

be

encamped

the

site

Capital,
brothers

of
he
in

action.

line
ranks

of

charge

was

into

Mothanna,

little

of

either
thus

headed

an

and

followed

of

elephant,

by
79

and,

an

while

blessed

the

"

PZuphrates
that

mark

from

placing
at

!
muz.
Hor-

meet

mounds

himself

attack

for

to

fifty miles
;

art

defenders

advanced
crossed

that

Thou

"

such

force

King,

fowl-men

to

some

the

confusion,

of

army

thee

wing,

by

an

true, then

he

force

insultingly,

be

battle-ground

the

his

if this

shapeless

the

There,

Babylon.
chose

reply,

the

north

awaited

centre

Arab

Hira,

But

called

The

answered

reduced

this

despatched

and

liar.

hath

that

Leaving

Persian

or

army

once

Persian.

by

away

an

help,

Mothanna

to

him

at

the

to

by

every

the

Mothanna

braggart
Lord

the

Having

the

wrote

drive

to

with

below

swine-herds."

and
either

"

victory,

but

Fresh

succeeded

invaders

Persians.

the

strengthen

Mothanna

strong.

much

numbers

the

expel

garrisons

had

j^^y^jhe^

Mothanna

Capital.

Persian

Motlmnna

children

and

to

power

with

somewhat

departure,

Prince

new

to

10,000

outlying
in

the

thought

his

in

be

women

his

a.d,

that

would

the

On

634

seeing

Irac

with

towards

Hormuz

under

sick

disposition

threatened.

throne,

in

Arabia.

in

defences

dangers

"

situation
the

DEATHBED

HIS

Khalid,

force, the
away

ON

March-August

a.h.

13

Syria,

best

of

line

BEKR

for

homes
the

was

left

sent

their

in

of

he

J^EFORE

made

ABU

Reinforcements.

of

"

FINDS

First

to

Need

Irac

in

the

his

paralysed

adventurous

of

The
threw

Battle

of

^||J^^j|"

two

head

Hormuz.
which

the

the
their

band,

13

a.h.

^'^

^'^'

80

A.M.

13.

the

surrounded

[Cii.'

nF.h'R

AfiU

;iik1

cicatinc

L;rcal

the

it to

hiought

way
gave
Deprived of this help, the enemy
wlio
Arabs
pursued
before the fierce onslaught of the
The
the very
praises
to
the fugitives
gates of Medain.

ground.

of the
in Arab

asks Al"ii
Bckr for

did

King

succeeding him,

reinforce-

killed in

was

succeeded

change

one

might think,

to

be

with

small

so

urged

Mothanna

be

followed

force, was

full of

the

upon

also

"

apostate but

"

flock to the war,

and

brave

more

none

Abu
on

Bekr

to

his

urge

suit

in

deathbed
desires
Omar
order

the

but

aged Caliph

The

deathbed.

mind

he

clear, and

was

they

will

Answer

Bekr

At)u

at

the

Medina, there

to

his end

that

knew

which

from

eager."

found

He

person.

his

"

of

need

with

wrote

ventured

being long delayed, Mothanna

might

Accordingly,

ease

or

position,

embargo

repentant tribes,"he

now

indifferent

pressing

the

was

army

The

risk.

the

guard

to

his

up.

honour,
dis-

little,

Victories

the

Caliph

Remove

marriage

was

best

the

pointed out

"

raised

be

they might

not

He

reinforcements.

at

were

distinctlyhostile.

could

but

won,

task

the

by

weakened

had

for the

and

son

from

Court

Mothanna

fear,but

Bedouins

Syrian

in

treachery,there

inhabitants

The

h'rom

and

frontier of great extent,

caused

royal blood

the throne,

to

by continual

the

down

His

Princess, saved

The

thus

inadequate.

rebellion

of the

Princess

Minister.

favourite

handed

defeat.

his

survive

long

not

give a

to

ments.attempt
to

been

have

verse.

The

Mothaniia

"

hLlcphant

of the

Hero

"

his

on
near

was

perceived the

once

to

he

appeal.

of the

levy.urgency
had

already

"

Tarry

"

evening

if I

"Command

"

If I die, as

not.

lingeron
for

I may,

divert

Let

"

the

"

died

(and

"

than

that); truly if grief had

"

ing

sorrow

Ye

Lord.

my

"

phet, the

"

had

been

there

saw

what

had

be

could

loins in the
Faith

me

this

thee

day,
from

greater

no

stayed

of the

Lord

fared

badly

; the

in the

of

Prophet

for mankind
from

then
and
flame

city. And,

morning.
service

the

when

me

till the

not

this

sorrow

cause

surelykindled

wait

till the

not

myself did

Mothanna.

for

levy

then

and

successor);
a

(for

me," he said

to

night,wait

to

"

not

Omar
his

him

named

thus:

him

addressed

Call

"

of

His

girdPro-

of rebellion

list thee, Omar

634]

A.D.

"

back

"send

"

Omar

Bekr

knew

"

mand

to

"

his

Khalid,
to

them.

Khalid

or

the

Irac,

to

bid

me

dying

the

by

it

for

army;

grieved

he

therefore
forbore

send

him

Caliph's

bade

to

words,

said

He

and

to

words,

he,

"

the

gave

me

name

back."

II.

13.

proper

last

these

he

when

me

A.

it."

For,"

"

then

Syria,
the

are

of

delicacy

contained

but

they

administer

to

in

victory

given

fittest

they
that

army

its

and

allusion

the

have

touched

was

"

"

Irac

to

thereof,

garrison

and

shall

Lord

the

when

REINFORCEMENTS

FOR

ASKS

MOTHANNA

back

of

name

listened

promised

^fP^^

Abu

com-

send

the

Omar

tively
atten-

to

fulfil

ac-

^^^

CHAPTER

Abu

ikkr

At

first

the

hindered
over'pil-

by

grimage,

xii.

12

Mecca

to

XI

Death

of

August

13

yearly
the

Bekr

634

a.ii.

of

the

a.d.

Abu

pilgrimage,

pressure

but

Abu

IJekr

rebellion

following

had

from
he

year

the

been

journey

presided

the

at

A.H.
,.,.,-.,

February

Solemnity

^34-

Citizens
from

himself.

hastened

great

the

made

the

of

"

"

"

"

"

the

Caliph

nobles

; honour

Make

much

of

is

alone."

garb,

to

house.
made

the

The

People

two

of

years

celebrating

the

deliverance

had

so

they

through
under

mourned
the

the

Black

crowded

since

Abu

Mahomet

had

rites.

same

to

come

his

of

How

pass

At

loss.
of

the

in

the

Hall
82

eyes.

The

for

as

him

Bekr
been

the

and

^-

Holy

It

he

was

them.

danger
space

he

they

as

amongst

then,

assembly,

pilgrim

wept.

short

do;

Lord

the

of

midday,

Honour.

in

our

them."

"that

"

forth

be
of

from

much
that

and

obeisance

much

Bekr,

Kaaba;
of

shed

encompass

round

Prophet,

ceremonies

shadow

and

the

at

These

"

make

went

stone,

the

said

cometh

he

Bekr

who

did

they

teaching)

which

son's

approached

Abu

answered

bathing,

kiss

and

Son,

my

that

After

Mecca

also, who

his

father
the

Then

Master's

save

mention

but

his

of

men

blind

down

between

hand.

them,"

none

him

Father

of

his

who,

Abu

him.
kneel

rode

the

Mecca,

On

door.

greet

embraced

the

by

them,

(mindful

there

he

chief

his

to

to

kissed

other

and

but

and

his

at

arose

which

,T,T

entered

Caliph's father,

the

alighting,

and

him

to

man

on

delight,

(jovernor
shook

old

and

party

sitting

was

camel

threshold,

the

tell

to

age,

approach,

tears

As

again

and

And
went

sitting dowr
commanded

A.D.

f.34]

the

Citizens

speak

OMAR

that,if any

it out.

All

Midday

During

the

inforcements

hale

years,

on

him

Omar.

became

the solemn

was

to

me,

to

do."

Aware

to

fortifyhis

consulted

Abd

ul

"

hearted.

"

of what

confirmed

he,
"

"

not

is

"

"

"

"

"

"

"

he

he

choice

better

"

than

"

If

saw

us."

up,"

the

frightenme
will

say

unto

people him

Him,
that

that

swear
'

I have

is the

best

when

his

behalf; if

it be

other

"

"

seekest

I meet

my
ruler

them.'

"

is

Omar,

thou

having

master

said

hand,

from

when

for

too,

there

much

as

were

Omar,"

the

"

much

Othman,
of

on

the

tender-

If I

appear

so

but

forego

in

appointed
amongst

and

will

doth

excited

first

man

him.

Talha,

Caliph, much

soft

is hidden

being yet with us, what will

to
thy Lord, there to answer
gone
of so
hard
people to the care
a

willing

responded

severe."

thou

cried

fittest

me

suffered

have

we

Prophet'sforemost

intercede

which

silent.

were

others, he

watched

What

I purpose

of

Master, he

be

saith

; but

"Which,"

"

He

"

Omar

the

as

he

that

equal amongst

on

of the

one

would

already,"

me
"

he ?

preparation for

that

by

would

"

to

made

fixed

I have

he

been
said

to

for

send

we

and

himself

one,

expostulated

hath

obliged

fortnight,his

Shall

"

634-

art

left his

Set

me

thou

to

Lord,
over

a.d.

cautiously
in-

prayer

meaning,

severe.

sayest.

the

his

at

Public

his

is because

"

lenient,then

over

and

luhich

was

be

When

with

angry
"

low

zuitk thee

Rahman,

to

thou

"

him

praised Omar

inclined

dying Caliph,

laid

sick,

and^w"''^'"'

bathing

lasted

Falls

re-

threescore

over

that

near,

with

autumn,

what

conviction

councillors,who
withal

was

choice

own

farewell,

the

said

And

do

to

end

The

\o,

the

Simple

though

had

understood

the

all

busied

was

presidency

"

about

They

successor.

fever

Physician

answer.

am

that

In

iUness

The

"

them

A.ll.

people

celebrated

campaign.

now,

anxious, and

"

physician ?

was

the

the

Bekr

Syrian

day,

over

When

friends

"

cold

and

he bade
little,

hearty.

make

to

the

and

the

praised

arose

Abu

habit, he

in

temperate

he

summer,

for

he

so

make, he should

to

for Medina.

again departed

and

"

Then

After

prayer.

complaint

silent ;

were

S^

CALIPH

had

their Governor.

and

"

APPOINTED

Thy

84

Anu

J^ckr

'riicrcupon.Vbu

A. II. 13.
'^'1

Omarliis

^vhilc it

called

written.

being

was

for Othmaii.
hi.s

Omar

appointing

ordinance

Appoints

[(JnAT. xi.

/JEA'/C

aiul dictated
fainted

He

successor.

he

Recovering,

Othman

bade

successor.

read

to

it

"

he,

he

the

desired

had

himself

had

he

been
be

to

read

hushed

Then, desiring

dying Caliph bade his wife

window
(for the Caliph's house

Court) ;

from

window,
Are

"

"

bore

she

so

over

"

Khattab.

"

fittest.

Verily

last

to

raise, with
illness

said
"

His

death,

T/ieu

22nd

thou

length

to

die

me
"

Abu

And

high

on

ones

Bekr

According
the

he

living,but

his express

vigorous.

have

we

seen)

for

During

from
in

the

me

last act
him

counsel

two

years

was

at

Shortly

lips:

"

"

to

"

This, 0

mildness.

make

posed
sup-

Coran)

truth.

^-_ His

his

on

poet

displeased,and

was

come

words

Irac.

heathen

Lord, let

join the blessed

"

the

and

desire,the body

of Asma.

died
old

and

the

Omar

(quoting

reigned but

loving hands

in which
"

choose

"

had

to

these

of

son

commanded
crisis,

bedside, and

believer,and

true

with

we

(as

severity with

temper

after,he expired
"

his

appointed
Omar

clear

to avoid!'
sougJitest
to

loyally." The
will obey."

Bekr

shall

have

out

him

Yea,

from

"

rather

called

to

levy

Abu

the

best

was

verses

of death

Omar

summon

Aug. great

despatch,

say

is what

man,

\^\.\\.t^

so

"

audience

appropriate.

tlie agony

"

obey

mind

gave

repeated

Not

"

Bekr's

he

all

one

be

to

will

and, grasping the

Mothanna,

his

my

the

to

arms,

kin, but

done

the

to

upon

effort,he

own

witiriohe' voice,

day

to

tattooed

the

assent,

him

out

of

noise, that

raise

whom

mine

I have

end, Abu

the

his

him

this,

Mosque.

their

looked

great

Wlijerefore, ye

people answered
On

of

None

you

To

with

satisfied

ye

obtain

to

him, in her

whence, with

the

Asma

the

Upon

of the

passed

hearing

court

Lord

lest,if I

in the

in the

the

left in doubt."

present, and

was

praised

apprehensive

as.sembled

hear.

they might

thee

saw

"

now,

ordinance

Citizens, who
Omar

"

people

the

away,

hatisned

over.

for,"said

"

"

"-

He

for,"said

"

new

mouldering body."
1

Sura

V.

iS.

laid out
in the

wound

was

he,

was

months.

three

clothes
The

same

by

clothes

befit the
Com-

86

13.

A.H.

claimant

As

Arab

his brother's

was

"

reward

of such, in the world

"

but

accident
the

had

Omar

of the

their voices

and

even

what

chest

he

and

and

did

by

to

of

way

life."

Mild

gentle.

used

to

would

more

readilyhave

called

was

tribes ; but

was

Irac.

People's
certain

equal

sum

the

to

the
others

had

the

"

he

the

right hand

the

Apostate
he

his

he

which

mitted
com-

sorrow.

Ashath

pardoned
time

wish

would

Khalid

ferred
trans-

was

Omar

sent

stretched

have

and

long

cruelty stands

expressed

same

I should

the

of

that when

at

not

people

had

in which

that he had

; and

the
He

of

act

things

were,

death

Syria,he

flames, no

three

gentle.

of his tender-heartedness.

treatment

for that

and

to

mine

out

of the

in the ways
left,

Lord."

"

Two

wives.
arrival

of

Of

at

any
his

on,

Asma,

By

other

wives,

children, he
her

troubled

at

I wish

at

thee, my

nor

the

widow

loved

There

best

Ayesha
for her

seeming

Daughter,

is

On

own..

return

mention

no

his

that

Harem.
in

and,

he
partiality,
to

few.
On

conversion.

slave-girlsin

of any

but

daughter of a Citizen ;
of Jafar, Aly's brother,

left issue.

property

the

before

Mecca

the

all he

Muta.

thereof, gave
"

had

Medina, he married

at

and, later
slain

he

with

himself

contented

his Master, he

Unlike

and

'

of

both

arms,

,-j

taking

that

their lives.

solitarycase

the

Then," said he,

"

"

"

the

for whom

man

because
his

in

; and

The

to

him

he deserved

when

from

mild
singularly

laid down

severe

one

undone."

"

for

him

be sold and

no

was

excepting

against

It

up

departed Caliph's

the

stipend

was

Sighing"

brigand

"

say

"the

He

Wives

there

Qmar

out

solitar)-

they lifted

he ga\'e command

Bekr

dispositionAbu

In

been

but

so

death,

his

received, refunded.

that

and

giftsare

After

troubled

lands, his private property, should

to

The.se

bags

had

Bekr

will fulfil the

I le

they found

to

preference,Abu

come.

blessed

his deathbed

on

urged

of

of the

conscience

His

memory.

recognise

present

out

wept,

When

Lord

treasury opened

golden piece,slipped

believing

the

"

an

treasury, every

ground

as

is for

That

reply,

equal.

faith

the

precedence in
would

Moslem

the

on

[ciiAi-.
XI.

/;/:a-a'

III'

proot

his deathbed,
said

to

her,

property,

to

G34]

A.n.

"

"

be

HIS

divided

the

with

of

rest

forgetting the

all, not

survived

him

six

87

CHARACTER

the

inheritance

unborn."

yet

one

months,

amongst

13.

father

His

the

reaching

A.H.

you

great

of

age

ninety-seven.
At

his court, Abu

life

frugal
^

Guards

whose

have

to

leaned

had

shared

such

minutest

the

the

destitute

whom

Omar

he

of

justicewas

year

hardly

State

bore

of

for

agents

from

over

and

the

of

office

high

or

wise
partiality,

Bekr

widow,

help.

The

ment
depart-

but

for

whole

The

seal

Abu

or

In
he

the

piler
com-

penman
choice

of

altogether

was

discerning in

made

and

other

any

command,

Bekr

Prophet

of

The

of Potentates.

hand.

at

him

blind

of the

Othman,

to

poor

by Aly.

and

the

to

found

him."

tJie best

be

moment

to

impanial.

be

even

Abu

Omar

before

came

and

might

him.

Omar,

to

amanuensis

(the

Coran)
at

forth

chieflyindited

were

the

might

free

sallyforth by night

affairs of

legend, God

also of Zeid

who

"^"''

were

counsellor,

personally descended

gone

made

his

he

oppressed.

the

suitors

two

the

despatches
use

there

Simpk,

circumstance,

as

with

would

and

himself

had

Omar

upon

he

night inquiring into

and

pomp

government

things. Thus,

for

"

simple and

same

servitors

weight, that

spared himself, and

never

one

and

anything approaching

judgment

seek

the

wise,

Diligentin business,he
said

maintained

Mahomet.

as

nor

none,

Eekr

his

estimate

of character.
But
his

he

of

sense

in the

Omar's

not

justice
of the

by Omar

command

and

; the

^justice,cruelty,and
widow, he became
this
"

was

due,

the scandal

of

firmness

when

despatch

of

all around

Islam.
stern

Osama's
was

the
of

"

to

But

well
any

Bekr

Ibn

Yet

to

of God
and

the
in

wanting

not

boldness

in-

Noweira's

survival

Medina
a

for

Szvord

for

confer

consequence.

Khalid

TJie

was

called

when

to

his evil deeds.

other, the

Abu

dark, showed

other

named

occasion
army

the

was

marrying

responsible for
than

more

Syria

was

though

one,

prevailed

was

nor

is illustrated

the

Upon

he

in

This

stern.

condemn

unscrupulous agent

triumph

and

Aly,

disaster

Again, by refusing to

and

Khalids.

two

decision

strength and

keen

so

matter

warned
a

had

example,

the

lay defenceless
and

steadfast-

Not

so
'^^

Omaf

88

II.

A.

13.

of

ness

roll

back

the

Abii
lailli

that,

purpose

had

Bckr

Mahomet,

Endowed

itli

rebellion

and

interests

of

helped

to

apostasy.

of

sovereign

else,

anything

and

thought

no

in

than

more

of

tide

[Cn

nFk'R

ABU

personal

aggrandisement.

irresponsible

he

power,

used

secret

of

his

for

simp!}'

it

the

strenszih.

"

"

grand

the

Hut
Call

me

but

t/ic

with

Calipli

What

ever

and

of

the

this

after

but,
Faith

command
he

that

or,

never

crushed

he

of

am

this

was

question

Islam.

himself,

His

there

is

no

beholden.

more

because

and

reason,

it

Mahomet

is

The

foundations

the

"

say,

From

so

good.

Mahomet.

would

LordT

done?

secure

in

Mahomet

And

laid

whom

For

Evidence

have

he

short

was

to

one

did

faith

he

the

of

hair's-breadth.

Apostasy
reign

Prophet

people's

the

was

Lord"

the

of

\\'hat

was,

would

now

swerv^ed

tJie

of

and

strength

his

CalipJi

f/ic

not

him

of

secret

Islam

belief

his

the

in

Prophet

Ma-

is

itself

the

of

evidence

strong

of

sincerity

Mahomet

lioniet's

sincerity.

himself,

have

character.

Had

impostor,
of

man

throughout

he

dwelt

his

length

some

begun

Mahomet
could

never

who

at

have

was

not

life

simple,

won

only

his
the

career

faith

consistent,

and
and

sagacious
and

life

his

upon

and

conscious

friendship
wise,

sincere.

but

CHAPTER

Accession
Campaign

the

the

pulpit,

and

it.

Lord

the

already

fresh

levy

followed

in

discourse,

last
citizen

the
said

to

the

and

Omar

The

Tayif

the

fields

then,

Now

great

they

thousand

were

fear

that
who

was

He

Omar,

from

forward

was

already
"

waiteth

either

by

his

men

began

Abu

Obeid,

crowded

to

gathered,

they

numbers
thus

fair

the

had

of

none

Inflamed

were

thee,

Then

who
a

added,

he

hands."

come

urgent

plunder,

which

following him,

choose

all

to

ingly
accord-

stirring speech.

Lord,"

your

by

people,

endless
of

into

first to

When
"

in

The

it.

this, Mothanna,

them

the

the

and

round

so

the

by reproaches

stung

offer.
of

rest

rally
taken

on

and

"

issue

was

Mosque,

to

Seeing

fruitful

enemy

the

Meanwhile,

victories,

guide

behest,

dying

standard

Omar,

fallen

call.

the

standard.
to

City.

his

and

give

to

of

harangued

of

the

spoiled

at

the

to

Khalid,

Bekr's

soldiers

fealty

had

Medina,

them

but

of
the

to

captives,

"

Court

prowess

responded

told

the
for

oath

around

Persian

Mothanna.

will

to

was

deposing
Abu

for

thus

even

lead

to

way

13

A.H.

Aug."

rebellious

which

Caliph

new

of

^^^^^ssion,

-^^

'

"

'

go."

mentioned,

made

the

the

fulfilment

in

proclamation

still at

should

the

VI.

like

"are

driver

Kaaba

ye

of

act

was,

and

the

Omai'.s

in

said,

to

the

that

planted

in

of

way

first

despatch

raise

pertaineth

ascended

assembled

people

"

The

second

he

Arabs,"

it

the

in

you

the

a.d.

Omar

death,
1

and

By

"

addressed

"The

camel,

Bekr's

Abu

634-635

a.h.

'

'^

Mosque.

"

after

Motiianna

and

13-14

Irac.

for

Obeid

March

morrow

"^

Abu

to

On

Reinforcements

"

under

August

"

Omar

of

XII

from

the

Coreish

Fresh
^"^

j^^''^^

II. i:]-

"

from

or

the

"

commander."

"

wherein

Ohcid

appoiniod

"

Such

"

whether

"

the

"

.,

first to

command

forth."
jj^j^

to

Then

not

bear

to

the

have

heavy,

the

Abu

turning to
thou

the

of

help

claim.
but

other

lUit
the

burden, whether

better

none

iovcQ, because

the

Obeid

now

Lord.

will

first

that

give
came

thee

appoint

over

offer; and

first to

the

wast

"

lightor

Verily I
him

to

our

Caliph

I'rophet?

to

be

to

l)ul in this, that

Companion

come

; ye

chiefest

not," replied the

rally round

forward

be

as

of the

one

I \\ill

glor}-of

backward

are

ye

Medina,

That

"

is the

"he

of

men

lies the

"

Aim

[CiiM-. \ii.

OMAR

90

in

'

com-

mander.

for battle

"

eagerness

declaration, he
at

the

with

with

Irac.

in the

Now

to

who

him

their

Mothanna,

ban

Hira

re-entered

Obeid, and

after

the

Abu

distinction,

profession.

back

lightened heart, hastened

with

them

bade

good

take

against

all,without
made

had

apostasy

but,

the force started

So
the

standard

his

to

to

ever

Apostate tribes,and

once

phatic
em-

associate

and

removed

this

standard

the

of affairs.

Omar

the

summon

since

of Abu

him

to

Companions

conduct

also

of

employment
Obeid

other

the

himself

for

presented

With

glory."

time, earnestlyenjoined upon

same

counsel

Arab's

is the

in advance
of

absence

the

month.
this

During

Rustem

i"ersia^^^

Court

unhappy

againsttheceeded
last

throne.

Proclaimed

felt.

The

speedily

despatched from
P2uphrates
to

occupy

to

their

Arabian

Medain,

and

advance

Kaskar

on

on

the

standard, and

nearer

the

of

the

whole

other
The

side.

positionof

the

holders
land-

country

columns
to

the
was

great

Jaban

the

Rustem

Rustem
;

Two

under

Hira;

famous

him

round

yoke.

one

rebellion,till at

energy

invaders, and

the

off the

cast

rallied

suc-

herself upon

his aid established

nobles

against

rose

the

the

Princess

and
and

summoned

supreme,

transpiringat

were

Prince

bloodshed

royal lady,Buran,
by

changes

Persia.

amidst

Khorasan, and

soon

further

of

another

one

from

period

were

the

cross

under

Narsa

people

flocked

Moslems

grew

precarious.
Abu

Mothanna

victory
over

the

doncd
j-Q^d

Hira
to

called
to

the

his

in

enemy,

Medina, there

forces,still all

too

fallingback

on

and

awaited

Abu

Obeid.

few, abanthe
But

desert
he

had

G34-5]

A.D.

time

some

IN

FIGHTING

tribes

Bedouin

bv

Swelled

wait.

to

IK AC

the

on

A.li.

13-

'

14

burdened

and

way,
he

came

his

spoil,was
These

for all.

great

store

With
"

"

Lord

hath

"

thou

see

"

thine

own

"

giving
to

prey

the

kings

of Persia

; wilt

Enraged

with

the

in his

Abu

Obeid

death

at once

made
than

more

to

it

thus

and

His

they ?

he

cried,as
the

little room

upon.

manoeuvre,

The

option

either

bank

sought

dissuade

to

of honour

"

was

fall back

choosing

and

;
"

he

ground
were

Shall

under

nothing

we

the

gave

10,000,
but

the

unwieldy elephants,with

But
fear
order

farther

the

upon

the

the

Obeid

"

was

spanned

point

confined; and, though they

to

battle

advantageous ground.

side

to

Bahman

field of

of boats

advisers

Abu

recrossing the

more

They found

cross.

of

of

array

bank.

Abu

pride,gave

action.

quittingtheir

bridge

an

imposing host,

and,

The

shore.

repast.

Imperial aJkisr^

The

the western

on

was

still largerBahman

this

Before

fell back

and

the

to

unfurled, and

army.

opposite

impending

from

him

good

it,unless

supply

assembled

was

ground

Babylon,

Bahman,

further

with

down

sat

again

up

the

on

in their

feast of

partake of

to

soldiers.

defeat, Rustem

crossing unopposed,

him

"

his

in

Delta,

brought

great warrior, Bahman.

army

far from

for the

declined

panthers' skins

Euphrates, took

unfortunate

The

loyalty,made

He

goodness

defeat,again acknowledged

and

of

army

another

Arabian

for His

Lord

"

it with

taste

eyes,

neighbouring Chiefs

proof

the

at

eat

to

conquest

Obeid.

elephants sent

of

food

the

own

praise the

The

Abu

thine

with

same

equally with

river.

of them

some

only by

furnished, and

not

sent

food

fed us, eaten

and, in

encamped

common

the

tribute

the

as

army,

royal use.

fruit wherewith

royal

of

for

the

sway.

banner

reserved

Obeid

much

"

lips,and

force under

Kaskar,

wrote,

alternate

things for

the

among

Oct.

surprised634^.1'.

which, with

in

camp

L'
I'eisians,
VIII.I3A.H.

attackmg Jaban, put

dates

rare

took

Obeid
.

Behold," he

the

us

his

Fifth, Abu

the

Moslem

shared

of

distributed

Omar

to

and

before

royal date-grove near

took

army

were

Abu

repose,

force,and

Narsa, strongly posted by

routed

month

crossing the Euphrates, he

flight. Then

to

days'

few

combined

of the

command
him

After

up.

families,it was

their

by

there

bridge

jingling

AH.

in-

bells and
Arab

barbaric

cavalry.
of

bands

himself

Obeid

after

One
named

the

and

J^Jct.

the

them

bewildered

Arabs, called

till all had

"

passed
not

Persians
of his

at

of it,he

stood

his

to

panic-strickenforce.
before

and
had
a

escaped

remnant

the

flood, left dead

Of

away.
fled from

the

the

men.

After

crossing the

hold

and

upon

but

the

the
the

river to

field back

command,

of

author

restored.

order,

the

rings

Heedless

wound.

the

calm

to

creased,
in-

confusion

numbers

restored, vast

bridge repaired,
were
swept off by

4000

2000,

stung with

to Arabia
was

his

wounded

borne

field,or

battle,Bahman
follow up

ground

last,the

At

river.
across

be

the

retire in

"

The

vain.

could

the

be

to

ground, endeavouring

order

and

imbedded

lance

in

the

bravely holding the

dangerous

But

seized

the

bridge
thus

levies,some

new

terrible

again assuming
his

the

in

perished

of

thrust

deep

enemy

chided

he

While

you,"

bay, the
in

the

he would

the

spirits,
among
he

ownselves," he cried

your

armour

Then

over.

I will defend

and

that

out

Mothanna

Tay,

between

river.

reached

few

but

moment

Beni

ihe

the

upon
^

few heroic

the

commanded

calamity,and

Destroy

"

of

chief

and, planting himself

banner

the

by

t-i

spread,

back

eventful

this

the

cut

"

panic

driven

Backed

the front.

Christian

the

closed,

were

At

shore.

to

bridge,and

died,or conquer,

deep swift stream,

the

into

soldier,

the

to

'

other

rushed

in,

had

slain,

"

'

leapt

Obeid

then

Just

Chiefs have

hemmed

Moslems,

spectacle.

of di.saster,were

case

leaders,ran

Retreat

death.

to

Abu

whom

waver.

t-,

adrift.

A. D.

Many

"/"

first boat
viii.i3A.H.

to

the fate of his

Die, as your

in

began

troops

crying,
-

command

Vainly

horrid

the

at

captains

elephant

him

trampled

ranks

the

seized

Abu

part, the huge beast

vulnerable

trunk, and

the

field,

in hand.

it sword

at

some

its

take

to

"

634

rushed

went

cut

white

fiercest,a

the

out

to

the

from

them

drive

another, the

obeiii
appalled at

slain and

success,

to reach

Consternation

defeated,

tried,with

with

him

caught

Aini

and

singled

endeavouring

of

dismounting,

great tusks, and

with

the

riders,however,
some

xii.

among

The

and
litters,

the

confusion

trappings,spread

bravely at them,

Battle

[Chap.

OMAR

93

and

left with
was

on

victory.

remorse,

Mothanna,

only
the
Had

3000

of

point of
he

done

All.

]:;^''

been

I'or thc

reinforcejoin
M.niianna.

nifiits

had

succour

band

available
brave

must

man

firm,and

was

Persia

also

remarkable

most

the

with

was

and

than

ever,

were

massed

near

Khaffan.

was

now

home)

first

at

The

even

since

the

Satrap.

notice

this

Mothanna

spy,

having
agaTn""^

been

Persian

against him.

motion

^"^"^^^

close

now

Boweib
close

by
him

Omar
fcjr

once

But

of

the

desert,

in their lot
their

help.

stronger
His

troops

A.rabian

desert,

(forthe practice
house

army

behind

in

and
some

Hira, although,

reoccupied by

been

trusty follower

of what

in

passing in

was

City.
From

Who

that

fugitives

soon

the

also

him

The

distance

one-fourth

have

the

city had
had

hiding there, to give

the

of

with

Mothanna

out

movement.

friendly citizens

retreat, the

last

at

children

securityat

left with

were

Persian

carrying

in

placed

were

set

was

edge
and

women

of

common

the

on

but

faith,threw

for offensive

ready

Syria ;

tribe

Mothanna

rapidly reinforced,

Thus,

to

contingent to

every

Irac.

their honour.

retrieve

brought

; and

there.

taken

their

to

and

Moslems,

to

Christian

detriment

without

which,

booty

back, seeking to

hastened

the

of

royal Fifth

of all the

them

the

Jarir,urged

they should

that

promise

of

to

victory on

forward

all with

were

last reconciled

at

to

late

banner

the

under

victory.
them

send

direction

hurried

be

relations

the

by

in that

easy

now

raised

ancestral

their

him

made

of

rewards

the

But

Syria.

sincerityof

the

show

the

in

ban

the

now

"

besought Omar

of

land

levy

eai/er
'

to

"

share

and

it came,

as

had

Yermuk

removed

was

Levies, from

drawini;.

'

favoured

the

fortunatelyfor Islam)

Medina,

reached

dailv

repentance,

Kach

still

was

'

Apostasy
;i!jainst
their

call

him.

reached

not

previous

quarter,
n

^.y^.^y.'

if

lielpMothanna

late to

too

earlier

Xunicrous

[('ii\r.
xii.

OMA/\

94

at

on

by

settled

the

at

to

site of
the

bridge, awaited
not

again

victory was

to

secure

hurry

risk
;

an

on,

branch

the western
future

Capital,a great

the

Sending

hand,

so

his
he

that,

learned

now

Kufa,

of the
and

enemy.
men

to

Jarir,

forward

marched

Euphrates
on

in

was

army

urgent message
he

matters

and

to

there,

ground approached
Omar

had

by crossingthe

suffered the enemy

cautioned
river before

undisturbed

G34-5]

A.u.

BATTLE

defile their

to

troops

in

three

company

of

footmen

tumult
but

under

din.

called

action),rode
quit

to

them

like

"

"

other, speak it in

this

day.

you

all."

way
for

glory

; for he

words
The

Your

as

give

"

men

I desire

signal was

be

to

the

But

the

Persian

broke

bore

them.

wavering

gave

zvill not

answer,

ranks

closed

Yea,

made, rode
with

"

ye

fierce

now

took

us

pursuers.

cut

But

the

fieryzeal

comparison, beat
by

an

the

back

eye-witness,
"

river

and

charged again.

cried

equally.
said

to

before

off it

was

turned

escape,
our

were

The

swept
on

their

handful

enemy,"

brought

re-formed

Leader

fell

army

however

charge.

to

seen

Persian

"

the

outflanked,

Arabs, though

us,

are

charge, charge

Mothanna

before

Ye

"

At
be

must

onset

despair,they

no

broken
smiled

hitherto
the

Then

the forlorn

finding
One

cleared

of the

driven

They

the

quivered

wings

In

!"

as

and

as

to

greeting,and

And,

and

dust

bridge.

off.

"

centre

charged.

them

this message

chief,and

Moslem

for the

with

in trouble.

to

hold

up
and
his

of

jx^T^'ah
Nov.

column

line, Mothanna

now%

the

beard

desperate

Persian

The

way.

made

before,and

says

; come

as

the nearest

raged long
a

is the Battle

when
first,

the

the Moslems
!

not

that

like

in

of Great

sendeth

Christian

The

heart, and

back, and

"

with

onslaught,and

giving

"

the

to

hasten

serried

battle

seeing

me."

be

in

up

blood

one

in

the

shall

us

him

cry

; and

Ameer

shall

we

The

last,Mothanna,

him

fourth,the general ad-

tliis day sJiame

again

approvingly.

"

or

pulled his

The

"

corps

"

down

Mothanna

he bade
officer,

saith, Ye

"

myrmidons

before

Callingan
the

had

to

one

amongst

barely shouted

Mothanna

shall be

day

men.

the

at

his soldiers

answered

Takbir,

Lord, repeated thrice; then,

vance.

his

by

docility

glory for myself, but

not

they

beloved

was

been

its

speak

None

had

exhorted
this

'_

his favourite

on

if ye

whisper.

by

all with

troops

valour

A. II. 13-

Ramadhan

Rebel, from

death, and

And

fast of

the

lines,and
"

still

Be

proverb.

"

the

along

defended

Mothanna,
tJic

Persians

each, and

the

was

full repast.

charger (humorously
in

of

special dispensation

strengthened by

The

bridge.

head

It

95

elephant

an

the

at

barbaric

and

the

across

columns,

advanced

BOWEIB

OF

96
A. IT. 13-

"

banner

"

banner

M.

"

not

back

terrible
carnasze.

forward

So

reproached

himself

bridge, and

cau.sed

"

herein

be
was

Islam,

and

the

battle

the

and

almost

unparalleled even

Viclory
helped InChristian
Arabs.

of

horses

wider

day
a

for

tribe.
achieved

centre

of

the

from

Persians,

in

line

"

slain the
The

of

the

by

from

banners

field

you,

my

men

let

chieftain

bones

of Kufa

had

of the prowess

in

the

by

part

another

Leader

the

the

and

plaudits
I

Taghlib.

being

the

on

darting
back

rode

string of

were

battle

the

Christian
a

ranks

slew

and

the

fields.

his

Brother

his

panegyric :

the
"

It

side
of

death

the

leaping

of

the
he

am

Arab

into

crying,

on

he

as

Moslem

that

hath

considerable.

was

Brother

Bekr,

and

my

fall

not

"

moments

an

unwonted
the

other

you

my

grief that

exalt

!"

both

sight on

funeral

Exalt

The

Mothanna

of

fallen Moslems,

assuageth

"

will

fate.

last

performed

Lord

disturb

similar

the

the

when

who,

cried

mortally wounded,

Moslem

He

and

Moslem

met

tended
affectionately

fanatic

the

as

them

Beni

ye

"

Christian

ment
engage-

ages

with

amongst

the

the

your

Christian

For

once

of

one

into

Beni

; hence

No

men

merchants

amidst

the

on

mourned

"

the

warriors

Chief."

loss

Mothanna

borne

triumph

am

Tens.

of

annals

yet further,the gallantest

richly caparisoned horse,

passed

the

his lance

gained

as

And

themselves

youth

and

The

despair."

first invaders.

sale, arriving just

against such

to

door, lastingproof at
of the

way

lasting.

plain;

example

hundred

men

more

or

I made

fieldof

party of Bedouin

side.

.Moslem

ten

the

my

in

night.

The

the

was

threw

dressed,

loss.

each

called

been

Christian

clan ; for

"

the

victory is remarkable

feat of the

his

slew

mercilessness

The
valour

into

on

up,

not

in

us

upon

them

closed

men.

the

turn

their very

the

close

the

Mothanna

"

follow

"

to

slain bleached

here, at

his

driven

left marks
of

having

not

they

has

with

to

cut

bank."

of

move

to

river

us

it went

that

boasted

loss

confessed

it behoveth

may

the

useless

grievous error,"he

carnage

even

and

drove,

we

to

is

answered,

afterward.s

"

he

Mj" luork,

reaching

one

as

Kncmy

on.

"

routed wilh

rcii.

OMAN

the

"

these

service
and

over

said

they

in

stood

634-5]

A.D.

stedfast

"

they yielded

lie,the

"

spoil was
of cattle

herds

families

wild

and

praised their
Wives

"

selves."
the stores
The

to

the very

occupied

usual

but

he

Jarir declined
like

Omar,

as

and
we

before

in

must

we

war,

the

and

village

Countryre""^'^"P"'''^
"

Delta

higher

up,

They

trated
pene-

the

Tigris),

on

booty

Great

months

the
have

did

was

divided

be

himself,
"

not

complained
shall

entering

in

revert

a
our

eventually

him

in the

him,

accordingly
to

the

over

chapter
to

the

in

course

the

Caliph.

appeal ;

Commander

next,

of

the

to

ground.
back-

common

Companion

new

wounds

recognised as
the
Nobility

to

under

even

another
on

kept

listened

see,

and

been

belong

serve

his

from

not

not

last great

after his

Bridge,

which

to

eventually appointed
But

of

misfortune

the

was

hindrance

or

country

Tekrit.

few

merits

That

deserve.

Prophet

let

entirelyrecovered

His

Bedouin

the

mere

a
as

battle

the

at

Islam

them-

lo,"pointing

plundering expeditions,to

never

succumbed.

of

and

ransacked.

were

(then

lived
He

received

defend

the

way.

Mothanna

victory.

and

enemy's garrisonswere

scoured

north

in these

gathered

thus
"

the

knowm,

to

spoil.

stones

becometh

Mesopotamia

markets

far

"

The

with

out

It well

without

The

lower

and

13-^

up, the

it with

victory;

ravaged

Parties

as

A.H.

first-fruitsthereof!"

now

Baghdad

even

they

was

rich

to

in the

told of the

grain,"the

anew.

many

and

bearing.

"

and

to

rode

himself

made

soon

sent

convoy

attacked

walls of Medain.

back

driven

and

he

country

grain

raid, rushed

army," he said,

an

of

the

as

and

courageous

Then

of

stores

hostile

Leader

of such

"

to

it for
scream,

The

they

'_

; but

retreat

Arab

staves.

here

now

captured. Supplies were

were

mistaking

their

; and

step

Immense

great.

in their

women

not

97

of Boweib."

Martyrs

The

REOCCUPIED

COUNTRY

and
both.

Persian

the

of events

Syria.
The

character

of

Mothanna,

however,

deserves

more

secured
the generalswho
Among
passing notice.
Inferior
the triumph of Islam, he was
second
only to one.
he did not
to Khalid
in dash and
brilliancyof enterprise,

than

Mothanna.

98

13-

A.M.

__"_

yield

him

to

his

victory

using
cool

the

to

the

that

fresh

tribes

of

mark
of

bigotry

later

showed
far

Mothanna

the
affected

never

day

of

Bedouin

of

the

one

is

so

of

the

obscure

that

of

his

world.

has
in

the

the

annals,

its

place

as

one

but

the

the

who

as

banner.
honour

supersession

great

the

place

to

very
for

it

of

men

sought

or

of

even

Caliph

Prophet's

regretted

time

one

of

jealous

historian,

no

Islam,

deserved

the

under

of

sentiment

command

in

origin

fought

for

thrown,
over-

generalship

doubtful

The

difficult

it

at

Irac

Omar.

to

was

supersession

and

in

with

contrast

and

much,

hilated
anni-

Christian

host

repeated

Islam

loyalty

distinguished

Mothanna

of

rendered

strange

heroes

The

at

afterwards
of

in

administration

alone

utterly

help

prodigious

of

survival

had

Companions,
it

days)

Caliphate

his

have

may

But

the

the

liberality

fellows.

cost

rendered

with

of

made

rapidly

so

Moslem

powers
his

beyond

formation

which,

by

due

was

not

was

the

hear

Mothanna

force

the

arm)'

(rare

the

while

which

stand

It

\ii.

from

never

we

ends.

private

Moslem

the

Leader,

great

desperate

there

that

gratify

to

and

Bridge,

of

of

cruelty

I'ree

skill.

strategic

and

vigour

in

unscrupulous

[CiiAi-.

OMAR

to

Generals

of

give

CHAPTER

Campaign

XIII

Syria.

in

Taking

Battle

terrible

After

the

Moslem

army

The
"

the

tending

dead,

land

beyond

pastoral

known.
of

tracts

of

pasture-lands
and

here

dotted
and
It

of

dales

emphatically

"

water,

"

and

of

The

hills."

and

is in

glens,
of

melody
Yermuk

contrast

the

the

west,

in

less

the

marshy

plains

abound

pottery

and

bygone

spring

high

blue

waters

and

and

brooks
of

in

the

of

bricks

kingdoms.

of

with

the

the

world,
strange
Here

of

strewn

Chaldaea.

device,
the

pride

with

that

of
the

of

Arabia.
There

while

the

flourished

fragments

mysterious
of

Sea

striking-

plains

cities

the

north

tropical luxuriance,
sites

and

above

Hermon

stony

contrast

desolate
the

and

slopes

flowers

of

of

valleys

green

lands

away

olive

oleander.

out

of

hills

oak,

of

with

Jordan,

barley,

and

land

green

sands

displays

with

cycles

shady

they

the

the

"

is

Delta

and

carpeting

Lebanon

endless

the

marked

early

of

peaks

to

Not

of

descried

sparkling

wheat

diversified

the

north

lay

Country

the

were

the

myrtle,

that

with

gay
From

be

snow-capped

in

season

any

two

of

land,

depths

landscape,

birds.

may

Galilee

and

of

arbutus,

good

the

y'enmik

the

"
"

from

to

their

Army

spoil.

south

again

clumps

of

"

fountains

and

with

thickets

and

the

fields

with

there

differed

Between

Jaulan.

the

"

to

the

burying

encamped,

now

east,"

Belcaa,

the

and

were

left

we

Yermuk,

dividing

Away

Gilead,

sycamore,
was

and

the

Wacu.;a,

the

they

on

A.D.

at

of

wounded,

Jordan

previously

had

banks

in which

country

634-635

slaughter

the

on

Fihl

of

a.h.

13-14

Damascus.

of

the

records

Byzantine

of

A.H.

Vi-

^^'

empire

foundeil

Theatre

and

was

race,

and

in the

half Arab

half

Syrian, who

luxurious

the

western

true
life,

Bedouin

Roman

rule

but

time

strange

busy

and

armies

succeeds

Khalid,

delivered

o^^e
new

to

Sept."^mencement

of

634

which

A.D.

commission
leaders
The

disposal of
full well
of

thus

the

new

order

the

rare

mild

magnanimous

the

State

he

put

and,

hands

(as we

feature
the

by

and

invading
between

highway

from

Khalid

to

his

did

best

rule

to

the

his
the

at

with

luctance
re-

knew

self
and, himand

wise

was

implicitlyto

putting

energies

Omar.

Obeida

Khalid

other

damp

not

Abu

turn,

nobly

by

published

of

as

the

The

forthwith

deposition.

Khalid,
his

Bekr.

who

ask, and

com-

it surrendered

himself

unwarlike

the

at

commands

military genius
and

saw)

at

the

despatch from

Abu

their

upon

Khalid

Wacusa,

with

Commander,

virtually the
west.

the

in

of his

of

Obeida

placed

advice.

civilisation

in natural

victory

held

enough

grievance, devoted

But,

beautiful country,

beaten

action, and

He

the

follow, his

his

the

zeal.

or

Abu

confirmed

were

affront

loyalty

the

into

Caliph put

so-called
the

still

which

shrines.

achieved

Having

Abu

of

traversed

the

Moslem

the

and

world.

another

both

now

became

soon

and

Syria

was

and

left of

nothing

to

was

Arab

which
life,

urban

age

Such

southern

the

to

to

chariot

"

was

returned

; the

masonry,

belonging

there.

still dominant

sooner

peristyles,causeways

of,the

write

we

No

; and

of ruined
if

as

altogether

was

desert

privileges

chivalry or

people

camel

and

masses

startle the traveller

the

for the

columns

aqueducts, great

the

of the

sons

banished

were

than

mongrel

the

It

countr\'

the

to

exotic,growth.

removed

prop

waggon

of

forced,and

of

aspired

citizen.

and

by

habits, without

Roman

Church

The

Gilead.

flourishing,inhabited

civilisation

was

of

busy

of the Naumachia

and

manliness, of the

their

boasted

contests

land

were

Jordan

populous
aped

the

that

naval

Even

Inirum.

the

Skirting

Romans

the

by

witnessed

be

might

alive.

yet

was

cities

at

[Chai-. xiii.

0^fAR

lOO

aside
service

the
of

mained
supersession notwithstanding,re-

chief

Captain

of

Islam

in

the

102

A.H.

i;5'

[("ii.\r.
xiu.

OMAR

Dome,
there

towering above

all other

at the

of which

were,

time

besides

and
buildings;

it

write,fifteen churches

we

City and its suburbs. Not long before,Damascus

suffered severelyfrom the alternating
fortunes of the

in the
had

Persian

but had

war;

in great measure,

now,

recovered

its

prosperit)'.
Such

Damascus

bursts

in

"

^^"i^i(;|^
j,^ ^\\ \^^

tipped with

the Arab
have

warriors.

visited
had

army

scene

634

Arab

A.H.

""^bu Obeida
Khalid

amongst
the

the

as

of

gaze

whole, the

in

lofty

perchance

may

north ; but

only by report ; and

fancy could hardly have

force

ness
beauty,richthe

exceeded

before them.

strong enough

was

pitchedhis

took

them

Cities,"

off by
^

on

of it

stretched

now

burst

now

snow,

Some

trading to

repose,

The

City

it

heard

and

far

'

invadiiit; mountains

^'-'c-

of

Oueen

radiance, surrounded

of the

view

X.

Capital of Syria,

the

was

ground

the

at

eastern

the

the western

city.
plain.

entrance, where

the

headquarterson

invest

to

A.I).

gateway

was

strengthenedby

temple.

The

other

were

attempt

at

gates

drawn
breach

the

remains

of

an

ancient

ing-rams
similarly
guarded. Batteragainst the walls ; but every

were

up
of the

massive

defences

failed.

At

first the

Citizens,ignorantof the ardour and persistence

inspiredby the faith of Mahomet, regarded the attack as a
Bedouin
raid like many
before it,
and looked for
desultory
succour.

and

The

City lies
the severityof the

two

thousand

cold

feet above

the

sea,

in

spring would, no doubt,

to a more
genialclimate.
But months
passed,and the host stillhung obstinately
around
the walls.
The
Emperor, indeed, from Hims,
attempted a diversion ; but Dzul Kelaa, posted with his
Himyar horse to the north of the City,kept the enemy
another
column
the besiegersfrom
at bay ; and
covered
drive away

the Arab

annoyance

on

the

used
tribes,

side

of

Palestine.

The

summer

was

coming on, and no reliefappeared. The Moslems, instead

of retiring,
pressed their attack with increasingvigour;
and
the hopes of the Damascenes
began to melt into
despair.
On
certain day the Governor
made
feast to the
a
a
garrison, They ate and drank and, relaxinginto merri-

II

634-5]

A.D.

CAPITULATION

began

ment,

OF

their

quit

to

DAMASCUS

103

Khalid

posts.

knew

of

entertainment, for

the

And

so,

with

Abu

"

"

reckoning upon
Obeida

the

to seize

of

season

it

the

as

revelry,he
for

occasion

settled

general

="

assault.

The

defences

formidable

the

on

negligenceKhalid
certain

the

darkness
moat

cry

''Allah

within

Akbar

resistance

from

the
to

had

end.

For

the

no

he

justerand

sent

that
was
more

; and

at

orders

appointed

walls

the

through

now

and

the

sacking
to

near

the

brought

was

Governor, seeing that

side

very

hopeless, had
made

gates

met

had

City

the

to

The
was

The

to

sword.

other

his

sion
submis-

thrown

the

cries of
ears

of

spot,
open,

in from

despair and

Abu

transpired in

ferent
dif-

issued

the

upon

were

they advanced,
what

prised
sur-

the

were

carnage

heard

sooner

assault,and

As

stay the

remonstrated

they

force,unopposed, kept streaming

camp.

quarter than

the

the

silently

the

to

already tendered

Terms

and

who

from

on

gate, and

Moslem

left

and

their brilliant advance

general assault

Obeida.

thus

already penetrated

capitulationsigned.

to

wall.

Byzantine soldiery,panic-

western

the western

an

scaling ropes

way

and

open,

The

taking place.

Abu

planned

poured in,slaying

and

appeals

The

resounded

was

to

with

concert

put them

forced

was

City,when

scene

their

in

then, casting up

rapidly. Right

column

unwelcome

an

were

the castellated

skins

their assailants

They

of the

In

Irac,he

battlements.

!"

Khalid's

all around.

to

the

scaled

struck, fled before

centre

from

inflated

troops without.

expectant

; and

opportunity.

slumbering pickets and

gate from

gateway

elsewhere

projectionsof

upon

secured, numbers
The

the walls

got in readiness,and

the

14

preceding dawn, they stealthilycrossed

tackle,caught
the

and

Summer,

the

Obeida,
eastern

stay the onslaught. Khalid

had

their mercy;

clement, pointed

been

fairlycarried

but in vain.
to

Abu

the treaty, and

A.H.

far the635A.D.

by

were

tion.

nable,
spot, holding it impreg-

than

his

were

catch

to

well-filled

their

alert

found

Ladders

nooses

the

the

at

side

deeper

was

comrades
daring spirits,

escalade.

In

moat

garrison

less

were

Khalid's

on

; the

The

stronger.

with

13-

he
L
nothing escaped his vigilance;
Storm
and
suffered others to fall asleep."
slept himself, nor

neither

most

A.H.

by

Obeida,
insisted

A.H.

13-

that

provisions.should

its

best,

well

as

became

t^ion'^"

public,was

rule,the tribute of

corn

who

did

taken

from

every

people

obtained

Church

And

so

from

the grasp
became

^"^
uimedTnto
a

Mosque.

this

The

of

"

of

read

of

to

the

Arabian

which

became

offer of

One

of

For

and

the

gospel

in the

rapid

the

Baptist
of

Jesus

their reclamation.

to

of

the

great

years

friendly

one

the
to

Idzan

into

Islam,
and

of

the

his

entire

the

Christian

Omar
of

II
Islam

worship

prayers

of

90th

hands, and

own

worshippers. They

Doctors

and

of

that

Caliphs sought, by

Welid, about

last

But

arrogance

surrender

obtain

law

of

the

supremacy

beginnings

the

injustice,and
But

restore

the

was

from

while

under

advance

of

another

the

eighty

first

the

in

the

the

the

shelter

to

Hegira, took

by

John

of St.

some

At

to

fate,

Christians

observed

Islam

vain.

against

Caliph,

common

practiceof both Religions.

and

in

of the

half the rites of the ancient

one

summarily ejected the Christian

consecrated

but

East," passed

the

the

church

thus

and

Cathedral; but

the

proclaimed daily

large payments,

impossible

ating
alien-

moderation,

hands

celebrated, and

reasonable

of the

gained,

witliout

of

shared

between

Prophet.

intolerable

the

into

In

service

symbols

bigotry.

of

half,carefullydetached, the Coran

continued

was

the Arabs

of

Eye

Damascus

be

Muedzzin

Cathedral

every

of Islam."

two.

other

andithe

roof the

"

Cathedral

The

; in the

the

show

on

measure

revenue,

the

city,

equally divided

dome

and

to

Byzantine

imposed

Islam,

with

even

buildings,

levied under

permanent

Eden

separated into

recited

Damascus

and

money

In this way

Heraclius

the

faith continued

year

field.

beautiful

Conquerors.
was

ated,
concili-

were

capitulationsurrendered

embrace

not

and

churches

^vere

tin-

was

possessionof buildingssufficient for their own

of public business.
for the conduct
and

also

accommodation

and

people

golden piece was

one

adult

the

faith

capitulationof

the taxes

only large spoiland

not

the

this

by

Besides

Conquerors.

male

(iood

fairest,polic}\ The

as

half of all the property, both

private and

the

rulfillcd.

type of surrender.

the

One

of
^

be

throughout Syria

and

Terms

[CriAr. xiii.

O.UA/^

I04

plained
com-

listened
declared

the

place

to

it

once

Faithful

034-5]

A.D.

and

CATHEDRAL

last the

at

so

the Churches

All

of the

defaced.

But

marks

devoted.

Temple

and

embellishments

entrance

the

church

Byzantine

KINGDOM,

ALL

AGES

and

the

or
or

present

it has

been

signs of

the architecture

by

art

deciphered

the

over

great

grand prophecy of

yet again be

may

walls, running thus

surmounted

10'_

been

style

be traced

may

A.H.

Obeida.

the

to

which

religionsto

are

of

Psalmist, which

THY

had

removed

now

retains

foundations

still be

may

which

was

edifice

different

these

take, instead,

to

its suburbs

this wonderful

In the massive

pagan

105

equal partition of Abu

Cathedral

of the

JOHN

Christian, therefore, in the

appeared

decoration

the

ST.

consented

and

City

under

that

hour

Christians

of the

confiscated

OF

chanted

within

its

"

CHRIST.,

AND

THY

IS

KINGDOM

DOMINION

OF

IS

FROM

GENERATION

GENERATION.!

TO

All
from

through

attack

of the
the

the

on

Jordan,

of Tiberias.

Fihl

near

Ruins

bed.

The

and
fertile,

siege, Abul
south.

slope of

eastern

river

the

the

ancient

(the

still mark
of

the

in

stream

the

the

guarded
in

pitched

was

valley,a few

basin

the

He

Aur

miles

Jordan

Esdraelon,
is

approach
Gilboa
the

the

cxiv.

Tlic

opens

guarded

the

Saul's
of

only of

BACIAEIA

Xl

COT
.

AIONfiX

KAI
.

side

the

by

disaster,and
Beisan,

inscription,
being

13, with the addition

H

Jordan valley.

one

eminence

followingis

the

on

of

scene

frowning
^

into

the

the
O

words,

the

BACIAEIA

COT

by

of Psalm

"

IIANTfiN

AECnOTEIA
.

of

of which

Septuagintversion
Christ

plain
broad

other

walls

The

mountains

on

the

to

and

site
Oppo-

the

EN
.

TfiN

HACH
.

TENEAI
KAI

[Since the

above

was

inscriptionremains
3rd Ed.l

written

the

uninjured.

great edifice
The

Mosque

TENEAI.

was

has

burned
been

down
since

iieldin

Sp^Hng

the^-^'^-"-

broad

places fordable.

on

Lake

feet above

Fihl, the vale of Jezreel,branching off from

of

lay

the

is here

in

valley jol-jfan

the

below

Greeks

''^

Fella)which

site 600

many

army

but

the

repaired.

I06

A. 1 1. ]:?-

the

fastened

Philistines

his

the

Byzantine

took

army

by fresh supports.

To

the

streams, and

turned

At

first the

horses
soon

well

from

which

the

as

rear

the

whole

under

the

should

joined there

were

vale

into

had

shut

Abul

Aur

cut

off,was

up

the

summer

heat

enemy,

80,000 strong, was

dry

for their

from

in

securelyposted,

of the

from

Jordan

till

wait

to

content

Meanwhile

check, if

in

they

Ikit

himself

quagmire.

held

marsh.

stratagem,

fertile vale

now

were

fragments

yielding ground.

enemy

the

It

their front, they dammed

attack.

to

open

the Greeks

the

run

swamp.

the broken

refuge,and

the

in

that

his

the

disabled

streams

sodden

that

secure

chafed

discovered

exit, as
with

so

Arabs

were

times

of Bcisan

the shadow

under

was

Mountain

body.'

it at

along the valley,making

of

[Chai'.xiii.

0^rAR

ally
virtu-

not

blockaded.
Aiiackcd

The

up
army]""

their

Summer

634

A.I).,

well

was

Hims

at

Yezid

an

as

with

Abu

Damascus,
his

army

command

Fihl.

of

Shorahbil
the

The

commanded

famous

steps,

of the

one

Dhirar

warrior

marvellous

Keis

(the

the

Jordan

Obeida

(of whom

himself

tells

romance

so

many

Yermuk

Gadara),

hot

the

near

and

down

marching

Abul

Fihl.
valley of the Jordan encamped under
so
Aur, who had held the enemy
long in check, was

Tiberias, to prevent diversion

towards

Samuel

xxxi.

7, ei seq.

Beth-Shan

once
a noble
Scythopolis),
city,the
birthplaceof Cyril and Basilides.
Cleopatra; and Pompey took it on

has

specialinterest,as

Judaea.

Both

Fihl and

cities.
flourishing

the

Beisan

seat

at

by
of

the

from

the

had

his

Damascus

to

Christians

time of

our

from

that

site of Convents,

Bishop and

now

Beisaii (the ancient

contraction

Alexander

Here
his way

refuge of

their

springs

the

detached

the

cavalry. Retracing

the

ancient

his

other, and

the

Amru

in

was

Obeida

Abu

of

rest

within

campaign

van,

wings,

the

crossed

the

the

feats)directed

they

Omm

of

led

the

with

him, therefore, Abu

to

of

of

Governor

as

back

province

conduct

jurisdiction. Khalid

levies

Yemen

Leavmg, therefore,

rear.

hastened

Obeida

to

committed

of

garrison

advance
1

the

was

army

attack

to

eager

forbade

long

of

were

Omar

; but

(Emessa)

SO

They

broke

the Arabs

when

advanced

Damascus.

at

camp

HeracHus

A. H.

13

summer

when

history

were

the

interview

with

Judrea.

Pella

Titus

attacked

populous and

634-5]

A. D.

And

quarter.

the

Reduced
the

Byzantine
They
and

night

the

day

and

obstinate

the

Greeks

warm

as

their

the

Thus

"

annalist

curse

had

for many

Moslem

loss

sharpen
No

the

contingent of

thinned

by

by

hard

transfer

down

appetite for
left in

now

of

of volunteers

made

from

of

time

to

Hashim
take

left to reduce
was

to
to

was

Roman
from

To

court.

unwelcome.

the

to

the

ranks,

Its

of

Khalid,
Abu

advance

and

Amru

of
the

were

of the

we

and
find

of

weary

rule

"educed."

have

might

race,

Jews

indeed,

their Province

burned

never

Arabian

on
were

Jordan, and

Bedouin

in

just

the

there

l"ac.

Thus

army.

listless cowardice

the

free

invaders

the

retu'^ns
to^

strength

the desert

what

and

prospect

Neither

that

orders

patriotism had

Syria ;

trammels, the

unfavourable

province of

extinguished by

now

Byzantine

in

therefore,Khalid's

now

Shorahbil

fire of

The

easy.

brightlyanywhere
been

the

not

in view

now

Damascus.

order

but

great battle of Cadesiya.

Khalid, having

Hims, returned

The

served

former

Syrian

recrossed

Otba)

part in the

Obeida, with

task

of

son

VVacusa,

Syria.

Irac.

to

up

the

great

victory.

to

recruited,the troops (under command,

but

of

that

Bekr, gave
return

were
fighting,

another

sight. Omar,

Abu

should

Khalid

plain of

The

booty

further

the

thought

we

fate of

immense

greater

escaped

upon

the

petuosity
im-

Byzantine

which

which, following

behest

the

remembering

looked

day

people,"writes

His

blessing."

All

The

few

and

morass

trifling
; the

was

fled.

for

long century

Arab

enemy

into

again

was

the

the

The

and

marsh,

and

"

fierce

as

place.

way.

wrought

conflict

decided

to

Lord

thus

sanguinary

broke

the

turned

was

Esdraelon
and

the

its

They

by nightfallthe

; but

had

army

in

caught

pious

"

his

battle

yet taken

ground

Arabs

captain fell,and
were

had

ensued

circuit,

flank.

Moslem

Fihi.

Shorahbil

Fetching

the

13-

androuted.

Arabs

the

fall upon

watch.
on

for remiss-

vigilance of

there

that

any

held
of

the

the

on

reception,and

met

sword.

was

A.H.

inaction

to

the

suddenly appeared

enemy

part

thought

little knew

before

place

blockade.

mistaking

army

his

taking

army,

straits,and

to

unawares.

who

main

107

FIHL

patiently the

Beisan, continued

ness,

OF

BATTLE

was

far

Samaritans
them

not

loS

A.n.

lo-

'_

infrequent
Even

the

had

Christians

best

its
for

Beisan

by

information

and
Httle

cared

which

done

Tiherias

aid

!)" j^iving

Government

and

[CiiAi'.

OMAR

their
held

time

some

the

enem\'.

maintenance

ecclesiastical

and

courtly

alienate

to

for

the

to

xiii.

of

intolerance

affection,

out

but

the

when

garrison,

district
,

cast

of

Jordan.

n-

tlieir

sallies

had

safely

ward

far

Muavia,

and

the

begun
that

had

of

their

long

with

cope

the

control,

authority
been

in

Abu

the

on

naval

riveted

the

the

and

again,

Arabs

had

rulers

had

Mediterranean,
littoral,

the

along

quickly

and

Moslem

of

Tripolis.

power

Once
what

and

as

interior.

Obeida

and
return

we

plains

Christian

the

forces

of

Arabs,

by

retook

brother

Sidon

north

coast.

until

indeed,

was

the

the

east-

his

sea,

the

city.

arms

the

northward,
on

from

authority

reduced

occupied

longer

not,

was

Leaving

scenes

strongholds

under

the

to

Moslem

Byzantine

It
to

of

terms

tract

his

conquests

largely

garb

seaward,

extended

opposition,

his

lingered

gained.

other

brought

was

capitu-

the

whole

Toward

little

itself,

influence

Desert

Tadmor.

as

pushed

Damascus
assumed

and
the

so

last

at

obtained

Bostra,

Yezid

meeting

Beyrut,

from

the

to

Damascus

as

both

And

repulsed,

and

Maab,

garrisoned.

From

of

followed,

eastward

repeatedly

submission.

Jordan
and

been

Jerash,

tendered

"^'^''''

Tibcrias

lated.
Damascus.

Rest

of

Chalda^a.

Khalid

for

the

to

the

renew

present

to

paign
cam-

stirring

it

at

A. 11. 14.

cost, and

any

Oiiiaj~ Orders,
uuiers

forth

'levy.

the

for

command

The

from

tribes

piij;nni-

annual

xii. 13A.

repaired to

635

II.

pilgrimage

gents

A. 11.

the

they

as

whether

debated

arranged, Omar
Mecca.

in

the

The

chief

were

on

to

bear

day,

added

shown

Sad

Who

ap-

com-^

Irac?

mander

None

in

and

Peer

take

levy of

is the

Here

asked
the

the

Caliph.

by

"

acclamation

Converted
Irac

was

of
and

Mecca

at

blood

drew

Prophet's \vars.-

Mahomet's

mother.

shaggy hair. Sad

^

in

Malik."
at
a

proud tribes
moment

Sad,

reporting the
that
"

tribe.

Who

is known

He

rank

and

brave,
Sad,

was

also

dark,
but

pp. 57, 61.

Sad.

as

of
"

the

noted

archer

the

nephew

as

with

not
"

or

was

Ameer

new

large head

well-favoured.

lion."'

"

was

choice

summoned

the

boy,

took

name

chieftains.

The

once

and

was

in

Ravening Lionl' ^

the

age.

Short

great army

assembly.

Islam,"

He

of

amongst

the

yet
of

burden

Hawazin,

Omar

while

thus

despatch from

from

of

and

the

on

at the

was

out

son

play upon the

Life of Mahomet,
A

came

but

forty years

now

first who

in the

the

even

had

and

of the

the

cried
None

"

Sad,

"

answer,

sealed

man

"

he

Bedouin

matter

good lances

thousand

column

of this

but

The

with

Irac.

to

Medina,

at

heat

command

there

Caliph'slieutenant

the

leader

Jarirwere

could

the

as

Defeat, if Omar

after

the

was

the movement.

to

the

it

army

readiness

person

be

discussion,when

under

"

should

Mothanna

the

impulse

new

now

but

own

flockingto the field.

now

"

in his

the

it.

column

launch

he

the ContinThere

fatal ; seated

be

yielded ; but

Omar

enemy.

the

could

against

the

on

proposed, and

lead

person

were

field,might

worst, he

the

at

in

Companions

the

he

straight

accomplished,

marshalled.

were

the

demand

out

Medina, where

Caliph,as

people wished, should

the

set

This

arms.

before

march

to

were

And

call to

"

outside

came

the

assemble

to

"

camp

speedily!"

with

precious,

to

purpose.

iiither,"was

lying northward,

much

So

Mothanna.

to

on

time

Haste

"

hasten

"

were

those

and

being urgent

south

the

Medina

at

levy.

resounded

again

the

xiv.

(as already told),went

ever

everywhere,

sent

Arabia

Caliph

than

universal

and

new

gathered for

great army

stringent

more

forthwith

(loes

[Chap.

OMAR

I lO

635]

A.D.

The

Caliph

the

works,

him

and

Admonished

said,

thus, Sad
marched

these
As

him

warned

first-fruits of the

the

levies

the

after another,
the

embraced

set

with

now

Omar

that

each

alone

Ashath, also,the

of horse

head

of

his

20,000

Syria,the

together at Sheraf

drew

miles

twenty

or

Sad

Before
had

passed

from

Sad

mission

well

as

"

"

to

if

even

behind

Mothanna's

"

ye

will

sad

his

confines
his last

again

the message,

blessed

himself

any

at

now

the
its

on

by

"

off

far the

the

Chaldaean

of

Mothanna,

desert,fifteen

of his

the

of the

behest;

the

went

cannot

attack."

the memory

death.

Fight

Sad,

as

He

the
to

there

new

their
the

victors;and,

friendlydesert
enter, and

meet

attempt,

hold

will be the

the

to

the

to

should
"

of Persia

out

brother's

desert.
"Ye

"

to

the Court

message

Arabs

Death

of

just returning jj "A a^iT'

was

He

dying

the Persians
return

the

him

sent

having frustrated

news

advising that

there

he

of the

Moanna

over.

worsted, ye will have

joined

nor
chieftain,

veterans

Bekr, whom

gain

to

also

enemy," was

men.

dignity in

on

marches

short, Omar

30,000,

Arabs

with

; and

now

column

over

Sad

Made-

appointed rendezvous, Mothanna

the Beni

the

the

on

In

found

were

brother

His

with

Commander,

ground

the

intelligenceof

with

delivered

"

reached

endeavouring

were

as

one

of Hira.

south

away.

ibn

south,

but

the borders

on

on,

thousand

or

the

largestforce yet mustered by the

levies,with the
plain. The new

tom,
cus-

children.
them

or

weapons,

numbers

Arab

Amr

note

that, with

so

men,

men

swelling rapidly,{gvi^^f^^

tribe.

reinforced, Sad

Thus

from

way

or

4000

to

sent

worth

was

14

equal."

respective tribes

warrior, poet, orator,

Irac."

with

Toleiha, the qtwndam

their

A.H.

good

are

and

numbers

of any

single person

possessed

to

their wives

of

column

land, whether
man

Irac,

rebel of the

apostate

with
a

for

and

men

exemplary believer,and
of

left not

sight all

The

join Sad.

an

wrote

merit

to

of

in his extrac-

trust

kept coming in, Omar

to

issues

levy. According

new

in command

"

to

looketh

out

kerib, went

army

not

"

III

momentous

chivalryof all Arabia.

prophet, now

the

the

on

birth; for in His

to

not

IRAC

IN

advice

Lord," he

The

"

COMMANDER

gave

campaign,

tion.
"

SAD

from
he

wastes

thence
received

of the great General.

He

April635.

A.M.

n.

also

effectualU'

took
Sad

tlic bereaved

made

more

wife

to

The

mar-

shals

[Chap.

OMAR

I 1 2

his

dischary;ethe

to

;\rab

trust, in true

marshalled

was

army

and, the
fashion,

Selma.

his widow

of ten, each

formed

^v^rc

his special care;

faniil)'

xiv.

Sad

by

under

selected

Companies

anew.

leader.

Warriors

troops,

of

note

appointed

were

and

squadrons

thus

by

clans

tribes

and

chief commands

fewer

no

than

fought

had

still keeping to
the
en-

advanced

and

side

those

Sapor (in

Arabia, which

from
boats
to

leading

settle

the

fortress

below

the

patiently the
The

'^^^^ had
onkrs^"^'
advance,

the

not

The
their

grounds

captured
carried
camp.
but

with

off with
The
it

laid
to

near

of

the

her

maids

relief.

Herds

the

of

desert

by

the

highway

on

bridge of

the

across

the

Peninsula

little

and

waited

enemy.

waiting

same

the

nobles

river

Arabs

into

potamia.
Meso-

attacked, and

were

marriage procession

was

Satrap'sdaughter,
into

trousseau

and

as

game

The

impatient.

away,
were

was

Codeis,

at

and

stream

the bride, a
and

which

encamped

the

Hira, and

Trench

with

river

across

w'aste.

the

headquarters
he

raids

spring passed
no

his

become

King

castles

by

Sad, keeping still

played

continual

west

Persia,

of his

have

its

on

battle

Here

bridge.

movements

making

were

of

washed

Euphrates already

the

overlooking

would

Rustem

King,

fate

bank, fixed

western

small

way

the

plain

horse,

field of

the

was

of

left

of the

thence

Hira, and

to

he

party

traversed

crossed

here

Odzeib,

There

were

counsel,

slowly to

running stream)

plain was

Such

Medain.

shortly to
to

The

the

on

days

beyond.

waste

Mothanna's

great

there

ninety-nine

Desert.

channel

bounded

described, and

had

whom

protected by

the inland

by

fought

marched

Cadesiya,

to

who

of

of the

border

children

and

women

farther
Cadesivl
Summer

the

established

for in this army

Sad

into

The

Following

by Omar,

also went

were

Veterans

to

tribes ; and

military service.

Companions,

Bedr,

confirmed

now

given

1400

at

likewise
to

Columns

and
and

they marched,

incident

were

standards.
clans

by

up

Prophet'sbanner;

the

under

the

Departments

duties

several

for the

and

made

were

field of battle.

the

bear

to

the

driven

the

summer

from

the

Moslem
came

pasture-

635]

A.0.

SAD

lands, and
Moslem
The

clamorous

it known

that

the

to

and

the

delayed,they
their

14.

A.H.

allies.

great landlords

were

by

Rustem,

furnish

to

their faithless

the

help

II3

once

punish

Moved

to

ear

at

; and

if

enemy.

deaf

and

grew

people

turned

food

with

army

over

CADES/VA

frequentforays served

last made
go

AT

ENCAMPS

at
must

cries,Yezdegird

insisted

immediate

on

advance.

Sad

Meanwhile,
with
^"
" "

Omar.

When

Cadesiya,"

"

Trench

of

"

stream,

which

"

"

like

direction

stands

by

the

of

the

the rabble
of the

lake

of

crowded

Arabs,
of

weapons

the

mocking,
slung over

to

soon

Nobles.

the

at

"

or,

who

of the

the

his

of

be

must

kingdom.

commanding
the

at

led to the

Royal

leered

the

rough
0

summons

armed

with

rude Yezdegird

at

""

Regal city.
woman's

shoulder,
"

distaff,"^
-a
"

little
their

amongst

Look

"

thinking
crowded

of

"

Deputa-

presence,

''""

habit

the

isiam.

they cried,

Bedouin
the

bow

havoc
As

ranks.

it
the

the

awe

into the

heart

of the

demanded

Yezdegird

after another

Prophet
"

the

on

themselves

presented

nate
King and his effemithrough an interpreter,

wherefore, thus unprovoked, they dared

and

margin

the prancing and

champing
precincts,
beautiful steeds,and the wild bearing of the stalwart

riders,struck

One

rests

perilof

warriors

were

in

ance
report, enjoined vigil-

striped stuff,and

of the

make

entered

its

"

look
the

leads

desert, contrasting strangely with

courtlysplendour
"

and

deep

rightis guarded

rear

the

at

twenty

they

g^riptionof
the field.

verdant

he said,Yezdegird
first,

the Faith

in

our

the

Arabian

spokesmen

if thou

wilt, pay

and

thou

tribute,and

shalt
come

his

told

wrought a mighty change

blessingsand obligationsof Islam.
"

invade

had

Faith," they said,

gives

camp,

the

canal

upon

Our

the

round, ' and

clad

Najaf, and

with

is

through

of Hira

and

swamp,

As

in front

Khawarnac.

plain

gates of Medain,

river;

town

But

Sad

"

the

commission,

crossed

of the

the

to

descriptionof the
Caliph, lies between
a

left meanders

from

to embrace

this

Chiefs

the

patience.

summoned

was

the

Omar, satisfied

and

mien

and

impassable

an

With

the

palace

desert."

"

told

on

downwards

"

he

for

communication

constant

up

asked

Sapor

vale

"

kept

be

kingdom.

him

of the

in their
"

even

under

land,

Embrace
as
our

we

pro-

A.Il.

11.

tcction

"

:
tuousl)'
"

Ye

morsel, and

Arabs

in

truth

"

the

"

sword

? then

wrath

King's

Bring

"

you.
among

stalwart
his

"

it is thou

get the
of

it

the

simple

that

Chief, and

Rustem

could

had
been
army^'^'^^

slowly

and

the

quarter

The

auguries,we

he

But

disappear ;

be drawn

from

their strong

great delay upon

Babylon.
And

en-

opposke

siding with

^y

^^^

invaders.

Oct.

came
A. ij.

camp

the

At

within
on

During

the

then

had

of

resource

the

opposite

this

bank

that

suddenly

they might

the river.

the

the

Euphrates
the

After
below

people

they repliedthat, deserted

last,having whiled

sight

up

Hira, he chided

on

; but
no

break
suspense,

host,

told,boded

hope

positionacross

road, he crossed

Arabs

King, they

Arabs,

635

the

Advancing

for

with

that,wearied

or

are

men

marched

the

cherished

Arabs, pinched in their supplies,would

and

to

for,lo,

"

swell

unwillingly.

great disaster.

some

Rejoice,O Sad
!

clod

the

cast

and

every

to

already out

was

he

haste

Yet, notwithstanding, he

strong.

120,000

now

Rustem,

in

sent

had

he

longer delay. Elephants

from

gathered

"

coming

cried

of the soil of Persia

thee

no

"

horseman

exclaimed,

given

Cadesiya,

to

city

augury.

affront

the

he

; and

the

But

back

"

the

Rustem

Simple

"

simple

art

of

are

ye

load, mounted

the

away.

him

The

mightiest

out

happy

seized

Arabs.

let the

from

the

told

back.

hath

Lord

Rustem

embraced

King

sight; hurrying
his

burden

forthwith

the

burden

before

as

the

death, all of

to

put

earth, and

yet will

that

not

of

decide."

were

been

Thou

chosen

thou

sword

If it

bearing it,rode

the

upon

clod

Arabs

charger,and

put

ha\-e

horseman

just then,

up

should

bear

The

gates."

"

"

hither

them

"

kindled.
ye

; hast

the

shall

us

The
"

hungry

you

words.

and

poor

give

content."

and

modest

satisfyus

between

Ambassadors,

"

and

was

but

but

are

enrich

Lord

full

adven-

hungry

I will

come,

depart

strong

we

naught

are

land

shall

ye

replied

speakest

"

naked

King replied contemp-

The

naught, ye

are

clays of thy

refuse, the

thou

numbered."

are

"

from

turers

"

advances

thini;sif

which

kingdom

"

[CiiAi".
XIV.

OMAR

114

Moslem

of the

but

bow

to

away
force

many
and

before

the

weeks, he

pitched

his

river.

long period of inaction,the impatience of

635]

A.D.

RUSTEM

Arabs

the
whom

CROSSES

checked

was

lieutenant

as

THE

the

by

of

the

Excepting

I 1

hand

strong

Caliph they

implicit obedience.

yield

RIVER

of

Sad,

to

bound

were

raids

and

A.H.

14.

sacTre^

to

strains his

recon-

-ainiv.
.

,.

these, however,

quondam
night,

entered

Moslem

his

The
more

armies

for

excuse

another, and
Islam

captor'sside.

As

last

for

the

face

now

putting off

colloquy

Moslem

ensued

captains should
their demands

and

go

to

he

themselves.

on

Sad
the

Each

allowed

Three

the

whether

he

pitched,as
and

bade

term

have

we

cross

advanced, but

passage

was

watched

he

meant

the
to

bridge.
cross

his

myrmidons

and

morning

was

possible to
At

of
"

the

river

he

limit

dam.

Strongly
of

night

Rustem

the

the

into

over

causeway

Arabs

scheme

another

J^'J^",.

moving,

the

During

earth

inquireThrows

to

might.

had

and

to

night

channel,
which

it

pass.

early morn,
have

by

light discovered

Rustem, clad in helmet

mail, leaped gaily on

shall

envoys,

the

battle.

All

Rustem

fascines

cast

in his

time

thought

no

denied.

But

Islam,

of the

sent

for

best

as

sented
pre-

given.

Rustem

had

his

explain

language

was

cross

Sad

Persian

there

contemptuous

that

of

three

auguries, demanded

should

the

bridge,

passage.

they replied,was

fifys'^r

to

another, these

same

now

over,

seen,

bank

and

fierce words

; and

was

they

or

the

grace,

by their Prophet

When

the

river
the

Rustem

no

the

On

the

camp,

Rustem,

days'

its

had

day.

that

after

held

cowering under
and
by dreams

consider.

drew

tiger in

by

guarding

One

abuse,

scared

the

eminence

an

Persian

the Sword.

and

thereafter

Enemy

the

along

consented

Tribute, or
now

the

decisive

rode

Rustem.

to

he

single-handed

face, Rustem

to

the

officer

by

spring.

reconnoitre; and, standing

sent

the

camp

and

like

couched

lay

after his arrival

morning

oi

Hotly chased,

embraced

fatal

at

enemy's

after

host

lair,ready for the

the

horses.

last,who

the

fought faithfully
by
the

alone

three

one

pursuers

off

carried

off

carried

and

Some

attempted.

was

sufficientlyexciting. Toleiha,

were

prophet,

his

near,

If-

expeditions nothing

noitnng

slew

beaten

them

his

horse.

"

By

small," he cried

and
the
;

but

double

suit And
"

morrow

we

apart with

o^f
^e*id
battle.

Tl6

A. II. 11.

he confessed

his familiars

of

issue

of

each

other

drawn

down

guided

thus

the

texts

recited

be

of
in

"

the
of

continually

informed

of everything

advanced

guard

rendered

it

much

less to

doubt

feeling of

discontent

harangued

the

army

his

Generals, with

the

ranks

with

the

the

his

the

the Orators

stirringwords

head

of every

in

him

to

even

bravery;

but

Resuming

then

sit
his

still
his

had
scended,
de-

and
to

Poets

rouse
was

with

texts

"

of the

the

excuse

certain

couch, he
sent

force,along

their martial
recited

upright,

then

battlements, and

angels fighting on
these

Islam,"

Sad

He

They accepted

column

as

blood

That

the camp.

fortress.

thousand
such

used
un-

troops the grievous malady

survived.
from

troops,

he

safety,murmured

of

round

the

in

his horse.

could

man

of paper,

The

day.

by

whence

insupportable,and

impossible for

mount

Sad, disabled

scraps

of

main

the

which

first to shed

was

to

the

passed

the

aspersed

which

before the
Moslem

cano

earshot

litter ; from

on

place

him

of renown,

thus

upon

inscribed

leader

discovered

of the

watched

shouted

its ramparts.

movements

and

At

On

within

the

cross,

ringleadersimprisoned

Warlike

the

centre,

wings.

Codeis, beneath

On

lampooning

no

its
phants
ele-

thirty war
^

Medain,

to

upon

orders

their

he, the archer

for

bank, with

Of

the

to

unopposed,

riverside,Rustem

to

up.

his

see

verses

the

Codeis.

boils,lay stretched

and

should

dam

western

kept Yezdegird

fell back

casting

and

the

began

Persians

was

to

ing"
bear-

brave

passed.

the

blains

of

way

and

from

ramparts
of Codeis.

the

the

Messengers, posted

the

news,

Arabs

body

the

on

between

by

day.
all

that
As

divided

throne

the

latest

the

fortress

against

were

field,eighteen supported the

being

pied golden

the

the

the

remainder

army

his great host

facing
on

marshals

omens

sufficient,astrology apart,

were

forebodings. Crossing

marshalled

centre

illness,

chiefs

Arab

the

inspire grave

disSad, abled
by

celestial

that

And, indeed, previous mishaps and

him.

he

ffllAP. XIV,

OMAR

the

zeal.

revelation

gether
Prophet'sside, to-

Stir up the

Faithful unto

host.
^

and
the

These
must

were

all have

ridingelephantsof the Court and nobles,

imported from India. The elephantwas not used by
and
It rarely
in their mural
representations,
appears

distinct from
been

the

Assyriansin war.
only under peacefulassociations.

Il8

A.H.

11.

^l,y

.Mihjan.

Moslem

lines; it

viands.

More

by

lady

entreaty, and

the

An

mare.

enemy's host, and

him

bravery. Some

of

Syrian contingent expected

the

opined

that

band.

But

it

Sad

"

their

broke

castles,"

the

attack

hundred
the

horrid

the

profitingby

Asim

them

rid
that

once

'

He

verses

from

the

gallant chief

confessed

The

Selma

to

that

in his

to

last

fell upon

fro,
"

like

horses, which
Asad

diverted
left four

act

; and

band

of

he

had

the

forward.

The

resource,

bade

whatever

at

cups

down

elephants attacked

as

to

shortly

and

all around

could

banners,

heroic

the

danger

chose

and

to

Beni

in the

Sad,

Abu

onset

and

confusion, pressed

critical ; and

position was

that

According

Arab

consternation

the

angelic

care,

swaying

the field. Then

upon

wings, spreading

enemy,

of the

the

and

the

elephants bore

warriors

sight.

themselves,

upon
dead

with

affrighted

"

at

brunt

huge beasts

The

manned

hozudas,

away

The

lines.

Others

before,

as

the

Now

day.

exploits,returned

his

fetters

the chief

not

were

own."

my

be

of

Selma's

with

release.^

his

Bajila.

"moving

mare

his

reimposed

Bedouin

^j^^ -g^^^j

the

it,performing

that

it

under

durance
and

If

the

into

now

might

precursor
"

said,

hero, satisfied

who

the

in

he,

after secured
upon

Khizr,

himself

were

promise, the
Selma,

Al

was

is safe

Mihjan
swear

it

At

husband's

dashed

it

thought

was

battle.

her

in circuits round

now

the

in

early return,

on

figure,he

of

"

ep

mounted

unknown

of

pledge

was

wife, he

the

join

to

marvels

"

ants,

under

free, and

him

set

white

ardour
irrepressible

an

General's

the

Mihjan.

prisoner

xiv.

royal

offence

his

Sad,

Bound

Selma

of

charge

load of

story of Abu

of

detraction

by drunkenness.

his earnest

The

the

with

still is the

remarkable

fortress,under
seized

baker
Kiiii^'s

the

was

ringleader in

aggravated

[Chat.

OMAR

cost.

archers
Ijeen

and

At
of

singing these

"

"

Bur)- nie
The

Bury

But

he

abuse

comrades

not

me

That

nor

no

pledged his
the
on

I die

when

moisture
in

Ameer.

to

day.

the vine;

of

plain,for
taste
again

her that he would

Selma

the last great

roots

will distil into

the open
shall I

more

word

by the

thereof

then

obtained

my

then

bones
I much

fear

grape."

the

sweet

not

again indulge in thinking,

he joined his

his release, and

035]

A.D.

THE

SECOND

DAY'S

BATTLE

agile skirmishers, who, drawing

from

off

the

howdas

elephants, and

fell,and

them,

fled.

both

Thus

But

ground.

added

shades

point

force
the

to

of

for the

retired

Moslem

the

the

day, as

seated

the

ramparts
hour

an
"

this

face,and

"

Mothanna

"

"

Not

"

so,"

"

no
"

but

lady;

'

Sad,

said

this

no

liij wile.

During

together from
is

struck

her

band, said,
all

at

me

I lie."

The

coward,

and

of
with

that

swear

dost

people

sided

lived

high-

memory.

if thou

he

the

What

"

the

cried

"

for

on

compared

"

softened

excuse

"

Mothanna

no

first husband's

her

somewhat

day

was

his

up-

^'"'
I^P'*^?^

was

exclaimed,

cowardice

to

issue Sad

Selma.

watched

words. Sad
and

and

plight

Sad

of

taunts

anything

faithful

in what

seest

he

Jealousy

will

man

the

Asim

to

Was

spirited dame,
"

uncertain

Alas, alas,there

Stung by

pointing

"

The

lord,they

their

falling,and

were

deadly conflict,she

of Mothanna

day

these

the

'

guide

to

against Sad, and, what

bear, the
her

by

14.

night.

invectives
to

A.H.

The

regained

for him

riders

girths.

none

Arabs

darkness

'"

still harder

"

with

downcast.

was

the

cut

beasts,

great

relieved,

the

armies

The

the

their

picked

near,

boldly

II9

the

not, who
with

the

contumely

down.
The
dead

morning

; and

Just

then

Syria

day

drew

in view.

came

bring

to

followingday,

of the
It

of

both

squadrons
other.
bade

of

forward

them
to

The

"

joy

of the

follow, he
hero of the

recognised
"

avenge

his

Abu

Bridge," rushed

at

help.

rode
^

and
his
^

Bahman

Return

see

his

that
cut
p. 92.

comrades,
the

Now

perished
him

to

the

in
the
and
the

enemy.

challenge.
"

the

men

behind

defy

to

the

men.

callingon

crying out,

and
;

Then

forth

those

man

his

and

accepted

foe ; and

Obeid

from

force, in

his

little distance

coming

Bridge

on

Sad

"

back

thousand

arranged

saluted

once

Royal

with

He

each

hundred,

sent

Second

^^i^//J^

fightingrecommenced.

magnified

foe.

and

Advancing, he

rest

"

friend

the

and

of

by Cacaa, who, leaving ['^f

adg"^"
on
body of five thousand

By skilful dispositionCacaa
eyes

wounded

Contingent

main

hurried

the

led

was

the

up

before

on

the firstcolumn

llashim
the

the

with

occupied

was

Cacaa
will

at

the

ground.

each

As

A. 11. 14.

squadron

of

ance

fresh

sight of

b)- the

of

heart

after

one

another,

had

They

Pressed

repaired.
Rustem

the

lay

the

and
dead

by

and

lineage of

third

the

On

day;

morning,

thousand

ten

so,

There

was

encouraging

struggle.
the

in

engaged

was

army

the

from

fallen comrades

their

task of removing

mournful

the

Moslems

tribes.

final

the

But

kept shouting

And

the

and

way,

fightingwas

field,and
Arabs

yet

day closed,

the

thousand

camp.

awaited

side

gave

Two

their several

Persian

not

was

The

the

slain,
fellows.

his

balance.

the

the

in the

gear

great.

night through

names

for the

and

the

heroes

and

ground,

All

much

so

Cacaa

horse

They

desperate rally.

on

by
their

sides,their

carnage

themselves, each

G hi

day,

Persians.

shouting,too,

^?P?^

this

wounded

or

and

saw

of

hands

still trembling in the

issue

severe

rose.

their

infantry stood

Persian

Arabs

saved

only

was

was

spiritsof the

all

on

Takbir, which

Akbar, from

yesterday;

elephants

no

in

plain

Allah

the

at

appcar-

the

across

the

sank, who

Persians

all the

ringing cheer,
of

disasters

the

force

shouted

The

line.

the

forgot

same

with

charged

independent

armies, and

Moslem

the

up, it

came

and

both

answered

Third

[C'HAr.XIV.

OMAR

1 20

"

mas.

field.

The

space

strew-n

with

them.

to

nurse,

women

in the

rather,
"

"

"

decide

The

graves

for them

the

road, and
laid.
this

as

"

Its

For

burning

sandy
the

The

soil.

it

hastily dug

was

they

is consecrated

in

that

between

for

were

such

were

way

weary

solitarypalm-tree stood
shade

of

valley

w^ounded, too,

sufferingsick

or

should

crow^n

Odzeib,

to

children

and

women

sun.

memory

borne

were

its welcome

under

survive,

withhold, the

to

the

to

over

"until the Lord

"

was

on

the

moment

plaintiveverse

:
"

Hail

to

Around

the

gratefulpalm

thee

May

dew

And

let

the

in the

carried thither.
under

dead

or

lines

two

made

were

of Islam

grant,

w^here

rear,

wounded

the

perchance they might

if

to

between

mile

The

whether

the

language

Martyrdom."

in

of

and
never

day and

grow

the

shower
a

wild

waves

Cadesiya and

sprigsof camomile

refresh

thy

for

leaves

palm-treebe wanting

night of unceasing

in

and

Odzeib.

hyssop.

evermore,

thy

dr\' and

conflict

was

heated

waste

I"

still before

A.D.

635]

the

combatants.

ELEPHANTS

THE

lay unburied

the

phants, which,
about

was

with

to

the

their

when

plain,he

victory and
his

efforts.
who

In

this

in

it into

"

the

that

the

"

Sad

So

Cacaa

issued

with

his

the

on

the

and

elephant"

Smarting

at

Mahout

trunk.

Shouts

pain,

the

lances

into

the

Persian

animals,
"

and

last

drove

their

trampling

by

There

of

and

eye

this

trunk
Aim

"

at

calamity."

of followers

huge

two

the

one,

thrust

"

great

his

its trunk
other

its eyes,
of

lance.

upon

on

slashed
the

the

still
its

ranks.
Thus

Persians.

fro between

and

blinded,

Arab

the

the

to

fared

and

agony,

armies, and

elephants,it charged right

the

so

whole

aloft,trumpeting

all before

that

Dismounting, Cacaa

The

forward

line ; and

put

been

were

swaying

scream

other

thirty
gratefully

fearfullyits head, threw

both

and

to

slain

the Lord

band

eye

it back

the

trunks

the

and

darted

kept rushing wildly

at

rid of

Cacaa,

to

elephant :

herd.

distance.

shrill

creature

followed

and

it shook

ground,
to

Uttering
and

Asim

the

called, he

was

they pierced

maddened

be

into

it

Cacaa

for

worse,

the
to

fro, hurled

that

the

were

surely had

we

shall

of the

crisis,sent

annalists

parts of the

brother

leaders

boldly advanced,
White

do,

ing
fight-

paralyse their

to

for what

learned

we

the

already

the

rode

The

recourse

had

perilous enterprise.

elephants, the

up.

sight

and

elephants

been

to

now

and

"

ti'ngent
comes

by alternate

to

had

that

it not

vulnerable

these,"he said,

The

and

so

had

pierced

enemy,

balanced

alive

Sad

heart of Cacaa

only

the

threatened

again

single combat

ele- resumed

battle
in

came

of welcome.

day

field.

the

emergency,

day worsted."

were

the

and

Arabs, and

acknowledge
"

shouts

amidst

into

The

u.

Fighting

each
field,

bank, turned

river

achieving marvels,

was

Persians

"

the

repulse. Yezdegird,

of the

terror

Hashim

of the

the

the

foot.

charged right into

severe,

bodyguard

from

A.H.

Syrian contingent. Sweeping

reaching

again

dead

disasters

for

and

suddenly

of his

body

triumphantly back,
was

the

at

of horse

company

ranks, and

Persians, whose

looked

was

121

refitted,appeared upon

open,

main

the

across

much

now
a

the

field,flagged

but

preceding day,
protected by

spiritof

The

on

DESTROYED

them,

"

herd
as

plunged

of

huge

they rushed,
into

the

river

The

ele-

[)^flf
^t^"^

A. H.

14.

and

disappeared

the

din

of

hushed

was

war

But

they fought
with
The

Xi^lit

the

"^

faded
ligj-ii;

overlap his

should

had

There

Arab

leaders

The

enemy.

dark.

The

made

The

prayer, for

Then

weary.

vigorous charge

forth

issued

Persian

Ristem""''^
onslaught shook
slain.

bank

the

arose,

the

of

blow

himself.

Hani:
no

the

the

the

end."

wretched
a

"succour"

481.

night
and

worn

more

one

victory is

ever

hours

Four-and-twenty

began

to

they

laid bare

and

attempted

there

soldier

saw

and

recognised

his

its name,

as
names

given in margin.
of

places.

The

The

the

three,as Succour, Concussion, and Barking.

to

fly

to

hide

royal foe,
first and

second

Syrian contingent. SeeC.de

(chap,li.)ignoresthe firstday, and names

brought by

into

his back.

upon

and

Gibbon

wind

chance

the

when

river

day had

fierce

Tempestuous

its load

down

new

waver.

opened

mule,

sumpter

apparent meaning, perhaps

vol. iii.p.

betook
all

the

into

Each

for

pared
com-

blown
longer guarded, was
Prince
had barely time

no

canopy,

passer-bybrought
But

tide,

arms

be

him

that

out

his throne.

on

beneath

crawled

He

to

turn

of

only

hosts,

"

the

in

forge." Sad

two

centre, which

their

The

crouch

the

on

wings

Rustem

the

river.

and

have

with

and

harassing

now
fought unceasingly. And
and
all the freshness
alacrityof

with

The

attack.

of the

some

had

long the Arabs

Persians

must

perseverethto

his that

It could

Cacaa, crying

arose

fords.

din

tidings reached

broke

Morning

through.

the

called, without

it is

as

Islam.

sure

no

host

first without

and

combatants

the blacksmith's

clang of

the

to

of

annals

the

vast

of

the

at

the

as

general engagement

Night of Clangour^

"

himself

made

of the

screams

parallelin
to

on

to

the view

tribes with

was

momentary

even

occurred

night,it

movement,

the

watch

for

time

It

pause,

lest

partiesto

hardly

cognisance, drew

Sad's

batants
com-

side.

was

sent

the

the

on

neither

to

rear,

rallytheir

to

rest

Sad, fearing

yet been

as

and

resumed,

was

and

when, early in

repose

the

away

the

at

doubt.

first there

At

life.

a
Struggle for
"ourHit^hi

tillmoin-

brought

gazed

closed

again

still in

issue

night

third

battle

the

till darkness

on

hnes

both

as

soon

l"\)r tlie tnoineiit

shore.

farther

the

on

portentous sight.

The

[Chai*.XIV.

OMAR

1 2 3

may

third
refer

Perceval,
the other

G35]

A.D.

and

DEFEAT

him

drawing

ing

Prince's

sooner

of

Persian
in

wide,

hunted

the

The

on

No

sooner

double

they gently
towards

wounded

they

had

and

costliness.
the

banner

Persians
errand
Thus

be valued

at

soldier

For

and

100,000

Little

almost
the

more

The

70,000

revel in the treasures

exceeded

had

implanted

Each

Empire

panthers' skins,

enemy
than

knew

breathing,

clubs

for the

was
so

such

and

swept

pieces,
showed

as

costly

The

great

captured on the field,made

richlygarnished with gems as
Thus

of the

did

the

^^

Rustem's

its most

away.

Vastness
"""^"'-

thousand

pieces,although

pieces.

needy

of
to

Arabs

East, the preciousnessof which

their power
the

in amount

jewels stripped from

been

moment

cruelty.

six

veterans

and

of women,

in the breasts

had

; for

mercy

their

Islam

But

water.

no

raise

to

"

of vengeance.

and

lipswith

they

"^'''

2500

ended, than

and

mercy

his

wetted

Tiara, had

of the

of

previous Moslem

pitchersof water,

clubs and

children,cold-blooded

worth

portion, the

battle

and

special giftsfor

were

the

of any

besides
fell,

6000

still warm

extraordinary valour.
body

exhausted

both
great beyond all parallel,

spoilwas

besides

mans
Mussul-

plain, far

too

was

that

was

mission

another

of little

The

the

everywhere put

Mussulman,

give the coup de grace.

extinguished pity,and
even

To

stream.

were

the army

But

final conflict

the

raised

the

marshes,

away

fugitivemultitude,

loss far exceeded

fallen

Every

The

and

children,with

and
forth

swept

down, the

and

dead.

ably
(prob-

cut

soon

was

J"""jQ^f'^

columns

pursuit.

before.

days

it

with

sword.

In

women

and

14.

slaugh- Destmc-

the

pursuit),and

bank

river

fens

Mussulman

engagement.

them

A.ir.

conquered

fugitives relentlessly.The

the

the

on

carry

issued

23

mount-

and

of

it,by the pent-up

strewn

was

into

in the

the

rout

Some

; but

dam

prevent

upon

the

mercilesslyto

the

to

left,up the

chased

to

spot; then

slain,than

began.

the

passing

multitude

right and
and

the

on

loudly proclaimed

host

themselves

by
a

him

their leader

was

the

succeeded

with

PERSIANS

end.

No
ter

THE

out, slew

throne, he

his

on

OF

to

defeat

thirtymonths

comprehend.
was

had

fateful

and

passed

since

decisive.
Khalid

of

A. 1 1, u.

imiioii
aiKc

oi

foot in Irac; and

set

[ciiAi'.
xTv.

o^rAR

1-4

before

"'ears

had

already

humbled

that

the

"

Byzantine

S}'ria,and

encamped triumi)hantly on
the
of
blows
crumbling under

was

strength
rudely

exceeded

never

armed.

On

one

the

other,

The

side

hours

weary

The

charge.
had

of

been

columns

power

of
and

never

dangerous

The

Euphrates hesitated
Christian,had
Sad

to
"

"

and

Islam

said

slain,we

them

will

battle

had

ceivedln-

preparations

Omar.

watched
"

from

the

gates

last

Omar's
"

of

might

Caliph

Medina
some

camel-rider

foot, and

on

host."

in

the

The

the

outline

"

didst

the
mien
the

thou

out,

not

who

one

Kaiser

or

the

Commander

tell me?"

Caliph'ssimple
of

"

Aden,

about

to

decide

forth

alone

issue

morning, if
from

Lord

of the

at

"

that

It is

Such

answer.

moment

Chosroes,

of

the

well, my
was

was

was

to

round
Entering Medina, the people crowded
him joy of the triumph.
wished
and, saluting,

abashed, cried

issue

the

chance
per-

field.

the

city, who
hath

to

discomfollowed

Unrecognised, Omar

gleaned

the

and

south

the

outside

of

many

so,

the

messenger

arrived

question repliedshortly,
Persian

to

been

Faith.

away

used

early

meet

the

Jerusalem," as

"

fited the

him

The

came

hath

And

scale, that

Odzeib

to

across

Islam.

he

At

grand

the

first embraced

long impending,

so

of

These

that Rustem

professionof

been

so

Obolla

fate of

from

on

made

wide

them, though

the

at

and

side

ranks.

belief."

new

everywhere, "from

and

the

Now

we.

accept the
and

Moslem

able
formid-

far

of

Persia

military

into

either

on

final

and, though

river, the

country

on

and

long

for the

gathered

The

secret.

last efforts of

again

tribes which

than

over

came

The

Tidings,

wiser

were

the

the

the

The

after

longer. Many

no

Arabs

following;

Moslems

Bedouins

fought in
"

whose

enemy

across

shape.

terror-struck.

was

"

totallydiscomfited

escaped

Persia

Jiosphorus,

servile

the

which

host, on

lavished, was

broken

an

spirit,which

fighting nerved

vast

tlie

fortythousand
Cadesiya reveals the

lukewarm,

was

indomitable

an

ravaged

arms,

thirty or

battle of

there

fifteen

1^2mpire, which

great battle.
the
The

Caliph,
courier,

Faithful,why
brother," was

unpretending

greater than

either

26

A. II. I'l-

in

now

1_

Medain.

-Mcd.iin,

The

i^t
I'cTsia/

second

the

double

bend

had

grown

Babylon
the

was

by intrigue and

torn

City, with

main

side, where

its

the traveller's eye

directed

march

his

On

side.

nearer

mother.
with

the

commanded

disconi-

She

was

fi^'^d-

the

hand

by

then

forward

marched

before

from

text

the

"Did

sacred
not

ye

how

saw

this

her

the

Queenand

race,

survived
an

the
army

slain

champion

by

but

"

the

"

Prophet."

Lord

the

W'ithin

their

this

troops

would

passage

We

never

pass

^'et ye

away?

dealt

souls ;
by their own
unjustly
them a warning and example

made

as

the

upon

the

sight;

promise
it

grasp.

"

marble, stood
Good

Chosroes

which

He

up
But

and

made

the

City

was

hath

unto

Allah
at

What

!
Now

gazed

!"

heavens

AllaJi Akbar

shouted

company
came

"

lo ! the

river; and

shore.

pavilionof

each
!

ye

farther

at

White

And

vanquished Princess,

great hall of white

the

on

fulfilled the

is the Lord

came

its

Sad, dazzled

is this

that

them.

spiritthey

"

lesson

44.)

v.

them

and, drawing

the

people that had

Iwan, with

exclaimed

almost

now

"

dealt with

We

close before

Great

the

by

arrests

lion of Chosroes."

the

assembled

the

aforetime

swear

{Suray\\.

"

famous

eastern

upon

field with

her

The

dwellingsof

the

you."
In

lay

Dynasty

"

of

vainglorious boast

the

inhabited

which

the

lessly
help-

Sad

Tigris.

by

of Hashim.

publiclyrecited

unto

took

General,

veteran

the

as

the

spiritof

utterly discomfited, and

Sad

ye

long

so

taken
but

on

attacked

was

ancient

she
invincible,

was

Queen-

the

by

great oath that

empire

he

way

Persian

Kesra^ still

the

Quarter

the

opposite

by luxury.

7\ik i

was

superseded

prosperous,

sails down

to

Animated

from

he

as

below

of the

palaces, was

arch, the

noble

the

the

Repeatedly

enervated

Royal

Tigris,

right bank,

for ages

great and

now

of the

On

had

City

capitalof Chaldxa.

it

Romans,

the

on

XV.

upon

river,fifteen miles

conquerors.

combined

the

as

banks

Ctesiphon, residence

up

The

monarchs.

both

on

Seleucia,

Baghdad,

advance

reign, to

of the

of the Alexandrian

seat

shore

his

built

was

modern

the

of

year

royal City

sharp

;i

the

and

[Vn.w.

OMAR

Akbar

His
!

the

Palace,

too

strong

636-7]

A.i).

to

CAPTURE

Sad

and

storm,

of

frequent salHes
with

it

of Persia

warriors

The

reduced
months

before

the
Bands

landholders

failed

tender

to

their

homes.
the

entirely and

brought

the

Tigris

in other
the

great
These

multitudes

in

command,
Thus

from

and

downwards,

inactive

they
the

as

missed
dis-

were

Tekrit

from

country
to

habitants
in-

several

submission.

brought

and

Omar's

prisoners; but, by
to

their

the

lay for

wherever

despatched

were

the

singlecombat

army
not

15-

in

which

strict,and

was

A.H.

parts
ram-

forth

on

in

was

Sad

on

issued

occasion

themselves

but

Mesopotamia,

ravaged

last

27

engines

impression

besieged

investment

City ;

Warlike

it.

great straits. The

to

directions.

was

the

was

no

The

adventured

Arabs.

the

made

they

brick.

sunburnt

MEDAIN

before

down

sat

up, but

brought

were

OF

Syrian desert,

conclusively

Moslem

under

sway.
The

siege

last

at

pressed

quarter, that the King

would

give

would

leave

offer
the

all dominion

up

undisturbed

him

walls

entered

unopposed

carrying the ferryboatswith

the

City on
the

farther

and

secure.

enjoyed

Capital with
the

the

flighthimself

in the

many

removed

deserter

same

soul

between,

weeks

the

from

the

apprised Sad

of

and

^37

'^-^J-

the
But

still defiant

was

rested, and,

Quarter,

the

western

deep

of

; for

boats, which

place where

rapid
assault.

they

were

had

all

Unexpectedly,
the

river

could

|j^15^^.
March
^

Persia

and

sudden

themselves

bank.

in the

contemplated
heart

against
of

despatched Capuire of

Holwan

he

now

otherwise

so

had

to

The

search

^.^^iV

The

seen.

western

treasure,

defence

in

be

weeks

of

of

crossed, and

to

was

direction.

thought

end

luxury.

for

ample

Indeed, the Arabs

been

north

they

ordered.

was

had

some

mansions

hopelessly;

Tigris still formed

occupied

for

army

the

to

sunk

river

regaliaand

hilly country
had

Persians

g"^cuated

long after,observing

being threatened, Yezdegird

the

if

side.

eastern

Western

He

terms.

them, entirelyevacuated

foretaste of Persian

family,with

western

Tigris

advance

an

Not

the

deserted

Medain

On
his

bank.

western

So

occupying

Not

the

the

the

on

longer manned,

no

of

west

the

on

with

messenger

indignantly refused.

was

They

sent

heavily

so

be

'

'

'

128

A.H.

15-

swum

rise,and

the

upon

l"ut the

forderl.

or

^'

by

coming

of

intended

resolved

the

them
with

"

Now,

We

"

:
"

the

"

the

upon

of the

"

phantly.

venture

hath

drawn

and

endeavoured

they
no

after troop
the

water

had

been

farther

to

tributaries.

back

over

the

East

had

in

Service
'*^

^^^'

of

to

long pouring forth

been

decked

flowers

with

established

Chosroes.

But

first

in

of

praise.

Service

for this

by
to

the

as

end

many

the

Lord

Coran

into
as

which

be

hosts.

the

The

Allah

!
!

Sad
the

on

triumph
"

troop

"

close,that

and

it
the

time

themselves

fugitives
; but

laden

which

into

the

with

as
soon

wandered

its treasures, and

in

barely

the

revelled

fruit.

Palace

of

The
the

render

thanks

princelybuilding was

turned

of

prayer

to

; and

spared,Sad
The

speaks

So

eyes."

called

them

Court

minded

was

House

could
of

he

your

by surprise,fled panic-

and

himself

Conqueror

Raise

royal spoil. They

pavilions of

gorgeous

gardens

the

and

water,

single loss,all gained

pursued

share

other

and, treading as

afforded

passage

foremost

enemies

their view;

Moslems

The

"

thick

river,so

picked

dry land.

remaining, submitted

few

The

escape.

the

trium-

the

their

he

thine

to

from

rapid

"

"

Persians, taken

The

The

hastened

Destruction
into

back.

cry

vision

rapid flood.

the

into

said

desperate

neared

shore, than
the

The

the

safelyreached
on

us

stream

into

right

ground, without

solid

stricken.

bear

hidden

side.

them

thus, with

leaped

was

once

who,

hundred

with

already

beat

safe

them

saw

thy people;

to

had

back, and

follow ; and

to

battled

"

Asim

them

sooner

rest
"

drove

be

unawares.

sixty. The

picket dashed
to

lances,"shouted

Six
of

us

amongst

flood !"

in bands

they

hostile

at

enemy,

to attack
one

the

stem

us

bravely

across

shore, when

unto

the

horses, crossing the

up

in, and

plunged

vainly

shown

of

by acclamation.

voted

cavalry were

should

Just then, tidings

mercy

is able

command,

Arise, let

was

Down

at the

faithful upon

"

flood.

horses

flightof Yezdegird, Sad

now

are

Lord

the

xv.

then

enterprise. Gathering his force,he

river at

the

lest

turbid

the

down

always swift,was

stream,

feared

they

carried

to

[CnAV.

OMAN

of

lesson
Pharaoh

there, followed

ascribed
was

the

victory

passage

overwhelmed

of
in

G3G-7]

A.D.

the

SPOIL

Red

TAKEN

also

and

Sea;

IN

this

ME

DA

IN

29

thought pecuHarly

verse,

a.h.

15^^'

appropriate:
"

"

How

Gardens

many

And
And

Fields of

Fountains

and

thus

made

We

did

they

behind,

leave

fair.
Dwelling-places
!
they enjoyed

thingswhich

Pleasant

Even

and

corn,

another

people

inherit all."

to

{Sura xliv. 7'. 25.)

The
lions

booty

rich

was

beyond conception.

of treasure, there

golden vessels,gorgeous
of untold

things
train of
the

mules

disclosed

of the

throne

garniture, precious
The
lucky capture of a

cost.

"

unexpected prizeconsistingof
girdleof the King. The Arabs gazed
jewelled swords, and splendour
crown,

the

at

mil- Spoilof

of silver and

store

and

vestments

rarityand

tiara,robes, and

in wonder

countless

was

Besides

an

silver,large as

other
of
and, among
marvels, at a camel
with rider of gold ; and a golden horse,
life,

with

for

emeralds

teeth,its neck

with

set

trappings of gold. The precious metals

for gold was
silver. Rich
as
plentiful
sandal-wood
hoards

of musk

lay about
with

in

the

the

more

as

might

To

the

share

the

of

of

art

in

Camphor

first by mistake

army

value,

everyone,

East.

prizeagents had
the

(and

works

its

kneaded

heavy task,
numbered
60,000)

now

thousand

pieces,^besides speciallargessesfor
forwarded
to Medina,
distinguished. The army

the

beyond

at

was

lost their

hands

spicy products of

salt. The

as

in the

were

sacks, and

man's

twelve

amber
and

cakes

for each
was

and

rubies,and

royal Fifth, such

stir the wonder

of the

the

simple Citizens at home.

the regaliaof the
fittinggift,

as

of the

sword

Chosroes.'-^

But

the

tacle
spec-

the

Royal banqueting carpet, seventy

cubits long and sixty broad.
It representeda garden, the
ground wrought in gold,and the walks in silver; meadows
^

day

precious things

of the

Caliph they sent,

Empire, and

and

rare

Say ^400

was

for
^500 sterling

or

the Fifth)the entire value

is put

1500 million

pieces,
Cadesiyacampaign.

at

for the

Four

Bahram

"King

of the

other swords

by Cacaa
of Hind."

were

each

booty

like

taken

may

be

that of the

third, of the Khacan

; fiom

which

gathered. The

having

sum

soldier

been

taken

Kaiser

of the Turks

(adding also
alone

treasure

away

by

Rustem

kept by Sad,
; and

and

of

fourth,of the

^'"'

hi-

A.H.

'_

of
of

and

cmcrakls,

sparkling

When

the

took

counsel

most

advised

and

distributed

the

Caliph,

himself.
consecrated

Cathedral,
of

Persia.

the

and
his

The

Hall,

as

service

place
of

of
Islam

Omar
The

carpet.

it

The

But

Aly,

objected
in

cut

pieces

which

part

fell

dirhems.

for

the

himself
nobles

fugitive

its

garnishing

Prayer,

and

first

The
divided

were

he

occupied

unchanged,
here

celebrated

the

of

seat

there.

residence

Royal

was

of,

things,

convenience

the

stones.

Islam.

had

booty.

The

grand

of

advice,

thousand

of

followers.

the

earthly

established

now

precious

with

XV.

fruits

and

disposed

trophy

other

every

Mansions

other
been

of

twenty

Sad

and

his

accepting

offering

government,

as

flowers,

trees,

done

instability

fetched

Medain

amongst

it

with

lot

be

keep

had

spoil

should

to

on

pearls

rubies,
the

what

the

Palaces

of

rest

and

Aly's

of

rix'ulcts

diamonds,

reflecting

to

[t!iiAi'.

(hMAR

130

was

Friday,
in

the

or

land

XVI

CHAPTER

Battle

Reduction

Jalola.

of

kufa

was

success

achieved.

beyond

the

the

of

Hegira

with

King,
mountains

the

chance

flocked

be

to

t!

!Medain,

"

\ 1 At

"air;
:

the

and

length, during

[pursued

to

Ithe gates.
Arabs,

and

the
Thus
a

advanced

they

attacked

Fresh

siege
a

troops

battlements
cut

general

by

off, they
engagement

for

of

iron.
and

flower

front

of

who
in

des-

ensued,

from

days.
the

way,
seized

despair
which

the

by

with

eighty

their

of

time

to

darkened

storm

Cacaa,

turned

and

despatched

losing

columns,

the

besiegers

were

sally,

vigorous

trench,

time

prolonged

was

fortress

were

one

upon
was

Battle

of

at-'^^"^'

From

spikes

in

from

the

try

Hashim

down

the

conqueror.

deep

including

reinforced

Tigris,

to

Jalola,

forward

sat

Persian

Medain.

fj-ise and

men,

and

of

i6th

Yezdegird

to

by
de

the

he

The

the

again

to

12,000

Persian

the

and

north

pushed

Holwan,

bravery.

miles

Sad

garrison,

at

army

perate

of

Medina
The

numbers

cJievatix

by

head

and

great

the

the
of

to

resolving

surrounded

sanction.

the

at

Citadel.

force

guarded

Omar's

Mecca

the

bank

Persian

and

Medain.

into

submitted

the

east,

of

at

either

on

hundred

impregnable,

outlets

Cacaa

in

the

to

fled

with

revived,

range

repose

had

Persians,

one

of

part

With

the

arms,

caution

Summer
in

readily

vain,

of

of

movement.

people

be,

might

hilly

troops,

autumn,

about

thence

the

the

the

passed

the

Holwan,

held

and

opposition

seeing
In

broken

he

spirit

by

was

his
;

old

forward

A.D.

well

as

skirted

plain

637

A.H.

His

strictly forbade
year

satisfied,

Omar

founded

bussoraii

and

Mesopotamia,

of

of
the
not

A. II. hi.

"

routed
and

tlie attempt

Jalola
of

End

Beaten
flee

to

pursued, and

were

taken.

i6

shorter."

was

Persians

at

the

of

his

in

iron

spikes. They

with

corpses.

the

strewn

country

it

Persians

point,many

every

caught by

were

b}' tlie fragments

lowed

xvr.

\r.

NigJit of Claiigoiir,
excepting that

surpa.sscdb)- the

"

[Cn

OMAR

[32

I^'olfled

A'ezdegird

army,

to

A. 11.

direction

Rei, in the

Dec.

637

A. I).

advanced

of

The

The

spoil.

spoilagain

captive
troops

at

formed
Ziad

sent

with

the

Fifth

to

Omar.

the

parentage (ofwhich
address.

and
the

recounted

Citizens,and

of

ness
singularreadi-

Caliph,he harangued

glowing

words

and
spoil,slave-girls,

princesses. Omar

his

praised

troops of Sad
next

emeralds, and

vast

What

"

weep.

"joy

"

exclaimed

but

weep,
"

"

bestoweth

Ziad

fuses
re-

on

and

envy,

foresee

us

in

the

also

was

the

sheddest
"

Caliph ;

spring

calamity

bearer

of

"

Arab

to

"

Yea,"
I

Lord

the

which

and

worldliness

people."

my

petition for

"

for this

it is not

of

of

time

;
tears

riches

the

be

end

that

of

even

al Rahman

thou

that

will

traditions

Abd

replied the simple-minded

"

declared

and

the rubies,
distributing
to
seen
precious things,he was

of

store

captive

when

morning,

thankfulness, and

and

the

surpassed

But

bravery.

speech,

prize of

the

Persia, rich lands, endless

the

Omar

of the

in

fallingto

Ziad, of doubtful

named

but
hereafter),

In presence

nine

charge of the Fifth, Sad

youth

more

horses, which

of fine Persian

In

thirtymillion

at

army,

the

to

sent

part

valued

booty was

combatant.
Medina

to

spot, and

acquisitionto the

lot of every

despatched

the

on

of

distributed,a

gentle birth,were

numbers

vast

welcome

of

The

dirhems, besides

farthest

the

as

plentiful.Multitudes

rich and

prize,part

Medain.

left that

enemy,

levies

then

Cacaa

north.

was

many

women,

loved

much

the

to

outpost

Arab

with

stronghold garrisoned
Moslem

defeating the

Ilohvan, and

to

Caspian Sea.

the

leave

to

an

advance
on

Persia.

pursue

Omar,

the

desire,"he

"

countries

"

"

"

with

content

"

Persians

the

fugitivesacross
the

replied,

shall

The

plain of

the

safety of

not

Irac
my

the
be

that

between

hills shall
able

sufficeth

people

to

for

be

get
our

than

Khorasan.

into

present, forbade

"

beyond,

border

the

enterprise.
and

Mesopotamia
a

at

barrier,so
us,

wants.

thousands

nor

we

that
at

I would
of

the

them.
rather

spoil and

A.H.

16.

Persian
(nilf ; delta

Gulf, the
This

that, to

governor

the

14

A.M.

635

A.l).

.About

far

as

the

as

the

capture

the

force

the

on

of the

for fresh

thus
moment

the

as

three

next

border.

Meanwhile

Obolla

veils

at

women

mistaken
at

as

critical

governor

operationsduring

Khu7.istan

Persian

the

and

place to

gave

in

flags,and

into

Obolla

successful

against

years,

many

succeeded

contributed

remained
on

river, and

were
battlefield,

the

chants,
mer-

rallied

occasion, the

their

to

garrison

Persians

Arabs

the

reinforcements, and

shall see, carried

we

the

one

to

array

victory. Otba

to

and,

before

turning

camp

in martial

marching

of

position. On

Moslem

Bahrein,

The

The

sea.

bank

place

securing their

by

eastern

took

encounters

deputed

he

party from

side.

its eastern

on

of

head

the

occupy

saw

inhabitants, chiefly Indian

effected their escape

in

to

of Obolla.

flourishing
seaport

defeated, and

was

Omar

Mothanna.

of hills

range

of note, with

Companion

of

needful

was

fortune,to .Arab

various

period,therefore,of Sad's campaign,

the

Otba,

thoroughly established.

now

invasion

Irac, it

secure

Gulf

was

exposed, with

the

since

ever

Olba

Islam

been

had

tract

raids

of

rule

occupied;

r"fObolla,

[ClTAr.XVI.

OMAR

134

the

capital

new

of Bussorah.
On

Bussorah

of

the, ruins

when

Obolla

first

had
17

arisen

638

A.D.,

with

in

size

Arabia.
close

rises

the
the

to

irrigatedthus
verdure.

the

river

his
a

; and

everywhere
the

site

was

near

from

The

reconcile
But

followed

vapours

belt of the

ill-suited

was

traveller of

the groves

the

to

from

acacia, and

familiar

moisture
Arabian

intolerable
; at

river,which

in

sea

shady

of

trees

date-palm fringing
the

Hejaz

to

exhaled

by so damp
humour; pestilential
and

Three

swarms.^

gnats
times

sorah,
pleasant spot of Busof running
supplied a stream

last the

of the pest
to-day .still
complain.s

of the Delta

wide

far and

tide

plain, which,

alluvial

periodical inundations,

in

changed
the

reeds,

settlement

The

immigrant of

the

the

the

settled

the

pomegranate,

wide

might

of

stretches

ease,

of

abode.

new

soil

of

constructed

material.

same

level

with

Groves

abound

the

huts

arrivals
importance by constant
climate
was
inhospitable. The

and

But

of

town

of

Mosque

grew

small

A.H.

there

captured,

founded,

gigantic

swarms.

of

musquitocs issuini;

637]

A.D.

water,
grew

FOUNDING

fixed upon;

was

It

up.

fashion, as

same

northern

in influence

as

The
had

in

their

They

that

the

water, would

they

found

of the

well, and

dwellings,
fires

"

Caliph

abode, be it

"

exemplar

for his

centre

with

Mosque

only

wives
the

open

of

"

that

the

he

have

more

from

Castle

he sent

reared

gateway

the
of Sad

in

Sad
of

"

troubled

be

permanent

the

with

than

modest
the

So

built

the
a

City
The

erected

was

it

638A.D.

is the

houses

which

pillars

himself

by.

to

gateway,

hard

The

simple-minded

rescriptcommand-

pulled down.

iSa.h.

might

"

regular lines.

market-place

Companion
should

front

x.

Oct

gration,
confla-

and, for ornament,

Hira.

Arabs

cities

exceed

in

in

the

wrote,

man

the

both

have

square,

transfer

or

firstof reeds.

at

must

laid out

left it

disastrous

children,nor

streets

an

intrusion

Caliph,and
ing

no

branch

in great numbers.

Prophet'sdwelling-place."

spacious edifice,and

rumour

let

plain of Kufa,

if ye

porticofor shade
from
brought away

marble

prevent

But

and

the

kept

was

The

after

and

time

any

western

made

were

some

outskirts,

Capital suited

new

for

in

Medain,

at

Arab

choice, and

permission that
flittingcamp,"

place.
;

rebuilt,and

was

of

so

of

remain

to

The

gave
"

proper

three

the

frequent;

were

built of brick.

"

confirmed

Bussorah,

at

as

warrior's

of the

by

wholesome

desert

the

as

accordingly they migrated

But

"

either

the

banks

the

on

with

ready help
well

Kufa,

approaching

as,

supplied
along

and

cause.

the

inquiry

such

the

suit

not

ordered

so

Arabs

Caliph, startled

did

off from

thither.

The

the

he

well

Omar

man

it

to

air

city

cut

The

look, asked

diligentsearch

Euphrates.

his habitation

be

be

Hira,

for each

open

numbers

months, when

some

The

place answering

far from

not

Medina.

air, and

not

no

for

congenial spot

and

After

16.

better

in

this wise.

on

of Medain

the

desert

of need.

was

Whereupon,

healthy

A.H.

conquered

well

lead, as

unwholesome

and

temperament.

nearer

Kufa

visited

replied

more

of

occupation

sallow

of

endowment

the

35

after the

time, and

same

But, partly from

larger

riches.

and

deputation

the

city took

founding

been

about

KUFA

flourishingcity rapidly

its rival Kufa.

climate, partly from

lands,the

here

and

laid out

was

AND

BUSSORAH

OF

Arrived

Omar

dovvn"he
gateway

at

bids

of

i3"^'
A. II. i'".

Kiifa,the

Sad

"

"of Sad;
thee

"

the castle of

"

that

"

shutteth

out

"

down."

Sad
in

settled
with

Sazvdd,

the

Fellaheen.

people
the

accepted

of the

Arab

soldieryas prize of

exceptions,by

in

throughout,

those

and

had

who
of

The

treated

distribution

and
impossible,

also

of

and

other

the

services,

ostensible
the

weighty underlay
martial

spiritof

him

perpetual. With
Arabs

should

other

place of

becoming
wane.

The

not
arms

fixed

settle
;

to

it

nor

the

people of

was

of

first

engage

soil,the

Arabia

must

at

revenues,

intact.

kept

more

cause

the

maintain

cost, and

any

anywhere

postal

the

the

would

at

have

necessities

of

But

demand

Equitable

The

be

should

ments
endow-

would

upon

of

and

the

but

people.

Omar

order.

followers

his

attempt

reasons.

tribute.

the

and

denied.

charge

public land

the

the

were

first

as

protected

or

nobles

canals, and

of

system

holdings

moderate

arms,

the

the

amongst

great

that

demanded

Such

blood

operations

the

their

to

the

ordinary prize was

as

bad

during

confiscated

Fire-temples,were

bred

Medina, the Caliph

of

Moslem

the

equity

and

this demand.

Ziinmies,

lands

domains,

the

by

claimed

possessionon

in

taken, with

been

of

kept

as

The

concern.

was

at

had

for their division

but

next

judgment

fled

had

be

opposed

was

his

falselyreported,

abatement

who

confirmed

forests

war.

those

should

subjects,and

Royal

as

of arms,

who

cultivators

well

Irac, as

force

his advisers

with

held

that

ordered

the

was

in the

conspicuous

counsel

After

land

few

is

break

shalt

excuse.

some

of Omar

which

protestedthat

he
been

had

treasury,

gateway

thou

plain of Chalda^'a,having

rich

or

the

for the

thee, that

portal

is it

castle ; rather

thy

; but

betwixt

gateway

lock ; but the

from

hast

call it 'J'ficCnsl/c

is needful

What

the order

obeyed

settlement

The

TlieSawad

the

building

Omar

and

reared

mayest guard and

thou

object

perdition.

tliat thou

me

as

this letter at

received

people

It is not

people.

the

"

his mansion

uiitcr

reported to
hast

thou

moreover

and

been

thyselfa palace,and

for

buildcd

to

forth,and

came

It hath

"

his hands:

b}- Sad

imitctl

cnvo\-,

declined.
U'ui^^t.,

"

[('HA1',

O.^fAR

the

necessity that

but

in

field,or

husbandry,

all in

temper

the

militant

in every

land

it

render

lest

should
be

men

(337]

AU.

SETTLEMENT

LAND

of arms,

ready

distinct

and

at

only

but, from
soil, whether
there

who

under

The

country

no

The

the

of

bordereth

lands

City.
of

those

is

their

spokesman,
in

addition

the

their

to

had

various
be

to

Kufa,

the

therefore,

points,as

provided

from

range

the

; and

the

Holwan,
the

Kufa

Bussorah, unique in their origin,had

Islam

at

pure

afar the

Chaldaea

on

large. The
Arabian

prey
from

the

destinies

vast

blood,

of

Chald^ea

every

corner

of the

majority
ihe

and
of

tribes

of the

Mosul,
at

resources

of Sad.

influence

was

than

command
and

the

from

discharge

wider

our

plea,Omar

endowments

obligations to

garrisons at

which

sea,

us,

is

Part

But, although Kufa

Chosroes.

Its government

Grant

justiceof

Bussorah.

its

land.

brackish

few.

are

oi

to
"

season

with

rich

ments

should

adequate

Compared

our

Sad,

endow-

of Bussorah

yieldeth

ours

of

Bussorah.

of

more

said

be-

of

their endowments
made

Crown

domains

and

flood.

and

Kirkesia, had

prize

the

heavier

gular
ot

vators,
culti-

own

shared
profits

part upon

of the

richer, it had

and

lands.

province were

desert, and

briny

substantial

charge

tenantry,

permanent

inhabitants

which

thy bounty." Recognising

sister

Thus

their

Khalid

than

income

garden

many,

of

that

urge

their

the

it with

Crown

the

and

The

armies

dates, while
on

are

made

the

the

foundation, the

its

"

poor

of

of its

the

state.

extensive

more

watered

harvest

of

the

responsibilities. Kufa,"

laveth

portion

the

over

agents, and

"

well

scattered

and

increased, and

"

"

Crown

captors

much

their

"

lands

representativesto

be

the

'

by

Shortly after
sent

divided,
un-

to

from

rich

held

native

evicted

became

and

conquered by

were

"

could

the

16.

army's

forbidden.

was

pretext

be

any

A.H.

race

revenue.

administered

"

not,

or

protection to

confiscated

tween

of

37

desert

Syrian

sale

double

nursed,

of

source

Persia, the

the

the

lands

also,remaining in the hands

was

"

of

of

a
field,

to

confiscated

border

confiscated

arose

Kufa,

the

range

the

were

for the

notice

Therefore, much

dominant.

discontent, not

mountain

moment's

LRAC

LN

Caliphate

sin- Influence

and

population

which, scenting

of^j^j^gQ,^

were
irom

Persia, kept streaming into

Arabia, settled chieflythere.

the future

A.ii.

16.

38

[CiiAi'.

O.UAA'

At

Kula

the

from

coming

races

dominated

Rapidly
with

they

On

souls.
the

and

world

Excepting

recreation

whiled

while
still

story

they

Hence
and
often
The

their

But

people

of

element,

conscious

Coreish,

and

and

of

impatient

loose

brought

the

and

weaker

under

vitality,

disastrous
must

have

of

and

strength,

was

factions
wise

Caliphs,
days
proved

again.

over

Bussorah
clubs

these

Cities

both

and
The

Bedouin

jealous

of

sprang

up

of

Omar,

arm

rent

the

its

fatal

to

which,

the

for

the
own

trolled
con-

length

at

unity
but

which,

too

scandal.

checked

whatever

loved

marvellous

of

sedition.

and

the.se,

they

domestic
;

was

in

the

Schools

factious

and

at

Thus

strong

on

rivalry

its

day,

gossip

and

tribal

the

battles

great

turbulence

humour.

by

two

petulant

grew

hotbeds

capricious

the

variety

time

and

knots

their

fight

and

into

the

recall

new

some

little

lords

of
to

past,

debates

the

social

problems

the

and

degenerated

became

broke

in

Faith,

Tradition,
Kufa.

the

live

to

of

idleness.

of

Otherwise

converse

discussed

more

of

the

in

their

amusement.

or

away

afforded

harems

and

long

listless

fruits

the

time

desultory

often
in

whole

of

being

were

Islam,

the

than

field

the

by

200,000

of

abundance

spent

enlivened

when

to

politics

and

intervals

Capitals,

150,000

was

in

readily

too

secluded

victory,

There

the

from

influence

greater

Service

but

of

prenortli.

the

luxurious

and

theology,

besides.

intermittent,

frequent,

each

opportunity.

and

of

had

from

comini;'

great

literature,

cities

Moslem

two

population
the

two

into

grew

Arab

an

tho.se

Bu.ssorah,

at

Arabia

of

.south

the

'"^

XVI.

of
its

Faith.

Islam,
vellous
mar-

CHAPTER

XVII

Campaign

A.H.

To
to

the

recover

the

great

close

of

Amru

the

14th

follow

to

of

governor

who

chief.

they

of

one

thought

to

issuing

with

Khalid's
Taken
to

The

their
Abu

other

invested

hastily

it.

Roha

on

the

Bedouins

The

effort

making

an

defence

further

straight
on

(as

have

wc

their

on

seen)^

was

Kirkesia,
homes.
'1'.
139

131.

Yezid,

in

to

the

of

Arabs

recalled
The

tinued
con-

way.
and

Theodore,

closely

Hims

retired

-^l^^f

raise

to

effect

defeated

Abu

flight by
the

and

cut

was

endeavoured
thus

pursuit.

army

Hims,

upon

he
and

desert

by

defeat

Mesopotamia,

inroad
of

the
where

(Edessa),
of

Balbek

guarded,

front

in

opposition,

storming

Heraclius,

put

was

manded
com-

But

Theodore's

behind,

advanced

him

a.u.

when

who

immediately

was

column
no

march,

Obeida

assailed

^35

joined

way,

it.

upon

\^ a.'h.

since

now

longer

no

northern

the

ever

north,
little

advance'on

Dazul

Theodore,

dash

force

where

been

Damascus

column

Meeting

but

sudden

and

the

on

columns.

two

garrison,

before

pieces.

Obeida.

the

his

flying
thus

attack

as

his

enemies.

had

advanced

his

the

Yezid

of

rest

Abu

leaving

and

Emessa,

of

At

Obeida,

the

column

these, seeing

make

with
ancient

Himyar

by

Abu

back

go

Jordan.

Palestine,

progress

had

stopped

were

the

from

They

in

must

we

the

Hegira,

marched

his

Damascus

of

success

the

with

banks

the

Hims,

watched

covering
his

the

up

upon

Emperor

of

year

warfare

Syrian

the

on

Damascus,

northward

Kelaa,

victory

636

A.D.

15.

of

thread

Syria

Northern

in

by
the

siege

who,

tribes
of

a.

h.

g-g'^^.n.

diversion,

Sad,

14

to

Hims,

A.H.

i;

prosecute.!with
expectation of
failed

was
\ii;oiir,

the

make

to

died

succour

fell. When

retire,the

lates.finding

the

Capitu-

A.H.

the

the

sallies of

less

frequent,and

been

protracted

battlements.

Moslems,

mischief, readily gav^e

the

the

terms

same

winter

their

leaguered
be-

spirits
weeks,

many

Governor,

The

of

unaware

the

the

longer tenable, offered

position no

and

Spring,

had

siege

Hut

severityof

the

away;

Arabs

breached

earthquake

an

15

the

resisted.

bravely

garrison became

636

[Ch.

OMAR

I40

tulate
capi-

to

full extent
Damascus.

to

as

of

A.I)

In

bade

the

to

answer

Abu

Obeida

border, and

Leaving

-Marcli
northward.

the

on

northward

march.

note, tendered
alone

submission.

showed

feint to

an

the

Kinnisrin

which
(Chalcis),

fell,after

Aleppo

next

Obeida

turned

famous

emporium

broken

troops of the

length,within

brief

of

the

crisis

to

make

; but

surrounded

comprised
all
from

reduced.

as

know

garrison
all

up

to

regain

their

beaten, their

loss to
to

the

Greeks

footing.

leaders

the

Greeks

which

They

slain, and

have

ran

expected

effort

are

befitting
A

heavy

the
the

were

great

City,
tell

of Northern

last but

the

details,

lines,which
of Asia

hillyrange
made

here, at

back, and

few

the

plain outside

wooded

driven

was

within

are

of the

Damascus

the

In this

thought of.

been

on

no

sides,capitulated. Such

they

Eastward, the

Northern

Syria

we

the
on

fought

was

But

stand.

have

to

even

battle,indeed,
walls

bold

might

Abu

luxury,

great lines of circumvallation

the

seems

then

And

rallied.

had

Empire

near

Antioch.

art, and

merchandise,

north,

dismantled.

and

upon

along the surrounding heights,we

Heraclius

the

resistance; and

westward

arms

powered
over-

Greeks

the

seized

was

and

still to

Advancing

made

early morning

defences

slaughter, defeated

great

his

the

Laodicea

Arabs

in

his

of inferior

city of

the

darting back

garrison.

Khalid, with

fortified

portal,seized

open

resumed

towns

front ; but

then

his army.

Obeida

other

The

obstinate

an

withdraw, and

through

and

gain the powerful

to

thus

strengthen

Hama,

Antioch
taken.

him

garrison in Hims, Abu

capture, Omar

boldly forward; and, promising

press

further reinforcements, counselled

tribes

the

despatch announcing

us

Syria,

Minor.

feeble

attempt

again hopelessly
numbers

taken

A. II. i:

had

aside

cast

wild

similar

Jabala, llic

; who

dynasty
swell

imperial

the

share

to

was

Abu

clad,

Caliph

chancing

tread

to

stumble

and

the

face.

Caliph,

that

the

the

and

he

Ghassan,

"

Yea," repliedOmar
the

by

Jabala;

at

Byzantine Court.

garnished by
after his old

haunts,
but

would

Omar

much,
behind

however,
him

It is
at

Court.

at

Byzantine

war

told

between

Omar's

wife
and

the

sent

to

p. 357.

The

the

in

is

Islam,
to

wife ;

exile,and

Arab

the

fit for

so

left

sisted
sub-

Byzantine

royal giftof

the

again reminded
Araljian

if

followers.

friendlyrelations
and

been

that, pining

embrace

Empress

from
exclusively

!"

desert

hospitably

daughters

Caliph

reader

to

of the

tale has

'colony of

that

the

as

died

precious things

is taken

brief.

he

that

Constantinople
be

again

retaliation,

was

such

of his

one

is certain

times

fragmentaryand

offered

before

Prince

The

romance,

give him

Lifeof Mahomet,

of the

he

interestingto

frankincense,
^

of

touches

the offender

Constantinople ;

to

entertained

to

equal." Stung

are

faith,he

Christian

him

by returning

of

once

ceived
re-

Bedouin

of

I, the

"

all

where, returning to
the

to

Medina,

caused

law

Bedouin

the

at

turned

accompanied

his satisfaction

retired

affront,Jabala

side ; but

summoned

was

for in Islam

"

he

struck

the

common

Beni

illustrious name,

Prince

under

cried

to

Jabala

visited

There

he

have

should

"

of the

Thence

haughty

"What!"

head

flowing robe,

ordered,

who

Bedouin

blow.

the

his amazement

To

now

Byzantine

Mecca.

to

his

on

fall. The

the

with

pilgrimage

on

the

instead

Shortlyafter,splendidly

peculiarhonours.

with

leave

.\nd

following,he

pompous

people, familiar

the
him

the

the

at

Emperor's
bidden

the

Islam.

fact."

been

flightof Heraclius, he

embraced

with

and

where

on

and

Obcida,

At

fate.

the

by

the
was

fought loyallyon

had

disheartened

now,

asked

the

of the Ghassanidc

Jerusalem.

at

iMaster's

his

he

Ghassan,

train

had

Prince

Arab, but

then

accompHshed

Mahomet

had

Prophet

seemed

an

by Jabala,last

insolent

Arabian

What

now

from

thereupon

the

chastise

was

despatch

the

Islam.

to

maniac

received

time

same

to

of

phantasy

from

missive

rude

submission

demanding

Ghassanide Prince.

[('nAi'.
xvii.

OMAR

u^

sources,

toilet
that

and

the

of

history

these but

G36]

A.D.

necklace.

"

she

hath
others

it";

of

it

from

into

favour,

Kinnisrin.
"

"

The

self
Abu

"

Bekr,

the

and

reconcilement,

this

got
but

he

wife

the

of

So

his

gave

gift."

cost

keep

her
for

return."

in

subject

let

the

at

public

return

embassy

an

conduct

and
Omar

upon

it

the

he

said,

"

verily

he

however,

to

Khalid

knew

not

the

be

mankind

was

he

was

value

long

[g'^j^'fllj']"
of

him-

proved
the

Omar

him

government

memory

better
of

Khalid

received

hath

Blessed

men.

of

chivalry
that

him

appointed

among
for

in

gift

15

be

held

not

Kolthum

but

should

be
is

A.H.

purse.

Verily,"

prince

Omm

impression

an

rather

43

beautiful

gift

Empress

was

treasury

privy

The

have

campaign,

such

made
back

the

this

In

the

to

over

is

It

"

the

not

for

It

"

they

and

"

present

replied

Moslems,

made

said,

said,

Omar

But
"

sent

should

her

sent

whether

it

Some

property.

FAVOUR

return

doubted

whether

or

in

Empress

Omar

accepted,

TO

RESTORED

LID

the

and

lady;

"

HA

than

duration.

of

I."

XVIII

CHAPTER

Conquest

according

PALESTINE,

Pakstine"^
lies
due

the

that, again,

river,

called

was

is

is the

Hauj-an.

and

of

inroads

first

The

Palestine

with

the

the

on

been

had

course

pilgrim

of

base

The

of

route

at

Jabia,

Sea

of

Galilee

the
or

greater
the

of

of

Amru

Egypt

power

Jerusalem

were

commanding

part

of

army.

Ajnadein,

some

invaders

now

foolhardy

still

heavily

bun,

the

rear

general

in

the

distance

to

advancing
invited

Amru

The

from
to

Beisan
a

sea,

Ramlch,

taking
he

conference,

and

with

his

sought
in

the

Arta-

Jerusalem

remainder,
west,

proper,

the

Patrician

guarded

the

under

Palestine

Gaza,

garrisoned.

Fihl, the

rapidly

open

unbroken.

Palestine.
of

to

the

and

and

fell

the

forwarded,

be

battle

of

east

Damascus

In

Caesarea

Palestine,

With

could

sea.

campaign

the

to

province

the

Dead

Syrian

and

seen,

northward

the

Jordan,

Shorahbil.
and

was

the

Damascus

and

its

in

his

Tiberias,

again,

Damascus,
of

to

farther

have

their

land

either

Jordan

the

we

columns

roads,

siege of

the

Byzantine

at

to

part

arms

with

military

westward

after

Soon

whence

from

Still

as

to

the

by

were,

the

high

the

on

North

Jordan,

east

throughout

it to

of

Arabia,

day,

from

east

highway

present

town

great

north,

the

operations

was

by

the

along

that

watered

Jordati.

from

tract

boundary.

the

Arabs

Issuing

Hauran.

drawn

valley

the

to

invaded.

line

the

the
of

province

(Shdin),

northern

the

country,

is

Arabs,

sea.

be

the

Syria

north

Dead

the

A.D.

the

to

would

Carmel,

Mount
of

of

west

636

A.H.

15

Territorial

Palestine

of

to

check.

having

stand
hold
This

laid

Gr"r,]

A.D.

ambush

an

the way

on

by the wily

Arab

munications,

slay him,

to

before

; and

defeated

was

in

decisive

fierce and

bloody

slaughter,Artabun

that

as

of

15.

gattieof

which

Ajnadein.

ic*a"h'.
little,

Ajnadein
After

^36

was

a. d.

great
Amru

Jerusalem.
being now

on

A.H.

com-

know

we

Wacusa."

back

driven

was

battle

of

his

engagement,

details

45

outwitted

was

off from

long,cut

place at Ajnadein. Of
are
simply told that "the

and

]3ut he

the

took

"

CAPITULATES

JERUSALEM

his way
the battlefield,
clear
encamped on
he took
the precaution first to
the Holy city. But
to
his rear, still bristlingwith
secure
garrisons. One after
other
another, Gaza, Lydda, Joppa, and
places, fell
before
held

his

Jerusalem, full of
first directed

Amru

Moslems,

One

for peace.

sued

himself

memorable

hastened

brilliant

Patriarch

Arabia,

from

the

border

of

Arabia.

At

should

thus

attired

short

years

have

ye

thou

aside

said Omar,

out

is but

"

as

robes),

Avaunt

it been
he

Go

"

"

horse.

It

was

Terms
10

by
a

the

h.,

a.d.

deputation

"

he

were

soon

our

the

"

changed

the

it

"

armour."

forward."

"

"

So

of

the

settled,and

at

would
them.

this that

(and they
Enough,"

journeying

strange
Patriarch
the

is it

in two

ye

gravel

beneath

and,

cried,

camp

troop
of

^"

jabia^^

and

on

hundred,

two

from

Omar's

finery,Omar's

they replied;

appearance

It

him,

Master

me,

flung

behold

still displeased;

startled

a.

636

Caliph

stooped down,

meet

outside
"

their

to

Faithful
the

their

He

"

onwards, they alightedat Jabia. Shortly after,the

was

15

Syrian stuff,and gaily

all their

"

gravel,

come

of the

seest

drew

of

this ;

of

of

welcome

to

meet

him.

Verily,had

deserved

Commander

to

Jabia,

Obeida, Yezid,

North

sight

within

stirred
spiritwas
gathering a handful

Abu

in rich

forth

rode

they

for

first progress

the

of

limits

cavalcade, dressed

mounted,

"

The

journeying direct

out,

occasion,

Khalid

"

^^'

that Omar

made,

the Jerusalem

to

approach, g^do^

his

On

Egypt,

he

condition

set

once

the

"

into

sacred

Holy city,and there in person settle

capitulation. The Caliph,braving the objectionsof

beyond

"

alone

the

to

come

his court, at

"

associations

his steps.

his army

retired with

Artabun

was

Cajsarea

out.

Towards

the

and

Jerusalem, Ramleh,

arms,

of

Jerusalem,
treaty, duly

14^
A. II. 1"'.

witnessed,

thrown

earrietl

was

rcHeved, left their cam})

thus

Omar

Jabia.

the

below

Jordan

They

pranced

with

disliked

the motion.
who
and

v.-ith kindness

"

hath

the}' kissed

his

the

What

veneration,

the

first Kibla

the

Faithful

at

which

Mahomet

he

performed by night.
The

Jacob's pillow.

Farther

"

took

Mahomet

still traces
the

Omar

this

day,

Ali

rock,

"

and

of

the

laid

the

foundation

bears

sensible of the

metal

wire, worked
of

"

through a

his

shrine
which

Sacred

and

marked

the

the

steed

of faith

eye

imprinted

airy saddle.
of

as

be

to

winged

the

foot

mount

It

here

was

which,

Mosque

on

to

us

that when

Alahomet

stood

it, the

upon

happinessof bearing the holy burden, depresseditself,

received the printof his holy foot upon
the
wax,

This

part.

account

spot

the

soft like

upper

"

sacred

also

the

of

his name.^

Bey,-tiie traveller,tells

which

and

and

tradition

Prophet's

into

easy

Judaism
or

of the

flight;

upward

sprang

becoming

"

crest

Temj^le,"from
its

of

and

an

object

fondly fancy this

he

as

that

the

Moslems

outline

an

rock

At

he

same

heavenly journey

stony projection,which

or

spot in the

the

alightedon

the

shrines
an

Islam,

in prayer;

turn

said ;

Citizens

imposed

all the

cradle
of

he

and

Moslem

the

as

He

gait." So

granted

cities ;
of

"

Patriarch

the

to

which

again. Arrived

He

only

as

animal

horse

own

not

which

rock,

the

the

onward

ride on,

it this strange

his

was

journeyed

the

Syrian fashion.

aileth

possession

to

the

favoured

most

Jerusalem

but
Christianity,

after

mands,
respectivecom-

palfrey to

condescension.

and

confirmed

intense

him

received

tribute, and

"

at

their

Tiberias, and

upon

to

"

themselves

Shorahbil, crossed

and

taught

rode

as
privileges

churches.

of
gave

Jerusalem,Omar

of

tliem

were

Shorahbil

and

presented

meet

Amru

jinglingbells

not

dismounted

is

Kamleh,

Aniru

generals to

Lake

the

Jerusalem,

I know

other

Caliph, with

the

at

to

of

he, dismounting, affectionatelyembraced

Dismissing

"

and

tlieir Master;

to

both.

them

to

forth

rode

stirrup,while
Aniljeiu-

back

envo)'s

invading force.

the

to

open

b)' the

gates of Jerusalem, and

the

whereupon
I

|('ii\r.
\\\\\.

O.'^fAR

the

printis now

in such

darkness

hole made

on

covered

that the

manner

within, but it
purpose.

with

The

may

be

large sort of

print cannot
touched

cage

be
with

of

seen

the

believers,after having touched

gilt
on

hand
the

r,3(!]

A.T).

OMAR

Mahometan
this

tradition

memorable

Omar

VISITS

their

At

history.

the

his

Resurrection, where
pray

where

that

either

there,

carpet

had

if he

church

did

for

been

ever

as

offered

with

the

the

well

as

the

"

of which

carried His

visited

Bethlehem

had

Nativity,left
him

in

The

church

the
one

stipulation

eventually

was

pious
of

than

more

time.

and

rescript

the

on

the

once

possession
not

site of the

erected

of Constantine.

by passing the

Kibla

of Mahomet

In the second
to

prayer

The

year

hand

the

over

the

meet

gives its
from

after

face and

57 feet

shape of
to

name

long and
doubt

no

the

Dome

"

Stone,"

opinionof

an

on

of

This

the

Church

"

as

the

architecture

The

Mosque

referred
a

to

117.)

p.

of Mount

corner

built

in the

Zion.

polygonal,
text, which

feet
heightof six or seven
to
according others,

is

Byzantine,and Greek builders

if anyis probably little,
thing,

There

in the present Haram.

Omars

Mosque, might

architect who

has studied

Omar

Holy Sepulchre,and
of Omar."

{Lifeof Mahoinet,

not

Bey, 33 feet in diameter, or,

reallythe place where

of the

since, the Kaaba, and

ever

rock rises to

monly called the Mosque of Omar, built

is not

suddenly instructed while

was

Stone," has been

rock

or

tradistinction
Temple," in conthe
Jerusalem was
from Mecca.
flight

Farther

the south-east

in its construction.

remains

[Further inquiryinto

and

Mecca,

"

the Dome.

engaged

he

environs

the

Temple,

of his

the time

to

of the Moslems.

inclosure

or

43 wide.

of Christian

is the

towards

is the sacred

Sakhra,

(The

settling Medina,

the Kibla

"

Praise be to Him,

i.e. the Kaaba.)

at

base,according to AH

were

al

Temple,"

his followers,up

"

Coran

F.'VRTHER

Stira, xvii.

Nearer

instead

turn

Harain

KiMet

"

and

Jerusalem, has been

The

blessed."

the

the

by night to

servant

have

we

to

"

possession of
prayer

at

declined

Constantine

Moslem

Mosque

he

the

him, saying kindly

take

{Travels of AH Bey, vol. ii. p. 220.)

heavenlyjourney is thus referred to in the

who

"

enter

of

beard."

"

"

for

that

themselves
print,proceed to sanctify

The

to

of

accompanied

ever

on

church

of the

condition

should

there, as

at

the

into the visit.

bade

church
But

Christians

disregarded, and

was

"

church

Patriarch

be.

would

also

Patriarch, who

Mussulman

the

tradition

regarding

the

to

spread

Omar

in the

building, with

in

A. 11. ir..

christian

city,visited the

place where

errand, securing

"

been

up.

having prayed

in

or

that

say

graciouslyinquired

chanced

his followers

so

the

over

orisons

they

respecting

writers

appointed hour, the

the

Caliph perform

to

Patriarch

places of Pilgrimage, and

various

detail

Christian

But

the

147

further

gives no

visit.

accompanied

JERUSALEM

went

on

to

it is

3rd. Ed.]

of interest.

be

the

question:

the

"

The

-"What

site of Solomon's

pray.
misnomer

real

The
to

following
is

spot is near

speak of

com-

Temple,
the

the
Aksa

l.jS

(iinu^
to

roiiiins

to
'

in
his .sta)-

prolong

he

which

for

truth

the

Whatever

A. 11. i.'i.

[("HAT.

OAfA/^

the

came,

only

into two

other

the

Jerusalem, and

these

trathtions,C)in;ir tUd

Having .settled the

Jerusalem.

Palestine

divide

in

other

he

duty

provinces;

not

matter

performed was
attached

he

one

Ramleh.

to

XVIII.

llien

lie

to

returned

jlI b\'

the
Thus

Causes

dom.
of

within

Byzantine

facilitated

the

conquest.

the

each

humiliation
bitter

by

of active

instances

the

to

the

haughty

was

of

hordes

they

The
'"

as

in

decrepitude

were

Arabian

Arabs

The

Though

did

and

oil-olive

country
land

and

attractions

with

with
came

the

and

They
climate

still the

Arabian

Syria

as

than

garb

the

northern
which

teaching
abroad
such

Bussorah

and

less

offered

fewer

sandy plains

and

and

congenial.
of
fig-trees,

and

shores

no

here

also

hot

shock

dominant.

and

of tamarisk

conquerors

Roman

the

nations

as

were

there

repelthe

founded

Syrian

which

themselves

spread

not

sense

But

while

of water, of vines

their familiar
to

distinct

race

intolerant

faith and

was

tians
Chris-

licence

the

militarysettlements

of brooks

honey,
to

And

gone.

Chaldaea.

in

as

towns

Kufa.

of Irac

the

to

still

wanting

and

even

of

no

rejoiced

not

are

been

vigour needed

and

exclusive

conquerors

Syria

Arabs

the

"

had

Loyalty

all alike.

to

onset

have

by Jews

have

may

conceded

cause,

the

kept

there

rendered

There

invasion

overran,

the

rival sects

neighbour.

gradually amalgamated

of Islam
Arabs

assistance

virtue

barbarian

its

and
jealousies,

conquerors

The

empire.

of

of

living had

they

equal,though contemptuous,

deeper

and
religiousstrife,

enemy.

of relief in the

Still worse,

doubt

element

an

resist

to

its

The

no

patrioticvigour might

lost in

smothered

unable

invaders.

survived, was
the

Arabs
also

was

of

inroad.

population ; luxurious

What

fight.

in

There

resistance

naval, and

the

to

border

Christen-

feeble

the

sudden

Bedouins

settled

fanatic

and
to

this

to

the

to

lost to

years,
at

effeminate, and

race

north

military and

power,

Syrian

the

farthest

wonder

the

heart

Syria

with

affinityof

in

Medina.

to

of three

space

strongholds,

of wild

settle in

the

renowned

made

The

the

reflects

weakness

again

Syria,from

One

the

back

came

was

'^^ Egypt,
conques\"of

Syria.

he

way

and
as

date.

The

conquerors

A.

II.

1:..

solemn

other

and

rivalry

'so-called

it

dynasties,

the
held

its

in
the

but

through

to

the

see

just
more

various
the
of

tenacity
and

light

of

ages

the

remains

rare

scanty

weary

the

under

name,

in

was

with

and

least

with

still survives

and

lands

admire

must

Such

enforced

from

decti,

or

infringing

and

still,at

which,

ground

faith.

royal

different

One

Faith,

subject

the

Gradually

and

was,

abstain

must

s}'mbol, word,

Christians,
in

Islam.

of

law

of

and

Jews

outward

Omar.

of

stringency

less

or

Code

of

rights

b}'

derogation

or

short, they

in

seasons;

whether

evcrj'tliing,

|('ii.\i'.
will.

OMAR

50

insult

pression,
de-

and

of

dawning

hope,

brighter

day.
East

cut

I have

off

of

ment

Wesi.

limb

respect

it

Greeks

dismantled

and
this

tract

And

so

and

is

fro.

For

by
the
Silence

of

SSlistr

"

The

from

by
pen
write

and

commerce,

sea;

but
the

The

earth,
the

time

of

its

Byzantine
the

the

of

story

of

Zion,

foot,

and

worshippers.
in

annalist

Christian
sad

under

the

cowardice

few

short

refused,
and

as

shame.

mercial,
com-

Pilgrimage,

could

be

tained
main-

land,

by
West.

stood

Christianity,

devoted

writers

from

desolation

of

and

communication

severed

was

trodden

was

of

respect

West,

travel

against

closed.

the

hostile

withdrawn.

barrier

generations

the

within

fortresses

inhabitants
a

from

in

cradle

sight

the
of

for

was

of

border

and

one

safety,

own

social, religious,

purposes,

abomination

place."

whole

all

the

towns

the

In

empire.
their

on

became

zone

road

for

East
"

The
and

razed,

neutral

true,

belt

dismember-

the

as

For

more.

Syria.

the

Syria

Byzantine

broad

were

of

the

something

was

the
it

loss

the

from

barbarous

now

to

of

spoken

the

in
the

cut

all

And

well

of

joy

utterly

lines

Holy

it

the

off

is told

while

might,

the
to

XIX

CHAPTER

Rising

the

sixth

made

was

of

year
the

by

Omar's

Greeks,

at

of

The

tribes

Emperor

to

into

control

the

the

still

rule.

The

Byzantine
untouched.

proof

kept

was

might

at

of

in

the

hordes

Abu

around

Obeida

too

disposal,
Medina.

he

in

strong
sent

relief

of

Hims

Mesopotamia.

and

outlying
be

to

Omar

likewise

Meanwhile

Rufa
to

the

effect
Greeks

promised
efforts

by

7\lex-

finding

force

his

diversion

to

despatch

Cacaa

had

at

assistance
to

under

in

threatened,
But

the

Sad

fleet

gathered

for

summons

ordered

that

from

garrisons.

by

yet

seacoast

their

seriously

dispersed

from

column

strong

his

urgent

an

Thereupon

once

Thus

or

was

now

Bedouins

the

remained

hope,

directed

ij'e'^iou''

Persian

whole

the

was

the

Hims.

called

enemy

while

the

second

to

of

West

Emperor

expedition

Antioch,

the

the

the

little

many

supports

by

or

The

Mesopotamia
An

of

and

fear,

appear.

sea.

against

great

the

and
to

Greeks

had

had

garrisons
;

the

adversary's

Mesopotamia

naval

attack

by

time

any

dwellers

andria

the

unsettled

of

the

support

its

from

besought

under

power

with

landward

against

for

maritime

Ca^sarea

who

Bedouins

looked

yoke

appeal

an

their

yet

wandering

tribes

to

falling

Sad,

Moslem

Syria.

strongholds
of

hands

over

Christian

way

the

the

Mesopotamia,
from

them

save

off

Northern

Upper

Although

sway.

the

of

shake

attributed

is

movement

Christian

fallen

of

in

^o";''^^"

without

not

Rising

oyna.

to

success,

possession

recover

moment

one

effort

desperate

'

prospect

and

A.D.

Cah'phate,

"'

some

Syria

638

A.H.

17

In

Northern

in

for
in

landed

at

the

Upper
from

rising,
638

a.d.

A. II. 17,

threw

.ships. Antioch

their

full revolt.

giving battle,but
the

with

retired

Hims

to

the

the second

Their
the

Obeida

with

the

had

prolonged absence
Bedouins

from

his

flisjht. the

who

enemy,

"

reward

"

and

"

So

in the

A.D.

march

speedy

to

It

the

was

invader

homes,

had

off. The

also the

followed
of

"

Emperor's
issued
routed
arrival

the

before

returned

Omar

mended
speciallycom-

He

Lord

The

"

:
"

ready gathering
their beleaguered

for their
of

succour

up

by

under

north.

frontier

Armenia

to

Mesopotamia

reducing

that

province

this,the

to

faith,

infant

in Asia

one

or

did

Khalid

other

brief

strong

recaptured, and

the

name

disdain

not

in the

of terror
and

and

Minor;

to

tine
Byzan-

places

part

on

of

even

overrun.

of

Most

Islam.

lyadh

taken

plainly not
in

with

even

Nisibin, Roha,
were

of

now

was

giant strength,began to stretch

in Mesopotamia
was
Success

campaign
whom

the

to

attempted

content

of its

begins to figureas
record.

the

diversion

Not

expel

Constantinople
yoke

opposite effect

conscious

lyadh,

serve,

lyadh.

the

Syria,whose

itself still farther

Beni

Sad,

that,

so

Obeida

column

Kufa

effort of

last

from

becoming

Christian

to

alarmed

had

the

scene.

engagement

result.

the

he wrote

its farthest limits.

tribes.

march

the

north

distant

severe

the

at

alacrityof

them,"

potamia,
be shaken
63S

for

]^ut while
over

already totallydispersed.

Meso-

A. II.

did

grave

brethren."

Campaign
in Northern

enemies,

northwards.

fled in confusion, and

were

the

cope

Greeks,

by

Kufa.

already come

after

Medina, delighted

to

for

to

and

in

for the

and
fortress,

of Cacaa

17

reinforcements

journey,a change

puts enemy
to

weak

safetyof their desert

returning south, they began to forsake
his opportunity, Abu
cause.
Seeing now

Abu

was

time, he journeyed to Jabia,intending to

in person
his

in

that, c^uittingMedina
regard the crisis,

himself

Omar

there, hemmed

advancing from

succour

were

Khalid

called.

was

war

; ;in(l

north,

forces of the Bedouins

and

in the

to\vn.s

Obeida, feelingtoo

.\bu

combined

now

awaited

of

council

ijate.sto them

her

open

other

Kiniiisrin,Aleppo, and

on

[C

OMAR

152

the

tribes

in

Mesopotamia

exceptions, and
singular. They migrated to

There
is

Bedouin
were

the
the

embraced

story of

north, and

Beni
found

63S]

A.D.

in

asylum

an

their
a

FALL

in his

side,demanded

The

Emperor, unwilling
with

complied
tale of the

Omar

in

"

the

Arabian
but

none

removed

his

paid, that

Islam,
in the
the

Christian

tax, if
taken
the

They

"

only

it

; and

Beni

privilegeof being assessed

of

instead
The

last

fell in the

long

fifth year

before

it.

But, being

landward

ments

efforts

; and

strong

although

reinforcements
for several
were

from

driven

the

treacheryof

the

citywas

Four

back
a

by

thousand

storm

which

The

Jew beU-ayedihe

ihcyeffecled

an

town

entrance.

of

the

to

sent

was

be

his

on

should
bracing
em-

educated

in

its

pride

deputation

to

pay
as

the
that

double

Ca,'sarea.

was

Amru
and

sea,

his brother

equal constancy:
and

sex

there

It
sat

Fall

of

^^'^^^J

battle- 638

a.d.

his
with

prolonged
by

the

rison,
gar-

but in the end,

point in

with

the

Muavia

siege was

weak

had

it resisted

made
persistentl}'

TitJic"

subjugation.

manned,
the

prisonersof either
the royal booty to Medina, and
^

"

at a

Caliphate.
well

revealed

Jew

carried

with

the

from

name

same

Syria

in

Damascus,
Sallies

years.

tribute

not

badge

open

Yezid

wrote,

of Omar
allowed
liberality
Taghlib enjoyed the singular

out

and

he

hindered

the

Omar's

of

be

Christians

as

hold

place to

usual

ip pay

ancient

enjoined

was

should

obnoxious

the

paying

it

race,

Welid

indignity,sent

The

the

remain."

the

under

Moslems.

,f^^'/

to

within

willing,they said,

were

Beni

places, that

Holy

tribe, deeming

an

levied

were

the

concession

The

"tribute"

Caliph :
from

that

their

only

It is

; and

children

that

is the

them,"

the

should

faith.

of

payment
the

to

and

protection.

submission

Leave

is to

command

member

no

of

pain

remarkable

abjure

to

"

are

stipulateonly

to

remain

of this famous

Gospel.

tribe

Moslem

from

successor

be

adhesion

peninsula, where

i^

allowed

"

the

A.ll.

ill-treatment,

to

tendered

rigour

some

professionof

"

at

displeased;

was

his

these

Equally

for the

with

should

extradition, on

expose

They

nettled

Omar,

living under

demand.

solicitous

them

pressed

to

Taghlib.
fc*

Beni

VVelid,who,
faith.

the

their

tribes

Christian

53

fearing lest they

disappearance, and

thorn

C.FSAREA

Byzantine territory. But

expelling all

"

OF

the defences;

prodigious carnage.

were

despatched

sold into

with

slavery.^

lliix)u_i4li
by showing llie Arabs an ac^ueducl,
mixed ; 70,000 Greeks :
The population
was

I'hc

A. 11. 17.

his

to

Khalitl

iiiitortuiiatc

I Ic

KhaikT pleasure.
i.rought

of

scat

back

came

thousand

had

indulged

bath,

was

the
the

own

from
addressed

his

courier

charged

out.

Khalid

taken

off;

arraigned
Abu

Arraigned

Khalid

from

Khalid

came?
no

silent.
30,000

lands
of

an

warrior

he

reply.

Pressed

Obeida
;

Multitudes

of

and

gentle

birth

upon,

reserved

them,

to

be

for

worse

now

his

men

and

Amongst
to

courier

put

menial

remained

painful pause

sad fate that of the captives.

pined miserably in strange

women,

these

must

office ;

"

No

or

their

have

been

if young
masters

that Al

wars.

women

many

and

fair

became
in his

Kindy
inveighs,with scathingdenunciation, againstthe proceedingsof
w^ondcr

the

charge,

unexpected

was

in

Ashath

to

friends,still he

It

in

Caliph's

the

given

the

to

pulpit, placed

the

in

fate, liable,when

sold into other hands.

in these earlv

that

assembly

embarrassed,

(?)Jews.

200,000

Greeks,

degraded

by

and

summoned

he

so

an

money
at

himself

hopeless servitude.

the

the

confounded

Samaritans

in

Then

Khalid,
.Abu

And

and, standing
whence

From

helmet

his

his victories

for

proclaimed

midst.

truth.

law.

was

of

head-kerchief;

beholden

was

posed
de-

fullycarried

publicly;

the

be

hands

was

his

army

culpable

ungracious task, seeing

word

Hims,

"

declare

to

in

rescriptwas

the

command

with

the

to

by

swore
for-

graver

deserved

sent

accused

bound

had

in their

question

be

to

Kinnisrin,

of

the

was

terms

even

now

guilty of

he

the

wine,

Khalid

was

his

About

of

use

wine,

about

booty of

such

and

that

see

Omar's

But

Mosque

Obeida,

was

Obeida

Syria.

made

In

hands

he

the degraded
satiorTbe^-'^
fore Abu

command.

was

his

away,

Khalid

with

clung

offence

he

it was,

to

the

giftwas

Whichever

Abu

to

other

the

give

to

extravagance.

so

Either

Caliph'seyes.

the

Amida,

at

thing, and

The

indulgence.

Ashath

princely largessof

still

question ;

no

was

arraigned.

was

forbidden

or, if Khalid's

he

old

mingled

forth

came

charges
be

them

bath

north

many

bounty,

Again,

of

dis-

greatly enriched

the

gave

luxury

could

there

second,
a

both

On

person.

in the

Amongst
he

he

campaign

of his

hopes

him.

as

Omar's

Kinnisrin

at

In

the

in

whereof

odour

the

pieces of gold.

one

the

from

whom

chieftain,to

Kinda

incunctl

again

government

with the spoilsof war.

i7-iS.\.ii.
638-9 A.i". f,-icnds flocked around

in

[Chai'. m\.

OMAR

54

to

look

tired of

Apology

the Moslems

G38]

A.D.

KHALID

ensued.

At

last

DIES

IN

Bilal,privileged as

Prophet, stepped forth, and

TJius

and

thus

hath

and

it is incuvibcnt

the

kerchief

whom

to

Islam

Khalid

At

helmet
and

thee

"

head,

honour

him

as

of what

who

one

had

of

seat

the

his

to

ingratitude of

him

in

times

of

through his aid,

Sovereign power.
Khalid

broke

the

and

he

had

bitter

in

out

in

thou

"

thou

owest

much.

appeal

body

of

Faithful."

"Whence

"

hast

treated

the

Omar's

was

day by day
made
"

answer

Lord

"

as

in

hath
thine

"

pieces, hath

"

thou

wilt."

despitefullya

only

till at

"

given

me

the

been

in

his effects

were

the

great

not

Caliph's
I

"

:
"

faithful

Sum-

to

M""iinV"

of

the

whom
whole

money?"

charge,

Khalid

spoil which
Bekr,

findest

valued, and

the

in

as

the
well

60,000

over

take

it if

estimate

difference.

General

that

repeated

was

Abu

his

presence,

to

that

the

the

of

the

to

use

when,

swear

servant

thee

of

to

summit

thy Caliphate ;

still affected

hold

the

but

confiscated

to

Hims,

at

aside

question

reaching80,000, Omar
to

Prompt

him

the

thou

gained

Obeida's

scrupled

cast

days

Whatever

own.

So

in

kindly

informed

and

came

naught

not

people, complained

last, galled by

I have

had

Abu

there

from

The

answer.

disgrace,

Omar,

reproach

"

the

Abu

first returned

reaclied

Arrived

But

still spoke

for

who

but
difficulty,

honour

Obeida

but

both

Caliph,

did

Medina.

to

and

friends

before,

as

we

by

heart, Khalid

at

as

own."

my

captains."
Abu

Khalid

Government;

bidding adieu

as

allowance

summoned
sore

was

confidence.

his

stood

kerchief

still,
even

made

passed,

and
delicacy,
obey, though

the

deposition;

had

hands

warrior,

great

Khalid, stunned

his

proclaim

to

his

hands, and, replacing the

bewildered.

and

The

money

chiefest

our

cried,

repeated the question,

The

round
thee

of

speechless

the heart

wound

17.

unwound

its conquests,
Bilal

his

silent ; and

was

stood

his

unbound

before, one

Obeida

to

greatly owed

A.ll.

Faith/id said,

saying, he

so

off.

congregation.

We

"

helmet

of the

voice

the

of

55

'

Khalid, bound

"

his

said,

of

length replied,

at

on

head

Muedzzin

stentorian

obey ;

to

his

so

Bilal

once

the

with

the

Coniinauder

us

took

felon before the

and

the
on

from

therewith, and

DISGRACE

honour

But

he
and

A.

11.

56

deposed,

iiis

he

because
block

their

put

So

l^iesin

the

of

an

all

hatl

of

arm

tyranny
to

remove

people,

wlio

flesh,

various

Khalid

deposed

of

the

the

to

from
but

fraud,

or

stumblintj^-

tempted

were

of

instead

M.\.

to

akjne

looking

victory,

the

closed

he

needful

of

way
in

trust

Giver

the

to

of

out

it

deemed

re.script

because

not

government,

sent

that

annoiinciiiL;"

jM-oxinces,

.^^^j

he

.\ccorclii\L^ly,

i-oi;arcI.

17.

[CiiAr.

OMAR

of

career

Klialitl.

first

The

beginning

'

ne"lect'^ o^
21

642

A.

II.
A.

Omar's

alienation

followed

by

of

acts

affair

the

was

in

tyranny

of

Malik

Chald;ea

ibn

Noweira,

which

grated

on

P.

his

both

"was

retired
of

life

when

in

the

fled

of

the

die

its

even

last
of

Islam

days

this

penury

died.

to

the
and

In

dieth,
end

of

neglect.

is

his

"And

or

as

the

illustrates

Khalid

hero

victory

and

gathered

from

said
in

manner

be

which

the

he
lost

have

to

eighth

illness

body,

he

camel

who

glory,

year

kept

marks
he

now,"

forcibly

The

victory

His

last
his

"Sword

away.

may

after,

covered

fame..
crest

he

now

when

Plague,

prowess.

H^s^
world's

the

Soon

coward

breath."

aloft
in

the

survive.

desert,

sons.

he

and

prosperity,

in

the

unflinching
as

of

tide

which

scars

and

bravery

"

forty

need,

long

not

to

used

ungratefully

that

caliphate,

showing

family

than

Omar's

full

the

same

did

notice

his

fewer

no

and
the

brief

with

the

cast

llims,

to

from

"

he

had

had

acts

conduct

He

unjust.

he

these

tliereforehts

and

as

But

justice.

and

long

so

gained,

was

condoned

ungenerous
"

God

of

and

clemency

been

since

long

"

of

sense

of

said,

breatheth
the
had

ended

bility
instaborne
his

A. 11. 11

5^"^
the

;is

altered

an(lje\\" numbers,
t'^c

Kheibar.

Jews

lightenedfrom
Kheibar, a

of

were
adiiiil,
mi_L;iU

circunistances

Rulers;

successive

by

'_

|("ii.\r.
xx.

OMAR

of .Medina, met

and
time

tribute,with
time.

to

rich vale

similar

the

two

fate.

with

sufferance

of

claim

days north
not

was

they had

been

of half the

rent

after,

years

three

or

Their

strong; for,conquered by Mahomet,

their fields at

Some

respected
decreasing

so

left on

produce.

this

partial right, tliey received a nionc}'

sent
to Syria. Various
payment, and were
pretexts
away
But underlying
are
urged for the expatriationin either case.
the
is the dogma, founded
on
supposed dying
In Arabia
behest of Mahomet,
there shall be no faith
but the faithof Islam.
The recruiting
field of Islam must
be sacred ground.^
The Arabian
nation was
the champion of Islam ; and
^"
fightits battles every Arab was
jealouslyreserved.
He
be soldier,and
must
nothing else. He might not
In

lieu

"

Arabs

spoUof
war

and

revenues

of

'
,

conquered settle down

lands.

while

for

any conquered

merchandise

Neither

Arabs

fat

the

on

subject peoples served

four

fifths

of

them.

distributed

were

lands

other

or

offered little leisure.

lived

as

labour, a
there

was

of

"

the

soil ;

warlike

life

owner

any

The

need.

conquered provinces, and

Of booty taken
in war,
the

to

the

the
on
army
the State ; and

field,

even
remaining Fifth reserved for
that, after public obligationswere
discharged,shared
the Arabian
people. In the reign of Abu Bekr
among
this was
But under
the spoilof
Omar
a
simple matter.
volume, poured into
Syriaand of Persia,in ever-increasing

the treasury of

Medina, where
What

received.

it

was

distributed

almost

as

in small

beginnings,
became
now
by equal sharing or discretionarypreference,
And
there arose,
of
a
also, new
sources
heavy task.
in the land assessment
and poll-tax
of conquered
revenue
countries,the surplusof which, after defrayingcivil and
equally with spoil of war,
militarycharges, became
patrimony of the Arab nation.
At length,in the second or third year of his Caliphate,
Omar determined
that the distribution should be regulated
soon

as

was

easy

Lifeof Mahomet,

p. 475.

mi

A.D.

035-0]

on

ARABS

fixed

their

as

be

to

was

Faithful

TION

this

three

end

points

The
took

Faithful,"
"

of

hundred
the.

and

had

Bedr

in

also

took

their

the

in
of

sons

the

"

500.

And

the

latest

for

and

the

tenth

children

had

each

with

allowance

an

Arab

slaves

Bedr,"

Thus

Tew

their

The

whole

Arab

one

only

what

and
Ayesha

some

was

as

allotted

say she declined

rated

at

those

of

Ibid.

pp.

346,

402.

grant

pieces

forgotten.

Wives, widows,
and
be

entered
Even

its age.

blood

the

in

remained

in

he
2000

it.

the

are

Mahomet

at

spake placed
"for

Mahomet's
of

had

the
two

the

other

5000

the

widows

each.

all
are

Farewell

Prophet
were

lower

rule.

Ye

"

slave-concubines

^'^j^^^^

militant

fingers

two

love

the

rights of

same.

the

very

All other

chiefs ; caste.

the

theory, the

In

extra,

blood.

child,of

the

But

stringency of

and

soever

said

Arab

the

woman

blood

its worth.

distinguished Persian

proves

only at 6000 ; but at the desire

The grandsons
equalitywith them.
Life of Mahomet,
p. 226.
-

as

Yermuk,

200

title to

the

rated

subsidised.

was

of

of

of

were

brotherhood,"

"

to

nation, man,

Believers

there

mention

race,

to

stipend ;
a

such

extra

households

had

who

Chaldsea,

the

downwards

proper

any

was

confined

exceptions

but

an

share.

those

; and

2000

pieces,risingwith
as

and

received

the

Three

those

portion.

soul

every

had

tion.

of
on

4000;

3000

and

man's

to

Syria

rule

Hodeibia

at

Cadesiya

infant

of ten

their

privilegewas

of

their

(so long

slavery)had

of

were

of

new-born

register,
every

had

battles

Nor

had

Women

claim

^"^w

the

allowance

presence

Rebellion

distinction

levies.

all

Islam,

of

famous

they graduated

so

annual

''"

military

affinity.The

gdiwe

of

and

kinsmen

Tree^

A. 1 1. 14-

priorityof

"

his

each;^

men

of

Warriors

"

an

5000

great

of

Mothers

"

also

the

precedence

Prophet,

with

the field after the actions

1000.

but

the

considered

so

quelling the

fought

and

had

Pledge of

engaged

of

and

corresponding with

rules of

Mahomet,

precedence

of

groundwork

the

of

pieces each;^

iO,ooo
scale

widows

income

59

heretofore,amongst

upon

were

to

The

theocratic

conversion, relationship
service.

SOLDIERS

divided, as

heritage,but

the militaryand
befitting
P^or

OF

systematic scale.

and

Commonwealth
the

NA

grimage;
pilof

one

bare

were

her,"
at

placed on

first
an

l6o

liaiul

A. 11. M
^'''

(('ii\r.
\\.

OMAK

the

upon

other,

ruh'nijin Islam.'
limited

alien
and

race
no

but

was

in

But

Arab

the

to

enforce

to

dole

of

point
of food

absolute

e(iuaht)-

fact,the equality was

The

nation.
a

the

right of

brother

any

of

sufficient for subsistence,

more.

them
the whole
people dividing amongst
revenues,
of
the
the
basis
of
and
State, on
an
.'ums"\r:ih
"'^poil, conquests
equal
jealousies,brotherhood, is a spectacleprobably without
parallelin
()niar"s

the

The

world.

of

tribal

of

the

Mecca,

"

We

know

of

"

and

less

than

"

but

further

Mecca

and

sprang

up

branches

of

in

The

^^
ofthe'^los-

^^^

stipend

the

for

the

existence

blue

blood

aristocracy
the

Faith

employment
Caliphate.
pampered,

by

factious

of

the

of

men

jealousies

that

(the Prophet's

Omeyyads

other

and

jealousieswhich

"

Caliphate ; but
for

now

test

as

and

time

the

allayed by
of

ground

cedence.
pre-

universallyrecognised

was

Moslem

world.

Rank

for

rewards

even

and

special

by inheritance.

Implied
continuing obligationto fight

the

genius

for

the

composed
and

the

"

which,

the

it martial

nation

two

were

of

Arabia

perpetuated

reason

ened
threat-

of

was

the

other;

field,descended

inheritance

not

larger proportions,and

were

assigned,

now

no

or

so,"

rivalrybetween

Hashim

the

the

on

acknowledged

an

of

and

into

said

Not

"

There

Companions

house

by Omar,

check

them.

and, second,

Coreish

highest :

by priorityof faith,and

"

hand,

one

the

gallantry in
this

the

the

the

take."

danger: first,the

but

not

satisfied

and

very

assuming

in

of

till after

Prophet

well,"they replied;and

It is

chiefs

proud

ourselves," they

will
it

was

susceptibilities

The

the

than

we

give

by developed

and

the

world,

I
"

between
on

the

nobler

Medina

kinsman)

held

allowance

"

tribes

Bedouin

by

any

conversion

the

reconciled.

refused

have

sources

could

way

join

other

would

this

early

not

birth."

for noble

of

did

none

Omar;

answered

been

who

Coreish,

also

other

no

rivalryhave

fall of

the

lem

In

conceived.

well

Arabs

distinction

was

maintained,

standing

thus

of ennobled

turbulent, formed

Lifeof Mahomet,

army

p. 45S.

too

of

and
the

soldiery,
often

(535-(;]

A.D.

TRIBAL

theless, it

of

the

of

stay

the

multiplied

Arab

class

the

land.

lower

court

task
zeal
as

Faith

and

their

half

To

from

the

employed

in

for

enough

and

and

form.

clan

whose

the

of

of

thousands
forth

but

ranks,

upper

to

task, however,

the

lineage
we

in clans, the

soul

Every

the

artificial,
genealogies and

before

Islam,
as
itself,

entered

was

it claimed.

owe

well

and

as

And

was

be

kept Registerof

was

stipend
^
race

was

'^"

families

for

which

multiplying

of

the

strictly

tribe

fought

Brigades being
Register
under
to

the

this

tribal traditions

assumed
tribe

tive
exhausto

some

of Arabia

office for its mainten-

to

stipend,

Peninsula, and
were

."^''^^'

entitled

easy
task

elaborate, and

the

home

Arab

simplifiedby
Men

be,

to

This

ordinary

was

turies
cen-

to

herculean

from

war

extent

Roll

to

whole

Islam.

of

interests

classification

The

two

to

notice.

Register

words, of the

other

territorially
arranged
same

mainly

city,their

child, entitled

disposition of the forces.

the
several
together; and
Corps
the

the Arabs

continued

moment's

tribal

thus

new-born

callingit

which, by free indulgence in polygamy,

The

the

owing

the

not

design, a

vast

and

in

"

kept streaming
rapidly.

Arabians

activityfor

whose

people

tribe,

or

'

the

hundreds

the

^r-

nothing

to

Thus

and

was,

expedition at
this

full

in

of

Islam,

chief

was,

'

State

embraced

after

arms,

Nation

woman

man,

"^

Rulers

Arab

Even

to

the

militant,for the sacred

nation

Islam.

"

out

carry

every

the

as

the camp,

for warlike

some

with

and

aspire

protection.

The

mobilised

could

of

devoted

business, arms

ready
of

"

foresight,maintained

army

Nobles

they

was

they formed

went

if

The

mother)

evaporated, the chivalry of

had

wholly

race

Omar's

an

apart,

propagating

of the

and

patronage

of

the

"

they

Clients

as

themselves

set

caste
"

higher than,
to

Arabs

dominant,

harems

mingle

to

14''"

of

secret

Crowded

the

A.ir.

never-

rapidity.

never

as

Subject peoples,even

of

were

and

apart

Islam, the

(whatever

sire

Wherever

races.

of

marvellous

kept sedulously distinct,so

conquered

intrigue. But,

Caliphate.

with

race

the

and

real backbone

the

was

conquest, the

progeny

of sedition

element

dangerous

l6l

REGISTER

l62

A. II. 11-

or

Tlic

for

ami

anco

ir..

pensionary accoinit,

The
I*!xche([iier.

swollen

first

charge

the

assumed

of Islam

thus

were

emptied

the

to

the

exodus.

but

give

the

the

Arabia,
harems

multiplied

married

only

the

before

that

Arabia

long

were

Civil

Provincial
adminis-

Chald^a,
tration.
in hand.
and

in

also

continuing

country
in

"

Kufa

At

assistant

of record

and

the

to

proper,

great

And

further

drain

the

numbered

Jew,

rank

Christian,

or

multiplied.

Arabia
err

if

meet

to

assume

we

the

beyond

million, and

limits
before

perhaps quadrupled.
followed

network

of

close
canals

long-neglected embankments

Euphrates were

of

father,whether

upon

to

although

nation

Arabs
half

free

in virtue

greatly

not

besides

sex,

And

Book."

the

so

rule,

as

conquered lands,

Arab

every

crowded

-girls,were
of

of the

the

other

free,Moslem,

death

administration

slave

may

from

progress

ladies,

precedence

of
or

doubled, and

in

the

women

took

shall

we

Omar's

The

Arab

legitimacy.

war,

the

race.

of

Dewan

Bussorah

which

by

the

slave

exodus

; but

the

on

and

strides

children

were

Kufa

vast

People

"

blood

equal

of

with

with

Arab

mother

the

Arab

system

enrolled

husbands

or

Looking

of

Arab

birth, the

were

the

converts

of

and

rapid

marriage

whether
wives

the

concubinage

contract

various

accustomed

an

treasury

by Persians.

Arabic

number

of the

and

unlimited

received

the

of

were

Hajjaj,when,

population

idea

some

us

revenues

as

of

soon

surplus

seeing the
natives

by

; the

entire

accounts

they

art, the

told

not

are

Omar,

The

of

time

the

which

almost

in

Chalda^a

in

The

soon

tithes.

and

introduced.

was

We

Vastness

and

till the

learned

notation

as

jugated
sub-

tration
Civil adminis-

form

Nation.

which

to

Syria by Greeks,
having

the

first kept

the

character

this lasted

of

special pride

at

income

an

war,

and

permanent

last dirhem.

provinces were

spoilof

Revenue

expended

took

Omar

and

and

support

time

Militaryrequirements,

sustained

this

by

Dctvan

conquered cities,poll-tax of
for the

for

callctl the

was

assessments,

was

next

for the

was

of Arab

of

peoples,land
The

had

State

tribute

by

of Oniai.

in

[CllAI-

O.U.l/C

placed

under

on
was

conquest.

early
of the

specialofficers.

In
taken

Tigris
Syria

G35-r,]

A.D.

and

Irac

field

measured

were

established

on

the

great landholders

the

previous Dynasty,
of

collection
the

field,a

the

of

Kufa

at

corps

the

centres.

Reserves

The

of

measures

cost

these

for

provinces, ready

eight such

for

under

formed

head-

there

also set

first

the

in Reserves

emergency.

lances, and

forage were

and

armies

at

14'^'

of

agency

the

to

maintained

4000

A.ll.

of order

addition

cavalry was

numbered

assessment

advantage of, as

maintenance

In

several

quarters of the
The

for

the

Irac, the

In

taken

was

revenue.

reserve

field : and

by

basis.

uniform

163

CORAM

THE

OF

COMPILATION

were

apart.

charge

upon

revenue.
provincial

The
into

the

one

the

to

who
had

various

early

Death," feared

"

might

well

Suras,"

for the
In

lest

lost."

The

Public

"

"

of

"

of men."

time

any

whether

inscribed

dovetailed

doubt
a

certain

observed

good

deal

ascribed

the

in
of

be

that

occasionallypervade

manuscript

thus

much

be

the

of the

of the

standard

text

of

the

form.

possible

every

from

earliest

the

period

date-leaves, shreds

on

the

tablets,or

to

time

task

but

and

still evidently
;

and

this

to

incoherence
The

committed

to

Prophet's widows,
time

reverent

subjectwas

text.

until the

and

found, in

were

and

hearts

diverse

with

collocation

sacred
was

down

settled

the

obscurity

the

completed

daughter, one
to

pious

haphazard

may

Omar's

and

carefullyand
regard

as

privately,and

together,just as they

form.

continuous

with

them

he

text

who,

Many

Having gathered exhaustively the

fugitive materials,

hand

Zeid

emanated

revelation,from

of

sacred

to

from

out

leather, shoulder-blades, stony

often

the

complete

sought

of

way

ministry

"

no

the

of

used

who

Garden

"

dictation.

already

at

the

time, taken

to

Mahomet's

had

quarter, whatever

of his

time

himself,

(those

at

assigned

was

were

"

^^QiYg^t

already

was

Omar

Readers

much

"

from

now

of

belongs

"

task

perished

services, in

addition, Zeid

Prophet, in

the

duty

chapters,

or

The

"

is, gathering Coian,

of Mahomet

instance

otherwise

from

direct

passages
"

of

many

others, had

as

the

at

that

"

"

reign.

by heart) had

"

be

Coran

Revelations

Bekr,

Coran

the

the

of this

that

seeing

of
"

years

Abu

by

begun

"

Collection

"

original
Haphsa,
and

tinued
con-

of Othman.

CHAPTER

XXI

Famine

l8

The

18

i'c-ar

Vh'

639

fifth

TliE

double
"

A.I).

of

Year

charged

for

unslaked

obscure

to

as

from

of

light

famine.
of

air

dry

darkened

was

and

the

dust

the

A.l).

Caliphate

pestilence

Ashes,"

with

639

a. II.

Omar's
of

calamity

The

soil

of

ycar

Plague

and

the

heaven

by
It

the

called

is

Hejaz

the

was

so

parched

and

sandy

thick

and

sultry

by

haze.
Famine

the

In

in

so

northern
that

severe

of
the

the

became

and

garrison

Omar,

long

with

would

with
in
"

"people,
and

I will

for
if

how
I

said,

should

even

of

instead

naturally

countenance,
and

not

as

sent

fresh

"

of

and

swore

that

even

milk,
On

both

butter,

bright,

became

away

of

coarse

the

filled

costeth

trouble

From

one

skin

which

the

they?"
and

that

by

gence
indul-

spare.

Omar

know

milk

nor

price

of

distress.

any

great

butter.

eat," he

then

suffer

oil-olive

with

at

those

the

He

to

or

driven

refused

him.

at

were

like

Bedouins,

and

enough

food

Markets

butter,

nor

tures
crea-

starvation,

aggravated

about

obtained

not

of

self-denial,

food

of

extremities

and

meat

another

died

was

timid

seeking

food.

Crowds

those

had

servant

"

herds

drought

and

came

human

Medina,

the

Wild

want,

suffered

neither

and

milk,

much

for

with

people
his

alms.

and

to

taste

occasion

Flocks

besieged.

shared

the

by

characteristic

not

until

tamed

people

flocked

hunger,

he

the

Peninsula

languished.

attenuated

too

deserted,
a

man.

the

of

Nature

desert,

of

hand

half

my
fare

Caliph's
sallow

haggard.
Every

effort

was

made

to

alleviate

distress,

and

effective

l66

A. 11. IS.

the Caliph, wiser

roplictl
frcini the

"

then

in

and

aur.m.

Tieaih of

Hc

uheidu.

down,

had

the

and

it

the

to

less than

deadliness
The

autumn,

of

639

amount

A.I),

his

attack

from

the

property

and

usual

"

of
Ayla.'^

Ayla,

here

If

from

he

it."

head

out

is green

thence
but

the

of

scene

upon,

was

the decree

the

the

the

were

it would

of God.

the

Rahman
not

go

other

bare

gaps
in the

serious,that

so

to

making

on

first he

abandoned

thought

of

the

Syria,

to

Acaba;

thither

; if

alightin
and

He

art

Mahomet

them
justified

"

there,flee

barren, whichever
in

his visit

valley,whereof

of God

town

subjects.

thou

he

the

kindly feeling

of
.saying

took

and

Christian
quoted

larger

Christian

the

reasonable, and
ye

vast

by Mesopotamia, entering
he

his

extent

dead, and

simplicity and

more

the

terrible

At

Gulf

toward

entertained

w^ere

resolved

be by the decree
green." And so he judged that
he was
danger to a healthier locality,

that

in

was

embarrassment

lay through

of

well

pasture, and

camels

the brow

tion.
visita-

way.

resolution

"Suppose (he said)that

"

with

loose your

views

the

by

dominions.

way

evinced

Omar's

Not

the

Such

another

matters, Omar

al
During ihc di.scu.ssionAbd
break out in a land,
pestilence

illustration

from

the

at

panic-stricken

The

difficulty
grew

north;

The

brings

which

"

The

confininghis

route.

the

fears

much

caused

other

the

project,and

pestilence.

immediately

left.

armies.

left

was

through his
Chaldaea, and
visiting
from

the

emigrated seventy

were

itself in

the survivors

this

Syria
\'isiisihu

Roman

calamity showed
of

to

struck

was

perished in
had

four

too

Ilauran.

pestilenceabated.

disabled, and

was

progress

of

the

the

he

time

no

scourge.

succeeding claims.

lead

to

desert;

lost

almost

succeed, died

to

Medina, but

of the

amongst

settle

victim

po])u!a-

the

high lands of

single family which

country

the

fell

son

into

Obeida

Jabia, when

as

/\rab

He

Medina.^

to

left for Amru

was

from

^"

far

as

cities

Abu

the

where
hill-country,

number

"^
to"syria,

infected

(jiod."

of

the

cany

back

flee,it i.s but

we

decree

five-and-twentythousand

Of

Omar's

to

Caliph'swish,

designated

after; and

the

Obeida

people flyto

with

"

unto

the

"if

they,

his way

reached

Moadz,
folks

out

the

on

j^^ making

God

of

wended

Acting

than

Abu

body

himself

Anihsfly

of

decree

commanded

tion

lu

[(!H.\r.
xxi.

OMAR

by

not

this

side

one

side ye

but ye would

"

let

choose

removing the people from

making

no

attempt

to

flee

G39]

A.D.

rode

on

minded

to

with

his

the

cried
the

Omar

So

the

Ruler

great

unobserved

the

lodged during
the

given
journey,was
Bishop not only did, but

him,

suited

more

had

He

instructions

swept

the

both

As

Obeida

Abu

pestilence,Omar

of Abu

rent

the
for

made

the

season.

the

of

circuit

settlements, gave

himself

had

in

perished

appointed Muavia, another

in Syria,and
Chief
command

son

thus

Appoints

JoygJ^no
"

laid the foundation

a

of unbounded

man

and

of the

he

turned

good

Both

Aly

The

enfeebled

by

the cousin

old

and

the

Caliph, but
apparent

any

in the

wisdom,

charms

of

possessed
ambition

bygone

opposition

parents

of

Sins

is there

Muavia,

to
was

Abbas, and

and

yet unknown.

were

inactive

remained

and

wavering, was

at

now

also

Prophet, and

the

trusted

as

for his

counsellors

of

or
influence,
special power
beyond a life of quiet indulgence
no

varied

Harem,

Neither

arrivals.

of the

amongst

was

former, honoured, indeed,

The

age.

son-in-law

and

weak

The

position.

Aly

Muavia,

was

withal ;

able

and

new

of

hitherto

had

latter,
always

wit

nor

of

blood

Abbas

and

Medina.

his

account

glorifiedthe claims

spurned the Omeyyad

Muavia

dynasty.

ambition, but wise

to

factions which

Omeyyad

Islam
now

to

reason

any

of

and

ever

preceding conversion, if
profession,left no stain upon

followed
the

that

suppose

remembered

and

Believer.

the

Hind,

against
by

fresh

by

anon

Sofian

Abu

in

^^''"^"

doubtful

decided

Yezid

Omar

multitudes

of the

estates

and

upon

now

the

Sofian, to

the

he

This

of

made

Moslem

chief

alight

own.

Caliph

plague, and

the

by

his

wear

disposalof

for the

away

claims.

the

visited

coat,

travel

the

whom

lightergarment

the

Proceeding onwards,

that

mend.

to

oppressive

Omar, however, preferredto

Syria.

His

Host

to

slowly
to

Bishop, with

day.

his

to

the

to

the

of

Omar

left

and

the

of

heat

moved

camel

forward, thinking

beyond,

house

the

at

is.

beforeyou," replied

is

the

as

hurried

still

was

He

"

meaning,

crowd

forth

Citizens, streaming

eager

double

A.H.

is the

"Where

front.

in

Caliph'sadvent.

with

following;and,

and

pomp

him

putting

servant,

witness

small

67

villageunrecognised, changed places

the

enter

Ameer?"

on.

with

camel

SYRIA

VISITS

OMAR

them.

consistent
It

was

not

A.

till

IS.

II.

68

of

fires

the

the

upon

the

As

Muavia

Omar

in

as

prepared

Faithful.

final

take

to

stirred

It

Prophet,

of

their

to

of

the

for

office

he

retirement.

well-known
whole

Omar

aloud.

Bilal

On

Call
the

died

returning
to

to

lifted

Medina,

tears,

and

their

up

lived

in

asked

be

aged

Great

vividly

any

petitioned

The

with

death

honoured

should

the

the

man

the

mosque

the

accustomed

the

Prophet
warriors,

strong

sobbed

and

voices

at

after.^

years

Omar

Medina,
at

which

this

was

Mecca,

at

now

loud

and

recalling

head,
two

of

of

for

duty

there,

prayer.

the

the

and

Bilal

to

into

the

of

stentorian

since

Damascus

top

clear

melted

their

of

occasion,

the

The

heard

Syria,

to

scene

set

he

out

presided

the

on

annual
year

every

of

his

Uec.

'

last

arose

was

at

xfi'^'iS l^ilgrimage

'

or

course,

Muedzzin

perform

to

citizens

assembly,

prayers,

with

"^

of

hearts

prayer.

long discharged

from

as

voice

the

daily

this

and

consented,

Pilgrim-

time

Syria,

the

the

been

not

army

so

perform

to

more

the

Chief

on

of

refused

of

leave

Bilal,

hour

had

he

had

The

that

once

the

followed

He

the

cry,

them.

jealousy

thini^

depths

of

voice

African

aged

Mahomet;

Omar

the

was

proclaiming

other.
for

of

present
no

enmity

made

excited

Syria

indeed,

passed,

which

occurred

call

and

the

at

Jieaped

was

misdeeds

ofMuedzz'"-

abuse

xxi.

remark.

without

per-

that

ancient

of

therefore,

It

forth

political capital

command

opposition.

liilal

for
and

Prophet,

Chief

the

bur.st

race

accession,

The

strife

civil

Omcyyad

towards

to

[CiiAi-.

OMAR

'

But

Caliphate.

made

the

beyond
^

For

Bilal

and

his

of

limits
office

of

the

last

journey

which

Arabia.

Muedzzin,

see

J./'/cof Mahomet,

p.

1S9.

he

XXII

CHAPTER

Conquest

The

following

year

continued
the

serving
the

of

the

is due

direction,

Islam

repose,

into

steadily

Amru.

to

ambitious

and

comparative

now

that

in

A.l).

Re-

Persia.

first

shall

we

19
''^o

fall of

the

After
chafed

general

descent

for

and

with

Natives,

drew

But

the
was

and

at

Ccxsarea,

life of

Amm
^^^^^

inaction

and

and

safe

foreign

and

spacious

Greeks,
baths,

400

of

40,000)
whom

theatres,

30,000
and

the

all

is

given

Jews

male

of

effected

12,000

vessels
169

by

at

an

their
of

population

vast

of

tion
communicaof

There

600,000.

various

baths,

ships congregated

seaports

escape

was

theatres,

whence

age

the

themselves,

among

from

harbour,

alone

population
others

and

with

forest

with

ment
govern-

revolt

The

profusion,

unexampled

the

both

rulers.

ground.

although
by

interrupted

luxury,

common

on

was

tians,
Copts, Chris-

and

here

Egyptians,

amusement.^

to

Arabs

mingled

It

of commerce,

seat

largely by

quarter.

every

Greeks,

anon

of

male

(according
200,000

and

maintained

The

empire,

native

their

in

was

4000

the

places
its

the

and

against

provided,

the

good

nople
Constanti-

inhabited

though

to

pay

by

sea

size.

the

the

realm.

70,000

were

poll-tax, and

before

the

siege

'"^'^
on

Egypt.

Enemy's
was

fed

now

essentially Byzantine;

was

of

Rome,

urged

the

advice

The

of

he

Syria,

to

enfeeble

own.

from

Gentiles,

ever

uprising

to

once

granary

Romans

life

at

population

in

City

Jews,

in

its

letters.

visit

Alexandria,

corn.

second

and

the

once

Caliph's

their

augment

Egypt,

the

Egypt,

upon

power

the

On

Palestine.

11.
a.d.

narrate

eye
ni

a.

Egypt.

project

able

of

one

its way

advance

conquest
The

was

push

to

640-641

A.II.

19-20

Egypt

of

A.ll.

Alcxandiia

19-

[('HAi'.
xxii.

OMAR

I/O

thus

was

luiropcan,rather

than

Egyptian,

an

city,

JU_
I'^kTP^

It

otherwise

was

with

the

rich

valleybeyond.

JCmerg-

tiisafk'Ctcil
.

f.

lowarils

iJig trom

Bvzaniino

fj-Qm

the

the

kixurious

11

city, the

of

iMnnacle

traveller

civilisation

dropi)ed

the

to

dreary

at

once

of

wastes

"'

rule.
_

Monasticism, and
then, as

was

ever,

cities of the

by

servant

exaction

to

courted

deliverance

of
which
Amru

were

Arabian

the

change

in the

of

of the

Egypt

for Moslem

yoke

nineteenth

at

been

people

Byzantine
tribes

; but

here

firstsightnot

at

ments
ele-

work,

unwelcome.

of the

year

the

creed.^

Bedouin

conquest

twentieth

or

while

the
of

no

long

where,
else-

Byzantine

land, and

greater danger had

even

was

in

rise

to

here, as

overbearance

time

sympathies

made

It

the

at

ready

ever

Monophysite

the

pervaded

great

soil,ground

Orthodoxy,

to

the

the

the

embittered

was

inhabitants

from

overflowing

feed the

to

people of

tenaciously by

There

but

oppression,were
Hatred

the

disaffection

with

the

squalor. ICgypt
The

never-ceasing endeavour

Chronic

rule.

and

fields served

and

convert

held

of poverty
of nations.

And

rulers.

the

by
Copts

the

empire.

against their
rulers

depths

of well-watered

produce
down

the

Hegira

invades

Egypi,

that

1901-20

Caliph,set

640-1

with

A.i).

Amru,

Omar,

of

did

him

army

of

array

of

Palestine

exceed
at

; but

Amru

the

for

the

on

of his

he

15,000, many

at

of them

the

even

by hope

way

he

had

force,would

already too

was

swelled

army,

after

Soon

smallness

thus

His

Egypt.

heavy reinforcements

was

of

hesitating consent

4000.

finding that

with

some

the

Bedouins, lured

not

Zobeir

sent

obtained

from

out

concerned

recalled

,..,,..

havmg

bands

plunder,

of

after

last to

left,
have

far gone,

him.

The

imposing

an

and

veterans

of

warriors

renown.

Amru

Reduces

entered

^^^*^ ^'^^^'
passed
E"^^pi.
the

siege and

estuary
marched
was

of

See

Church

onward

Nile.

towards

Palmer's

of Egypt,

the

Along

same

the

through

who

the

branch

where
sent

Origines Lihirgica,vol. i.
i.,noticed below.

vol.

then

turning

desert, and

reached

this

Upper Egypt,

"

and

by Arish,

capture of Belbeis

the

governor,

Egypt

of

p. 82 ; and

so, after

easternmost

the

Mucoucus,

Mary,

to

the
The

river
the

he

Copt,

Egyptian
Story of

/he

640-1]

A.D.

her sister

and
slave-girl,
he

routed

them

Artabun,

who

the

vale

verdant

and

was

the

of the

close

temples of

ruined

Bishop procured
its

close,an

into

their

which
fortress,

opposition
gave
"

"

"

but

are

!"

of

dogs

"

Amru

of veterans

to

Egyptians

fled.

made

another, have
Chosroes

the

and

it little loss to

be

had

already lasted

was

made.

scaled

the

obtained
but

who

those

of

See
in

Pagarchs
Arab

refused

or

Native

tells

us

there

name

several

were

chief,being Governor

refer the reader

"

are

the

to

to

Mrs.

Copts

beaten

one

to

both

the

"J

to

or

consequently

lis

the

taken

gives

tlie

us

"

the

our

of

case

into

Gupt

she

givesfrom

Story of

Co., 1897.

\o\.

Ihc

works

Church

i. ch. xxxii.

the
The

Egyptian

or

She

apparent
I

for details of the Arab

work

title of

Rhicoitciis.

Mucoucus,

to

originof the

Byzantine governmenl.

Meganches

admirable

male

; and

Babylon or Heliopolisin Upper Egypt,

"

assault

every

Excellency,"

(as in

from

on

been

Pagarchsat the invasion

Smith, Elder

siege

impositions similar

IJutcher

Mrs.

recognisedby

Butcher's

the

left free ;

were

dinars

other

though many of the traditions which

be received with caution.
See The

E. L. Butcher.

column

on

fieryonset

the

people

prisoners had

soft g into k

of

called

their

of two

fixed

Islam, with

rulers

pronunciation turns

Copt),and

The

similar
^i-^a.vxh'^,

word

commander

desperate valour, had successfully

a
deputation sent by Mucoucus

Lije of Mahoiiu'l,p. 359.

the

the

Byzantine yoke. The

a general
months, when

Amru,

Syria, Many

into

the

from

terms

adult

name

walls, when

capitation-taxwas

'

with

quiet, thou

the

several

Zobeir

replied,

And, in truth, they deemed

Kaiser?"
rid of

The

dogs," answered

have

that

against men

we

force

troops

one

Be

"

chance," said

"What

"

"

before

step forth; and

Egyptians

Yemen

but

reply,but

no

the

Byzantine

are

we

thou

art

days.

cowardice,

If

At

four

the

stone."
"

what

then

"

for

or

Amru.

cried

Arab,

angry

iron

the

impregnable.

warm,

for their

not

men,

yelping dog

the

time

one

the

deemed

was

Reproached

way.

We

at

was

which

City,and

into the

back

of

truce

place, in

took

obelisks

last the

at

(Heliopolis).There

Shems

Mucoucus

action

driven

were

for

reached

year,

Ain

acacia, Amru,

and
fig-tree

of the

groves

swelling river,

the

from

channels

Nile, with

and
fields,

towards

A.ll.

attempting to arrest the inroad ;

commanded
by his Syrian antagonist
slain in the encounter.
Marching along

one

of the

the way

On

Mahomet.^

giftto

columns

several

amongst

as

i;i

EGYPT

OF

CONQUEST

of

1\-

gladly
sion,
inva-

after-ages

of Egypt, by

19-

A.H.

10-

"JO.

Fifth
The

condition.s

same

hated
the

by them,

Amru

Alex-

lost

reach

to

the

spoil was

given

were

But

Egypt.
glad

were

which
the

time

no

it before

its defence.

sought
of

close

From
of

the

the

died,

the

the

Nubian
to

now

and

towards

escape

advance

the
on

the

was

last

the

But

court.

flag.

to

of

throughout

capitu-

lates,condition

the

that

for

the
the

pleasure
Heraclius
of

storm

the

and,

spiritof

the
to

their

And

offered

defence,

the

throughout

on
paign
cam-

to, and

referred

was

to

and

Egypt,

Upper

Caliph

year.

Alexandria, finding

to

to

the

ships,

part of the

greater

prolonged

The

the

by

took

prisoners taken

free.

resistance.

beleaguered city.

retired

given

terms

the

set

were

had

weak

too

capitulate,on

A.H.

who

taken

the
and

Some

away.

Greeks

The

columns

narrow

siege

succour,

for

before

at

succour

were

prospect

side

the

as

last,towards

at

obstinate

during

isthmus

no

Mucoucus,

place

to

open

pusillanimouslydeserted

At

of

so

rallythere

himself

land

capable

narrow

things lasted

so

the

opportunity slipped

appearing

and

; and

640, presented

was

it

could

flightseveral

to

put

his

year

also

garrison began

641

and

Alexandria,

on

troops

he

way

front,

sea

and

there

20

Medina.

domineer,

to

their

marching

Greek

hinder

to

Byzantine

outworks

Which

to

Greeks, fallen

make

to

in

the

On

well-fortified

641,

Greek

tlieyused

City walls,which, offeringon

Feb.

the

to

the

whom

over

sent

XMI.

p.

seacoast.

Marches
aiulria,

Upper

level of those

the

of

and

part of these

settlers in

Dii

[("
II A

0.)rAR

172

A.U.

readilyagreed.
"

for

"

had

"

it

"

Tribute," he replied,
"

continueth, whereas
been.

not

except

those

in

than

captives,such

the

battle,shall

be

remain,

cannot
"

"

The

remarks

forbear

Thus,

"

since been

"

her art, her

for of the

"

of

Butcher

quoting them

in the December

yoke, from

"

of Mrs.

which

"

whether

here

on

the

conquest

are

And

restored."

the

so

became

true, tliat I

apt and

"

641, Kgypt passed under tlie Afoslem

she has never
Arab, Circassian,or Turk

of the year
under

"

able to free herself,and which

slowly but

surelyhas

crushed

and well-nighher
her learning,
her religion,
civilisation,
four

Egypt, there

(rather eight)millions who

are

if it

as

as

City escaped sack, and the Egyptian people

tributaryto the Conquerors.^
so

booty ;

vanisheth,

spoilsoon

Touching
taken

is better

barely seven

make

up

the present

(rather nine) hundred

thousand

very

out

life;

population
who

can

A. 1 1. 10-

facilitated
I'^ostat,

to

return

"'0
"

^o ^'"'^Ilcjaz.
l'-fc^}'Pt

Suoz

the

iiicrof

Kcopcnod. the Nile in

A.n.
Sue/..' The

It

tlie transport

nothini^less

was

communication

ancient

those

left the

channel

of

the
the

of

the

rcopcnof

waters

Red

branch

eastern

from

corn

than

between

and

Egypt

Upper

21

642

[('HAi'.
xxii.

OMAR

174

Sea

of

the

at

river

A.l).

turned

Iklbeis, then

at

lakes
the

been

years,

teach'rious

canal

when,

choked

with

for

slaughtered camels,
looked

Egyptians
their

banquet
table;
the

here

when

Amru

thus

spectacle:
"

"

the

see

"

"

first

of

we

can

The

attempt

Darius, who
Nile,

Ptolemies

to
at

opened
the
Tel

first made

was

by

communication

head

of the

Fakhus,

lagoons (themodern

Next

day

the

Red

nearer

fresh-water

to

equal

Sea.

era.

Amru.

It

was

the

same

canal,

second

no

doubt,

the end

now

second
the

this

the

to

let you

to

; the

con-

day,

our

Copts retired,

the

subsequentlyby
estuary of

eastern

canal
This

made

was

took

Sea, and

was

of these

lines

of the

Third

cleared

array,

flocked
was

the Mediterranean.

On

zest.

battle

in

Nechos, and

Bubastis,on

One

Egyptian

things of

from

canal) to the Red

sumptuous

of the

home

good

Pharaoh

the

satisfied

army

who

life at

to be of much
excepting in high flood.
use,
to
navigalile
deepened by Trajan,remained
our

the

entertainment

enjoy

prepared of

fashion,and

crowds

our

luxu-

their

feast

paraded

the

day's

manner

had

and

frugal
singularexpe-

dainties

were

mids,
PyraEighty

some

for

fell to with

warriors

troops

Arabs

quered lands, and yet retain, as ye see

martial
vigour notwithstanding." The
'

the

that

all the

which

the

delicate

to

while

repast.

addressed

"The

simple

show

"to

the

the

day

wonder

of

of

again abandoned.

Bedouin

the

the rude

again

third

with

out, with

set

was

he

navigation

burdens

for

wit, chose

First

not

(the port

shadow

was

the

mother-

after

on

with

hunger

it

now

could

year

their

navigable

upon

them.

disabuse

Yenbo

at

very

sand,

down

famed

Egyptians fare,Amru,

within

is

salt

disused, the

obstructions

Egyptians,used

the

living,looked

dient to
the^Arabs.

the

remained

The

Finding that

Amru

the

by what

Long

discharge

freighted under

been

Canal.

Caliph,

vessels

witnessed

Medina),
had

the

and

Sea

Red

formidable, for

very

restored,

was

the

silt; but

with

choked

was

have

right,and, strikingthe

portion of the Suez

lower

bed

reached

Timseh,

near

the

to

out

and

by

the

the line of

too

shallow

eventually,
century

of

deepened by

G40-1]

A.D.

ALEXANDRIA

saying

one

have

but

"

Omar

him,

truth

it is

force,that

upon
A

curious

ing

custom,

of

effigy

this

inclosed

"

such

' '

The

"

If in times

hut if

"

rise and

"

Cast

"

it is

to

with

his conquests
reached

But,

Him

The

Fable

maiden

Nile.

Caliph

Amru

to

to

the

suppose,

to, the

of

"^^'^^^^n

"

will,'hen stay thy flood

pray that

we

Caliph,

into

"

the

and

thy waters

may

the

stream, and

tide began
fertilising

hastened

to

the

its
the

the

on

was

of

given by

the

made

regain
busy with

us

5^5

of

sion
possestheir

city insufficiently
tected.
prothe

weary

Byzantine Court
of

Manuel,

the

city.
fought

was

and

it is the

the river,calling
it Tlic Bride

reduced,

tine
Byzan-

Caliphate

the

custom

of the

to

Nile.

drove
Amru

outside

town

jected
sub-

longer siege.

but
early authorities,

our

the

to

command

second

^^^^11"'

and

The

inhabitants, already
with

Alexandria

taxed

blood.

from

defeated, and

tells

Barca,
were

flesh and

great battle

pushed

earlysanctioning in

possession of

miseries

fact,for Lane

figureinto

took

in

races

after, in

other

were

not

himself

little aid

left the

Greeks

tradition is

be grounded

had

faith,soon

Moslems,

ships,under

rescue.

the

subject

years

and

garrison and

to

The

rule,conspired

fleet of 300

walls

spiritof

The

Greek

Moslem

the

Nile.

Nile, greeting.

own

slaves,thus

few

elsewhere,
The

such

the River

received

Alexandria.

conquests

The

the

may

despatch

to

desperate attempt

of

we

established

of Berber

settlements

Othman,

as

land, traffic in human

fleets.

of the

restless

Tripoli.

to

tribute

maritime

j out

then

done,

westward,

unhappy

as

referred

to

the

was

the

even

in fixed

and

well

19"

abundantly.

Amru,

that

It

resolve,as

"

land."

letter,"wrote

enough."

of

into the river

cast

risen of thine

hast

Almighty God,

overspreadthe
this

rise

thou

enough,"
said

risingof

When

of the Faithful

past

will of

by

to

singular letter in

Commander

A.li.

depend."

rather,

one.^

it is

Arabs

long delayed, the Copts, accord-

leave

beautifullyattired, or

the

device, and

and

is told of the

sought

us, and

upon

doth

that

not

ye

wisdom

on

having been

flood

to

heel

warfare

tale

yearly

See

"

175

his lieutenant's

delighted at

Of

"

other,

raise their

to

was
"

the

to

REDUCED

It

may

nevertheless

cast

year

by

year

a.d.

176

A.I!.

T."-

wa.s

at

la.st

taken

by

the

recurrence

fortifications,

and

which
The

Moslem
ceased

of

court

year
was

be

the

L;"i\'cii u})

similar

mishap,

in

quartered

twice

to

ami

storm

"'''"

obviate

\('\\\v.

0.)rAA'

was

the

transferred

capital

from

to

of

Amru

vicinity

relieved

Egypt.

To

plunder.

to

razed

strong

Upper

h'ostat,

and

xMi.

the

rison,
gar-

Egypt.
andria
Alex-

CHAPTER

Advance

on

XXIII

South

the

Prisoner

TAKEN

16-20

Turning

once

phate,

find

we

the

restrain
or

the

the

they

the

the

Hoi

by

hilly

of

limits

of

force

the

Call-

tending

Barrier

Jast-

to
Qmar

Irac-Araby,

of the

slopes

western

by

soon,

In

the

satraps

waid.

Persian
burst

to

events,

this

in

unsuccessful

with

jealous

Otba.

the

across

seize

the

district

without

have

to

but

landing

troops
check

long they
12

the

trust

justified

in
were

set

^Thj^S-^as

the

project

on

their
drawn

element.

treacherous

the

but

Persian

advance
into

it fell out

coast,
upon

trap.

met

dis-

Bahrein,
Sad

of

and

expedition

an

-done,

not

to

onl^L--

unwillingness
Success

Persepolis.
Advancing

might
The

otherwise.
for

time
But

Persepolis.

shore

Persian

known

the

rashGovemor

attacks

the

foot

on

against

Ram

had

in

Irac

in
of

lying opposite.

permission,

Ornar

he

by

who

Ala,

rebellion

the

nearness

strait,

narrow

the

But
and

precipitated

conquests

the

by

Tempted

Gulf.

him.

were

crushing
the

eye

of

irac.*^'^'

he

whence

Ahwaz

at

along

Situation

repeated

from

the

Persepolis.

upon

by

of

head

miles

after

had,

strength

direction

raid

himself

tinguished
saw

still in

planted

Bussorah,

at

securely

was

strongholds

the

at

hundred

Hostilities
and

himself

country

within

Hormuz,

border

Irac, Otba

Lower

were

Moslem

the
other

and

established

securely

Persian

Medain,

wan

range.

encounters,
held

of

north

defended

no

were

the

the

barrier.
To

of

the

by

^till

of Omar

within

bounded

of

provinces

poUcy

arms

A.D.

eastern

cautious

Moslem

But

637-641

II.

the

to

the

country

range.

A.

more

IIormuzan

Persia.

of

with
before

altogether,

178
A.H.

16-

"20.

Meets

[('ii.\r. will

0.]/AA'

thc\' hatl

by the

[o
nCL;lcctccl

from

enemy

unable

their

secure

their

base, and

ships. After

severe

dispersethe gathering enemy,

to

off

cut

were

ment,
engageand

turning

check, hut
is relieved

as

from

in

last

that

Bussorah, they found

towards

resource

barred.

direction

Messengers

Bussorah.

and

Medina,

incensed

Omar^

Teleaguercdarmy.
and

Bussorah.
this

in Khu-

zistaii,
17

affair,and
the

the

A.I).

satrap, had
province of Ahwaz,
the

upon

Arab

fortunate

was

enough
settled

though long

allied to the
he

dislodged the

the

the

to

Moghira
succeeds
Otba

Karoon

Bedouin
the

at

Bussorah.

defeated

trophy
confessed

"

increaseth

the

Moslems

"

them,

upon

sight." Concerned
who

Otba,
at

Bussorah.

Omar,
Desert
never

dying
became

the

over

be !
on

"

So
his

Governor

gold

arrangement
he

Companions
Moghira
journey
in his

was

back
stead.

ceded

the hands

of his

girdle of
sent

luxurious

silver

dazzling
chief

in

said,

avowal, Omar

their
moned
sum-

in

charge

highly distasteful

was

thou

of the

placed
from
Thus

as

life,"he

Bedouin

cried,"hast

across

present

and

leaving a

him

Ahwaz,

becoming

this

pathy
sym-

pressed by Omar,

envoy,

of

Otba

strengthened,

; and

the unwelcome

at
came

The

"What!"

"

love

The

"

attack

and

noble, was

were

make

and

victories,the

his

no

tribe,which,

drove

in

at

to

blood

Thus
and

own

to

now

Kufa,

by

and

his

to

resolved

was

called

The

skill

Bedouin

Persian

or

in

name

range,

from

Ahwaz,

of

Caliph.

that

Otba

over

was

one

on

Hormuzan,

began

placed by Otba

Mirzuban,

foreign parts
"

truce

After

the

to

was

allies.

He

garrisonof Bussorah.

river.

great

mountain

Ahwaz,
from

retired

whatever

obtained

near

enemy

Moslems,

lower

gain

to

diately;
imme-

out

then

and

Cadesiya

outposts, and
were

set

border.

from

Bussorah.

Reinforcements

him.

hostile

the

on

men

a
difficulty,
junction

with

escaped

from

great distance

the

to

the

of Omar.

retreat, conducted
into

relieve

Otba

gained

specialthanks

bravery, put heart

raids

Otba

to

foolhardi-

for his

2,000

Persians,

of

troops

of

without

not

the

Persian

A.H.

638

back

Lhe

But

Campaigjn

force

forming,

Ala, beat

with

to

road

hurried

were

Ala

command

despatched urgent

ness,

with

the

put

Prophet?
in

charge

of

man

That

to

the
may

Otba

; and

pilgrimage, Moghira
early do

we

see

the

C37-41]

A.D.

CAPTURE

HORMUZAN

OF

spiritof antagonism rapidlybreeding between

the

chiefs and
the

In

followingyear,
the

between

arose

of Mecca

men

the

hostile
who

Moslems,

the

by

his

raised

sought permission
But

advance.

and

irrigationworks,
Khuzistan.
second

where

Not

The

attitude

and

the

work

at

of

army

which

gave

he

Ram
a

fled

then

and

laid

; still

memory

in the

vision

Omar
tomb
"

routed
of

stormed,

was

at
sent

the

cretion
disthe

to

The

by

at

upon

admitted

once

them, with
the

protracted siege
gave

orders

of Daniel
the

nobles

of Persian

river

for the

in this

of Ulai

the
"

with

and

here

in

large native

singularhonour

conflict

reverential
scene

or

"^

confidence, and

to

the

'

snow-clad

succeeded

tribal list.

and

planted

was

with

plain
army

of Sus,

royal Shushan

city,it

verdant

well-portionedplace upon
till after

the

Sus,

formidable

distance.

conferred

commands

of the

loss,it

accordingly

was

to

rivers,on

two

taken.

at

garrison,surrendered

the

drawing over a body

following;these were

not

months

considerable

without
with

was

mountains

again

In

not

a. d.

bay.

for several

640

Medina.

at

Siege

of

it ;

with

the

ofLthe-Cahph,

between

Hormuzan,

by

Hormuzan,

ancient

stronghold which, obstinately defended

to

"

north

he

j^^j^"

Bussorah, of

and

pursued by

llor"

;-capiured,

ordered

opposition,

Noman.

to

Ram

doubtful

more

Kufa

Merve

at

Tostar, fiftymiles

end, but

Court

for the

was,

fresh rebellion,

to

up

once

from

Persians,kept the Moslems

and

fields of

deserted

Yezdegird

serious

following,was

Hormuz,

Ahwaz,
the

from

assemble

command

great Persian

them

restoring the

east, and

became

Hormuzan

Caliph, suspectmg

powerful

the

stirringthe people

to

farther

amnesty.

an

long after,emissaries

found

in

were

a. d.

province,and

victory by

farther

fled

Hormuzan

were

the

they

i8"a"h^^"

the

flight

to

put

was

rebellious

resuscitate

so

time, granted

He

up

; and

withholding permission,bade

Omar,

busy Themselves

rather

at

follow

to

16-

of
boundary Hostility

general's decision,639

standard.
the

their

Hormuzan

Moslem

reduced

A.H.
'

to

as

tribe and

Bedouin

Bedouin

Medina,

dispute

latter, dissatisfied with

again

and

the

79

Still,it
that

Sus

was
was

maintenance

of his memorable

here,

to

the

present

Tomb

of

l80

A. 1 1, li)"

[Chap.

0^rAR

the

day,

pious

of

succeeding generations has prethrougli thirteen centuries of succeeding

care

his shrine

served

xxm.

change.
^

important city of Jundai-Sabur,

The

Jundai""^^

country,
threatened

on

which

length opened

at

heart

the

upon

to

stirringwork.

carried Hormuzan
the

party drew

noble.

Kufa

from

hand,
the

captive

where

his

which

the

started

up,

the

like of him
him

clothe
he

the

this way

he

had

the
he

!
in

Leader

lightupon

withdraw

to

As

the

the fashion

transacted

tation
depu-

much

of

When

the

court,

the

them

indeed

was

of the

trast
con-

Chosroes, to

the

by

stranger

disrobe

exclaimed,

was,

this

humbled

the

and

man

the

prisoner and

(Moghira interpreting)bade

and

The

justifythe repeated breach of his engagements.

if fain to reply ; then
as
gasping, like
captive made
thirst,begged for
"

said

the

slay me
thou
sooner

the

"

hast

the

drunk
than

spoken
ground.

"

draught
drink

I fear to

"

of water.

in

up."

water

drink,

not

The

poured
the

"

peace."

life is safe," said

Hormuzan
wanted

let him

captive,trembling,
unawares."
Thy

Then, still whip in hand,

raiment.

it,"said the Caliph, and

of

noise, Omar

him

faint from

in

simple surroundings

Disturbed

made

upbraided Hormuzan,

It

the

hath

coarse

of

asleep,whip

precincts

palaces

used, and

He

the

captive in

receptionof

fallen

his

cried, looking round, "and

Lord, who

"

an

spoil of Tostar,

out

with

and, divining who

be

Blessed

that

the Citizens

to

sumptuous

been

had

he

called

to

movement.

warders?"

and

mightier Caliph !

the

"

show

entered

guards

way

carpet in the great Mosque.

Caliph?"

between

"

(for in

Prince

is the

the

Caliph

dressed

they

Wearied

his cushioned

on

"Where
"

the

provincialbusiness),Omar

the

transpiring

now

the

forward

to

vestments,

Persian

on

Medina,

near

his brocaded

with

weighed

long-standing embargo

of

with

advance

an

prisoner to Medina, throws

that

reasons

were

Persia,and

deputation which, along

The

llormuzan

of

events

surrounding

and

But

advance
more

by Noman,

Ispahan.

Khorasan,

in

sparedby

also

was

reduced

with

lest

Omar,

water,"

Nay,"
one
"

until
no

were

contents

he

Give

some

words
the

"

one

said,

upon
"

but

CHAPTER

XXIV

Conquest

A.

21-22

|It
fOTced'onV
Persian

put

^^'crc

Omar.

warlike

of

field

with

the

Persian

the

Empire

court

avowed

last

at

bid

to

the

by

his

of

object

Omar

armies
the

dealing

fly, Yezdegird

to

buoyed

have

may

himself

with

up

great

fertile

army,

of

blow.

forced

Though

Vezdcgird
gathers

final

doubts

compelled

was

20

He

A.I).

lingcrin"r

any

to.

attitude
the

take

end

an

642-643

II.

before

lonij

not

was

Persia

ok

the

of

plain

that

hope

the

Mesopotamia,

Arabs,

would

with

content

leave

his

the

possessions

A.H.

641

A.U.

undisturbed
Sus

of

the

Ispahan

into

ancient

put

hordes

end

pressed

farther

Governors

vigorous

together

by

Caspian

to

the

Gulf,

Royal
of

standard

of

but

now

Indian

these

enjoyed

their

interests

the

on

from

Ocean,

rallied

they

in

vast

below

plain

forces

the
for

virtually

knit

were

of

shores

Oxus

the

the
the

to

the

around

numbers
the

having

ordered

together

the

From

irruption

King,
tide,

on

Arabian

their

The

their

danger.

common

and

hostile

gather

to

advance

peak

snow-capped

Demavend.

Tidings

Force

the

Many

rule

border

stem

capture

imagination.

inevitable.

provinces

independent

Persian

the

to

attack.

such

the

and

Media,

the

But

range.

of

any

was

more

of

to

upon

Persia

once

mountain

capital

an

still

resolved

the

beyond

of

the

rising

storm

as

they

Sad

reached

were

under
Noman
opposes
them.

passed

on

fresh

general

now

directly

alarm.

named

marching

to

host

the
of

Firuzan
on

Caliph.

Holwan,

50,000

now

they

Each
was

under

assembled

encamped
would

brought

courier

at

soon

Hamadan,
be

close

to

C42-3]

A.D.

Kufa,

BATTLE

their

at

serious.
loosen

hold

Kufa

Bussorah

between

these

confidence

them

in the

Omar

and

of

while

front, his

rear.

But

the

to

forward

pushed

in

army

for the

main

advance, renewed

the

Royal

by

the

far clear.

face

to

face

the

The

fields. After

them
and

behind
at

Moslems

on

them
the

off from
in

the

80,000

the

by

at

and

Persepolis,

At

joining

issue

effected their escape.

pious proverb.

He

on

in

fled

the

the

Of

the
an

fate of
towards

field

and

one

in

heroes
Persians

whence

they

by artifice

they

fell

round

Arabs

enemy

achieved
were

but

great army

Hamadan,

cut

followed,

30,000

Firuzan

back,

and

adjoining hill,and

the

soon

strong

fierce engagement
the

642

their adversaries.

instance

But

road

strong,

numbers, but

molest

'

memorable

30,000

Battle of

plain ^.Vh^^^

were

by delay,resolved

fled to

The

but

of veterans

and

Of

slain.

the

forward, and

Toleiha's

success.

on

from
fortification,

slain.

was

spies,who

days' skirmishing,the

their return.

were

Elwand,

following,wheeled

Persians

rest

forward

were

last,wearied

out.

field ; the

of

presence

two

pleasureto

it Noman

more

the

contingent

upon

great force

in

marched

their line of

last their wonted

on

was

Bussorah

quarter from

sent

; weak

of former

and,

that

in

Persians

enemy

nerved

to draw

its attack

Moslems

faith,and

The

to

take

to

furnishing a

Noman

they

with

fifth only of the

able

Noman

from

columns

lofty peaks
So

Nehavend.

were

Khuzistan

pitched

enemy

thus

retired

in

forces

the

Holwan,

at

the

bounded

defence

standard.

Arrived

of

at

prevented

reported

behind.

Sus, besides

The

so

remain

two

Kufa.

and

the

again prevailed,

arguments

campaign

direct

to

be

restore

Leaving strong garrisons behind, troops

chief command.
were

would

old

the

midway

would

thence

reserve

persuaded

from

summoned

from

on

declared

Encamped
presence

j;^

even

As

them.

danger, Omar

his

A. II. 21-

was

would

Chaldsea,

from

wrested

able

border

; and

person.

Cities,

in

was

mountain

imminent
in

two

; and

movements

be

doubt,

crisis,no

plains below

march

to

the

might

occasions

resolve

The

on

the

upon

and

previous
his

reverse

183

NEHAVEND

doors.

very

Any

OF

gave
but

at

left
there
shreds

rise to

finding

a. d.

184
A. II. 21-

mountain

the

Decisive

the

''Part

"

llamadan

victory.

^^^Q

and

of

tributary.
of

caskets

him

of

"

them

"

divided

Next

having

punishment

Omar

seen

hereafter

hence," he

said ;
the

amongst

if he

sell

"

of

vision

it two

the

the

courier

jewels.

"

Take
be

price

fetched

They

was

warned

let the

them, and

the

in

placed

angels who

kept

army."

became

and

amongst

morning,

chiefs

The

first

at

the

safety in

up.

; and

and

army

submitted

immense

which

gems,

recalled,Omar

for

Hence

honey-bee."

is the

the victorious

Persia

was

Medina.

at

treasury

booty

rare

host

slain.

delivered

were

all western

The

and

jewels,deposited

temple there,

people

of

honc}',and

of

caravan

tlius

hands

and

treasure

Fire

great

of tlic Lord's

fell into the

royal

by

overtaken

was

way,

saying

Moslem

cliokcd

pass

losing his

"

[CiiAr.\.\iv.

0^fAR

4,000,000

dirhems.

Omar

Rci and

there
quesL'^""
22

A.H.

643

to

had

was

embarked

now

on

returning.

no

yield, and

the

enterprisefrom

an

which

The

proud Yezdegird refused

no

longer scrupled pursuing

Caliph

A.D.

him

the

to

bitter end.

The

warlike

Caspian again gathered

under

ill-fated

defence

advanced
the

to

City

again

at

he

sought

China.
the
of
and
was

his

aid from

The

contest

But

them

the

end

Yezdegird,

he

survived

he

met

On

with
the

in vain

till the
an

but

from

even

and

cause;

the

across

Turkish
the

and

him

reign of Othman,

to

in the

conflict

The

recovered

never

deserted

as

vicinity
retired,

hordes

tender

when,

whence

for several years

Oxus.

Yezdegird

thence

Emperor of

the

success

treasures

besought

and

refuge in Merve,

Turks, and

with

Ispahan;

to

Kerman,

to

took

espoused his
in

cause

common

Rei, Yezdegird fled

subsequentlyrenewed,
authority; bereft of his

followers,who

made

waged with varying

was

Azerbijan ;

to

prisoner; then, despairing of

last he

the

former

Merve.
with

At

great victoryplaced
retired

there,he hurried

Balkh.

the

Moslems

The

Rei.

Isfandiar

From

army.

of

another

taken

was

shelter

to

; and

mercy.

of

Isfandiar, brother

changed sides,and

findingno
he

their

invading

retired

the

them

meet

defeated,he

success,

the

for

Rustem,

of the

south

races

by

his

submission,
we

shall see,

ignoble death.

fall of

Rei, the Arabs

turned

their

arms

against

G42-3]

A.D.

the

PERSIA

various

Persian

REDUCED

85

of

Some

provinces.

these, thoug'h

A.H.

21-

.22

subordinate
masters

and

been, in point of fact,their

had

in name,

when

even

now,

the

had

heart

own

ceased

I't-'i^sp"

to

empire

beat, maintained
drawn

from

Kufa

by

Arabian

under

the

Thus,

as

tan, Khorasan, and

life,
or

feel

the

secure

faith

were

not

degrees

the

Persian

dominant

The

of

notices

(juarters the

bow

to

The

before

the

by

rude

only gain
to

but

privilegesof
nor

The
even

formed

noble

under

The

of
Apolop;)'

and

84.

of

Fire

that

social

many
after Persians

a"suL,o^j

inducements

element

new

the

in

part, irresistible,nate

most

Moslem

in

refined, he

and

to

temples

partial.^ But

and

by

least,to

at

held

that

to

class of Arabian

belonging

chief

the

Zoroastrians

professIslam,

settled

opposition ceased.

all

altogether inferior

dominant

they,

"

it

Zoroastrian

name

indeed

the

for

or

clan,

"

as

for

enjoyed

blood.

viduals
Indi-

subject peoples

ruling faith.

But

Al

in

the

"

clients

dependent, might

thcy^intermarrywith

were

end

slow

were,

and

and, though thus

did

; and

could

recognised position by attaching themselves

Arab

some

the

attraction

families,and

was

however

families

or

the

in

of

the
in

over,

reigns, show

Persian

place apart

SejesBut

into

adherents
resist

to

came

Zoroastrian

Islam

society. Yet,
a

the

Court, the politicaland

polished

long

race

conversion

fall of the

it.

protectionof garrisoned

the

able

long

after

in

subside

and

privilegesenjoyed by professors of

creed, and

destroyed
the

from

Mokran,

in rebellion

again

plenished
re-

reduced

conquered.

could

great that

so

worship
the

who

reduced.

falling

regions,each

leader

rise

invaders

The

were

the

anon

away

entrenchments.
the

thirstingfor rapine

Azerbijan, were
and

ever

long before

was

of

columns,

continually

another, Fars, Kerman,

after

would

and

different

government

one

people

levies

many

Six

vitality.

Bussorah,

and

new

invaded

renown,

dangerous

claim

were

still

numerous,

The

professionat fast
A'indy.

See

but

here

Arabs

nor

the
where
else-

equal terms,

on

otherwise

upon

in
especially

social and

of

some

neither

point of fact, looked

the Abbassides.

adherents

or

the

outlyingprovinces,

inducements
political

superficial,arc
"

the speech
especially

of

well
Al

brought out
Mamun,

pp.

to

in

29

race.

o6

than

A.ll.-Ji-

of

as

the

less

"equal
an

continued

of

and

for

many

Islam,

estate.

political
generations

they
The

might
formed
and

race

of

privileges,
to

be

xxiv.

theory,

in

nations

conquered

lower

dignity,

thoui/h

Thus,

caste.

brotherhood"

altogether

ancestral

line,

inferior

MussiUmans,

becoming

""

[CiiAP.

OMAR

on

enter

the

not

language,
the

paramount

Arab

XXV

CHAPTER

The

Later

Years

Omar's

of

Domestic

Reign.

Events

a.h.

17-23

While

Moslem

East

under

had

southern

border
calm.

longer
by

of

either

land

intervals

Muavia

strengthening

Native

still
was

Besides
Omar

and

the

Pilgrimage.

residence

The

coast,

of

spirits

the

Islam.

fight

to

home.

at

journeys
his

the

on

restless

its

rule

against

boundaries

the

forth

firm

maintained
warfare

cess.
suc-

future.

the

of

settlements

westward

tranquil

quitted

Amru

Roman

pouring

chances

at

foresight,

sagacious

chronic

waging

extended

Arabia,

the

against

into

Syria

only

Medina

at

of

Governors

already

the

for

mentioned,
the

enlarges
used

provinces

various

Omarvisits

annual
court

Kaaba.
.

to

visit

wont
as

to

they

"Vincial
three

Kaaba.

Mecca

for

improve

the
the

returned

by

interest.
weeks

at

same

way

Dwellings

of
years

and
that

purpose

opportunity

Several

Mecca,

Egypt.

the

consolidating

with

and

were

lasting

for

Medina,

approached

Caliph

his
the
too

of

matters

on

pro-

he

spent

around

the

death,

space

was

them

with

conferring

before

enlarged

the

and

closely

to

11.

"'^"'''''V

struggle

there
no

a.

no

was

the

by

meanwhile

and,

there

attempts

followed

relaxed

time

continue

to

prevailed.

tribes

abroad,

hold

and,

gradually

'

his

the

the

on

17-23

ouijj'^jn"

which

conquest

Heraclius

Desultory

Syria,

peace

Egypt

Empire

busy

of

of

but

for

the

reducing

threateningly

now

death

coast,

of

wave

Minor,

the

was

administration

in

broken

sea.

the

upon

Elsewhere

and

the
in

or

rapidly

the

Asia

After

spirit left

thus

sway,

Syria,

over

a.d.

were

Omar

the

swept

into

arms

638-644

the

of

lS8

A. II. 17-

house

Holy
form

JH

of

; but

patrimony
and

the

the

of which

\()

.\\\V

640

.\.D.

the

In
burst

seventh

from

Caliph
a

poor,

command

pious

work

the

wrecked,

and

till

not

was

Red

Sea,

suffered

to

some

after

his

brave

to

courage

would

he

privation.
again

treacherous.
the

that

of

risks

the

were

never

so

death

upon

vessels

great

element

an

upon

years

gathered

that

vow

so

tion
expedi-

attacks

The

coast.

and

"

naval

check

to

the

amongst

year

The

Medina.

alms

same

expedition

embark

to

of

people joined;

Abyssinian

led Omar

permit troops
It

the

the

disaster

the

In

fires

reign volcanic

distribute

in vv^hich the

the

on

sacred

or

convenient

; and

neighbourhood
to

across

Moslems

The

the

stopped."

sent

was

Ilaram,

adjoining springs,the

the

Omar's

of

year

gave

in the

responsible.

hill in

volcano

the

held

were

of

care

sell

pilgrim stations, for

the

at

place
theless,
never-

deposited

the

to

to

demolished

were

renewed

City,were

and

refused

compensation

constructed

halting-places
local tribes

houses

the

became

as
owners

boundary pillarsof

precinctsaround
custody

Some

in

fir.st.step taken

the

piazza such

the

price

The

treasury.

ill

and

all mankind.

worship for

and

pulled down,

were

grand Square

their

Disaster

[I'HAr.XXV.

OMAR

sulmans
Mus-

naval

encounter.

the

In

__^lQg]itfar"

cities
on^^hanre

of

Governors
Kufa

ofaduitery,
fortunate.
63S

A.D.

seen,

shortlyafter rescuing

ill-advised.
murder

softened

in

wives

At

passion.

When

he

shouted
to

him
answer

his

through

an
a

forth

came

down
the

evidence, the crime

as

his morals.
failed to

concubines

and

had

were

the

lead

adulterer

been

he

had

public

; and

By

any

established

was
mitted
com-

had

not

of

Harem

watched

Omar

by

witness

were

lady visitinghis

Bedouin

accusation.

Moghira

his vagrant
satisfy

intervening window
to

an

movements

have

we

Islam

Tayif, and

improved

or

intrigue with

an

repulsive aspect,
at

as

expedition to

in

successor

youth

Bussorah

enemies, who

him

his

his nature

fourscore

and

rude

unfortunate

the

of

choice

Of

altogether

not

was

of Bussorah, died,

Otba, governor

turbulent

the

control

to

Bussorah, Omar

and

Persepolis. The

to

appointed

prayer,

house.

they

summoned
law

reasonable

beyond

doubt

of
;

refused

A. II. 17-

Omar
he
-VcciKsed of

'

'

expedition
.Abu

"True,"

said

guides ;

therefore

'

free,they

.\bu

Musa

before.

household
silent.

was

"

fared

of office to Ziad

seals

he found

because

The

last

charge

thousand

to

"

Musa

to

send

Ziad

and

the

girlto
with

pleased

so

of his

angry.

by

one-sided

said

Omar,

malice

than

Kufa
"^

of Kufa

the

him

sent

had
"

lie ; and

deposed,

of

642

Bedouin

.A. D.

Omar's

work
the
and

reign,a
jealousy

Truth
a

and

booty.

Sad
There

backwardness

was

in

Musa

mitted,
adrilous
scur-

permitted
him

to

arrival,Omar

the

with

; but

the
to

Caliph
ruin

to

no

finement
con-

very
Musa

better,"

hell fire."

length,in the
had

was

its founder

under

Coreish

girlwas

Abu

perverted is

up

approval

the

influence,in

undue

sprang

accused

was

Musa,

largessof

their

lie leadeth

At

faction
of

his

the

over

desired

back

sought

years

of Chaldsa.

conqueror

Musa

Abu

but

On

Dhabba

he

several

remained

Abu

satisfied,and

was

""

Sad,

in

fit for office."

the

this

and

had

by Abu

given

of her

allegations.
"

answered

making
and

affairs of state

With

Medina.
of

family, the

my

Ziad, already foreshadowing his

employment
detained, perhaps because
Out

had

Medina.

in the

at

with

second

do," explained

governor

government,

talent,that he

administrative

The

"

of

wise

being

now,

said, his authority from

Caliph
his

to

he

he

resume

be

as

truth," answered

admitted

poet;

a
as

The

Abu

was

to

service

sumptuously.

was

youth
that

preserve,

attack.

antl

true."

the

charged

; which

was

attendants.

good

the

his

youths taken

people." Dhabba

too

was

the

dirhems

me

also

that

was

he

Again,

did

subsistence

of the

girlthat

as

properties.

third

The

him

landed

otlier for the sustenance

as

by

ransom,

by

face with

to

of

was

there

confinement,

band

speaketh

the

of

face

I said

for

; "one

their

He

"

two

that

"they

paid

what

he held

that

was

Caliph,

and

summoned

was

days

used

Musa

Medina,

to

some

was

were

me."

serve

"but

Dhabba,

the

firstcharge

The

accuser.

23.\.n.

After

before

brought

was

alone

out

IVIusa,who

clear himself.

to

in the
tky^"^^'^

i)lace U]")on it,set

.1

charges against Abu

laid

JLl

[""iiAi'.
XXV.

OMAR

IQO

Ninth

Sad,
year

against him.
already begun

of unfairness

in

The
to

distributing

imputed also lack of martial spirit

the field,
revival of the slanderous
a

038-44]

A.D.

charge

Medina

to

He

but

of

one

was

OF

GOVERNOR

Cadesiya.

at

cusers,

him

MOGHIRA

Httle

offence

main

them.

to

concern

Omar,

and

he

mmistrations

had

him.

misdemeanour

To

fill

skill,experience, and
who,

Ammar,
first
a

of

days
of

man

Kufa

and,
Bussorah

from

for him
at

their

at

curb

to

factious

the

his slave

for undue

the

bridge ;

crossed

but for

Governor

been

nomination, when
from

him

turbulent

in view

of

men

Kufa

have

headstrong tyrant,

"

As

"

is for

"

his

weak

in the

his former

he

held

of Omar's

"

the
of

convert

had
a

post

the

his

had

again

another

the
of

it

secret

hundred

But," said

"

weak

snare,

was

scandal
all his

weak

for

as

his

"

faith

strong tyrant,

strength
enough

is for thee."
confer

to

on

notwithstanding, the

ment
govern-

defects,Moghira

without

needed

man

his

the

neither

Moghira,
;

"

impotent believer."

and

thine

them

send

to

me

Omar,

positionduring

for that
the

two

was,

stiff-necked

remaining

city;
years

reign.

About

to

nor

With

doubt, the strong

back

making

burden

believer," answered

of Kufa.

who

it.

injureth himself,

caught

Moghira,

and

bear

himself, his weakness

tyranny

Omar,

the

on

before

wormed

Moghira

pressed

"

for

point

offence

Citizens,suggested that the candidate

fit to

not

was

"

artful

of

work

after he

him

^^

Musa

took

cause,

pacity;
inca-

easy

fodder

Caliph sent

the

on

no

The

his
Abu

They

buying

in the

years.^

it was

slighta

so

year, the

was

the

in

"'oo"^-

faith ; but

transferred

populace.

for

and, dwelling

thousand

Omar

Bussorah.

to

and

in

But

influence

unpardon-

finding out

in

them.

over

; in his

in the

none

desire, Omar

rule

to

prayers

confessor

and

advanced

long

not

were

Moghira
appointed

unwisely appointed

to

now

_ll

requiring unusual

slave

second

was

ability,and

no

of

citizens

Islam,

pubHc

be

to

Omar

power,

his

In

customary

vacancy

persecuted

as

A. II. 17-

ac-

the

the

deeming

able,deposed

short

cut

his

proved against
"^

191

with

summoned,

was

the

KUFA

in
at

time, Omar

same

appointed another

singular religiousmerit, Abdailah

earlydays

been

like Ammar

Kufa, for which, however, he

charge

of

the
^

Treasury.

He

Lifeof Mahoiiie/,p.

had
66.

ibn

slave

a
was

been

at

better
the

early Abdailah

Masud,'
Mecca,
fitted,

body-

""

^/

A. 1 1.1 7

"

in

but

body,

"'

There

endow

comparatively
all who

to

them

In the

Provincial

ofticers,
tary, and
r".

igious.

from

with

the

the

of

within
of

danger, Omar

be

in

his

obligation,that

the

all attend

notably

the
that

in

of the

i7*^A
h'

"Tient

Omar
of

the

important

hands,

whole

ritual,to the
were

at

came

is

month

be

the

the

people
"

its

small

the

as

legal

great, should

Friday

; and

body

of

of themselves

Mosques.
or

but

account,

requirements.

it,
and

the

and

men

assembling

popularly ascribed, not

Dewan

obviate

Fast, the whole

in

constant

multitude

vast

country, whose

imposed

of

error

in every

and

people, both

of

arose

To

Coran
he

peoples

called.

instruct

the

which

Islam, risk

masters

reign,

the

together in
To

of

functions, vested

on
public services,especially

should

Moslems

and

to

in

"

Early

control

an

Governor's

of

scope

appointed

separately
also

The

often

fiscal

in the

they

as

it should

women

Era

the

creed

New-moslems,"

business

judicialoffice

the

Governor, who, in

had

rapidity with

the

in respect both
"

Kufa.

held his commission

the

which

powers,

From

brought

were

surplus

appointed
discharged by officers specially
of religionwere
commissioned
Teachers
by

duty.

State.

at

the

be

eventuallyto
the

was

daily Prayers and, especially

address

an

like other
first,

to

from

met

Caliph.

bearing. Military and

political
the

be

the

remained

led
of his office,

Friday, added

on

cordingly.
ac-

Q^i^gj.departments
virtue

shared

campaigns, assigned

functionary who

immediately

Cazcc

as

by.?

contributed

equalise the benefits

to

to

Bussorah

had

important Governments,

more

recensions.

had

administered

territories

discharged
fc"

^^^^

civil, mill-

allowances,

increased

the

as

teeming thousands,

earlier

in the

served

of the

its

Omar,

; and

poor

had

revenues

of both

armies

Bussorah, with

But

of

The

in the

which

to

XXV.

"light

learnetl

wa.s

conquest of Khuzistan, and

the

towards

mem.

rival.

its richer

and

Me

jealousy between

stillconsiderable

was

"reading" of his own,

against all
persistently

text, he held

best

call him

ii.scd to

wa.s

in faith."

weighty

had

Coran, and

Hussorali,

rrojihct,who

of the

servant

"'^'

[Cnw.

n.UA/^

192

Exchequer,

also

the

Z?/^ of Mahomet,

only
and

58, 294.

establish-

Offices

regulationof
pp.

the

the

of

tematic
sys-

Arabian

038-44]

A.D.

He

year.

introduced

of

(Moharram)
Mecca.

Of
have

the

Hence

Hcgira,

the

the

not

of

depraving

influences

named

was

year

from

fled

Prophet

17-

"

the

'

FHght." ^
this

society at

judging closely.

for

field,no

ployment

the

the

A.H.

first month

of the

Mahometan

material

Mahometan

the

moon

new

Mahometan

in

193

purpose

in which

year

of the

state

this

the

the

Era

"

or

for

with

commencing

efa,

DETERIORATION

SOCIAL

tended

doubt,

period

Constant

em-

check

to

Deteiiora-

we

^(yc\^\and

the

flomestic
life,

relaxed

life.

the

sanctions

there

But
the

is

sexes

influence

of

polygamy, divorce,
the

old

honour

and
be

by

She

was

husband,

but

one

amongst

legitimacy

of

the

Iblandishment
and
ling,

free

thus

the

of

favourite

of

or

her

free ; and

ranked

wife.

with

the
and

Beauty

birth

breed-

and

displaced

hour

she

fair

Walad^^

outshone

the

of

slave-girlbearing

noble

often

which

estimation

offspring

her

the

position

rival,however

Ovini

as

and

too

community

household, from

many.

once,

of

point

children
iij

at

buted
distri-

held, under

be, in the

to

baneful

concubinage,

the

Bedouins,

base-born

no

now

children, became
in

the

in the

supremacy

fruitful.

of

and

blood

noble

code

ousted

The

captive women

soldiers

of

wife

chivalrous

and

could

the

servile

and

Bedouin

tween
relations be-

the

that

of

multitude

among

The

large.

at

purity of

already deteriorating.

were

sold

or

indication

luxury,

and

ease

the

tainted

and

ample

quickened by

was

of

which, in times

her

noble

mistress.
With

the

stocked
jjHarem
have

might

jinmany

with

been

The

calendar

[vasintroduced
so

renience

he

have

moon

now.

loses three
lunar
;

The
years

"

and

been, from

lunar

repute.

noble

in

every

reckoning, that,

;\lolher of his child."

days

is eleven

year

of

century
if the

but also this serious want,

of the year.

season

i.t\

may

less the

not

was

case

Some

home, and

was

only

in the

geof the

it

l)ythe Prophet at
lunar, as announced
alreadystrictly
of the years,
But
the
and
numbering
pilgrimage.
consequent
era,

he Farewell

and
iOlar,

But

this

bond-maids,

Persian

and

of greater refinement

ady, ravished, it
^

Greek

expected.

house

sensualist,revellinglike Moghira in

coarse

date

that

There

ours.

l)e

the

shorter

given, you

month

is

no

than

is this
can

the
con-

tell the

indication of

Story of

A. 11. IT'_

the

with

endowed
would

The

of Abd
lover

his

and

the

camp

His

love

only

to

queen

her
his

to
was

of

his

to

waste

"

neglected

"

and

Use

instances

shrink
his
At

of

her

he

So
with

Why

"

that

her

eke

to

forsaken.

His

forsaken

and

her

to

from

own

of his toy, the

or

There

not

are

Obeida

hero

Dhirar

enforce

the

offenders
Gather

his

had
at

be

an

lawful

or

band

He

An

forgiven.
bring

them

If

each

angry

Hesitating to
the

shall

penitent
came:

answer

language of

stern

forth.

if

of wine.

the

that

they

use

on

of Citizens,with

in the

wrote

forhiddoi

lay eighty stripes on

not

that

begged of Omar

and

did

height

head, for the offence.

assembly," he
"

wanting

of it. Omar

the

such

to

grew

summon

law, he

might

companions, for

scandal

their

early days,

zvine

to

by

even
stripesto be inflicted,

commanding
the

had

years

forlorn,weary,

the

deposed because

of Governors

Damascus,

be

beautiful, to

and

marked
significantly

is

manners

his boon

was

slave.

of drunkenness.

and

son

people

Leila's fate

Tired

out

and
it the

if disease

or

the

was

with

her

her.

of most.

household

from

fell sick

back

go

suffered

She

and

be

keep
to

her

she

went,

to

came

Suffer

of

even

Abu

"

him

time

beauty

turn

took

rigorous in imposing the legal penalty.

was

"

her

to

frequent notices

"

The

away.

Relaxation

of

After

beauty, leave

her

At

preserved.

lasted.

beauty

sell her, if still young

hopeless,lot
wine

her

as

he

once

plaything of another;

fretted

praises,

kept

thus?

would

owner

consolate
dis-

despatched

was

the

The

Mistress's

still

she

in

great that, forsaking all other, he

household.

happy compared

flame

Bekr.

his

charms

wife.

home."

her

At

of her

by

to

long

said

comrades

fame

verses

master, and

love, and

master's

in

Duma

at

romantic

singing

not

That

samj)le.

of Abu

rule

moment

bought

son

home.

so

her, so

began

Rahman,

ceased

became

last he

kindled

and

.\.\V.

courtly life,

the

affords

prize. The

unhappiness,

own

for

and

Leila

common

al

of

Lrraccs

princess was

Medina,

reached
breast

of

story

the

from

and

master,

Ghassanide

beautiful
Khalid

charms

her

captivate

supreme.

the

[( HAT.

OMAR

194

ask, Js

Then
say

forbidden,

la^vfnl,behead

them

638-44]

A.D.

LUXURY

one."

"

every
submitted

the

to

the

there

work

and

Jews

With

their

also

of the

habits

when

countless

bred

creed

much
nursed

its sanction

of

the

and

alto- the family,

masters.

much

same

may
slave-

Parsee

the

Moslem

faith.

herited
in-

nationality who
with

Harem,

also

was

have

must

crowded

concubinage,

too

evil school

an

luxury,

idleness

and

provocative of licence

often

degenerated

and

faction,Moslem

into

and

ance
intemper-

debauchery.

For, apart from

and

The

up.

circumstances

indulgence, which

the

and

life and

rising generation. Wealth,

such

"JnT^T^'

ancestral

their

to

Heathen

Influence

alliances,though ostensibly

mother's

of servile

under

were

mactive.

war

There

little else

was

life

relieve

to

idle Prevailing

was

its sanctimanners.

"Tnonious

divided

were

clubs, and

longer appeared
beneath
along shrouded

in

charm
to

sence

and
Jij

And

iJithe

^isex,

was

delicacy,hitherto
society

checked

by

began

from
to

i|cheerless aspect

assume
ever

The

and

the

ban

they flitted
lightand grace,
as

Games

forbidden

their

off,beyond

in ancient

since

the

retained.

the

specu-

lent.

threshold
of the

dreary,
But

even

for money

ameliorating influences
outside

pre-

of chance.

interest

on

City

softness,brightness,

overcast.
were

the

Ladies

day.

portrayed
beautifully

so

life,cut
the

in the

imparted by
; the

gone

amusements,

so, Mussulman

Harem,

were

chilled

were

suchlike

veil."

the

in

spent

converse

public excepting
"

of nature,

song,

3( lation
,,

Arab

warmth

Arab
iji
}\ and

and

not

five times

Mosque

at

prayer

hours
listless

between

no

the

The

voluptuousness.

Harem

17-

harems.

their

practice of Islam,

brought them

and

for the

and

Moslem

; and

adopting outwardly
of these

of the

roots

doubt, retained

fatherland

of the

and

progeny

the

in

A.M.

captivewomen,

retain

they, no

their

of them

girls,even
The

of

of

married

or

days

influences

the

to

might

faith

the

accession

Egyptian,

ancestral

relic of the

domestic

concubines,

as

be said both

95

forbidden,and

was

under

were

Christians

faith,whether

it

been

me

in the vast

Greek, Persian, and

The

Bury

sang,
But

at

have

may
"

poet

gether new

that

ignominious punishment.

for wine

vine."

"juicy

INTEMPERANCE

They confessed

Weakness
when

AND

gentler

morose,

nature

of

is not

and
to

196
A. II. 17~^'

for

be

thus

ever

pent

sequestered Harem,

will
light-hearted

and

young

Cities,intemperance and
classes

serious

creed, but

named.

be
tares

with

even

abroad

to

in the

cup,

which

excitement

In the greater

rife. The

canker

concealed.

The

were

only by

not

already

which

immoralities
of

Development

were

the

ments,
amuse-

voluptuous living,inconsistent

luxuries, and
their

seek

gay
of

when

scandalised

w^ere

The

thus

because

worse

bursts

delights

demand.

libertinism

the

spread, oftentimes
more

seldom

sown

evil

this

with
here

cannot

later on,

came

the

under

even

XXV.

comes;

dull

dissipation,the

and

music, games,

the

not

restrictions of their creed, and

the

evade

tempted

were

often

Faith.

the

the

with

cloyed

youth of Islam,

of

barriers

the

through

likewise

too

rebound

the

up;

casting off its shackles, humanity

in

and

in

[CHAr.

OMAR

strict

but
of

regime

Omar.^
For

Simplicity

ddmesiic^
parts.
life.

the

present such

At

home,

life.

Arab

indulgences
first three

the

with

the

in

of the

Before

sex.

in the

was

of age.

curious

Bekr,

and

sister

arranged.

was

damsel
^

with

For

Damascits
H.

0mm

von

no

standard

of

they
he

At

the

say, had

of
But

the
must

to

The

wed

maiden

the

shameless
refer

to

married

casting

of

untcr

and

Abu

betrothal

light-hearted

aged Caliph.

learned

conceived

whom
the

riage
mar-

sixty

near

daughter

demoialisation
the

Orients

at

five

last

had

He

ways.

the

Kremer, Ctdturgeschichtcdes

marriage

circumstances

Ayesha, through
Ayesha found

desire

were

passion

no

contracted

previouslyhe

domestic

Kolthum,

Islam,

reign,when

Prophet, under

his

respect, the

Medina, he married

of his

years

descriplionof
Baghdad, I

and

this

however, he divorced.

Three

the

these, preferring to remain

him.

from

light on

likingfor

of

eighth year

granddaughter of

the

patible
incom-

not

was

in

Hegira,

two

of whom,

one

hallowed

himself) with

even

Omar,
the

wives, but

Mecca, separated

years

But

Ilarem.

modest.

and

four

more,

Mahomet

of

case

Caliphs,judged by

temperate
for

simplicity, indeed,

Severe

(as

the

Caliphs, fortified by

the

of ancient
Medina, preserved the simplicity

of

associations

prevailed only in foreign

excesses

tliat

ifen.

this

prevailedin

elaborate

dcin C ha/

In

work

of

XXVI

CHAPTER

Death

It

last

piiA.H.

23

644

A.D.

was

though
vigilant

in

v'olving

on

the
him.

journeyed,

rites

of

few

days

to

Lulu,

slave,

make

windmill,

his

wont,
his

annual

when

Persian

Abu

slave,

from

Made

Irac.
had

he

Greeks,

as

prisoners

was

sight

have

to

Verily, Omar

hath

but

and

tragic

brought

his

in

Omar

in

the

the

artificer

It

is
like

"

"A

thee.

been

Abu

his

right

am

that

At

thou

"

for

in
"

couldest

for

mander
Com-

verily

much

"And

day."

Omar,

profits.

out,

how

worker

and

replied
told

the

wrong,
"

followed

He

cried

my

dirhems

carpenter

much,"

of

me

and,

up

shared

heavily."

two

!"

he

the

exclaimed

he

master

of

battle

pent

ones,

bozvels

of

crowd

birthplace,

long

my

now,

second

the

Lulu's

little

and

the
from

tenderness

me

At

"

not

Medina

market-place,

assessed

Caliph.

trade
"

the

When

the

endure

to

was

into

; and

Faithful

hath

Moghira

fate

the

by

by

youth

Christianity

consumed

carpenter

of

thy

of

of

trade

of

springs
heads

Meeting

"

marched

the

said.

the

slave.

Moghira's

opened

stroking

asked

the

them

been

prisoner

his

Moslems,

said

Nehavend,

is

to

came

had

embraced

early

the

by

captivity

the

reign

he

taking

returned

1.

taken

de-

year

with

had

He

the

and

Mecca;

Lulu,

"

of

suit, performed

his

and

vigour,

responsibilities

month

Pilgrimage.

Medina,

of

full

was

vast

to

and

Caliphate,

end.

Moghira

promises
to

the

in

the
last

In

Mahomet

full

untimely
Abu

was

as

of

of

Omar's

he

of age,

discharge

A.D.

of

year

sixty years

some

widows

eleventh

the

ROW

644

A.ll.

23

Omar's

Omar

of

"

what

iron,"
a

he

clever

design

for

044]

A.D.

"

me

OMAR

STABBED

mill

driven

the

he

driven

whereof

went

his way.

sullen

demeanour

from

Omar

of

make

make

Abu

Lulu

mill

far

as

he

That

"
"

for

morning

rank

of the

took

his stand

towards
the

words

in front
No

Allah

him, and

with

and

sharp

blade

his

house

sufficiently
composed
should

proceed

summoned
of

him

me?"

Lord

him

replied,

through
commit

said

gash

the

unto

the
a

upon
in

the

stabbed

ground,

court, but

Abd

al

it

was

Rahman

ended, he

was

it

Is

"

obligatory

"Nay,
"That

burden."

navel), and
that

the

by

being so," he
Then

"

"

company

with

wounds

to

Rahman.

the

''yhim.

signifiedhis intention

free."

art

|"ou[f^|

front

his back

last

at

the

Caliphate.
al

Omar

wildly about,

ran

dying Caliph (for life

below

trust

my

When

will accept

never

wound,"

my

service.

Abd

the

rushed

fallen

that

"thou

Omar,

had

desire

the

Mosque

prayer

six

others, and

bedside, and

to

inquired

!" said
"

the

he

adjoining

to

his

to

nominating

upon

with

Lulu

inflicted

who

Omar,

into

Abu

said,

customary,

as

begun the

Then

body.

wounding

death.

to

borne

was

than

he

and

passed, the

congregatioUjwith

Akbar,
a

west";

mingled with

had

sooner

thee, the

in the

entered, and,

of the

parts of his

killingsome
himself

Lulu

worshippers. Omar

them.

different

Abu

prayer,

23.

mill

slave,"he

to me
spoke threateningly
just now."
Next
the people assembled
day, when

"

for

to

even

A.li.

spared,"said the

remarked,

99

Come,

"

such

me

If

"

east

It is true."

"

wind."

I will

"

SLAVE

PERSIAN

wind."

the

by

shall reach

on

Caliph, "and

surly voice,

in

captive
fame

be

the

by

then," continued
that shall

BY

ebbing

was

stay

stanch

while

me

faithful

were

unto

their

their Prophet was

well
Prophet, and with whom
al Rahman,
pleased." So he named, together with Abd
Appoints
^"
other four," Aly, Othman, Zobeir, and Sad," as the chiefest f^'^^''
the

among
and

called

them

proceeded:
the
"

"

"

"Wait

for the

without
of

the

for

Electors

; if

"

When
brother

your

Medina)

sixth

him."

be

to

his bedside.

to

from

moment

him

them

Companions,

three

not, ye

are

days
to

Then, addressingeach

of his

they appeared,
Talha"
(absent
; if he

decide

the

he
at

arrive,take
the

matter

in turn, he warned

responsibility
attaching to

successor.

successor,

duty

now

imposed

A. II. "!"",.

them, and

upon

his

partialitytowards
"

'

of Hashim

if thou

"

the necks
over
thy kinsmen
deliberate,and then decide.

"

lead the

Abu

stand

before

them/'

to

him

Bid

backbone

"

let him
their

be

he
and

of Islam

it back
the

And

"

Lord, I have

finished

Cometh

after

me

and

peace."

for

at

^^'^^
the^"^

who

"

had

and

ask

"

the

side

"

If she

"

her

last
which

City

make

he

their faults.

verilythey

the

are

from

them,
of

for nourishment

same

Christians, let him

Prophet

course.

And

with

them.

that

him

to

now

faith-

the

kingdom firmlyestablished
lay down
quietly and rested

he

the

his

bowed

of the

of

that

down

that

go

in

buried

in

her

Backie.^

by the side
the

by

me

And

disagree (for he
with
the

people

the

side
come

on

which
in."

other

list

or,

have

if the

is Abd

Crowds

Lulu, he
not

was

even

ihis

burying-groundoutside

the

one

in

once,

Ayesha
chamber
by

unto

of Abu

Bekr.

Moslems,

in the

casting voice)

votes

be

al Rahman.
had

city,see

equal,

Life of Mahomet,

let

Now

assembled

door; and, permission given, they approached

For

it

thee, Abdallah, if the

to

was

majority;

Him,

son,

my

I be

it

who

see

Abu

was

that

before

Prophet, and

bury

it

the Lord

to

Abdallah,
leave

forth,and

go

Told

be

Praise

son

"

thou

choose

bade

refuse,then

Electors

around
my

; that

of the
my

him.

Now

graveyard

"be

and

in upon

as

lightlyby

tribes ;

Jews

Then

he

ever

"

"

"

prayer

"

home

"

those

of the

Go,

"

enter

succeed,

pass

the

I leave

^^^^ wounded

"

"

to

man

unto

covenant

while

exclaimed
"

called

time.

After

to

departed,he

Men

Faith

forth,
shall

;_the tithe that he taketh

fullyfulfil the

"

the

to

not

Soheib

him, saying

shall

the Arab

"

"

no

who

the

well

give

suffer

thp

set

Arise, go

spoke solemnly to

kind

to

thou

that

Meanwhile

to

Aly, if

thou, Othman,

men.

note,

virtues,and

treat

poor.

he

him

it to

us

of

pause

of

"

"xalt not

And

they had

door, and

of their

much

"

"

Prophet,

After

bequest,that
gave

"

the

"Tell

"

"

"

warrior

thou

Sad, beware

When

prayers."

Talha,

him:
"

elected, or

art

that

of

elected

one

family.

their fellows.

"

"

by

above

the

to

and

thee, see

house

"

Desires

danger
clan

own

fall upon

choice

the

the

"

"

)\

[(!ii.\i'.
xxv[.

OMAR

200

at
to

the

make

p. 193.

A.D.C44]

DEATH

As

obeisance.
whether

him.

spiracy against

in horror

response,

who

Omar,
"

the

dreaded

Abbas,

Ibn

the

at

"

that

"

Abdallah, my

"

lay

it

the

Lord

fear

the

"

"

him

thou

deceive

in

may

drink

to

of

unchanged

Which

when

the

the

of the
As

already."
he

son,

And

so,

the

Lord

away.

in

and

and

the

Bekr
armies

the

of

He

See

"

Now,

peradventure

physician

said

"

of

the

milk.

perceive that
O

thy testament,
have

"

the

restingon

gave

through

draught

mander
ComI done
of his

bosom

been

I not

the

kept repeating

had

Moslem

commanded."

hath

before

days
He

soul, had

creed, until

next

of Islam

the

reigned

for it

achieved

of

Islam

had

his

of

wisdom,

the

began

the

to

his

down

Caliph

Nov.

pillow,then

it oozed

he

Lord

Moslem

Omar,

was

beat

his

of Achieve-

name

spiritpassed

for the

^^\^q^Y\-

23rd phate.

of the

close

often

space

half.

that, by

dominion

\ ^"^

thus, this night, for I

but

my

the

as

few

kingdom

years

Omar

with

voice, he

Hegira.

died

So

hard

the

was

up.

death,

"

prayed

low

His

couplet :

gone

of the

years

this

have

It

year

head

lay,his

sat

latter,said

the

That," said Omar,

he

came

matter?"

ground

now

"

fasted and

And

make

from

me

saw,

Faithful."

recited

It would

"

physician

he

as

thy fellows.

also with

so

23.

loud

earnestly:

rising sun."

; and

is mortal

wound

take

the

this

and

the

upon

date-water;

wound

A.li.

con-

the

too

added

head

my

of the

horrors

in

was

Abbas

in

me

Omar

mercy

spiritof

not, thou

down

gently

of

son

with

raise

son,

Luki
"

inquire; and

to

factious

me

asked

thought.

the

signifiedassent, whereupon

with

forbid

Lord

came

thou

art

out, Omar

joined

very

Caliph's bedside,

the

by

The

"

rest, Aly

the

Among

had

man

20I

and

in

they passed

leading

any

OMAR

OF

an

reign

the
of

embracing

Byzantine rule,and

Yet

this

marvellous

greatest in Vigorous,

and

these

ten

vigour,

the

at

his death

Syrian

Arabia.
of

some

with

fortune

never

the

frontier.
He

the

Persia
he

Abu

Persia.

and

tribes ; but

only

the

within

patience,

provinces under
throuehout

all

just crossed

master

Empire

was

Syria,Egypt,

Apostate
but

Prophet

died
fairest

to

boot.

lost the

l^i^^pie

A.H.

23.

[('ii.M'.
XXVI.

O.UAA'

202

of

balance
self above
"the

monarch

and

requiresbut few

life

duty

devotion

were

the

"

I had

of

fieryand

the

weighed

Tie' that

But

the

the

Ever

ready

as

well

sense

of

resentment,

ungenerous

the
as

The

from

favouritism, and

choice

the

weakness

in

passed

in

of Bussorah

he

kept by

him

iiiscounsels, and
subordinate
the

Omar's

and

their

whip

on

is

more

his
of

and
the

in

Coreish

spot

terrible

in the

strong
A

certain

than

kept by
had

Companions
strengthen

to

say)

unw^ill-

from

them

hand, he

and

the

at

till he

Islam
the

arm

there, the

were

doubt,

of

markets

bodies

even

dignity by placing
Whip

free

excepted)

his

Yet

would

he

fallen

of governors

disturb

an

enmity

was

empire.

Kufa.
and

with

diverse, reposed

and

change

this

injusticeis

or

and

most

and

to

ing
except-

Ammar

distinguishedof

more

streets

And

pursued

tribes

was

all put

governors

and

law

dared

partly (as

punish offenders
"

he

the

Bedouin

himself.

to

of

mellowed

now

no
Medina, partly,

at

ingness to lower

his
and

never

The

aw^ay.

advocate

in this matter,

various

disciplineof

check, and

in

be

of tyranny

captains

The

jealousiesof
conflicting
him

even

sword, it

strong.

(Moghira

is discernible
seats

In

stern

the

integrityimplicit confidence,

maintained

factious

the

office,had

empire, representing interests

"

known,

prisoners to

even

early life

he

was

to

would

me;

unscrupuloustreatment

of his

singularlyfortunate.

heard

!"

as

act

no

its rise in Khalid's

his

the

him.

instead

justicewas

; and

against him

foe.

in

while

was

borne

unsheathe

to

he

not

of Khalid, whom

treatment

recorded

Prophet,

advised

age,
His

asperity.

took

impatient temper,

at^Bedr

death.

around

sketch.^Simplicity

that

had

mother

my

days of

vengeance.

him

upon

this stalk of grass

been

later

lines to

is

guiding principles,impartialityand
sponsibil
Releading features of his administration.
that

that

him-

his

so

exclaim,

all the

and

mosque;

looked

he

as

sittingin homely guise before

be

might

Omar's

Medina

ask,

exalted

nor

cTTIelT "Where

Arab

an

would

visitor

of the

court

Character.

the

judgment,

of

frugal habit

the

Caliph?"

the

sober

and

wise

in
would

office
ambulate
per-

Medina,

ready

the

proverb,

so

another's

to
"

sword."

G44]

A.D.

CHARACTER

with

But

of

acts

he

kindness
of

wants

Momenin,

the

and

the

was

of

recorded

widow

203

first

numberless

and

such

him,

A.

who

the

assumed
of

title

Faithful."

the

ul

Ameer

First

Caliph

"

zander

(Successor)

Prophet

the

of

the

of

Lord,

long

too

was

"f

and

^'"'^V

T^aithful."
"

"

"

cumbersome

According
with

Soheib,
the

"'performed
Caliph's

Omar

desire,

funeral

Abu

in

Bekr,

"

the

other

was

the

public

into

body

side

Prayers,
with

Electors,
last

it^:

Burial,

of

chamber

five

the

by

side

the

the

over

and

service,

'lowered

son,

-1

buried

was

presiding

as

"

said,
use."

and

Prophet

""T^yesha.

he

common

his

to

the

the

for

fitter

and

1
while

"

name,

easier,

23.

the

relieving

as

1 1.

fatherless.^

Commander

"

or

OMAR

tender-hearted,

was

are

the

Omar

"

this

all

OF

resting-

place.
Moslem

The
well
the

weak,

'

For

and

an

selfish,

filled

at

pla\-.

the

pot,

Araliia

in

hastened
cooked

on

an

during
children

weeping

hungry
Omar

sigh

ample

to

as,

the

meal,

of

his

tlic

and

Stormy
P'"^P^^

he

enters

on

successor.

famine,

seated

next

fare-

bidding

Caliph,

reign

stormy

journeying

pot.

well

may

single-minded

and

her

and

empty

meat,
and

and

strong

example,

woman

poor

was

the

to

annalist

round

village,
left

the

he

upon

came

fire,

procured
little

ernes

whereon

bread

ing
laugh-

"

CHAPTER

XXVII

Election

Otiiman

of

hijj 23 a.ii.-moharram

dzul

November

What

The

Omar

arrangements

j.ii'^2\"A
successor,

his

had

644

end

a.d.

less

suddenly

ir

Nov.

is

perhaps

definite
know

We
mind.

hold

to

prominent

the

mode

yet

of

his

lead

Obeida

would

the

al

the

take

to

but

of

survived, Omar

none

assassin's

him
of

; but

the

fell upon

the

formed.

gone,

Weak

had

So, relieving himself

expedient
201

of

at

least,

Again,
was

appointed
of Mahomet

Bekr

Abu
Had

meaning.

came

and

Islam

to

named

and

no

power

lead.

that

say

much

saw

; none,

and

emergency

while

So

deathbed

to

at

spoils of

people.

proper

simply

was

his

tribes

and

higher precedent

known

post.

the

dagger,

Caliph unprepared.
he

he

more

sufficient

his

doubtful

was

some

themselves

acknowledged

on

the

it

excepted) Omar

election

Bekr

was

prayers,

chosen

the

him,

danger

of government

laid aside

when

the

with

or

Abu

glory

Coreish

Rahman

reins

upon

Arabian

growing

upon

endowed

successor

himself, who

hold

the

the

the

nomination

uncertain.

Omar

have

as

be

hung heavily on

of

with

to

their

them

amongst

influence
so

felt

for

have
probability,

disunion

flushed

(Abd

all

arrogance

amongst

weaken

to

plain,that

one

perils of

unbridled

rivalries

family
begun

the

already

was

in

would,

Bussorah,

and

war,

is

that
The

Kufa

he

choice

made

But

inquire.

to

unnecessary

have

might

come

a.ii.

24

Abd

Abu

would

al Rahman

faint

from
the

upon
of the

nominating

he

to

the

dying

bility,
responsi-

the chiefest

206

\.n.

-23.

house, while

.\bu

Omar

had

door.

ordered
the

delayed beyond
be declared
by
utmost

be

al

Abd

allow
the

offered

abide

would

first

at
"

word

"

alone

that

thou

and

the

Rahman,
"

"

abide

wilt

umpire

Electors

in the

between

favour
not

of

yet

pressed
the

other

be

to

them

upon

own

thus

kith

to

come

Aly, who

give

thy

me

kin, but

nor

rest

right

I," rejoined Abd

that

troth

thy

me

thou

rested

the matter

thus

al

dissentients

all

against

and

but

First

"

Aly

long

claim;
next

engaged

in

each

The

contest

Hashim
;

and

the
was

and

Omeyya,

their

influence

Zobeir

in

was

certain.

Talha

and

Othman,

separately,

secret

now

claim

the

The

morning

the

nomination

had

Each

conference.

admitted

weight.

; and

of

is not

each

but
in

with

fairlyequal.

was

voted

Sad

was

closeted

Othman

and

With

the

would

issue,i\bd

an

agreed

And

"

of

houses

body

returned.

his

to

close his eyes.

not

; how

al Rahman

Abd

be

Aly

all

said

give

he

be

must

the

On

claim, if only the

neither

Rahman,

Aly

electoral

the

with

al

the

of

persons

regard

vinces
Pro-

al Rahman.

in turn, did

narrowed

last

at

Aly assented,

of Abd

that

own

choice, and

my

Electors

matter

They

first to

night Abd

That

al

Rahman

by

hands

the

people'sweal."
thee

the

the

views.

decision

that

forego his

to

wilt

it."

support

in the
Abd

ask

the

bring

silent,but

"

tors,
Elec-

unprofitable

in

their

sounding

his choice.

by

was

sisted,
re-

yearly Pilgrimage, had

the

warned

To

morning.

al ]\.ahman

The

spot.

chief officers from

for

delay, and

further

no

might

signifiedthe

days passed

the

in

Talha

Abu

day,

be

spent the night in visiting

come

yet departed), and

third

not

successor

and

the

on

Rahman

(who, having
not

the

minority then

if the

that

should

his

latest;

at

two

leading Citizens, and

the

that

beheaded

party, and

own

wrangling.

at

again assembled, pressed hotly each

thus

of his

claim

fourth

choice

the

day, so

by saying

they should

adjoining Ayesha's

guard kept watch

that

third

the

urgency

when

with

Talha

duty, assembled

the

to

chamber

in the treasury

Electors

the

Caliph

deceased

the

appointed by

by

[CH.\r.xxvii.

OTIIMAN

of|

broke
must

made.
The

courts

of the

Mosque

overflowed

with

expectant

(i44]

A.D.

OTHMAN

assembled

worshippers
Rahman
"

addressed

the

without

"

Wherefore

"

division

no

Micdad

and

if it be

turned

!" and

said

counsellor

"

Omeyya

"

whereupon

"thus

counsel

to

wax

said

warm,

"

Silence,ye people I
or

"

this

bring evil

matter

rests

"

"'

front ;

the

to

the

Lord,

the

example of
?

cessors

"

"I

I will act

"

so;

ability."

who

answered

he

dissatisfied
decided

raised

"

"

"

do

Thou

the

the

by
burden

"

the

his

forth."
Be

"

quiet,

determination

"

he

called

the

covenant

of

that

of

Aly
of

the Lord,
of his Suc-

I should

do
and

knowledge

Othman,

I will."

Yea,

upon,
Where-

against him,
heaven,

toward

is around

my

of

aloud

thus
bear

and

neck

work

thy

precedent

mind

prayed

now

strife

Aly's hesitating answer,

face

hand,

that

round

place

in

his

hearken

with

thou,

art

question to

same

"

having already
Othman

the

put

who

Book

the

the

unconditionally,

Rahman

The

best of my

the

to

not

passest

burst

saying,

to

Prophet, and

according

Thou

will

thyselfby

according

and

would

Finish

"

So

bind

been

Hashim

Beni

hope," responded Aly,

Then

either

al

all

thou

al Rahman.

me."

thou

the

Abd

with

Sad, seeing the

yourselves.

on

hast

"

salute

scorn

Ammar

discord

cried

with

do

to

the

Rahman

of

"

Dost

"

"

"

"

or

will

ye

al

Sarh,
Ammar

same.

angrily,
Someyya ;

Coreish?"

flames

forthwith,

Abu

cried

long

But

of

son

Abd

to

"

"

Let

cried

the

Aly Caliph!"

the

how

one

beyond thy bounds,

that there

Sarh; who, repaying

Moslems

should,

division,then

affirmed

and
"

:
"

the

neck,

or

Abd

taking
O

witness.

me

Lord,

Verily
do

same

'

-'

othman

Ammar,

desire

thy

no

Ammar,

that

respectiveposts.

salute

for themselves."

speak

silent ;

Abu

pray,

the

to

be

Rabia

on

And

"

"

be

Abu

there

A. 11. 24.

t-'l"icted.

abroad

Nay,"

"

same.

that

desire

thy

If it be

"

al

think

matter."

this

land, then

the

in contempt

scorn,

the

in

affirmed

Othman

"

Kufa, said

of

in

now

me

their

to

Abd

people

captains from

waiting, return

advise

late governor

"The

"

207

service.

morning

thus:

chiefs,and

further

CALIPH

for the
them

governors,

"

"be

ELECTED

Othman."

ist

^^?^'^'"
A. II.

24

So

saying,

he

7 Nov.

644
'

Sarli

To
was

furtlier on

understand

the taunts

the foster-brother
:

and

that Ammar

here

bandied, it must

of Othman,
was

son

and
of

bore

I)e remembered
bad

boncbniaid

Mo-

repute,
called

as

that Abu
we

Somevva.

sliallsee

A. u.

2o8

A. 11. 24.

[Chap,

OTIIMAN

him

saluted

Calipli,and

as

the

xxvii.

followed

people

his

example,

Ui^

in.uii^mal

jf

first

the

was

of

day

the

New

the

year,

of

24th

the

atidrcss.
.

of

homage
made
he

Alter

Ilegira.

"

them, and

^'^"l^l"
yet

his

take

"

"

w'ay

lips;
"

Talha

returned
had

then

even

choicc

The

clioice

of sad
foriskm!

Moslem

world

the

faith,and

in
this

to

schism.

embittered

of

Abd

divide

But

Abd

not

But

have

is my

him

with

ruled

the

prepared

was

learning that

on

allegiance.
laid the seeds
for years
the

believers

his

Shortly after,

swore

which

on

Lord

al Rahman

al

prophetic

makest

blood, threatened

day

hood.
brother-

and

Joseph

would

also

It led to dissensions

disaster.

the

by

keep

to

acquainted

Caliphate.

tlius madc

himself

desire

dissented, he

agreed, Talha

people had

all the
The

resign the

to

allegiance,

with

devise."

his vote

as

address

to

he

The

me.

ye

if he

that

majority, declared

the

words

Othman

and

happened,

the

speak

to

shalt repent hereafter."

becometh

Medina.

to

of

oath

Rahman,

thou

which

that

helper against

what

al

with

out

Surely patience

"

the

Prophet'shouse

Abd

attempt,"

how."

him

lest,speaking thus, thou

Aly passed

so

first

displeased,and

of the

said

heed

teach

whereof
against thyself,

"

And

Beware,"

pulpit,and

unused

bitterlywith

out

power

the

was

the

receiving

in the future

rest, took

al Rahman

The

"

he

duty

much

partisans were

"

voice,

like the

Aly,

supreme

his

would

Lord

the

upbraided Abd
the

speech.

be

It would

public.
Though

modest

spent

ascended

for
always difficult,

was

in

days

people, Othman

the

"

"

three

or

brief and

said,

Aly'sparty

two

...

in

Rahman

bathed

existence

of

hopeless and
could

hardly

anticipatedthe wanton, weak, and wavering policy of

which
Othman,
slowly but surely brought these results

have

There

about.

functions

his

and,
^

and
best

as

Stn'a

he

is
as

no

Umpire,

thought,

to

reason

he

for the

think

acted

that, in discharging

otherwise

than

loyally

best.'^

xii. 2ig.

the invidious task as a loyaland unselfish patriot.Xi^lit

discliarged
day engaged in canvassingthe sentiments of the leadingchiefs,he did his
claims of the Electors.
The immediate
the antagonistic
cause
to compose
He

of his

nominating Othman

is not

easy

to

find.

Abbasside

traditions

assume

it

644]

A.D.

HORMUZAN

An

SLAIN

embarrassing

Othman.

Some

Caliph,that

Abu

followed

incident
told

one

Lulu

OMAR'S

BY

Obeidallah,

had

been

SON

the

209

accession

of

of the deceased

son

shortlybefore

seen

A.H.

24.

]\iurder of

in

Hormuzan

3.nd affair
.

private
with

with

converse

Christian

surprised,the
that

with

drawn

both

the

his

three

sword

Caliph,

the

him,

as

professed

council

conceived

be

Others

cause.

"

lost his

of

the

the
a

said

the

that

One

law.

; but

there

is

he
no

the

tittle of

supposed conspiracy.
law, Obeidallah
believer

must

without

proposal :

due
But

"

"

of the

wilt put his

Faithful

!"

death

to

son

the

assumed

responsibility
of

blood,

and

excited,

and

already departing from

was

poet, Ibn

The

the

and

(for

Caliph

who

silenced.

was

to

reason

think

Lebid,
had

satirised

let him
the

So
that

off,

matter

the

judg-

generallydisapproved.
of Othman's

chief

undred

have

not

Commander

thou

believer

was

the

at

Caliph

the

murderer,

was

fave

his victims'

money

dropped,and

)f the

the

"

the

slain

appeal,Othman

stinging verse

nent

of the
to

loss of

faith),before

There

even,

to-day

strict letter of the

both

Moslem

of

compensation in lieu
paid himself. Some
feeling was

he

people

in

and
life,

naming

this

the

shocked

were

yesterday,"they said,
by

murderer

having

as

"

Moved

the

slew

and

the

at

as

rushed

death,

incensed

"^""-

Rashly

Obeidallah

still reeking with

called.

was

such

Omar.

of Omar's

when

that

poniard

father's

Sad,

that,according

death,

to

put

his

slave.

; and
a

and

prince,

wounded

infuriated

avenge

evidence, or presumption

Aly

Sad

"

rersian

to

had

Obeidallah,

had

"

T1

the

belonging

to

carried

Hormuzan

Hormuzan

assassin

princeand

and

separated,dropping

the

slave,seized

blood,

conspiracy,the

with

slave

which

assuming

all

men

dirhems.

promise

first acts

was

round, by
The

act,

of extravagance

no

the

to

increase

addition

doubt,
in the

was

new

to

the

stipends Othman

each

of

5"p^^^ds!

one

popular,but

it

administration.

that he
to swear
of Aly in hesitating
scruples
The
Bekr
Coran
^ould follow strictly
and of Omar.
the precedentsof Abu
but
d the precedent of Mahomet
the
he would implicitly
obey,
precedentof
In
the
first
with
them.
of the trae
tenor
Caliphsonly so far as he agreed
then
how
al Rahman
first questionedAly and
Abd
jitions
Othman,
relating
iid in their replies,
I hardly find sufficient ground for this assumption; and it

been

the conscientious

oks very much

14

of

piecewith

the Abbasside

fabrications of later days.

CHAPTER

Caliphate

XXVni

Othman.

of

24-35

Causes

of

TlIE

unpopu-^to
larity.

reign

of

that

the

say

turned,

and,

storm

burst

with

This

is true

to

They

were

"

Coreish

of
I.

Arab

tribes

Coreish.

in

of

conscious

the

getting

both

bit

their

control,
their

partly

arms

ground.

he

even

Arabs

those

the
of

of

in

been

not

the

rapidly

arrogant

and

Bussorah

Omar

impatient

Islam

blood,

ot

due

was

of

Caliph,

in

effectually

able

brotherhood
Arab

lands,

under

were

of

other

were

already

success

in

power

and

had

had

the

because

The

it

Kufa

The

because

specially

in

Muavia,
Citizens

in

Their

of

Syria, they
of

tribes

teeth.

focus

insolence.

partly

Believers,

equal

its

In

But

that

fruits

and

influential

Arab

their

them-

belonged.

hand

there.

the

power,

of

body

the

and

glory

powerful

first,

and

Coreish

Muavia

the

first.
;

large

Empire.

settled

between

itself; for

curb

the

cities, indeed,

these

shown

all

their

the

large

Medina

spirit had

factious

to

and

Mecca

and

with

over

by

the

by

strengthened
from

check

Othman

of

very

Hashim

of

Caliph.

noticed

the

the

causes

the

at

house

flushed

all

spread

were

held

Yvere

latter

from

among

the

years

the

reality

nation

the

six

aged

already

Arab

the

soldiery,

in

been

jealousy

which

to

Arab

victory,

the

the

work

has

as

between

namely,

"

The

at

second,

Omeyya,

Antago-

between

and

selves,

busily

between

antagonism

usual

sedition,

into

upon

but

extent

twofold,

were

fury

is

last

later

his

ripening

gathered

the

and

during

discontent

It

years.

popular,
that

Review

A.I).

twelve

were

words,

some

unpopularity
\

lasted

first six

tide

645-656

A.H.

Othman

other

in

reverse;

General

the

to

faith,

stood

indeed,

on

as

(145-56]

A.D.

OTHMAN'S

the

to

successor

Prophet,

yielding

with

critical occasions
a

as

the

like

his

on

concessions
of

lesson

of

day,

of Coreishite
The

Kufa, Omar

power

the

Caliphate, and
have

of

own

which

recognise the

uttered
was

faction

the

of the

would

Thus

Arab

which

:)f the

Caliphate,and

.vould

in

the

igainsthimself

end,

the

fast

was

which,

if he

to

as

Aly

earliest

bitter

to
;

the
to

enmity,
and

them

him

cast

power

rivalry
support

crush

Still worse,

the

Aly

disloyalpolicy of the

sapping

succeeded

the

lost

malcontents.

themselves

to

whom

on

divided

were

enabled

have

of

branch,

their names,

Othman

and

house

Every expression

promoted

Coreish

the

he

the

those

period of

which

otherwise

faction

that

which

tardiest

amongst

of Islam.

Hashim

Aly
Omeyyad

the

; and

were

the

That

been

to blacken

used

Government

lent

had

But

claims

to

his favour

up and

of the
[machinations

land his party

bud.

the

houses
of

throne, they Omeyya,

depreciatethe

Prophet

during

in the

Caliph belonged.

Mahomet

on

the

to

himself.

vaunt

Omeyyads,

large,2. Jealousy

at

Othman

to

now

[paralysed their influence,

Bedouin

day

impatience

the

opponents

honour.

which

from

Islam

to

loyally around

Arab

the

mission

raked

discredit

take

to

greater danger

of

person

inveterate

by

now

jand

the

and

lavished

now

with

fraught

began

unfortunatelyfor

most

slow

partialitywith
relations,stirred the jealousyof

which

to

Othman

baneful

spiritgrew

threatening

Prophet'sfamily,and

branch

and

the

Othman,

his

the

citizens

constituencies

not

were

the

set

those

to

turbulent

less

to

nipped

Hashim,

and

they

rallied

Coreish

weakness

I of

which

insidious,and

favoured

already

given

cause,

more

might

of

in the

rule.

second

the

had

on

enjoined

that

was

clamour

and

the

Thus

was

Had

the

to

it

so

24^"

him, but,

and

spiritof opposition to authority,and

"

And

A.H.

he,

counsel

around
same,

by

even

took

men

the

by

made

his successor,

to

advantage of
to

he

and

foretaste

bound

But

only

not

leading

lieutenants.

which

Bussorah

the

himself

rule,held

uncontrolled

absohite,

was

popular sentiment,

to

211

authority whatever.

constitutional

any

UNPOPULARITY

the

should
to

the

foundations

have

foreseen,

throne,

recoil

''"

till later

not, however,

It. was

A. II. -M-

though early
This

diverted l)v

which, busily pursued in

mditaiv

in great

twelve

from

attention
have
the

l^ast,and

Campaign.s under
M

..\.r".

of

time

various

Moslem

command

of

Othman,

Fars, inaugurated
The

land

was

been

set

stormed

condition

of

treachery

of

million,and

Merve

with

on

of

one

the

the

at

other

Mirzaban

was

beheaded

the

rest

battle

fought

was

country

far

as

the

acknowledge
these

of

Aamir

the

of the sword
and

Kabul, and
^

them

for

seized

obedience

Ghazni.^

The

he

arms

back

that this

to

cut

the

thingcan

shrine

off,and

of
took

on

chiefs

the

out

thee

nor

of

rubies.
thine

are

these

can

"

and

far

In

thee

to

point
Herat,

as

as

yet

Sejestan,the
of rubies.

the eyes

only

to

Sejestan,

Here,"' .said he,

this I did
it do

left
the

at

and

parts.

gold,

40,000

he

as

to

achieved

however,

must,

the

and

pilgrimage

authority

so

great

forced

whom

control

idol made

an

Prince, "these
neither hurt

Mecca,

on

and

taken

were

the

furnishing

Oxus,

the

parts of Kerman

under

the

surrendered

own,

restored

campaign,

at

quarter pieces ; and

forgot his

Lieutenants

the

by

in

which

on

assessed

was

Takharistan

Idolatry long prevailed throughout

general
The

The

in the revolted

brought

taken

lives ; but

on

they

Princes

native

fightingmen.

and

out

set

east.

discretion,

Caliph's suzerainty. Having

thanksgiving.

prosecute

of the

splendid victories, in

captives,Ibn

and

at

Nishapur,

hundred

Balkh

as

of

Khowarizm

at

north

strongholds,after

Serukhs

the

with

in the

surrendered

States.

list of

to

so

adjoining province of

the

and

the

names,

Persia, and

Mirzabans,

of

death

Aamir, governor

hands

quarter being given for

the

Ibn

million

less

or

foot.

tribute.

heavy

more

enterpriseswere,

the

the

in

towards

of

had

or

we

series

on

and

ordinarilyleft

were

so

after

in

great campaign

overrun,

either

directed

time

place

supremacy,

divert

to
.

as
I'Lxpeditions,

to

Bussorah, having first reduced

had

provinces brought

general rising took

restore

by

trouble.

the

throughout

tributary subjection. Shortly

Omar,
A.ii.'^

652

the

prominence.

caliphate, served

from

been

inllnence.s,

military operations

all directions

domestic

had

seen,

the

to

Othman's

of

years
"'

service.

the.se

dangerous

due

measure

that

on

work, assumed

at

Factious

was

[Ciiai-.
xxviii.

ATE

CALIPH

212

as

he

gave

let thee know

good."'

It may

have

A.ll.

-Ji-

Kcrman,

"

only

also

were

to

such

numbers,

vast

on

Muavia.

^'^ the

had

of

related, the
Fighting
Greeks
26

A.H.

him.
some

of

the

entire

Excepting

But

Arabia

fighting tribes

fanaticism

such

of the

disasters

entirely under

come

Yezid, Omar

; and

districts

the

as

the

to

means

other

successively into

the

reign

of

Muavia

raids

little

import, Syria

Thus

army.

attack.

Help

administered

Following

the

up

Tiflis, and

as

Thereafter

and

summer,

the
their

before

of

to the

very

In

Africa,

to

the Greeks

the

not

eastern

Asia

Tabaristan,
on

the eastern
marched

Black

the

renewed

were

Sea.
every

by naval expeditions from

Syrian generals pushed forward

and

Othman,

Asia

their

Minor, strengthened
A

coasts.

few years

Muavia, accompanied

of

one

these

by

his

expeditions along the

precinctsof Constantinople; and returning

by Amuria, destroyed
.\frica,

proach
ap-

had

overran

reached

even

enlarged

wife, headed

year

by the

turning north, they

Levant

border, and

the death

Bedouin
coast

in the

conquests
their

they

their comrades

aided
eventually,

ports of Africa,the

second

repulsed the Byzantine

reached

hostilities with

for

joined the Syrian

soon

success,

Then

Caspian.

liy

had

he

from

ordered

was

passing through Armenia,

of the

far

Minor, which

volunteers

8000

forming a junction with

shore
as

Asia

reinforced,the Arabs

Minor, and
thus

from

to

closely

was

came

be

his

Othman,

to

of

the

governors

Province

oppose.

provinces, and

him

fell

line

Omeyyad

army

faith

Muavia.

gave

enjoyed rest,when
suddenly in the
Othman's
startled
was
caliphate,Muavia
an

in

peared
disap-

soon

time

of

2C

wild

last, early in

of

as

There

of conquest.

Damascus

till at

whom

the

brother

their

of

swarms

time

of his

away,
;

this

by

government

liands

and

swelling tide

death

passed

its

tale.

in Turkestan.

rapidly,that

so

in the

Syria

losses

forth

cast

tell the

cscapinij to

men

alarming

some

still rolled

under'

two

continued

Syria

[Chai-.xxviii.

OTHMAN

14

I have

many

fortresses

already

noticed

on

the

the

way.

desperate attack

AH

646

made
A.I),

early in this reign on

Byzantine forces on that
of the

Amru

and

City, but

were

against the

Alexandria

from

seaward

; the

occasion

actuallyregained session
posshortly after driven out by

Moslem

power

in

Egypt

no

G45-5G]

A.D.

further

EGYPT

attack

AND

for the

was

Arab

shores washed

the

along

were

the

chiefs who

Among
Abdallah

and

only

An

able

the

government
But

whom

him

from

the

over

was

her."

hands

; while

by

danger,

with

which

sent

Mahomet,
abused
"

"

as

he who
serrf

p.

See

in

appealed

fault,and

deposed
objected.Amru
^

by^Abu'^

the revenue,

over

another

milked

who, after

Emperor,

The

point

^^""l^'

Gregory,
advanced

produce

Sarh,
the

Sale in loco.

Abu

to

the

"

with

unto

an

of

Sarh's

help,

of

panions."
Com-

"

; and

(Li/dof

offence,and

is

26

more

that which

he

647

governor,

capture of Mecca

Who

Conquests

arms

contested

hotly

and

like

the

charges

warned

company

revelation

of

Barca, and

Othman,

men.

vi. 94

"

his

its

as

freelymagnifiedhis

in Sura

ranks

the

against him

at

a.u.

tunate
unfor-

was

to

647

tration
adminis-

carried

command,

long

was

some

against Othman.^

numerous

to

act

into

large contingent

alluded

the whole

beyond Tripoli and

Party spiritnow

will

on

Amru,

Each

while

rife

now

narrowly escaped execution

saith,I

down."'

not

him, gave

coast

field

the person

with

repute of Abu

bad

in sole

marched

397).

advanced

Amru

Amru

told, of 120,000

The

Sarh

and

Sarh,

Carthage.

the

are

the

Abu

"

horns

Abu

the

called

the

threatened

be in

to

It threw

Sarh, left thus

we

fell out

civil control.

nepotism

vigorously along

army,

of

Caliph.

partialityand

reinforced

he

to

26a.}[.

renegade,"as they

even

when

altercation,transferred

the

disaffected

Abu

Amru

cow's

death.

escaped

control.

supreme

the

Othman

appointed by Omar

army," he said,

bitter

for the

of

generalamnesty,

repaired angrily to Othman,

into

the

the

He
of

words

from

after,he

and

revenue

like holding
^

"

"

the

had

capture of Mecca,

Egypt,

years

declared

who
the

be

To

some

Islam.

the

was

Upper

vested

was

Othman,

"

of

in

on

of

intercession

administrator, he

Nubia.

to

the

at

foster-brother

revelations,he

his

; and

Prophet proscribed

the

by

was

the trust

to

was

army

reputation

record

to

"

against them.

the

as

A.ii. 24-

strong

Egyptian

enviable

no

Mahomet

by

unfaithful

proved

Mediterranean

the

joined

the

to

in force ;

long

activelyengaged

had

bore

He

Employed

the

by

Sarh, already noticed

x\bu

Othman.

of

still

columns

Farther

remained

arms

21

present made.

west, however, the Byzantine

and

AFRICA

was

wicked

than

the Lord

hath

i^^'
a.d.

2l6

A. 11. -21''"'"

Sarh,

Abu

stimulate

to

should

the

camel

by

Medina;

to

the

are

way

part of the
rest

is blamed

for

purchaser

of it at

It

Naval

hy Omar,

^^^
added

Sarh

other

contributing
fleet,and
embark

his

"

almost

"

hens

the sea,
"

"

The

and
is a

tiny specks
beneath;

"

tempestuous,

"

Man

at

scared

Omar
"
"

to

The

than

"

and

"

The

Wackidy

on

Supra,

p. 177.

fifth

The

the

cast

the

sea,

on

they
and

have
tell

from

swallow

of

Omar

to

Levant,"

the

might

you

cackling of

the

dreaded

Omar

thus

answered

:
"

great ships look

above
is

and

waters

broken;

when

fear it much.
it little,

engulfed, now

splinter,now
this

alarming account,

anything to do with ships ;

broader
is longer and
me,

is instant

its accursed
furnishes

support

But

heavens

Trust

Master's

the

and

who

jealousy

his

he
the

on

on

shore

whereon

receiptof
to

to

while,

isles of

dogs

fleet

capacity

it up.
bosom

with
How
?

the

Lord, night

should

Remember

material for the romances

plentiful
later writers.
the maiden
According to some,
being killed escaped thus her unhappy fate.

campaign
and

camel, and
-

Muavia

dry land,

people

my

sang

Moslem

keen

missed

A mru,

reel.

senses

On

day, seeking

he

become

to

aroused

them."

expanse,

insect

an

his

on

again Othman

which

in

calm, the sailor's heart

Syrian
the

consult

death."

forbade

"

is

sea

of the

nought but
his

Medina

Sarh

of

Syrian

attack

to

to

when

here

The

"

the

to

boundless
;

Abu

cousin

obloquy

barking

wrote

of

her off

sought permission

leave

give me

sea

had

the

last discomfited

campaign, Oth-

of Islam

long keenly

close

are

"

"

had

hear

the

soldieryin ships.
"

wrote,

his

elevation

to

anew

in

at

personal prize.

and

conquests

undue

fact

this

as

chieflyfamous,
the

Muavia

name.

was

which

the first commander

as

is

hand, his

In

of

altogetherinadequate price.

an

largely to

booty

Medina;

to

warrior

verses

by granting

of

the

citizen

martial

allowing Merwan

is,however,
Abu

he

Fifth

to

carried

preserved.^

usual

as

the

odium

royal

enemy

He

prize.

and

much

sent

was

his

still

incurred

man

for

lady

The

slaughter,and

great

haud

large dower,

X.WIII.

the

troo])s,promised

father.

slay her

with

gained

his
with

Gregory's daughter,
who

forMden

[('IIAI'.

OTIIMAN

of the

I trust

Ala.^

pseudoleaped from the

NA
64r,-r,c,]

A.T".

"

Nay,
me

all the

ALEXANDRIA

OFF

safety of

friend, the

my

than

"

VICTOR

VAL

2 I

is dearer

people

my

to

a.h.

24-

of Greece."

treasures

'_

attempted by

Nothing, therefore,was

reign I5ut

in the

sea

uiukr-

tal"en

Othman

tion, and
that

his

on

last

relaxed

should

be

at

service

maritime

commanded
Abu

by

Sarh

carried

unable

Caliph,
remitted

to

yet

as

last,while

at

we

in

engaged

'

the

a-d.

the

protection,
told

are

and

649

same

and

their

land

captives'^-^Ukai.

of

Emperor

Cays

by

Cypi'us Cyprus

pay

guarantee
Abu

joined

was

Alexandria.

the

to

Hegira,

manned

multitude

fiftyexpeditions by

killed

was

done

poll-tax.^Of

the

headed

he

had

the

ships

by

otliman.

first fleet

; it

to

peti-

condition

on

of

year

of

the

The

admiral

as

great

ban,

Cypriots agreed

they

as

28th

from

warriors

The

the

complement

Arab

off.

revenue

Ca}^s

easily,and

taken

was

with

and

Egyptians,

Abu

by

reiterated

voluntary.

in the

equipped against Cyprus,

was

Muavia

death,

"

11

"

"i-iiT\/r-

But

of Omar.

by

that
but

sea,

exploring

Grecian

seaport.
Three
the

harbours

fall of

after the

years

Levant, the Byzantines gathered

and

defied

the

challenge.

ports of

the

in

crowded

with

fleet

the

In
Arab

The

to

the

dedicated

3rd Ed.]

to

wife

while

of

kept

on

sword

her

lulled,

night
of

took

their

place.

dagger
the

but

Sultan

and

ensued.

Greeks,

Ta/cye,dedicated

expedition. Accompanying

mule

was

and

Coran

the

died, and

Society Journal, January i8g6,

s

was

tine
Byzan-

clangour

and

sides

both

the

adversaries, and

their

with

"

Xiex-'^
652

in

wind

The

of

shrine called Khaldat

fell from

Asiatic

The

fierce engagement

answer

Enemy's,

The

the

up

to

ship

the army.

recitation

officer in this

an

to

the

squadron, though
the

anchor.

at

with

great

island,she
her.

from

in

encounter

Haram,
on

morning,

[There is stillin Cyprus

Omm

husband
was

for

Greeks

slaughter was

his

Alexandria.

sight near

ships grappled

hand-to-hand

available

and

in

Naval

500 vessels,andria,

some

appointed

was

equipment

Moslems
the

warriors

lay

the

while

prayer,

The

in

sides

passed by
bells.

valiant

came

both

and

and

weight

fleet of

ex'ery

Africa

and

Sarh

manned

He

Egypt

inferior

Abu

Arabs.

from

now

seriously threatened

Africa, and

of

driven

Cyprus,

so

art.

her

this shrine
vi. p. 81.

a.d.

IS

A.

11.

24

[CiiAi'.

OTHMAN

unable

the

withstand

Id

wild

of

onset

the

xxviri.

broke

Saracens,

3"..

and

OblcH-iuy
cast

The

dispersed.

him

despatched
(

people,

the

where

Syracuse,

to

on

in

sailed

commander

Byzantine

infuriated

away

defeat,

the

at

bath.'

his

)thman.

Othman

against

fleet.

"

Othman

"

he

"

"

hath

have

changed

made

Admiral

chief

in

death

to

that

of

of

the

and

spread,

The

of

Abu

the

Sarh,

began

men

the

were

to

declared

he

in

his

of

line

incensed.

more

guage
lan-

inflammatory

speak

put

elsewhere."

Sarh,

fight

he

openly

and

visedly
unad-

the

Caliph

Othman.

against
Outlook

they

"

w^ould

hath

and

Abu

of

i^rcdecessors,

also

men

ears

in

Prophet

the

should

thus,

his

Bussorah,

malcontents

threats

the

Kufa,
the

Excluded

Spite

suchlike

at

reaching

none

battle.

and

and

Caliph

the

of

whom

man

free

Companions

against

ordinances

command

clamour

The

thus

the

found

time

leading

the

among

hath

put

first

the

murmured

They

discontent

notwithstanding,

for

now

expression

dangerous
the

victory

splendid

This

clouds

louring,

were

and

the

horizon

of

darkens.

darkened

later

According
dale.

around.

all

to

See

Theophanes,

Gibbon,

chap,

it

was

xlviii.

Constans

II,

who

so

perished,

but

at

CHAPTER

XXIX

Events

Domestic

during

Otpiman.

His

and
the

on

destinies

of

itself.

The

Medina
these

cities

of

change

their
did

obedience

unsuccessful.
took

who,
heated

altercation

Masud.

The

of

provide

and

was

son

battle
the

of

that

Bedr

children

"

of
and

^J'^^"^"

of

Bussorah.

loyalty
dis-

The

As

brave

the

Ocba

his
was

be

to

soul,

taken

when

who,

about

the
but

brother

"

answered
219

Who

will

by

the

and
ears

he

Caliph

apof

suspected
of

his

at

exclaimed
for

Prophet,

the
in
little

my
"

Super-

'^y^Jj^^^j
Ocba,

own.

Welid

prisoner

care

the

before

because

death,

to

put

Ibn

at

the

Sad

unfortunate,

more

slave

reached

warrior,

uterine

treasury,

with

quondam

successor,

^^

j^^,f"

was

repayment.

recalled

displeased,
office.

of the

angrily

quarrel

rein-

rein-34A-H.

again

itself, part

the

Sad

living, Sad

swore

ranged

in

Omar,

issue

for

Kufa.

vacancy,

luxurious

Sad

with

withal

and

bitterness

city

Ocba,

all

was

of

of

unwise

at

of

chancellor

and

part

in

year

intemperance,
choice

and

fill the

importunate

much

ibn

The

weak

The

his

Masud,

Prophet.

Welid

pointed

Ibn

and

who,

been

of

spirit

wish

dying

for

ensued,

the

on

Othman,

had

To

factious

warrior,

attendant

that

command

to

office.

by, became

and

by

great

former

from

who,

the

to

his

advance

an

Othman,

say)

the

enjoy

long

by

in

Sad

the

by

Discontent

atmosphere

with

charged

aggravated

not

(some

stated

than

potent

factious

and

influence

an

Governors.

removed

was

exercised

less

hardly

rapidly

of

A.D.

period

turbulent

rebellion,

Moghira
He

Islam

became

and

this

at

days

Unpopularity

651-655

A.ii.

Bussorah

latter

Growing

30-34

Kufa

the

Hell-

A. ll.;iO
"''*"

careful

to

now

time

to

l^ut

in

executed

of accusation

ground

ready opportunity. Charges

b)' Othman,
repeatedly dismissed

were

his hand
mebrie?'^
of

great

was

Welid

^"'^'"'

the

majesty

went

vindicated.

be

must

on,

scandal

The

scourged according

Medina,

had

been

now

became

been

to

preaching

law,

to

expedition

whether

baggage

stringof mules, they

beasts

these

"

pattern of the

they repaired
drained

the

ride

to

the

of

its

tribes.

walk

promptitude, Othman

deposing

Abu

Musa,

and

appointing

Life of Mahomet,

p. 223.

his

of

gave
a

on

of

on

see

ample
a

Give

long
of

us

foot,

us."

that

the

Instead

with

thou

complained

petulance

to

As

"

had

When

war.

watched

preachest unto

and

the

virtue

castle

the

wealth, pampered

Arab

the

to

example.

and

thou

Medina,

to

foot

him, crying,

upon

upon,

hardness

land

tyrannised over

set

set

on

worse.

He

rule.

his

ready, they

was

forth,winding from

issued

"

going forth

himself

would

he

of

soldiery the

pampered

and

to

Governor, when

years

impatient

the

enduring hardness,
next

many

bad

from

going

Bussorah, too, things were

restless citizens

the

Islam

of

that,

state

another.

commence

to

such

deposed.

Abu
Musa
Bu^sorah^'^
29A.H.

and

recalled

was

At

Musa

to

Welid

that

service,he

of the

from

slept from the

in triumph to

he

in

Prayers

end

the proper

to

habits

detaching

established

was

morning

stopping,

without

Abu

the

conducted
come

it

for

intemperance
of legal
want

for

it off

carried

still worse,

But

having

and

debauch,

Medina.

and

of

in

office while

signet ring of

the

effects

succeeded

enemies

last his

At

proof.

Their

Governor, whose

the

against

was

watched

justice,and

of

act

them

gave

had

the

death

culprits.

the

for

strong

of

home.

at

too

was

sentence

against

City gate

resented

relatives

is de-

the

at

place, and

took

murder

him.

discontent

unruly populace

end, the

the

for

managed

vigour,he

from
spirits

restless

the

divert

campaigns

successive

commanded

gallantry and

was

Nevertheless, Wclid

account.

to

he

as

with

East

the

them

turn

xxix.

faction

forgotten,and

iiDt

were

; and

popular

was

Who

words

The

fire!"'

in

[Chap.

On/MAN

2 20

Then
he

had

Coreish, and

checking their
life by
it new

certain

obscure

thc\' said

A.ii.:;o"

"the

;
"

of the

out

Said

of

active

soldier,served

and

stay the open

to

I^eccnsion

causes

were

but

the

Coran.

areas

and,

The

Moslem

well

as

separated one

from

the recitation

of the

the

and

Kufa

the

of

Damascus.
and

sacred

But
to
"

"

need

the

the

Kufa

of revision.

put

widely

so

were

arisingin

been

settled

authority of Ibn
in

Masud
the

upon

;
at

in Persia

in different
with

highly

was

.Abu

even

use

the variations

in

Masud

gravely impressed

Ibn

vast

reading of

that

of

authority of

the

incensed
his

text.

Hodzeifa, supported by the Governor, urged Othman

Jews

the

begin

and

of

unity

Christians."^

in

manuscripts
collate

keeping

these

of

written

Medina,

Kufa

the

of

empire

with

which
and
;

the

former
; and

lo

Bible in the various

languages of
too

held

sacred

its original
Arabic, whatever

to

the

the
the

be

the

of

the

the

Coreish,

authoritative

text

but) to
originals,
countries into which

translated,and
the

was

the

tions
varia-

at

Mecca,

multiplied

were

called

in

pointed
ap-

exemplar

deposited

standard

language of

by
then

supervision the

Copies

the

the

He

originals still

manuscripts

The

was

an

amongst

duplicateswere

[Referringapparently (not
Coran

from

that
as

copies

Empire.

their

and

before

advised

for

called

the

"

scripture,even

sacred

Under

word,

Caliph,

Damascus.

the flames

to

The

experts

reconciled,

out, of

their

Medina,

at

Haphsa.

were

divine

throughout

use

syndicate

the

differ in

to

leading Companions

'

the

witnessed

to

slight thus

believers

over

such

over

Peoples,were

followed

account

recension

Hodzeifa, during his long campaign

restore

to

apparently

the

it had

an

minds,

adroitlyto

spread

as

was

spirit.

some

"

was

differed from

Hims

provinces, returned
with

work

text,

]?ussorah

Azerbijan,having

urgent

at

of

ous
vigor-

men's

rebellious

First

guided by

was

text

armies

the

Hut

another, that differences

previous reign.

Musa

of

the converted

as

under-current

occupy

turned

of Othman.

jjy "^"^Q.enemies

It is but

Persia, for he

to

exhibition

first.

volume.

time

in themselves,
insignificant

A.D.

The

in northern
a

the

fire."

the

for

other

Meanwhile

30A.H.

than

better

no

into
fr)'ini^-pan

campaigns

651

last

dail}-gained strengtliand

faction

'

[C'nAP.XXIX.

OTHMAN

222

in

and

brought

mitted
com-

into

the translations of the

Christianity
spread.
read
only (as still)

people. 3rd Ed.]

in

651-5]

A.D.

RECENSION

exclusive

moment,

it

as

Kufa.

at

The

use.

Ibn

recitation

sacrilegein having

of

enemies

Othman,

unpardonable
The

after,as

years

he
"

"

cried

should

"

us

; and

had

done

have

myself

this

about

had

These

conquest,

allowed, however,
their

they surrendered
afforded

concession

extravagant

times,

pretensions of

and

his

to

the faith ; and

in

some

the

even

altogether
^

On

this

Mahomet,"

alien

recension,see

in the

Life of

so

at

the

in

Excursus

Mahomet.

time,

the

Medina

the

Many

and

"Xr^le

endow-

to

Irac.

of

in virtue

They
that

condition

the

for

ground

The

Hejaz.

discontent

the

at

Coreish.

is

singularlyillustrative

to

riches

from

leading

Kufa

to

He

was

the

The

Ihc

grounds

Aim

of

early convert

an

An

in

ascetic

indulgences of

faith, and

on

of the

anticipatedMahomet

have

and

the

of

one

as

evils

for the

"Sources
manner

in which

habit,

the

day

which,

BiograpViyof
the

Abbasside

pervertedthe facts and turned the charge to malignantpurpose against

Omeyyad house, is well illustrated in the Apology of Al Kindy, pp. 25
charge againstllajjajis equally groundless. Ibid. p. xi.
sc"]. The

faction
the
et

the

and

on

in

of Islam.

observances

inveighed against the

of

Mecca

share

do

to

Caliph.

is said

still

"Silence!"

"

original settlers.

formed

treatment

complaint against
of the

Dzarr

several

Kufa

ruler

properties

fresh

story of Abu

The

of

act

advice

to

the

now

tion.
founda-

When,

their residence

for

reserved

were

an

same."^

right

no

as

ungodly Caliph.

the

I been

eagerly

dynasty

Irac, the specialprivilegesof which,

of

ments

as

the

the

transferred

time

Bussorah.

he

with

still

citizens

predecessor for

the

avidityby

himself

the

was

by, the

and

reallywithout

was

up

Word,

By

of

charge

divine

the

by

by Aly

acted

the

Abbasside

great body of the nobilityfrom

were

the

Caliph, he found

amongst

men

scouted

Othman

the

afterwards

committed

his ill-starred

blaming

it fell from

30-

'

excepting
his

with

up

A.ll.

on

Citizens.

find it ages

trumped

Indeed, it v/as

as

the

at

prided himself

and, taken

offence
thus

accusation

who

copies of the

partisans of

the

urged by

general consent,

factious

we

received

was

displeased ; and

the

spread abroad

was

cry

-"^0

oracle, pure

burned

by

on

the

much

Prophet's lips,was
readilyseized

with

Masud,

of

CORAN

of Othmaii

action

deserved,

There

faultless

OF

"

Dzarr
*^'^'

'_

Abu

in like

rushing

A. II. 30-

flocks

Ghifary.

Irac, but

even

the

was

it

ascetic,whose
of

"

yours," he cried, "shall

the fire of hell

and

"

foreheads, sides, and

"

Wherefore, spend

"

selves
unto

in

you

that

some

rejoicingat

the

while

but

enough

Damascus,
the

the

for

day

!"

people

were

of

the

treasures

Uneasy

at

the

disturbing effect

resolved
purse

to

test

of

looo

made

have

pieces,and

Abu

night

On

this, Muavia,

Masudy

locxj

cities he had

Abd

land

and

His landed
had

thousand

valued

at

the

estate

looo

thus

the

dinars.
I0,000

was

Zeid

dinars.

left

The

at

; others

and

the

noble

vision

of

denounced.

He

him

sent

; but

whole

during

in charit\-.

sincerity,and

hensive
appre-

doctrines,despatched
of demoralisiition
remarkable

gives some

horses.

lOOO

stillto be

At
seen

and

loyalty
dis-

instances.
all the great
in the fourth

rated at looo
golden piecesa day.
sheep,and left property valued at
gold and silver in great ingots,and
Coreishite

nobles

and

Medina

their environs.

built themselves

himself had
grand
marble
walls of costlystucco, grand
pillars,
a splendidpalace at Medina, with
amassed
he
also
vast
treasures.
and
gardens ;
gates
^ Sura
and
monies.
ix. 36 ; originally
appliedto Christian priests
Life of

palaces in Mecca

and

him

morning, affectingto

causes

was

be

woe

diatribes,Muavia

the

his

Bussorah

in Irac

rich

its return

he

camels, io,ooo

the

classes

female, and
at

one

rebuke

preacher.

of the

one

rapidly,and

so

palaces,and

a.h.

as

slaves,male

al Rahntan

four hundred
had

this

on

settingin

now

Zobeir had

century

dwells

his

by

of his socialistic

spread

in your

seared

dazzled

the

of

in

alms, leaving your-

of these

in

convinced

be

silver

red-hot

round

distributed

had

Dzarr

the

spiritof

the

heated

flocked

on

mistake, demanded

of the

the

and

gold

; else

under

in

vanities

and

bread

daily

poured

large

at

be

in

Crowds

contempt

as

ungodly spendthrifts!'-

same

trembling

of the

classes

pomps

shall ye

your

fervid

luxury

This

"

day

one

sharing

the

backs, ye

now

protest

strict and

and

byria

in

Visiting Syria, the

at

therewith

"

f-

The

licentious

stirred

spiritwas

"

"

of

recoil

him, preached repentance.

around

only

cities.^

Government.

the

fare, and
"

by the discontented

seized

was

against

weapon

natural

people.
camels,

and

not

Holy

gracelessand

the

from

the

the

sumptuous

"

fashion,

within

horses

slaves,

the

were

now

Dzarr

but

day:

of

splendid equipage,

believer

demoralising

now

crowds

of Abu

were

herds, costly garments,

and
i-

Hood,

palaces,

Gorgeous

Dzarr

[CiiAr.x.\i\.

OTlfMAN

224

Othman

"

Mahomet,

p. 440.

r.r.1-5]

A.D.

the

ABU

preacher

honest

DZARR

GHIFARY

22$
that

Medina, tellingOthman

to

he

was

A. II. 30-

an

but

Before the Caliph,Abu

misguided enthusiast.
Dzarr
persisted in fearlesslydenouncing the great and
wealthy,and urged that they should be forced to disgorge

their riches.
When

"

once

asked,
"

Othman

sacrifice ?

Jewish convert,
"

thee,

of

preacher
died

hermit

ready

for

toward

thus

of

to

Rabadza

in

penury.
his

to

way

in

Mecca

of

one

buried

fate, and

holy

The

plaintivetale

banishment
made

was

necessityfor
^

AUempts

much
it

was

her

to

death

the
in

ment,

years

have

5^1

it

shortly
his

last.

face
Soon

them

Ibn

departed saint,
spot, which

the

on

soon

was

b^^jsh.

turn

his

the

The

memory.

banished

and

amongst

over

him

Obloquy

said, would

up, and

came

"

stomach.

two

kid,

quietly breathed

he

Kufa, who, weeping

his

the

approach, the

end

then, making

himself,a few days after,added

and

desert,where

upon
thee

the

Othman

use,

Finding the
daughter to slay

Kaaba,

from

became

the

Out

with

violentlyon

any

learned

a
"

do

I to

further

no

after,the expected party

bewailed

Kab

Kab,
said.

party of travellers who, he

the

Masud

have

compel

to

to

had

he

What

desired

that

pass

what

him.

obligations,"he

me

turned

with

reason

their

with

he

and

confirm

to

Argument being
after he

"

Jew
Dzarr, smiting

son

cried Abu

the

remaineth

power

to

fulfilled

have

men

"what

further

condescended

'_

of

Ibn

pathos

of

Masud
the

dent.
inci-

everyone'smouth

ness
preacher of righteousof the Caliph. The
of by the enemies
but the obloquy remained.^
forgotten,
of

famous

the

that Abu
Dzarr
by iVbbasside tradition to show
and
of
Muavia's
divers
the
rule,
by
oppositionby
tyranny
But Ibn al Athir justly
at Medina.
ungodlypracticespermittedby Othman
doubts this,and distinctly
to excite the
says that his preachingtended
poor
based
the equalityof
Dzarr's doctrines were
against the rich. Abu
on
believers ; and
the danger lay in their popularity
with the Socialists who
decried the pretensions
thus :
of the Coreish.
Before Muavia, he reasoned
Riches,ye say, heloug unto the Lord; and thereby ye frustrate the people's
Out upon
righttherein ; for the Lord hath given them to His people."
driven

was

made

are

into

^^

"

"

"

"

thee !"
not

repliedMuavia

all of

dwells
to

the Lord's

us
on

the

want

add point to Othman's

resented his ill-treatment

15

; "what

is this but

people,and
and

the

wretchedness

unkind

treatment.

by joiningthe

quibble of

riches belong unto

Dzarr's

of Abu
His

rebellion.

own

words?
us

Are

all?"

wc

dition
Tra-

life at Rabadza,

tril^eare

said

to

have

a.d.

26

himself

When

A.II.30'^^"

and

Caliph

Medina

cven
on

fared

incurred

check

to

the

but

society;

displeasedwith

the

with

tlic

there

the

Othman,

practices

and

wagering,
of

the

wanting

not

deed,
in-

stricter

who,

many
in the

Caliph'sinterference, joined

the

Islam,

youth whose

gay

approval

were

reached

jjrofessionof

Gambling
the

censor

had

other

and

xxix.

unfortunate

and

Hejaz;

games

with

down

put

were

the

day,

laxity of Syria

thwarted.

he

amusements

the

especiallyfrom

resentment,

classes of

The

inconsistent

be

to

of

office of

the

assume

precincts of

sacred

attempting

held

to

better.

no

the

to

minded

ungodliness

the

rebuke

Anuise-

put down,

[CuAr.

OJ'JLMAN

cry

of his detractors.
Court

The

of

theKaaba,
enlarged,

commenced

26

he

A.H.
A.n.

47

visited

Mecca

raised

him,

was

attempt.

Mosque

at

Medina,

two

A.H.

and

inlaid

work, and
Changes

in

Yet

roof

the

walls, too,

He

was

to

built

none

objected.

and

monial,

Pilgrimage, which, though

653

meaning,

A.ij.

He

court.

strong

pitched

for sacrifice

spent

and,

excited

to

the

at

for

Mina,

new

ones,

two

and

arose

there
more

his

moved,
re-

stone.

was

at

pious

from

certain

of the

annual

trivial and

during
never

hewn

It

ceremonial

thing

with

and

richly carved

stones.

shelter

the

beautified.

and

masonry,

recited

with

Prophet

themselves

unpopular

Mahomet,

disapprobation

heretofore

prayers

Arafat, he added

tents

in

firm

against

date-trees, were

murmuring
in the

same,

the

foot

pillarsof

on

precious

Othman

by
the

of

with

up

of

cause

rest

what

and

enlarged

trunks

the

successful

of

now

made

did

or

weak

more

remains

rare

by

the

was

with

made

stir hand

the

them

Caliph put
I5ut

originallybuilt

were

another

cere""^changes

The

ill-

compensation

predecessor

none

of

owners

the

accept

My

first the

at

supports,

The

to

thing for

This

and

"

mortal

the

by

successors.

The

he,

different

to

while

here, too, the

The

opposition.

do, and

Othman

Medina hallowed

And

great outcry.

could

Kaaba,

Othman

by

on

outcry against him."

no

of Omar

arm

carried

refused

prison,for, said
made

of the

square

pilgrimage.

with

met

offered,and

ye

grand

was

on

houses

and

the

"'

demolished

into

32

Omar,

by"'

f^|-"(^ Caliph

And

of

enlargement

the

Caliph's

the few
done

and

un-

on

series

days

before ;
Mount
of pros-

A.D.

GROWING
(i5l-5]

trations.

The

self,had

been

and

UNPOPULARITY

ritual,as

detail.

When

it

will

do

to

of the Founder

example
a

cry

unhallowed

the

on

of the

of

simply
sacred

the

faith offended

and

many,

unfavourable

Companions

'_

vation,
inno-

but

answer,

Disregard

so.

the

among

with

A. 1 1. 30-

its minutest

to

even

reasonable

no

gave

his

was

raised

attached

expostulated

227

by the Prophet himby his two successors,

scrupulously followed

Othman
said

established

superstitiousreverence

OTHMAN

OF

to

Othman.

Again, beyond
Othman

made
and

creet

years,
stood

embittered

actuated

their

by

related

"

passion

was

Both

in

of the

people

at

large.

monarch.
every

hastened
To

swell

been

and

worn

tion of Othman
in

engaged
made

fermented

u.scd

all

was

favourite

the

deepen the
neighbourhood

when

directing the

to

to

recover

emptied, the mud

the

cleared

the
fortunate
un-

around

suj^posed,

or

both
officially

the ring slipped and

finger,
was

with

cry.

It

successors.

ones,

dangerous

against the

grievance, real

hostile

"

nis

in

up

shortly

in the 7th
Caliph's ill-fortune,
signet-ring of silver which, engraven

Prophet,had
1

which

the

crown

lost the

the

been

for office

the most

spiritset

have

it otherwise

was

leaven

had

be

can

over

rebellion

the

of

victory

orphan kindly brought

Nor

factious

among

other, nearly

The

amongst

were

were

to

being passed

at

The

who

man

to

an

joined

Egypt, and
Caliph'senemies.

and

as

offended

now

command.
out

ambition."

son

cause

first is said

The

wise
otherenemies

naval

special

very

and

and

the

at

larity.

Mohammed

Hodzeifa,

Abu

no

enmity.

Othman,

to

by him,

yet

would
many

hatred.

him

against

And

assigned for

broke

relentless

Bekr, for example, and

Alexandria.

and

with

'

indeed, with

who

made

and

""P"P"-

selfish,indis-

so,

those

kinsfolk,increasing

his
'

more

alienated

lo}'ally
by him,

of

Narrows

and

more

he

"

pursued him

those

circle

friends.
personal
^

no

"

have

of Abu

immediate

obstinate,

advancing
who

the

and

fell into

and

Loss

sink

thus

was

his

new

pointed

Every effort
The

great reward

well

was

offered ;

of the

^iene^
"ng,
29

to

with
well.

the

occupa-

He

pricelessrelic.
out, and

him

meritorious

Medina.

labourers

for

wells, and

old
of

by

he

year,

A.H.

650

a.

n.

A.ll.

30-

28

but

it

A.ir.

A.

whom

died

Three

still

of

the

Besides

NauT^

before

another

heavily

he

his

over

mind

and

the

supply

to

of

daughters
their

survived

grieved
on

consented

XXIX.

lost

fashion.

like

two

before

Olhman

appeared.

weighed

time

by

ring

the

omen

some

was

Othiuaii

649

The

loss.

signet

28

of

trace

no

^^'

the

[Chap.

OTI/MAN

in

the

had

5th

both

Prophet,

Othman

father,

when,

the

of

year

wives.

other

his

of

Caliphate,

"

her

Of

wife.

that

once

him

her

coming

seventy

previous

and

when

history

he

had

needed

to

he

age,

all

such

Naila

his

helper

bore

She

trials

bitter

to

than

more

Islam.

embraced

the

took

little

know

we

through
lord,

ancient

of

years

she

Christian,

daughter
by

were

above

then

being

end.

by

clung

fully
faith-

The

days

his

side.

A. 11. 33-

'___

[('HAi-.
.\\.\.

OTIIMAN

230
truth

c\cry\vlicrc
;
wise

tlian

Such

was

and

the

b)the

justicecould
of

overthrow
which

preaching
startled

and
Einjiirc,

from

evil

the

the

restored

otlier-

no

wicked

this

dynast}-.

daily gained ground

it

l*'gypt; by busy correspondence

the

be

minds

sensible

all

spread

was

of

over

boding
already fore-

men

of

heavings

in

slumbering

volcano.

'i*^,
^"w^' pressed
JJ

A.

654

11.

A.I),

of

outbreak

The

Kmeuie

Bussorah

at

Ibn

by

for

was

Aamir

the

but

moment

re-

Kufa, Said

at

had

neither

his

before

enough

Coreish, but

to

to

whose

He

called the

Coreish
"

out

if

as

they

it."

Ashtar

and

knot

"

"

"

to

the

"out

of

good

they leaped
killingboth.
^^"
ex1led\o

"^

upon

the

^^^

after)at

choose,
The

the

lands

What

"

"

And

the lad and

were

sent

Ashtar
in

last

at

of the

shielded

Said,

amongst
him,

your

and

we

still nettled

was

expression
Governor

if the

lay in\itinglyby
shouted
a

the

father,and

(of whom
exile

of

went

by
to

the

company,

torrent

malcontents, emboldened
head,

demagogue

had

like

with

his

have

exclaimed

assembly

"

with-

"

equal converse,

gem

be

the

of

company

"

more

which

ringleaders,with

their

Ah

real

land.

could

Talha, who

it would

property

the

Arabs,

ever

by

"

few

pleasant

soldiery,

of

youth incautiouslygave

Kufa.

near

our

awe

certain

Arab

in free and
of

of the

tJic Garden

and

of battle.

ease."

at

foolish

citizens,culminated

sat

made

was

conquest

lances, they

bravery

day

pulpit steps
been

the

of Chaldaea

custom,
the

wish, how
bank

To

to

speech, when

river

of

Governor

the

on

dwell

possessed

Ring-

the

counterfeits.

should
this

owed

factious

warrior, if ye

Bedouin

at

of

in the

Prophet

he is

claims

even

assumptions

arrogant

the

and

As

topic turned

the

the

have

to

Disaffection,stimulated

people, according
the

the

vale

arm

outbreak.

an

offended

forsooth," cried the offended

strong

won

in

contemn

beautiful

"

oiir

had

jiredecessor. He

foster

to

swords

"

"

drunken

only

not

pretended

spot

his

by

he

factious elements

by ostentatiouslywashing

ascending

unclean

quell the

to

his first public service

party

own

tact

nor

power

At

around.

Syria.

turbulence

abuse,
near

to

this outrage,
more

here-

where
S}-ria,

it

054-5]

A.D.

the

that

hoped

was

KUFA

AT

REVOLT

of

rule

powerful

23
Muavia

loyal

and

A, II. 33'"

example of the Syrians might inspire them with better

quartered the exiles in a church ; and
feelings. Muavia
morning and
evening, as he passed by, rated them on
their

the

follyin settingup

againstthe

indefeasible
of such

weeks

several

the

where

rightsof

them

traitors

as

spiritat last

Their

but, ashamed

to

Months
the

of

Most

kept the

made

leading

in

populace

correspondence with
In

daily.

had

sooner

front, and
soon

of

he

the

the

scene.

himself

"

He

"

Medina,

"

cut

"

the broad

"

tJieCoreish."

He

he

the

just

from

fields which

Cacaa, in

The

scorn

"

river when

"

have

that

the

his

have

visit to

No

the

to

too,

the door

at

people against Said.

despot,"

of

deputy

Said, with

he

said,

"

"

in

might

"ye

flood,as

exiles,then

raised

of the tyrant, who

entry into Kufa.

forward

more."

quell the

then

So
to

they

at

on

risingstorm.
the

roll back

warrior

the

of

called upon

marched
that

out
"

the

far

as

they

anticipatingsuch

did

of the

one

back,

way

great

tillthey

people'suproar

his

of

better class

cried

Yezid, brother

tell Said

Little

"

well

as

standard, and
was

still the

to

Patience

TJic Garden

the

Said

f^o^
Kufa

military34

Caliph.

stand

they had conquered

thing they want."

the

any

could

Syria. Ashtar,

the

up

left

enjoined patience.

him

Kufa.

conspirators came

inhabitants, sought in vain

sent

at

plotting their ruin, counselling the Caliph to

their stipends,even
the women's
calling
; and

down

and

Medina.

planned

before

Taking

stirred

Syria,

faction, gained head

Said

exiles

recalled

malcontents, in treasonable

troubles

than

empire.

in

on

away

Egyptian

his

gone

Mosque,
had

the

lay

to

upon

the

of the

the

were

unlucky moment,

an

Medina, there

was

check,

in Persia ; and

command

influence

whose

men,

like

released

were

mend

not

Hims,

tives
invec-

the

secretlyto

did

by

to

showered

they

his way

things

and

month

Kufa, they remained

to

who

to

on

undermine

to

broken, and

was

passed,

for

forth,he

working

return

excepting Ashtar,

rode

he

sent

were

Bedouins

Subdued

Coreish.

the

subjected them

Governor

of the

claims

treatment, they

indignities. Whenever
on

crude

as

enemies
bar

to

his

Cadesia,
not

need

reception.Said

a. h.

A.II. 3S34.

with

remonstrated
have

"

sent

but

"

now

And
Musa

Abu

terrified

in place of
pointed.

Abu

garrisons came

Musa

received

Caliph, and

the

on

installed

Yet,

sooner

was

the

nobility of

tribes

the

and

Islam

throne.

that

the

not

to

had

between

other

the

Coreish
and

in this

embittered

by

nepotism against himself.

The

Men

each

it,and

meet

letters circulated

began

to

w^ho, it

empire

be
was

crisis

lacked

Othman

that

saw

charges

looked

to

canvassed

of

candidates

foreseen, could

in his feeble

grasp.

not

to

long

the

lost
to

It

by personal
and

inevitable.
and

strength
Seditious

claims

the
succeed
hold

surgents,
in-

about

concern.

and

the

issue.

now

was

own

freelyeveryw^here ;

question

tyranny

wisdom

the
his

of

Arab

but

proper

quarrelobscured

all

round

contempt,

its

upon

in

with

yielding to

in

and

the

rallied

have

man

strong

and

only courted

fell,instead,to the level of

interests, and

he

support.

hand,

one

world

Moslem

thus

opportunity of placingthe great controversy

convulse

He

inflicted

had

unavoidable

was

pitiableweakness

Othman

to

Othman

have

the

on

would

his

By

; and

leading the

by

It is true

the

on

city rabble

great leaders

Kufa

precipitatedrebellion, not
and
Egypt
City, but in Bussorah

contention

here

mand
com-

have

now

For

in

Mosque.

himself

storm.

would

struggle

Bussorah,

pledge of loyaltyto

way,

later,that

or

he

the

their

condign punishment, he might

the

turbulent

that

in

also.

the

giving

in all likelihood

only

prepared

assembly.

weathered

have

would

the

then

ringleadersof Kufa

the

haply

inhabitants

found

At
of

crowded

the

in

the

of thus

If,instead

Othman's

and

officers

the

Ashtar

he

all quarters into

from
them

of the great

prayers

by

where

Musa, late Governor

hiin

expostulations.
slain

was

on,

Medina,

to

welcome

of

from

push

to

his

to

Caliph ;

against

strong

insurgents might demand.

To

Said.

first exacted

deaf

XXX.

said, ''to

the

to

by tidings of the outbreak,

appointed Abu

he

desire

thousand

fled back

the

yield whatever

comphiint

}our

were

endeavouring

ap-

fatal
mistake.

They

himself

Said

Othman
to

"

sufficed," he

It hail

"

forth

come

yc

I lis servant,
and

thein.

delct^atcwith

single man

"

[f HAl".

OTIIMAX

232

the

even

Othman,
reins

of

r.r,-i-.-,]

A.D.

Thus,

reached

sword

would

Citizens, Aly
bid

thee, who

"

wast

"

"

"

foaming

"

"

and

but

"

did

Omar

"

"

"

the

he

who

yet
much

swear

in

he

knowing

it

turned

and

As

Othman

bore

beat you

straightway
for

met

"

it

"

to

it

"

;
"

did

"

"And

Omar

was

Aly
stand

not

so

doth

he

now

So

treatest

is OtJiiiiaii. And
!

my

they

answered

And

alone

and

thou,

saying, Aly

"

his
Ye

patientlyfrom

disliked. I have

whip,

him, both
been

his faults,

me," he said, for things

"

abused
in what

gentle with

trampled

He

you.
ye
you

i^^e^peo]

leaders, whose

exaggerate

Omar.
and

the

for intemperate

them

reproached
evil

people.Who

addressed

pulpit and

name,

blame

the

from

come

subserviency to

cheerfully from
his

the
He

prayer.

blacken

to

with

when

thou

Yes,"

slaves

professed to

message

hide his virtues,

"

be

kinsmen."

Muavia.

him

Aamir

his way.

speech

objectit was

did

as

all,leavest

went

assemblage

Syria."

"

him-

Omar

not

order, and

Caliph

pleaseth,saying, //

went

Aly's

the

best ;

m\'

No," repliedAly

"

thy

arc

Aly

done

whereas

Omar's

even

him,

of

awe

whatever

ye

they
to

in

them

punished

that

"

"

lieutenants

too," continued

"

and

worse

apjDointed him

"

like

rage

self.
him-

if Ibn

and

for that ?

softly, because

Muavia,

Kufa

Judg-

of

for,did

me

see.

and

I have

"

not

complained,

unfriendly attitude

to

his

kept

wrong

"them
"

is he

will

Othman

blame

ye

canst

treason

out,

plain before

until the

flow

to

thou

Prophet, as
lieth

to

people
I say

can

that thou

part,"he said,

men

"

with

Othman,

leading

The

in Aly expos-

named,

the
"

'_

besides

are

what

way

cease

sea."

of the

appoint Moghira

kinsman,

"

the

own

my

for the

as

self

of

said

of the

blinded

Right blotted

men

a. 11. 33-

the

than

that

by

Yet

The

not

rather

Moved
and

thence

that

near

three

thee.

are

and

from

contagion

or

son-in-law

eyes

reason,

For

"

"

two

friend ?

waves

without

the

was

throne.

shed, will

day.

ment

the

bosom

once

233

home,

at

repaired to Othman

but thine

Blood

not

the

to

art

his

thee

general

expostulate with

me

"

"

needed

kindred, but

still faithful

far

provinces

be

So

his immediate

"

the

soon

foreign parts.

OTHMAN

Medina, sedition spread,and

at

even

messages

as

UPBRAIDS

ALY

liked

And
and

; bended

on

you,
took

ye
what
my

ye

back

OTllMAN

234

A.

II.

nn-

"

iinto)-ou

"

withheld
And

after

dwelling;'

abroad,

and

ended

now

the

on

the

rise

)'e

reviling-,

of

his

benefits

many

refrain,

reit^n

of

sedition

"

If

"

it

"

the

to

leave

"

Close

the

gatherings
Thus

iiih"yeai-^^^

be

Menvan

Othman.

the

the

in

the

to

i.s

always

But

the

his

be

he

thee

the

not

pulpit.
and

Othman's

He

Near

reign.
of

which

Caliph

The

had

account

done

so

formed
per-

every

last.

represented
7-olc

tell

spread,

following.
usual.

as

bring

Othman

from

council,

chapter

claimed,
ex-

multiplied.^
of

memorable

clo.se

cried

not

of

appeal

soon

discontent

Caliph

iith}-ear

I'ilgrimage
was

The

"

descended

effect.

no

held

given

this

then

against

the

year

Othman

we

Did

flames

its

shall
!

ht-

The

at

silent

alone.

fellows

and

abuse

the

who

Be

"

Then,

from

empire."

Caliph,

the

sword."

the

had

was

the

"

home

at

kindle

ye

Merwan,

oppose

my

ended

closc

will

of

harangue

of

ye

"

speak

to

cousin

will

with

me

throughout

his

issue

The

of

revolt

by

lest

i^overnors,

my

and

marred

was

"

of

antl

me

you,

"

"

hand

therefrom,

of

entreat

x.w

w\y

me

accruinj^

and

ai;ainst

U])

prosperil)-

Wherefore,

"

from

tongue

m)'

smitint^.

from

"

ICiAr.

played

by
in

Abbasside
this

character

tradition
is

as

no

doubt

the

evil

genius

exaggerated.

CHAPTER

The

XXXI

Outlook

Darkens

The

unhappy
of

course

Caliph

no

doubt,

took

in

the

removed
and

felt

of

unscrupulous

But
first

the

is

of

tithes

the

open
of

Caliph,

as

scandalised
laid

divided

the

Lord,"

Ibn

Merwan,

of

reliance

their

only

all

his

machinations

coming

began

hearts.

asking

catastrophe

float

to

the
Letters
what
was

these
now

felt

ominous

hand.

had

should

put

away

the

tenance
coun-

and

of

rumours

The
uneasy

sounds
The

clamour.

underground.

continually

were

at

light,

of
the

In

he

hostile

burrowed
to

it, and

kinsmen,

the

abroad.

Empire

He

to

Prophet

Sarh,and

immediate

hitherto

Rahman,

reverence

that

confidant.

the

by

disregard.

Abu

but

belonged

the

cries

aggravated

had

throughout

Medina,
what

them

treason

classes

and

of

camel,

al

personal

and

with

time

be,

slaughtered

Successor

godless

excepting

conspirators

pending

over

adviser

none

upon

The
Now

chief

the

Abd

The

slight

to

might

what

tmnt'ly.

he

Othman's

presented

of

poor.

this

high-bred

was

Othman

^JltVcun-

dissatisfied

it

animal,

"

share

of

kinsfolk.

his

greeted

was

Aamirand

his

the

to

place

Othman

streets,

the

among

gave

tribe,

the

upon

been

misappropriation

hands
flesh

of

one

heretofore

attaching

depose

the

at

charity,

the

rarity, to

the

"

him.

to

Bedouin

had

rapid

Rahman,

about

small

law,

attributed
of

from

was

he

the

al

denunciations

"

part

Abd

end.

Othman,
even

disregard

significant,

his

to

b}'

01.,

responsible
of

death.

A.I).

hurried

now

himself

nomination

by
one

was

helplessly

events,

who,

655

A.ir.

34-35

better

im-

affected

; alarm

meant,
men

('leiemtes
^

crept

received

chief

Othman

at

and
of

test

provinces.

236
A. II. 34'^"''

.Medina

kept coming

the surface yet

Kufa,

report whether
Three

follower

looked

the

for

Bussorah,

been

gained

he

had

provinces

follows

as

then

to

at

court

the wrong
withdraw

troubling men's

"

the

whoever

cause

substantiate
; else

redressed

be

that

calumnies

baseless

Proclamation

minds.

coming

had

and

would

the

made

was

understood
accordingly. The plaintiveappeal was
;
it wept,
places when
people in many
they heard
invoked
The

Conference

their

on

mercy

Governors

nors"ar'

pointcd, but

repaired

655

of ^ny
eye,

everything

had

returned

knew

without

of the

which

their

he

death
be

another

forfeited

people
that

should

the

bewildered

of

severityhe
approve

foreign parts.

one

never
was

and

should

the

But

amiss.

could

of its

all

their

invoked

offer

all

nothing

that

the

by

ringleaders put

amend

of

the

fresh

;
"

others

to

measures

single remedy
armies

the

Othman

ways.

he declared

assent

despatch

campaign

their

to

should

men
dislo}'al

fresh

some

of

spirators
con-

unquiet spiritsamongst

thing only
would

outward

and
body politic,

the

not

royal messengers

advised

stipends of

be diverted

One

com-

knew

the

Caliph

they

arrested

third that

Governors

was

could

be

that the
a

But

lay hold.

should

the

wretched

counsel.

might

the

even

in

sore

spreading rapidly. The

pity and

and

ap-

make

to

To

finding anything

dangerous

and

time

lieutenants

substantial.

and

calm

was

his

the

at

forward

came

plaint. Questioned by Othman,

grievance, real

Medina

to

-Medina,
A.D.

and

Caliph.

malcontent

no

the

would, according

forward

come

was

by

over

At

abroad

from

usual
un-

despatched a royal

Othman

Thereupon

the

them

were

nothing

for

grievance,when

now

and

anywhere appeared.
discovered

they

present themselves

it behoved

watch

to

fourth, Ammar,

against them, should

their

Fostat,

great centres,

The

Pilgrimage the Governors

custom,

the

as])ect of affairs.

in vain

all

to

and

that

saying

Egyptian faction.
edict

of

each

to

suspicious symptoms

returned
in

last,by their advice, Othman

still. At

was

despatched a trusty
Damascus,

Caliph'scourt for tidings; but,

mutterings of approaching storm,

tlic

to

sullen

notwithstanding

to

[("iiAP.
x.wi.

OTIIMAN

to

he

fightin

XXXII

CHAPTER

The

Plot

Conspirators

ripens.

Death

Plot

The

to

surprise

plot
been

had

End

34

Caliph

of
,

A.I).

Fostat,

and

menacing

posts

and

abdication,

But

to

as

set

for

i\-.35A.H.
A])ril

visiting

656

movement

.\.l".

despatched

he
late

they

turning

Mohammed

to

had

back,

fleeing

Palestine.

'

ordered

was

lesser

place,

Pilgrimage.

found

he

for

his

Life of Mahomet,

of

p.

the

Abu

l\x\\

rebels

Egypt

the

refuge,

insurgent

later,

concerted

of

before

P^gypt,

Othman.
;

he

In

did

so,

his

hands

of

leaders

of

but

too

On

traitor,

border,

Egypt

in
was

Bekr.
II

may
238

be

performed

any

time

at

reply

reach.

the

across

of

pretext

the

in

secret

months

beyond
in

Aly.

and

Governor

apprise

for

was

was

Under

three

or

sword.

Kufa

Pilgrimage,^

marched

life, took
the

Among
son

to

message

already

it effect.

two

the

revived

was

Sarh,

Abu

pursue

it

year,

change

months

some

of

demand

favourite

Egypt's
But

giving

the
took

last

at

once

and

for

Mecca

annual

the

for

made

preparations

following

the

for

IMedina,

Talha

the

roll

and

by

agreed.

not

were

it

bined
com-

to

would

they

Eus-

in

endless

enforce

resort,

miscarried.

of

middle

the

they

scheme

The

tors

last

in

successor

Bussorah

Zobeir;
Conspira-

and,

Kufa,

redress, reform,

Othman,

by

just

answer

an

the

occasion

from

in

present

for

loudly

action
of

Medina

There,

would

Denied

Governors.

issue
upon

force.

cry

the

on

to

were

of

plan

lieutenants

the

converge

they

challenge,

complaints,

his

and

and

sorah,

of

conspirators

the

described,

Caliph's

out

their

head.

A.H.

Summer,

655

A.I).

While

from

absent

were

to

came

formed.

already

iMcdina.

656

A.H.

rapidly

now

Otiiman

of

35

Medina.

attack

of tlie

\'ear.

G5G]

A.D.

CONSPIRATORS

full march

real

the

admitted

in
insurgents were
ascended
the pulpit and

Othman

Medina,

on

2^g

the

by intelligencethat

Startled

MEDINA

ON

CONVERGE

object of attack.

It is

"

A.li.

35.

insurgents

against myself,"encamp
near

said;

he
"

on

eye

because

year,

that

"

ness,

of

sorah, and

wish

the

will flood
three

pitched

from

will

by they

reign,and

my

"

and

and

by

"

the land."

insurgents,foiled

said,
"

"

visit the

to

to

ask

us

leave

"

that

men

of

enter."

to

each

candidates.

stormed

them

rebels

with

Unable

the

object was

of

out

road

but

shortly,when
The

the

Othman

and

reappeared.
reason.

by

the

the

for

The

prayers.

Egyptian

headed

company

upon

they caught hastening

orders
or

put

to

for the

death.

discoveryhad
all back

on

the

taking
of

less

to

went

on

road

to

be

insurgents to

become

at

once

so

in

promptly
different

three

forth

together?

bands
ask

to

attested

been

found

But

r'ostat ; and

bearing

by

it

^eah^

tained
con-

imprisoned, tortured,
known

the

to

Speak

of it

how

as

to

ye

reuun

^|oci""cn

whom

servant,

directions, as
"

aside

before,

as

document

Othman's

the

prepared.

danger, cast

by Aly

so

returning

Aly, suspecting collusion,asked

companies marching
them

reform, and

plan

this,they said, had

selves
them-

Suddenly, the

strangers pointed

Caliph's seal

declared

were

immediate

Zobeir.

and

their

of

City

met

consent

days things went

some

party

the others

leaders

the

called

and

whose

company

find

Then

respective

of Talha

concerted

of the

leading the

the

rebel

they might

armour,

their

and

Give

granted.

to

the hands

the

with

come," they

messengers,

Prophet

if each

resistance.

deposed.

not

Caliph'spromise

as

Citizens,relieved

their

be

Citizens, without

made

They

home,

the

reach, the

satisfied with
retired.

the

at

reception at

gain

to

Governors
was

City.
since

and
resting-place,

deputation

of

accursed

better

no

and

leave

But

they despatched
Aly

home

the

the widows

We

"

Bus-

of

deputies to

City.

the

of

for

prepared

^'^^ '^'^^"^" '

appeared,

unheard

thing

ungodli-

soon

neighbourhood

of the

Prophet's

certain

been

Kufa, from

from

far,sent

thus

chief

and

longing Medina;

had

day

rebels

camps,

in the

Egypt,

The

people put on
armour,
the days of the Apostasy, and
of Mahomet,

with

each

that

their

The

back

bloocished, anarchy, and

separate

The

look

the
other

bring
will,"

thc\' saitl, liere

to

Al}-,they

made

"^'"

recounted
wiUi*^'^

Caliph.

with

redress,here

the

was

"

of

"

"

"

it

it !

and

thou

the

"

hands

of

"

off; but

"

often

they could

with

The

the

told.
to

made

or

answ^er

all too

him

else

up, with

the

they

now

slain.

was

garment

no

promise
would

firmness

and

to

put

to

put

he had

amend

fightuntil

Death," said

"

to

hath

ready

am

of

the

wise

late,they cried

often broken, the

as

Lord

The

"

in

weak

too

the

complain of, that

loud

sceptre

I will in

me

so.^

even

unworthy

art

for

it ;

privy

not

was

"

girded

was

carried

fool,is

or

and

in accents

the

Resign,

hath

It

himself

Othman,

dignity that

facts

obscure.
It certainly
are
sealed
was
regardingthis document
be
Caliph'ssignet; but who affixed it,and how obtained, cannot

alleges Othman's

Nobody

the

Merwan,

receives

knave

Othman
Lord

leave

knew

aged Caliph.

wast

cried

thou

he
wrote

servant

it

had

document

the

thou

of

they

that

that

way,

not

him.

longer trust

no

gathering

act

and

abdicated,

me."

made,

dare

evil ye

any

from

away

he

We

"

the

wherewith

affirmed

liar,either

about

thee

deposed

yet forsooth

who, either

one

those

govern

"

art

or

whom

was

thy

retirctl

but, instead

not," said

b}-

attitude

had

treacherous

it

thine

as

said

speakest truth,"they

Caliphate.

"

"

"

rude,

"

off

Othman

Again

Whether

I know

thy seal,and

is

"

who

say
"

matter,

defiant

solemnly that

swore

Then

passed

was

see, here
to

it.

"

this order."

sealed
But

with

the

\\\c

Introduced

servant

with

Egypt

to

Othman

produced.

nothing
"

Caliph'sown

of

the

pretended grievances. They

caught hastening
now

Caliph'sseal."

knowledge

leaders.

promise of redress, they

the

llie

clearing up

obeisance, but

no

their

of

rebel

the

here

denied

view

the

receive

consented
Angry

with

but

who

Othman,

.\1)'repaired to
document

and
writing;,

is tlie

"

A. II. 35.

ICiiAi-.
xxMi.

OTIfMAN

240

tinged with
three camps

There
and

the author

as

Abbasside

unanswerable.

Most

traditions attribute

the

Caliph'sunpopular cousin,who, throughoutthe narrative,

abuse

constant

complicity.
Othman's

troubles

Aly's accusation

hatred.
must

of

have

been

but these

all

against the insurgentsis

preconcerted scheme

there is strong

are

between

the

of

presumption
something unfair as regards
have taken
possiblethat Merwan
may
himself
issue
the
and
of
the
despatch
rescript
; and, indeed, there were
upon
not
The insurgents
wanting grounds for his venturingon such a course.
may
;

the document

itself.

also have

scent

purpose

got
of

It

is,of

of the

returninghome.

course,

with the
document, before" they started ostensibly
But

these

are

mere

surmises.

05(5]

B.
.

CONSPIRA

his

marked
"

have

said

"

been

my

The

their

it

becoming loud
but

in the

241

had

his

secured

now

side."

arose

and

what

the

A.ll.

35.

to

they

City. They joined

daily prayers in the Mosque,

the

at

violent,Aly

my

conspiratorsalso retired

in the ranks

face of Othman

thrust aside

O THMA

legions to

and

The

they

in

footing

A CK

summoned

his home.

to

ATT

"

desire, I had

worshippers

dust

RS

I prefer; as for fighting,

I
days, "death
already,my people shall not fight; had that

fellows

desired,
of

last

altercation

departed

TO

he

as

loyalhelpers.

stood

The

speak, and

to

up

cast

fatal crisis

ing
hurry-

was

on.

Upon
the better

"

"

ascended

the

the

their

men

the

Prophet, for that

and
deeds

"

ment

; but

cause

tumult

the

house

have

ye

Ye

"
"

risen

wipe

Then

are

Othman

by
turn-

dowiu

that

aware

the

at

mouth

of

against his Caliph

up

out

The

by

who

silenced and

were

showers

fell from

of

now

evil

your

last the insolence

and

to

But

keep

his

to

bodyguard
Citizens,succeeded

soon

violence
and

of

of the
virtual

these

from
struck

carried

to

his

recovered, and

for

was

preside at

to

armed
for

One

He

swoon.

driven

were

pulpit,and

house,
of

violentlyset down,

Medina

stones.

the

able

him

of

men

adjoining,in a
still
days was

some

attitude.

at

prayer^

first appealed to

He

accursed

you

Wherefore

they

arose.

Mosque

Othman,

At

hold

Tumult

were

atoneby repentance, and by good deeds make

for the past." One
and
another
of the Citizens
earnestlyconfirming the Caliph'swords and pleading

arose

Medina

Vicegerent.

"

his

of

prayers

althoughoverawed

lawless

he continued,
conspirators,

the

the

pulpit.

of the Citizens,who,

sense

rebels,condemned

ingto
"

Friday following,when

Othman

over,

the

the

the

daily prayers.
insurgentsforced

blockade

ensued.

retainers,supported by loyal
time

in

keeping

the

entrance

safe.
From

Talha
the

band
more

the

(the

first

three

Caliphate)each

day

of

named

the

by

tumult, Aly, Zobeir,

the

rebels

as

candidates

and
for

Attitude

2oben-'

join the loyal and gallant

door.
But
planted at the Palace
they did little
painful episode,kept
; and, in fact,throughout the

themselves
16

sent

altogetherin

son

the

ancl Talha.

to

background.

After the uproar

or//

242
Othman's

ami

A. II. :}.'.

he

Merwan

against Aly

out

No

fared.

other

and

the

in

home.

in

truth, a

bore

bitter

It was,

end

and

in the

the

defiance

Throne,

of

The

front.

the

of the

the

been

the Arab

Ye

disaster,which
his

and

bold

and

head.

own

by

fenced

tribes ; wherefore

at

loyalty to
of

one

tlie

panions
Com-

the

said, there

hath

"

door

is it that

Alarm

all.

uncompromising

Coreish," he

and

strong

than

dastardly desertion,

one

outspoken
"

to

Caliph, cried

authority,and
a

was

time.

till now

and

fruit for

demanded

truth

at

cruel

constituted

equally

others

wrath, and, witii the rest, retired

arose

betwixt

break

now

ye

and

you

down

door?"

the

"

author

wxii.

they enter,

attending

prime

Thereupon Aly

"

did

recoil,they said (and said truly),

upon

would

"

alone; with

sooner

kinsmen

as

('n.\r.

llic\' came

swoon,

inquire how

MAX

the
Othman
shown
their true
So soon
as
conspirators had
besieged.
colours, Othman
despatched urgent calls to Syria and
Parley
with Aly, Bussorah
for help.
who
had
the
Muavia,
long foreseen
^
Zobeir,
and

Taiha.

,.

necessity,

well

as

Master's

had

insurgents
their leader
were

the

took

now

troops

no

Palace

little force which

It

entrance.

of

sons

Aly, Zobeir,

growing ferocityof
he

wished

without

Caliph, from
down

; and

together.
voice,
"

am

"

tell

to

dependent

train-band

the

from

the

end

Aly, Zobeir,
They

house, bade

I have

taken, he

Citizens

prayed
may

friends

moment

set

to

the

the

"

cried
Lord

of

that

and

stood

hearing.

and

Othman
for you,

them
foes

with

Caliphate aright."

The

all sit

sat

that

be

not

Talha

came

of

his

might

and

the

Fellow

slaves,of

Apprehending,
the

on

Citizens, with

reach

the

the

There

prayer.

within

for

of

guard the Palace

to

other

them.

see

flat roof

The

and

was

besides

attack, that

to

difficulty

appear.

Palace, but

so
"

the

more

the

Othman

Talha.

and

as

their

to

the

Mosque

barely sufficed

sent

once

the

kinsmen, and

near

far off,Othman

long,and

Caliph'splace at

composed

was

eighteen

some

of

Medina, and

at

hurried

Bussorah,
was

and, in the height of insolence,

the

till they should

out

possession
the

approaches to

force, which,

strong

from

hold

to

the march

But

for Othman

was

column

rescue.

with

ready

was

similar

"

"U'G

down
loud

when
Then

I
he

(ir.c.]

A.I'.

of

spoke

him

of

mander

risen up

"

Faithful.

the

for

but

the

is lawful

"

adultery. Taking

my

"

suspend the

over

"

bloodshed

Thus

far

there

was

for

shall

they

For

slain.

rising,he
faint

but

for

the

hope

of

care,

and

of

and

go

your

then

cried
the

and

midst."

that

out

quenching

violence

; and

abdicate

silent.

be

or

Then

calmly

back

; and

himself,

to

re-enter

his

relief, turned

but

ye

from

life
and

Sedition

must

was

Citizens

cause,

death,

he

!"

men

murder,

right by

tyranny

ye
ye

A. 11. :;.").

have

"

taking of

the

*'

e\er

of

Othman

bade

he,

necks.

just cause

moment

said

such

own

your

and

Com-

things, apostasy,

by wrong-doing,
ungodliness

his

Prophet, and

Have

audience,

fourth

made

now,"

life without

him

had

"

depart

not

gave

yet

truth

of

sword

His

Lord

besiegers)
;

three

"

the

elect.

slay the Lord's

he addressed

of

And

"

243

how

Successor

be

to

to

here

(and

BLOCKADED

previous life,and

his

of

choice

PALACE

with

dreary

home.
The

arrived

messenger

This, coming

hardly

Closing

by

even

stealth

extremities

of

treating the Caliph," he

"

were
"

than

"'

infidels

at

would

they
did

deaf

to

not

his

deny

water

the

to

from

On

little garrison
the

appeal
"

they

"

them,
of

"

cruelly

more

battle.

Even

Habiba,

They

touched

with

her mule
on
pity,sought with Aly's aid to carry water
nor
rank, nor
through the rebel ranks ; but neither sex
having been the Prophet's wife, availed to prevent her
They cut her bridle with their
being roughly handled.

swords,
her

so

that

she

rudely back.

shocked

at

none

had

most

kept

seekingto

near

was

The

to

avoid

courage
their
the

and
to

houses
cruel

the

ground,

part of the

better

the violence
the

fallingto

inhumanity
oppose
;

while

and

drove

inhabitants

of the

them.

!^[f|ye^

Water

thirstyenemy.'

0mm

entreaty.

them

besiegers;

field

the

prisonerson

caused

night,the

thirst.

told

its way.

on

single soul.

Blockade

approach, they

every

ingress to

nor

mounted

was

insurgents'knowledge,

efforts.

the

succour

Aly expostulatedwith

Othman,

were

tidingsthat

outlet

obtainable

suffered
of

the

to

neither

allowed

lasted several weeks, when

with

their

redouble

to

had

blockade

were

Rebels

Sick

at

; but

heart,

others, alarmed,

spectacle,quitted Medina,

and
It

A. II. 35.

ICiiAP. wmi.

irniMAN

244
is hanl

'I'alha,the

cit\-,.\1\-,/obcir, antl
could
tion

if

not,

work

of

least

insurgents,at

stale

of the

of

Islam,

great heroes

effective

raised

of the

heartless

culpable,if

them

hold

must

have

they wished,

lawless

the

to

clcfencclcss

in the

that, even

believe

to

of

not

cold-blooded

opposi
We

Regicides.

collusion

with

indifference

to

the

their

Caliph's fate.^
Annual

hand,
xii'"T?'^'
of

A.H.,

656

A.I),

Palace

the

ascended
of

Abbas,

pilgrims who

of

much

which,

of

bade

and

entrance,

roof.

one

him

should

of

Now,

herself

free

detach

The

Palace

iS

Dnil'

il'jj'
June 17.

from

him

to

Mohammed

approach

attack.

'

A I

Violent

of

last

Kindy,

puttingof
the

Othman

to

join

death

Aly, who

being denied

him

order

to

sought
be-

he

from

and

rebels

the

murderous

all quarters, and

reflected in the

as

refused.

Apology of

do
the

at

and

earlier

much

much, and

so

Palace

no

gate, and

yet would

not

so

more
was

much

who

sent

scandalised
as

raise

his
at

son

water

fingerto

his life.

.save

We

also traditions in which

have

Taiha

for

encouragingthe

but,

whatever

The

ordinaryaccount

kept to

Habiba,

Othman.

indignant

at

off

to

in

as

their

at

and

daughter of

the

and

scenes

of

is

one

there gave

Abu
had
of

representedas

strict enforcement

Caliph, this

reproaching

of the blockade
seems

incredible.

hearingof the rebel exces.ses,

that they both quittedMedina.
Sofian, naturally sympathised with
was
so
accompanied the insurgents,

Zobeir,on

others,again,say

treatment

home,

Othman
more

desertingthe

is that Talha
;

citizen of Kufa, who

his

of his horror

rebels in

his demerits

their houses

Omm

went

would

drink

to

is

period,contemplated the
There
no
seems
{Apology, p. 73).
proofor even
but feel indignant
this ; but anyhow, one
cannot

Caliph'sguard

the

But

final

made

at

even

.slightest
presumption of

the attitude of

to

Aly,

She

people against

quickening

the courtiers of Mamun,

that

was

on

was

the

their company,

Mecca.

to

at

succour

onset

talk among

The

from

also, in

from

her

accompany

duty

;"

impulsive lady shook

insurgents, and

the

brother

the

up

the

anyrate,

extremities, they resolved

^"

at

at

her

The

stirred

the

band

the

Ayesha joined the party.

having formerly

Othman.

for the

guarding

Mecca

to

more

called

taking him

will, as

his

head

once

leadershipof

proceed

now

he

party

the

at

now

obligationas

thence

faithful

assume

against

his

were

observance,

P^rom

the

defence, he undertook.
accused

of

their due

for

provide

to

yearly Pilgrimage

still mindful

Othman,

and

Islam

son

of

Solemnities

The

pil-

"

vent

the Mothers
to

his

enacting at ^fcdina.

of the Faithful," that he

feelingsin

verses

expressive

246
35.

A.H.

AndOthman

slain.

attacked, the faithful Naih;

The

band

slew

the

of

leader, but

l-\n-ther effort
weapons

into

ground.

The

infuriated

it,and

Naila, all
then

Just

the
all

suddenly
As

burial.

and

In

wended

its way
had

Death
the

bier

with

to

the

grave

of their murdered
the

reign of twelve
sank

bring

in these
"

you
"

was

and
a

comfort

words

is

had

w^eak, he

the

hardly

yet

the
'"^Verily,

kindly

now

that

vain

as

the

help

amidst

in

field

committed

by

Mervvan

by the
And
the

around

of

he
man.

may

which

he
that

irresolute,
have

might

against
gatheredfo)-ccs
their
increased
faith.
only

have
it

But
us

after

his character

which

nature

{of Mecca)

men

Othman's, and

of

city.

they pelted

Othman,

Narrow,

needed.

wherefore,be afraid of the same.

The Lord
snfficeth
for
text

dead

their

failingsof

they said:"
favourite

the

Prophet's wars.

the

misfortunes

The

sharply

so

procession

outside

was

of

men

Caliph's

the

added

was

eighty-two,died

years.

out

bodies

kinsman.
of

age

further delineation
and

and

dead

spot consecrated

long buried

Omeyyads
at

of

early heroes

the

Thus,

veil.

barred,

funeral

service,

"

there

Charackr.

even

was

hearts,and

field

the

burying-ground,

of the

remains

and

graveyard, but

hurried

with

In after years

main

bury

to

the

Rebels'
in the

Not

body,

Aly

evening,
the

stones.

adjoining,the
the dust.

chief

some

bur}-ing-ground

the

to

softened

not

to

of

dusk

the

body.

of

leave

obtained

Coreish

Then

within.

solemnly

gate

nights the three

days and

for three

Palace

left,the

had

they

as

in silence

the

raised, "To

was

cry

gutted

stripped of her
the Treasury!"

bloody,was

and

the

faces,and

and

was

the

when

head,

departed.

soon

thus

lay

wounded

Palace

The

desisted.

crew

savage

scene

leaped savagely

off the

breasts

the

to

their way.

had

cut

to

down.

cut

fell lifeless

he

and

the corpse,

screamed, beating their

women

His

proceeding

were

them

of

insurgents plunged their

now

They stabbed

of riot followed.
on

mob

ground.

One

defence.

The

Caliph'sbody,

the

the

immediately himself

was

in vain.

was

sword-cut

arm,

fell upon

his

attempted

slaves

her

fingers,which

of her

several

cred

with

him

wounded

her

herself upon

cast

"'^'"'^
shielded

''^"*^^^
'"''*^^'
se\

\V\\.\\'.
xxMi.

OTIIMAM

He

is the best Protector."

perhaps

have

turned

to

Thiit l"'i

Goo]

A.D.

made

CHARACTER

people.
of

in

him,
Such,

his

less

troublous

indeed,

for

afterwards

between

-the

Coreish

only

possible

have

opposed

on

last

relief,
their

factions

chance

The

and

to

evil

on

class

By

of

his

broke

Islam,

and

35.

Arabfe

the

The

dominant

front.

A.M.

The

war.

still

the

beginning
days.

of

rest

Othman

aristocracy

the

at

internecine

united

nepotism,
the

the

an

the

and

strong

and

for

was

fell

of

favourite

was

he

nation

safety

selfishness,
embittered

the

247

he

season

But

hurrying

OTHMAN

times,

Caliphate.

struggle
was

OF

to

tion,
vacilla-

up
threw

into

the

awa\'.

columns

hearing
respective

hastening
their

on

homes.

from

way

the

the

tragic

north

for

end,

Othman's

returned

Columns

to

Jh[^^'I",rih

XXXIII

CHAPTER

Election

35-36

Revulsion
of

feeling,

On

the

Caliph's

end.

tragic

of

the

severed

Regicides

June

foremost

23,

of

in
of

them

had

of

mastery

the

inhabitants
the

day,
the
to

its

and

Zobeir.

But

Regicides
six

rule

they

after

Caliph.
to

acknowledge

swore

to

of
fatal

the

Zobeir
him.

unwillingly,

to

his

friends,

of

and

Talha

They
through

Aly

were

asserted
fear

of

empire

from

the

task

face,

.\1}'

held

Talha

either

yielded

he

and

themselves
afterwards
the

the

; and

oath

the

took

or

of

threats

Lord,"

the

fifth

Medina,

the

the

by

tragedy,
Book

to

Of

the

on

restore

have

and

terror;

quitted

doubt,

no

pressed

end,

the

and

were

leader.

last,

they

allegiance

swear

entreaties

according

"

saluted
first

the

in

and

days

to

of

their

At

would

successor

Egyptians

by

out.

Caliph,

to

The

Medina.

days

Mosque

Shrinking,

state.

offered

first

that, before

elect

should

Othman's

the

ventured

insisted

normal

back,

in

few

Rebels

Citizens

which

so,

conducted

was

off

them

in

The

city.

the

in

these

amongst

'

prayer

the

of

shirt

feet.

reigned

anarchy

days

carefully the

carried

Muavia's

of

vows

blood-stained

revenge,

at

with

wrapping

the

the

relatives

The

done.

Mecca,

to

the

joined

even

or

was

Medina,

Naila

laid

several

SiS'-s

deed

City

The

anticipated

hardly

fled

symbols

and

For

elected

Aly

of

meet

Damascus,

the

citizen

fingers

Othman,

now

had

as

scene.

favoured

Caliph

murdered

vengeance.

had

such

and

the

from
had

who

back

started

Rebels,

A.I).

kinsfolk,

his

They

Many

656

II.

retired

horror-struck.

was

A.

death,

jj^ l^jj^ defence,

j^gjpg^

Alv

of

to
was

the
that

conspirators.

A.D.

05U]

The

mass

but

Aly

of

the

ALY

of the

people followed.

Caliph

themselves

to

No

bed

home

of

not

the

press

; A.M.

insurgents,
tell the

to

tale

Fostat.

work

for

strewn

was

rough

and

Aly.

Whether

at

was

before

him.

anxious

"^

To

the

standing

Coreish

was

Red-handed

society, and
Bands

of

about

the

pressed
Othman.
the

to

stained

Even

Talha

from

what

ye

pant

slaves

"

Just

"

the

they

will

bane

of

servile

Medina

Bussorah

and

they were

into

Medina,

We

elsewhere.

earlier

had

war,
were

men

defiant

they

as

formed

and, being

find them
Like

work

been

attitude.
the

pouring

made

even

that slaves

but it had

n(j

not

the

their

an

Satan
the
was

become
for

into

years

the

Treasury

and

there, they

outbreaks
of later
done

being
to

the
the

occur

force

Memluks

(not

On

would

in the

couplets.
would

of age,

masters.

This

only trained

Janissariesor

slaves)replied in extempore
returning to their masters

effect.

but

domestics, warders,

as

guards of

of

ram-

; and

had

years,

petulant brood.
Immediately on homage
they lampooned him in minatory verses, to which Aly
the poetry

of

Wait

employed

to

return, for the

similarlytaking part
the

and

fiftyyears

over

trades, paying profits to

awa)-

little

urged this.

is this

power.

was

his

They

centres.

of the great

felt their power.

What

late

too

with

Bedouins

"

of

indifferent

not

the

blood

waiting,hesitatingmood,

He

in

the

e}'es,

am

wild

our

This

vigorous

broke

readily at

Mansions

us."

followed

they

"

was

punish

enacted,

long suppressed

population,captivesof

bodyguards, or
outbreak
more

crime

way.

beyond

are

and

with

their very

their

Aly's life.

into other

as

law,

days of Ignorance,

guide

and, though
^

the

before

have

at

Zobeir, awakening

of

paganism

to

of

helpless. The

will

of

now

Lord

the

and

and

but

say,

moment,

of

depart.' Aly

hands

brothers," replied Aly,

outburst

cides.
Regi-

bonds

servile

to

majesty
their

set

the

by

refused

nature

them,

"

"

Encouraged

had

My

"

the

population

"

"

loosened

City.

portentous

check

the

on

authority was

the

1"P""''^'^

and

l^edouins, scenting plunder from

vindicate

who

men

had

loose, they

to

Bedouins

of vengeance

cry

treason

the

nought.
afar, hung

broken

now

the

constituted

Declines

legicicies.

between

contention

added

now

35-

adherents

The

homage, departed

and

exceptions

were

allegiance.

swear

roses

abroad,

or

249

There

would

done

Kufa, Bussorah,

at

CALIPH

lenient,and

was

late

having

ELECTED

at

days,

to

Aly,
in

be outdone

Proclamation

l)e treated

as

was

outlaws

A. II. 35'**'"

alaimcd.

things left

that

Coreish

The

far

anxious

were

wider

the

happen

moment

denounced

he

took

would

vigorous pursuit
Islam.

chose

He

The

rather

the

shortly did, into

Aly would

deaf

the

retain
till the
the

"

the

Muavia

there

But

and

all

from

so

Aly,

answered
"

the

accusing

thee

government

of

"

When

art

"

It

thou

will

"

shall

"

art

"

craft

be

have

war

question
of

Syria, and

who

the

they

then."

nought
and

but

Abbas
hath

"

placed
The

"

replied,
not

the

advice,

line,

confirm

him

for

thine

his

election
of

him

him

from

is

rise

Caliph.
wilt.
"

Aly
me."

himself

the

in

if thou

innocent

Prophet

and,

Othman,

who

not

but

even

reasoned

him,"

Confirm

sword

him

Omeyyad

Never," answered

the

now

consideration.

blood

care

to

the

firmly seated, depose

easy

depose

against thee.

brave," Ibn
of

I will not

to

least

at

Abbas

after him."

against

thou
will

man

"

If

"

age
pilgrim-

said, "retain

he

kinsman, deserved

cipitate.
pre-

succession

of

son

Othman,

Syrians

one

The

followeth

the

his

recognised

not

provincial
here
Aly,

posts,

Omar,

"

as

their

an}Tate,"

sharply, Nay
"

from

"At

"

still worse,
up

had

family hatred

single day."

friend,
"

with

the
and

view:

near

it

wisely urging Aly

in

generally

Syria

of

classes

drift,as

vessel

returned

Aly refused.

was

joined in,

friends,proved wilful and

Moghira

large

same

it

coming

at

But

Throne.

pressed
"

Governors

Empire

better

Abbas

found

he

Mecca,

and

pressing matter;
his

Ibn

and

Prompt

leaders

supersession,of

or

to

ear

When
at

high treason,

as

been

the

might

Aly, thcnigh

have

let

to

of rebellion.

another

was

turning

Yet

Regicides

to

vortex

confirmation,

Governors

fly Medina,

to

of

happened

doubt

no

soul, by all the

and

heart

had

themselves.

of the

taking

was

punish it,but temporised.

to

steps

no

which

revolt,

impatient

were

forced

to

The

rule,

Bedouins
that

work

the

alarmed.

ungodly

family, now

Ome\-yad

any

and

surely mend.

would

and

The

range.

control

Coreishitc

Syria,

themselves

to

while

and

ease;

maxim
self-willed,his ordinal'}'

ostensibl)'against Othman's
now

^luavhiin

lie" loved

now.

and

obstinate

.sometimes
was

inactive

and

corpulenl

Coioi"h

IC'lIAT.
X.Wlll.

.'//. 1'

250

;
"

he

Thou
of

the

said,

Gr,(i]

A.D.

"

What

APPOINTS

is

but

Zi'cir

responded

Aly,

"

Then,"

"

thy property

"

stronghold

"

"

thine

"

the

See,

cast

or
"

"

me

him

Acting
In most

into

prison
thee.

to

wayward

places these

retired
tilities,

that

memory

which

favoured
of events

out-turn

late

the

but

Medina.

In

hos-

which

it

as

waited

the

much

the

was

Empire,

clung"
there

strong

through-

ibn V "^^^^'V''
Tulv 656.

Othman

party

ap-

Empire. f?ovgr"o,

provoke

to

Egypt

of his And

reception. At

as

third

ith

ear.

the

faction

was

me

men

successor,

Caliph
while

Aly,
at

sent

sorry

the

Aly,

terms

throughout

his

said

deaf

Aamir, unwilling
and

lay

death, and

niake

impulse, Aly

unopposed
of

Othman's

and

behead

surely

turned

but

the

thyself to Syria.

and

Aly

with

met

Mecca,

to

Honeif, entered
the

But

thy

That," replied Ibn

"

of

Hearken,

late."

this

forth

'

others

out,

Come,"

would

because

makest

thee
"

thee."

of

everywhere

find

'^

dejDartto

gates

if thou

go

Muavia

Bussorah, indeed, Ibn

to

shalt

replace existing governors

to

own

be.

on

and

A. 1 1. 35-

Muavia."

better

for

is true,"

of

the

door."

thy

at

That

"

none

surely

appointed

it be too

ere

will

never

kin

"

close

thee

line, thou

I have

being

my

behind

these

25

hadst

and

"

"can

have

thou

"

Yembo,

of Othman

now,

will

hounding along;

enemies,

Abbas,
"

Abbas,

there

trying another
"

but

"

GOVERNORS

of deception/

gaim

at

are

blood

Ibn

said

Bedouins

NEW

and
was
a wise
Cays, appointed to the command,
able ruler ; but he only succeeded
in crossing the frontier
of Othman
the cause
to
a
by feigningattachment
; while
same.

strong and
that

swore

aggressive
they would

faction
submit

not

brought to justice. In Yemen,

possession,but only after
Mecca
Kufa

all the
and

Syria

glad

were

to

these

Dispirited by
Talha

and

Zobeir.

already

was

catchnig
in

the

so

"

might

let

field."

us
"

Aly

sedition

come

answered

obtained
off to

carried

nominated

to

reception,that they
to

Medina.

apprehended

had

spread
m

its

we

may

Aly

with

counsel

took

he

would

depart, that

Wait,"

lives back

events,

kindled, and

Regicides were

officers

rough

country,

Governor

new

two

their

The

whatever

replied they,
"

with

escape

the

The

with

met

until the

predecessor had

his

treasure.

the

throughout

like

"

and

thee
the

^^^i^^via

wild-fire,

way.
do

Sends

hen,

service

cautery

Abu

A. II. 3'.^'

[('iiAi'.
wxiii.

.//.)"

252
be

must

instance
Musa

resort."

tlic last
address

to

So

letters

lesohed

Muavia,

to

their

Kufa, demanding

at

he

and

disaffection

the

With

there

meanwhile

scene

Muavia

man's

being

was

had

no

murder,

the

"

at

fingers, than
Damascus
a

There

mosque.

Still,he took

no

waited

what

to

see

wise, he would

well

the

they

would

from

suffered
and
and

have

Regicides,

been
the

in

Egypt

Bedouin

field of

inhabited

the

Syrian

had

favourable

Society

orderly

and

filled with
the
Law
and

pride
The

restless

so

answer,

and

refusal

His
to

abortive

which

kept

Irac

the

early

been

never

settling there

their

for

thus

xvas

influence, in

the)^

in

long

most

Kufa

tribes

which

were

held

Eg\-pt, petulance
attached

moreover,

faithful

to

wait

the

attempt

on

all classes

and

and

to

part

especial patrimony.

own

Irac

Christian

throughout

Bussorah

their

the

the

Arab

as

Syria

with

remained
not

crush

for

It had

common

Syria was,

arms.

take

to

In this work

tribes.

help

Aly

recognised. Moreover,

whereas

Syrians had

Aly's plans.

so

Coreish, who,

headstrong

stock, and

defiant

doing

surrendered

conquered lands to be
prevailed in Syria ;

Omeyyad
Muavia

loyal ;

of

in

Arab

cities in

population,which
terms.

and

turmoil.

better

Had

do.

Syrians

elsewhere, found

all the

time, he

angry

turbulence

the

revenge.

his

Biding

the

remained

the

his strongest

largel)'than

consequence,

of the

continual

favourite

more

used

of

pulpit

Caliph might

new

risingrebellion

mangle*:!

blood}-

to

action.

have

the

on

vengeance

Syrians

immediate
the

Naila's

the

on

(jf Oth-

suspended, they

the

him.

strange

emblems

and

them

Musa

off; weeks

truth,

the

shirt

hung

spectacle maddening

been

36 A.H.
August
656 A.i).

he

"

/\bu

rife around

In

receixed

gory

Abu

there.

enacted

sooner

to

utterly cut

reply.

no

also

fiisl

Caliph beware

the

was

was

was

-'cance

hunt; up

Kufa

in

Syria, communication

elaj3sed,and
I'.mblenis

which

the

allegiance.

repliedin loyal terms, but withal, bade

of

in

to

arraign the Regicides,

the

to

the

end.

of

outcome

supersede Muavia,
colour

gave

to

the

U.

charge
^Yih-t
cry

ever

of

11

collusion
before

against the

with

their

them

eyes,

Caliph.

the

The

and

having

Syrians
majesty

soon

of

the

blood\-

raised

the

outraged

law

A.

1 1.

betwixt

proelaimed

was

the

command

and

name

Othman.

Egypt,

raise

to

the

failed

from

away

"

"

"

then,
the

to

Talha

and

the

and

Lord

setting
appeal,

wrong."
and

when

Zobeir,

will

they

ranks

slow

affairs

saw^

of

which

people

were

did

of

thus

Fight,

destro)-

body

right

the

ISut

the

the

pass
"

would

that

set

Ifthe\'

regained.

twain

Aly

would

who

in

rend

and

done,

power

be

was

attack

Citizens.

schismatics,

and

he

Bussorah,
This

the

to

levies,

the

in

Kufa,

war.

them,

to

but

part

the

more

cursed

the

Haply
are

told

he

Islam

the

harangued

never

the

of

Faithful.

respond
Talha

them,

unity

Nations

and

Aly

taken

to

against

expected

by

sent

for

troops

now,

against

also

.WMII.

appointed

the

them

had

were

pulpit

fight

to

who

one

Orders

mounted

"

no

of

to

MAI'.

e.\pe".lition
were

comi)anies

presented

were

to

.\ii

captains

various

banners

careful

himself.

ami

Miia\i;i

Syria

on

L"'

///,

254

the

the

not

filling.
drifting,

Zobeir

asked

again
depart
Mecca.

leave

to

quit

Medina

and

so

they

now

set

to

out

for

erimacre.

Mecca,

on

pretext

of

performing

the

lesser

Pil-

XXXIV

CHAPTER

Rebellion

36

before

But,
store

in

to

work

heavy

Ayesha

was

the

by
the

to

They

have

to

Mecca,

Medina

and

"

Muavia,

retires

from

incensed
"

with

arms

Aly.

Returning

accession

A.I).

tor

656

A.H.

cros.sing

Bussorah

at

Mecca,

Ayesha

tidings

the

murdered

CaHph.

Aly's

cried

back

me

carry

way

and

back,"

me

"

her

on

death

Carry

"

lady

impetuous

Othman's

of

CaHphate.

met

was

Mecca.

to

will

the

his

avenge

blood."
In

contributed

had

others,

discontent.

the

from

Mecca.

and

unhandsome
virtue

had

would

gladly
of

have

continuing
back

gathered
she

the

plotted

voice

had

harangued
desecrated

Thus
found

the

when

of

Prophet's

home

Omeyyad
^

and

Life of Alaliomet,
255

p.

and

and

had
ct

and

the

affected
dis-

retreat

with

shrill

crime

that

resting-place.
Mecca,
The

who

place,

turned

veiled

reached

291

she

In

enormous

advanced.

house,

now

There
her

the
her

and

she

to

when

instead.

blood,

Talha

well

from

the

her

scq.

fled

they

numerous

thither

on

then

se^'J^ji"^

her

forgiven

And

of

detach

occasion

Mecca.

Othman's

attack

to

home,

while

on

already
the

to

public

accompany

Prophet

audience

Zobeir

sedition

adherents

of

revenge

the

journey

her,

cruel

never

succeed

again

round

her

her

had

the

by

the

to

on

Zobeir

seen

straightway

went

she

Aly

doubted

been

him

inviting

of

fomenting

to

like

Ayesha,

fact, sought

in

factious,

conduct

towards

party

no

had,

by

troubles,

share

was

and

them

Vain

therefore,

Othman's

her

she

But

Conspirators

brother

of

early period

the

A.M.

..

M.

,~

/.obeir

Talha

the

Caliph's death,

the

factious
their

to

with

Bussorah,

"

"

"

OcL
A. n.

."

tale.

had

Thc\-

"

Zobcir,

and

which

not

eacrerly
.-"

of rebellion
to

faxouring

the

claims

Governor

and

following

there.

in

expended

The

first

Othman,

off

Ala

the

equipping

join

as

she

the

campaign

had

stirred

up

difficultyrestrained

stir

up

those

of

had

(who

just

side),from
four

Medina.

The

war.

and

such

other

T/ie

Day

^^ould
in
wi'tlfcryfor

her

staying
that

Zobeir
the

should

the

distrustingthe
last moment,

premature,
the

on

Mahomet

camel,

then

their

;
"

that

so

feelings,

there

"

at

returned.

then

to

in the

residing

and

vent

out

and

first engagement

future

with

of
his

cavalcade

whether
the

Caliph

Caliph
; and

would

Said,

the

Talha

desired

prayers

of Medina.

motives

remaining

arise

victory be

of the

and

after,as

or

set

Mecca

litter

outlook

louring

to

lead

men

gave

either

length, some-

of

little way,

from

no

was

day

was

TearsT

strife,as

choice

to

the

of

the

of Omar

rebel army

the
men

of

company

began

event

the

of

aloof

witli

was

son

At

her

in

widows

the

held

were

to

name

bitterlyat

Questions

of

1000

weeping, before

called

Ambition

As

its

accompanied

wept

death,

it with

Bussorah,

Haphsa

Abdallah,

and

now-

preparefl

of

men

Sister-widow.

travelled

they parted, the

As

"

give

to

Mecca

her

of sex,

Mecca.

Medina,

whom

Ayesha

destined

'"

of

the

brother

after Othman's

strong,

civil

fled from

following

months

3000

her

was

providing

and

as

away,

Yemen,

restraints

late

influential

an

brought

force, and

it.

cit}-

.\amir, the

still

the

by

around

attack,

Ibn

from

The

Caliph."

of

had

lead,

to

now

flocked

had
he

by

carriage. Ayesha, spurning

to

while

knew

people

their

had

Right

Mecca

object

treasure

carried

that

as

slain

Talha;

of

friend

for

was

raised, many

the
of

that

said

Medina,"

perplexity.

had

thus

be

was

well

who

of

men

wrong

It

turn.

jjji^i punish traitors

Ikissorah

in

with

so

to

way

left the

plunged

"

confouiided

bccu

standard

revenge,

larije, listened

at

mass

and

Mecca,

at

Talha
inarciron

656

ile

ser\

resident

wctc

and

'"

and

still

or

but

was

be

swept

went

back

son

given
of

aside
to

out

tofore,
here-

left,as

ex-governor

leaders, turned

company

Ayesha,

Abdallah

that
it

Zobeir

or

Kufa,
at

the

Mecca.

by him, shouting

that

C5r,]

A.D.

they

their camels'

"

and

"

then

return

with

was

mistaken

for

need

high

enacted

treason

Notwithstanding
of

science

through

Ayesha

all this
ill at

was

thev

settlement, the

of Haivdb

Ayesha

started

cried

her
"

alighted from

her

litter.

for I heard

the

Prophet

surrounded

by

"

"

"

'

amongst

"

I will not

Hawab.

say,

reproaching

ichojii

it is me!

the

mistaken

army

halted

them

of

the

cry

for

name

whole

that

Aly

was

upon

hastened

back,"

he

as

sat

Hawab

will

wretched

the

that

her

refused

of

woman

this ill-omened

on

persuade

continued,

zvhich

the

step

hastily

that I knew

dogs of

she

day.

'

of

dogs

to

guide

stir,and

the

despair,they bethought
following night, they raised
In

The

them.
to

her

camel,

greater

terror

resumed

and

march.

The

alarm, feigned for the purpose,

groundless.
i\/r

but

The

stratagem.

prevailing,Ayesha
the

to

which

me

us,

the

another

take

expedition." They sought

had

day

the

she

and

one

is at

It is me!

"''bark!'
"

it

you

alas !

"

Alas

his Wives

progress.

dreadful
of

ley
Val-

The

"

kneel, she

camel

conscience.

tedium

hills and

Carry

memor)-.

making

their

barking
"

her

across

and,

the

"f
4"^'''^

iourneyed

howl

to

Something

about

Ayeslm's

Approaching

guide, noting

screamed.

spoken

flashed

Hawab,
she

and

had

Mahomet

the

cried

dogs began

con-

""

the

of

night by calling out the names

they passed.
valleys through which
Bedouin

object.

beguiled the

camel-driver

the

of

real

desert, her

the

of

punishment

As

ease.

had

justice,the

of

parade

; and

reason

their

was

of

whirl

the

followers

and
that

Medina

at

In

place of

belief

the

into

both,

also,ambition

revenge.
the

on

improbable

It is not

leaders

both

that

wrought themselves
the

just

"

are

them

Slay

followers

often takes

too

doubt

not

of

desire

their

these, and

passion,party-cry
we

homes

your

Zobeir)

eyes.

36.

A.H.

objects of

the

and

your

of

murderers

the

away?

Talha

before

to

of

both

that

out, "Whither

humps

-3/

destroy

(meaning

vengeance

your

BUSSORAH

to

way

cried

Said

Othman,
"

their

on

were

ON

MARCH

THE

"

When
r

Medma,

Aly refused

long

no

as

overt

of the

rumours

act

to

of

move

defection

against

rebellion

was

the

threatened

not

altogetherAly

first reached
malcontents
the

unity

so

of

fails to

'"^e^ept
'"""^ rebels.

-5^
Islam.

A. II. yij.

shortlyafter,news

lUil

Bus.sorah.

At

that

greater

Bedouin

admitted
that

curb

to

this

the

the

and,

Bussorah.

But

of 900

himself

but

men

marched

halted

the

Aycsha.
'

Zobeir
attack
Bussorah.

Messengers

Ayesha.

its

b}-. Messages

The

Lrovernor,

reallycovered
assembly,
the

try the temper

to

that

uproar

City,he put
portion of
their

the
his

on

the

Zobeir,

the

against

justice.

The

other

againstAyesha
was

shame, they said, and

Prophet, for

her

proprietiesof

"

duly elected,
Zobeir

they

and

had

were

been

to

and

of

,,.-.,

followed
to

by

all the

shrill

her

attack

slighton

saluted

first to

swear.

larger

the

These,

tents.
malcon-

claimed
de-

demanded

their

upon

and

who,

in their protestations

the

of the

Veil, and

the

had

been

Talha

and

Aly
now

It

City.

memory

Faithful."

Caliph

the

all three

and

Othman,

from

Bussorah,

at

voice,

an

in

the enemy,

meet

town

called

the

by

the

Kegicides

party

strong

treacherously violating the

the

the

Aly,

equally loud

the

close

Honeif,

on

forego the sanctityof

Mother

having

people. Finding

of

were

these

the

the

with

murderers
side

Ibn

Talha, the faxourite

Ayesha

even

for

master

forth

joined from

Egypt,

his

and,

armour,

advance,

encamped

and

had

strangers

parley ensued.

and

of

Citizens,went

side,were

and

cry of vengeance

designs against

had

they

army,

'

,
the

that

aware

insurgents;

and

insurgent

exchanged,

were

of which

Kufa,

last

forward.

Bussorah,

"

At

that

to

to

their way

on

for further

sent

were

he ventured

reached

march,

found

orders

instead

the

reinforcements

To

to

rebels

being equipped

before

rcturn

march

hung back.

he

road

Aly

gave

got together,at the head

Mecca

were

rebellion.

should

still

people

of

reallythe

was

repress

Syria

its

son

leading Chiefs

interceptthe

to

Caliph waited

I'esumed

on

for

elsewhere, demanding

and

The

Bussorah

hastilyin pursuit of

Not

there.

Kufa, with

object.
the

desit^non

congratulate

to

thoroughly alarmed,

was

already passed.
he

and

the

strikingthe

on

people

now

Nejd, hoping thereby

Aly

of

destined

column

column

fewer

because

the

made

not

that

out
]:)ointed

of

disposed

was

population, their

dangerous,

there, able

arrived

conspiratorshad

the

Abbas, however,
more

first,
Aly

the

himself

to

LCllAl'.
XXXIV.

-U-y

allegiancewhich
again, both

pro-

(;5(i]

A.D.

in/SSORAH

that the oath

tested

OCCUPIED

had

been

pohitthe controversy turned

blows.
Night interposed;
rii-

followmg day,
that

truce

and

If force

Talha

but

with

so

the

loss

agreement
be

reallybeen

had

resumed

fighting

serious

Ibn

36.

j^^.(-^.j.^|^^^,
i*^* Medina

QUeS-

loyalists
tion of

to,

come

the

A.H.

*"^

111-

the

to

the compul-

on

from

ascertained
Zobeir

put upon

Honeif

this

they fell to

words
was

facts should

the oath, then

take

to

from

and

On

them.

upon

"

1-1

understanding that
Medina.

forced
;

called,and

was

259

and

retire and

would

An
Envoy accredited by
City in their hands.
He
either side was
rived
araccordinglydeputed to Medina.
while
absent
with
forththere
in his camp,
and
Aly was
City.
proclaimedhis mission before the assembled
silent. At last,one
declared that
The people at first were
both Talha
Zobeir
had done homage under
and
sion,
compultumult
the
and
arose
whereupon a great
;
Envoy,
heard
and
of
having seen
enough to prove diversity view,
leave the

took

at once

leave.

When

tidingsof these things reached Aly, who was

with
his army
in Nejd, he addressed
letter to
Ibn
a
There
was
no
Honeif, his governor.
compulsion,"he
"

wrote,

either

"

on

"

adversaries

"

of the

"

"

was

Talha

or

constrained

Zobeir

; neither

otherwise

of these

than

! if their

my

the will

by
object

Bussoiali

^^^'"^
l^'^^
Zobeir,
^g

llp'^^'

be to
majority. B}' the Lord
make
me
abdicate, they are without excuse
; if it be
ready to consider it." So when
any other thing,I am

the

Envoy

returned

from

Medina,

and

when

upon

his

insurgentscalled on Ibn Honeif to evacuate

the City accordingto agreement
he produced the Caliph's
and refused.
But the rebels had
letter,
already obtained
report the

footingwithin

the

City. Arming themselves, they

repaired to the Mosque for evening service,and, the
not
night being dark and stormy, were
perceived until
joining
they had overpowered the bodyguard, entered the adIbn
Honeif
Palace, and made
a
prisoner. On
the followingday, a severe
conflict raged throughout the
City,which ended in the discomfiture of Aly's party, and
so
the government
passed into the hands of Talha and
a

Zobeir.

True

proclamation

to

that

their
every

ostensible
citizen

these
object,
who

had

now

engaged

made
in the

^^',,.

260

A.H.

36.

attack
The

order

were

put

The

and

numbers

great

spared.

was

and
the

his

and

shaven,

ere

made

also

A}'esha

Yemen,
and

tidings
letters

wrote

the

dissuading

Aly,

to

lioneif

communicated

iusurgcuts

Syria.

^o
force-

Ibn

clipped

Governor

ousted

and

beard

executed.

and

out,

xxxiv.

this

in

best

of

of

their

sorry
his

wa)-

Aly.

to

Ayesha

of

and

moustaches

and

the

life

head

his

liberty,

plight

The

forth

brought

rigorously

death.

to

eyelashes

be

carried

was

at

back

should

Othman

on

Set

merits.

\Cu\v.

yi/.V

them

stirring

to

up

Medina,

Kufa,

to

from

people

success

their

allegiance
of

death

the

a\-engc

Othman.
Meanwhile

to

and

Talha

rivalry,

Talha

proclaimed
responded

wrecks

passed

upon

it.

expedition
call,

uneasily,
that

announcement

evoked

was

Aly

and

till

with

his

the

an

army

the

fell.

But

was

no

Thus

in

some

by

aroused

was

of

son

Usurpers.

Aly.

spirits

City

by

by

against

of

appearance

alternately

sympathy

the

allegiance'

swore

avoid

To

conducted

an

to

Bussorah

conjointly.

were

active

of

citizens

Zobeir

prayers
Little

each.

one

the

full

march

the

2"52

A.ll.

3t;.

Abu

Miisa, unable
Arab

around
heartily,

the

loyalists. Soon

Bussorah

Aly"s|

city.

itself

not

^'^ t'"'^ citizens

rion?with
i'lsurgentarm}-,
/ob''''''"'^

Caliph,

He

was

in

the

Al\-'s

interests

these, Aly

he

But

dealt.

here

and

the

from

he

felt that

600

"

blood

"

of
more

to

war
"

with

up, and

set

the
even

of

really
submit.

glad

at

have

started

It is peace

the

the

and

Cacaa

prospect

to

of

"

to

Ye

risen

that

word

such

(who
Kufa

ha\e

them,

slain

for the

"

tJieir

is this

Aly, they

bloodless

had

from

him

of Zobeir

days .spent in

in his

blood,

internecine

Islam
law

justice." As

returned

of

had

Cacaa

majesty of

the

be

halted, still some

avenge

repose

minds

they

sentiments

After several
the

and

again

the

he

Where

up.

against

punishment

forward

to

for

for the pre.sent

Zobeir.

lo !

guilty brought
on

inflict

joined

and

and

that, and

Ayesha

were

Talha

Othman

flashed

truth

had

renown

and

He

of

hope
was

who

to

sent

Bussorah," said

stop?
Give

now.
"

of

men

6000

"

of

leaders

the

required,would

l^ussorah, and

expostulate

"

read}',

forget the

Zobeir

men

very

impossible. Holding the.se views,

to

possible.

justice should

that

be

other

at

was

to

of Othman

them,

with

he

and

on

little way

Zobeir

if

bar

to

Talha

of

his adversaries

as

the

well-fenced

obliged to temporise.

was

Othman

against

]3eace

sufficient

deny

not

numbers

great

army

for
and

murderers

yet did

as

in

of

that

and

seated

were

of

cry

against the

vengeance

herself

The

Aly.

Apart, indeed, from personal jealousies,

The

reconciliation.

numbers

of

camp

Talha

with

disagreement

no

was

the

Islam, magnanimously

insult offered him.

there

forth

compromise

of

and
effectively,

nearly equalled

thoughts

of

man

join

still

Ayesha

and

Ikit

litter.

which

reinforced,

wholly hostile,and
to

out,

came

marched

now

head

their

was

parth'

Caliph,who,

Thus

field

momenl

men,

join the

the

take

the

lo.ooo

to

out

rebellious

the

was
ncutralit)-,

for

their arrival.

advancing slowly,awaited
able at last to
Aly was
on

ucaix

rallied, and

tribes

by land, partly by river,set

march

his

maintain

to

Tlie

deposed.

ICiisr.XXXV.

..//.)"

needeth
shall
he

be

spoke,

Talha, and

and

that

if these

ready to
negotiations,Aly,
were

compromise, advanced.

A.i).

(i:i(i]

ylLY

But,

we

from

as

the

have

out

that

for the

had

Talha's

shared

their number

were

conclusion

enemies.

that
thus

resolve

and

throw
The

that

rcmained

force, advancing

with

Zobeir

have

ye

"

be

to

executed

repliedthat
guilty;

he
that

time.

Zobeir

of the
and

"

himself

anon

sudden

during

the

as

the

men,

Aly's
"'

city.

they

an

had

not

of

their
Bedouin

and

that

justice

Aly

to

rest

felt for many

the

scene.

design

bide
certain

their
words

his

to

mind,

fight.

not

that

that

night

in

weeks.
Towards
The

bore

morn-

Regicides

Regicides,hostimles^

into execution.

lances

be
but

terms,

armies, understanding
went

misc.

the

regicidesto

would

he

'^
-

swear

Othman."

recalled

'

pro

Talha

with

the}' must

Aly

com

and

not

is that

by

Negoiia""""^

Wherefore

but

measured

rudely broken.

changed

night,carried

by them, squadrons

Both

and

ye
"

the

softened

oath

"

"did

of

no

which

progress,

spellwas

shock

in

punishment

by
in

him.

held

they

was

sight ;

demand

our

them

all retired.

negotiationswere
But

Aly;

murderers

him

securitysuch

said

the

Prophet towards
they

with

now

side

Then

the

within

confer

than

their

on

of

horseback,

on

and

cursed

for

advance

20,000

Yea," replied Talha,

"

his

bound

ing,a

to

less

no

even

added

forth

against
he

with

evidently substantial

approached

necks

our

their

but

would

some

halted

on,

against me,"

me

over

went

peace

rode

crush

"'

himself

risen

homage

on

to

came

enemy.

outskirts

unopposed,

negotiations for
Aly

the

double

precipitating

to

they

Bussorah, numbering

of

encamped
i

sincere.

the

upon

in

alarmed.

behind,

right moment

themselves
army

sword

the

at

These

were

in

hand

remained

they

of the

con-

should

conclave, and

forcing Aly's

XacticiT

hope remained.

no

only safety lay

their

3ti.

breathing

became

up,

A.il.

command

Othman

destruction,

secret

still
gave

on

head,

patched

held

Accordingly

the

their

if peace

into

in his advance.

their

at
to

and
hostilities,

"

him

sworn

Reasoning thus, they

the

in the attack

Ashtar

troops,

these

bringing

of his opponents,

army

present accompanx'

turn, with

their

of

random

at

great number

slaughter against them, Aly

who

none

Afraid

regicides.

fire and

recruited

army,

settlements, comprised

the heated

with

Aly's

263

BUSSORAH

ON

seen,

Bedouin

of notorious
tact

ADJ'ANCES

Led

down, while

2^4
A.ll.

:it;.

the

yet dark, upcm

Each

confusion.

by the other

of

sense

crossed

Cities
Rabia
the

measure

Beni

Beni

Modhar

tribes, and

doomed

felt

be

can

only

tells
"

like

of

washermen

of

bitter

'

killed.

the

struggle

his

interview

his

promise, and

disabled

and

that

where

was

of

ranks.

the

with

by

an

with

on,

the

part arrayed

by

on

of

One

the

an

the

were

of

the

batants
com-

sides

came

shock, the noise

The

riverside."^
with

contrast

Zobeir, half-hearted
battlefield

the
since

according

to

adjoining valley. Talha,

into

carried

in the leg, was

arrow

he died.

marked

in

killed in

was

Beni

against

one

opposing
the

it

rival

two

obstinacy

furious

left the

Aly,

now-

up, and

urged

for.

at

leaders

so

and

the

breast, with

attitude

Zobeir

when

to

had

Aly conquered, they

accounted
"

together breast

"was

Talha

thus

the

were

fierceness

that

us

and

ranks

that, unless
The

men.

of

battle of

the

families, one

Kufa

The

was

were
ri\-alry

broken

Modhar

with

It

men.

fought against the

other";

the

even

other.

Regicides,who
battle

of

his

between

of Kufa

Rabia

up,

Moslems

resembled

were

contest

Bussorah, the Beni

against the
all

back

conflict.

tribal

jjassions. Clans

some

of

various

for

attacked

against each

which

It

times, only that

The

"

the

was

drawn

armies

hold

to

Moslems.

been

combat

mortal

first in

the

"

with

other

in

both

treachery embittered

Arab

old

became

"

found

dawn

XXXV.

all

moment

that it had

Aly endeavoured

swords

substituted

"

the

engagement,

strange

the

and

In

tciUs.

believed

camp

vain

In

other.
The

Bussorah

conspirators desired, in

the

as

[" HAT.

^/-J'

Bereft of their leaders,the

Bussorah,

insurgent troops

the city,when
They were
fallingback upon
they passed by the camel of Ayesha. Attacked
fiercely
gave

way.

all around, she

from

fruitless energy,
word
the

Faithful

flightto
rushed
cut

to

down.
^

the

in

was

her.

rescue

the

around

The

Slay

"
"

through

ran

fated

metaphor

murderers

and
peril,"

Long

ill be

with

out

of Othman."
that

"

cruellythe

the

The

Mother

one

conflict

another, brave

after
;

kept crying

after another

of
their

they gallantlystayed

and

One

Coreish
w

litter

retiringranks,

standard

the

her

the

camel.

seize her
Of

within

raged

warriors

they

were

seventy perished by the bridle.

appreciatedby

the Eastern

tia\ellei'.

A.D.

Gr.(;]

At

last,Aly, perceiving that

BATTLE

OF

point of the enemy,

and

thus

the

ground.

retired

disable

into

in

pitched a

was

taken

screamed

the

people, then,"

"

It is my
be

led into
without

escaped
The
it

so

"

the

covered

with

side ; and

should

be

bodies

nor

the

foes

alike,

Instead
the

of the

future

whatever
him

the

that

from
the

mourn

how
life of
the

the

on

latter

had

idolaters of

the

that

house

it the

it in

field of
at

the

carried

Mecca.

in battle
liever.
be-

(too

the

feats

they brought

this

battles

of

took
the

driven

The

Moslems

the

former

perilof

his

own

had

; and

the

that

claimed
ex-

and

care

might

bering
Zobeir, remem-

and

into

his

brave

Islam,

sword

of Talha

fall,and

who

man

displayed by

early

confusion

field,on

the

When

Ohod

Their

days

service.

slain

entered

Prophet's brow."

the

three

of his enemies

cursed

hath

both

lowered,

funeral

dead

of

"

slain, nor

were

for

Camel.

not

fighting against

heart.

the

time

the

had

as

the

either

invaded.

dead

onh|f^''

was

fugitive

no

saved
how

in
^

field

soldier

any

(forLosses

wars), Aly spoke hopefully

honest

mind

Gn/zr/

victory was

orders

memory

civil

such

memory

Mahomet

lady had

The

great.

believer

Zobeir, he

Many

"

well

an

wielded

:
sorrow

of

state

callingto
"

"

of

bury

to

in these

of

herself

equal proportion on

into

cursing the

side, with

life; and,
man

of

sword

own

thee?"

unto

of the

wounded

infidel,but

fashion

thine

wayward

Battle

given

and

experience
the

curtain, she

suffered

and

Aly, encamped
City, himself performed the

against

soon

in

privacy

friends

not

the
"Are

but

very

any

dug,

new

Mohammed

strange

brave

had

Aly

was

aside

drew

ill-starred

io,oco

great trench

was

like

arrows

brother

exclaimed,
The

the

pursued,

the

fell to

insurgents

bristlingwith

"

called)was

For

and

the

intrusion;

she

in

plunder seized, nor

It

he

be

up.

without

and

ceased

this,notwithstanding that

followed

36.

wound.

to

came

As

tent.

carnage

animal

the

cry

said, "become

brother!

rallying-A.H.

captains to hamstring,

Ayesha's

unknown
he

the

was

down, and, by desire of Aly, placed

for her.

at

his

litter

spot, where

"

to

The

camel

loud

struggle

city.

tent

of
a

26$

CAMEL

her

one

With

the

retired

it.

The

hedgehog,

sent

THE

the
often

ranks

of

the

many

of

the

-^"^

Companions,

A. II. :}ii.

was

loss

Uk-

to

seriouslyweakening

the

Coreish

fought

them

and

this

"

[ClIAP.XXW.

///. r

betwixt

out

victoryof Aly
supported by
Aly

instead, he
Zobeir,

in the

the

struggle yet

Arab

tribes.

the

wholly dependent

had

effected

would

position

have

cides,
Regi-

forward
Thencethem.

upon
witli

compromise

fact,

the

factious citizens of Kufa.

be

to

In

the victory of
virtually

was

was

his

itself,because
i'!mi:)ii-c

been

if,

Talha

and

incomparably

stronger.
The

Aiy's niagtowards'

^^e.

the enemy,

the

bearing

Having
treasur\'

of

Aly

entered

the

amongst

should

have

he

the

of

house

of

the

the

Caliph,and

the

view

of

his

the

checking

in oblivion

adherents
found

or

City swore
that

was

ha\-ing no

much

of

the

share

in

disquietude

departurefrom
they

AK-

by

Lord

plunder. These, gathering

mischief

treated

the

in the

at

his

on

]3ut otherwise

homes,

class dissatisfied

murmured

hastened

A}'esha was

Ayesha
Medina.

of

remained

of

the

buried

and

bands, occasioned

marauding

the

that

chance

any

fought

"when

their

to

fallen

contents

his hands."

Merwan

fled

Omey}-a

rabble, who

treasure, nor

into

retires

and

had

foes alike,and

past.

refugeelse in Syria. All

fealtyto Al\-. The only
slaves

into

Syria

friends and

animosities
of

troops which

his

the

still larger reward

delivered

treated

towards

generous

City, he divided

the

side, promising them

"

was

with

the

City,with

the
bent

were

to

on.

flue to

reverence

to
,

"

who

0"^

bore

life and

the

title of

also

in

the

and-fort\' years

of

age,

vivacityof youth.
tent, and

thee

"

And

The

expressed his

for what

thee

upon

best

house
was

after,she

left with

her

distance

half

hath

there she

by

life to

in

first stage

to

bid

satisfaction

"

retinue

of

her

himself

"
"

five-

now

fire and

the

own

The

Lord

mercy

pert and

given

was

her

pardon
thee."

upon

ready answer.
her

to

up

adherents.

as

to

and

long

attended

her

accompanied

Not

forty handmaids,

large i^art}-went
farewell.
Proceeding
a

this

findingher unhurt;

at

have

the

was

by

and

was

little of

reproachfully:

on

Aly

She

lost

in

Spouse

battle,the Caliph visited her

Bussorah

come."

passed, and

waited

foot

Prophet

had

the

also !

brother.
on

but

After

adding mildly,but
"

the

"

short

a
as

the

Mecca,

she

far

(;-.(",] A

A. 1).

Her

State.
He

her.

attempted

; but

that

of

spent the remainder

She
crowds

wife of Mahomet

became

fertile

the

incidents

had

Prophet's
the

at

She

did

his

cousin, Abdallah

58th

with
the

Ziad, the

able

treasury, he
'

His

mulhcr

Mahomet's

"

as

called

Tradition
the

Mother

ml

II

reply, extemporised a
Mothers."

When
"

he heard

it,said,

told

Would

"

aid

famuus

her

earliest

Hegira, aged
widowhood."

of

the

in

charge

of

the occasion

of

him

City,

tore

Faithful."

this

I too

had

soldiers

The

"the

as

her, she

to

on

{Lifeof Mahoi/iel,p. 136).

Aye.sha. Aly's army taunted

about

died twenty years

that

because

before this !

died twenty

side, in

and

best

affected,and

much

was

her

on

noblest

her

years

"'

of
claimed,
ex-

i\ly,also, when
!

ago

"'

in her language.
Ayesha, always ready in repartee, was not very particular
Asim approaching her litter on the field,she cursed him for the libertyhe had

taken.

"

"that

It

caught

cried

angrily;
(theysay) came

aged Ammar,
"

shall hear
When

said,

"

but

was

"

no

pass.

said, as
that

more

starting for
Let

"The

oft"thy hands,

cut

to

little.somethingred

glimpse of."

who

and

Lord
make

.saucy passage
she

and

thy wife

with

Mecca,

is related

leaving,

vile tongue

said

he

impudently,

thy nakedness,

uncover

"

was

white,"

widow
between

Praise be

to

the

"

\\\
her

"

Aly

and

compan)'

againstthe

around

her, she

not
us
thoughts one
regardeth Aly and myself, there happened not anything between
in the Prophet'slifetime.Life of Mahomet,
to her misadventure
(alluding

"

"

"

iin
'"

to

we

other ; for verily,

as

is wont

the

that

of thine."

entertain hard

that which

she

which

and

Lord

"

289) "but

happen

between

wife

and

her

us"
p.

husband's

family; and verilyAly was one of the best of them that entertained suspicions againstme."
Wy replied: "She
.speakeththe truth; there was
nought, beyond what
to

quote Mahomet's

she
own

his wife in this world, but

Bussoiah.

girdleto tie up his wallet, and

her

shreds"

of the

that I had

of

Having appointed

to

couplet,extollingher

they

Would

cave

in anecdotes

abounds

II una/

she

of the two

She

"

and

for Kufa.

out

the

own

narrator

with

Abbas, governor

Ayesha's sislcr,is

Asnm,

(her

the

of the

year

administrator,

set

flightfrom

hence

was

of

son

There

grave

and

stay long in Bussorah.

not

away.

beautiful

sixty-six,having passed forty-sevenyears

Aly

the

she, garrulous in old age,

tradition

in the

died

with

passed

once

A. II. no.

affairs of

Medina.

at

Prophet's life beginning

in the

childhood.

of

the

Zobeir,^ retired

days

while

source

of

her

apartment) gazed wonderingly

favourite

retiringto

subsequent history of

pilgrims visitingthe

of

then

till Ayesha

not

was

and

son

in the

famous

267

MEDINA

interfere with

to

x^bdallah

nephew

became

CaHphate

rilgrimage

lesser

more

no

TO

RETIRES

HA

the

performed
Medina,

YES

saith, between
words
would

her

and

me.''

regarding Ayesha,
be

that

And
"she

then
was

equally his wife in the world

he went
not

only

to come."

CHAPTER

Alv

transfkrs

XXXVI

Seat

his

AFF^AIRS

36

Medina

As

Aly

Scapitar^
surgent
of Islam,

He

the

36th
of

Jan.

had

these
the

be

had

men,

able,

towards

the

of

Bedouin

the

and

silenced

honour

might
in

factious

the

but

Coreishite

all

were

of
;

the
on

and

were

charge
"20s

It

leading
the

with

Caliph.
of

Irac

Muavia.

counterbalanced
It

the

the

Bedouins

the

Othman
the

drifting

back

in

focus

was

for

was,

The

them.

jealousy

gained,

was

was

inhabitants

support

against

Regicides

The

to

at

stay

many

spirit of

they

had

things, the}- said,

groove.

were

than

the

insurrection
the

it

three

Kufa.

upon

populace.

the

short

struggle

more

other

The

the

on

approaching

What

by

in

four

first

the
a

put

willing,

calculate

democracy
untamed.

for

them

humour

vengeance

thus

after

months

visited

yet

as

and

Aly's government.

of

.some

asked,
of

had

true.

was

The
;

his

but

more.

seven

"

return."

wits

Kufa.

Camel

the

his

no

govern-

to

prophecy

Medina

at

advantages

advantages

yet

Kufa

old

by

Syria

by

cry

seat

Empire

entered

Aly

"

the

Hegira,

spent

of

Aly

these

of
the

Caliph

certain

Moreover,

of

lost

having

in-

cried

he

the

more

never

and

"Stay!"

hence,

from

City

one

seat

of

flattered

City

as

the

of

pur.suit

bridle

forth

this

the

been

the

his

goest

Othman,

No

to

were

was

seized

year

campaign

Bussorah.

But

in

from

be

to

death
the
vii."36^A.n.

now

Medina

remembered,

long

was

In

in

from

thou

depart

were

Medina

Qf

A.I).

pu.shed aside,

was

words

Aiy's entry

656-657

"

will

ment

if

"

Kufa.

to

EC]YPT

I\

A.H.

citizen

army,

earnestly
"

forth

rode

Government

of

of

men

The

?
moment

into

fact, the

the
same

-'^/- 5'

-/^
able

A. II. 30.

ruler

him

^''^'" '^b'- Upbraiding

Ca"~s^pMlUlVKl

of
1

"

made

effort

every

he

Othman,

detach

to

having joined

with

blood

the

with

still imbued

pbnicdby

he

Cay.s,whom

as

.WXVl.
L"'HA1'.

i)arty

called

upon

to repent, and
promised that,if he joined in avenging
intrigue, t^ays
of
in the government
be confirmed
the crime, he should
^

Egypt,

his

evidence
of

foul

the

attack

making

yet, he

as

was

he had

Meanwhile

said, no
intention

no

pressed by Muavia,

Syria. Again

on

he

as

to

there

deed

wait.

he would

office

such

to

precipitatehostilities,
Of Aly's
words.
u-ell-balanced

with

answer

complicitN-in

promoted

Cays, unwilling

might desire.
fenced

kinsmen

his

and

he

that

franklydeclared

Ca\-s

and

was,

would

remain,

Thereupon Muavia
stir up jealousy between
to
Aly and his
sought craftily
and
He gave out that Cays was
Lieutenant.
temporising,
the Egyptian malcontents
spoke of his leniencytowards
staunch

the

of

supporter

Caliph.

The
them.
heart with
at
one
proving that he was
report, assiduouslyspread, reached, as intended, the court
either doubted
taken
of Aly, where
it was
up by those who
his prosperity. To test his
of Cays or envied
the fidelity
Miihaniadvance
an
obcdieuce, Aly ordered
against the malconAbu
Bekr,
of Cays against the step as
^"^^ ^^^^ remonstrance
^^"^"^
ST"^-\T'
taken as proof of his complicity. He was
premature, was
as

'

deposed,

the

and

his

appointed in
where, as on
of

and

cleared
and

"
"

"

Muavia

joined by
Amru.

On

"

".
i.
astute

the
with

of

him

it had

men,

his
j

such

adviser

his two

been

in

Amru,

sons

himself

beinir

into his confidence,

once

driven

from

Cays
"

with

Muavia
Medina

hundred

is the

lesser evil than

to

Muavia

the

had
^

conqueror

Amru

had

Palestine.

The

Othman,

on

cast

were

taunts

calumnies

Aly," he said,

side, however,
"

the

to

the

his chief adviser.

as

Medina,

gain

counsellor."

own
"

attack

at

having

aided

hadst

thousand
to

with

Merwan

If thou

resolved

back

kept him

thenceforward

from

last
on

Bekr,

of either side

there

Aly,

Abu
to

anger

peace
at

and

him

took

away,

upbraided
"

others, he

Aly's clemency;

on

in

ground, adherents

finding no

but

of

son

retired

Cays

room.

neutral

unmolested
Merwan

regicide Mohammed

of

powerful

,^

Egypt.

retired

from

tidingsof

the

and

During
Medina

tragedy,

fi5(;-7]

A.D.

AMRU

his

aggravated by
affected
"

"

him

the

ing
for

his

retirement

end, however, the past

Thenceforward

Cah'ph,

A.H.

36.

who, by desert-

responsible

am

he

and

watched

presented

of his

the

was

condoned

Amru

the

was

himself

unfriendlyattitude

first received

at

the

Aly proved victorious,

Damascus,

Muavia

said,

when

and

of
"

trouble,

In consequence

Othman,

restored.

of

his

to

once

Muavia.

towards

the

at

time

From

Bussorah

at

repaired
before

in

27

treatment

It is I," he

"

man

death."

struggle

unkindly

own

keenly.

aged

MUAVIA

JOINS

him

In

coldly.

and

friendship

trusted

counsellor

of Muavia.
r

This

"

from

Cays
The

coalition,and

of

Aly

Muavia, that

Bussorah

at

again, as

Muavia's

with

peril.

with

the

that

he

also
and

field.

the

of concession

one

had

Talha

it removed

competitors, from

other

step of Aly in recallingAly'sposi-

false

Egypt, materiallystrengthened

success

for

the

advantage

weak

Zobeir, his onl)^

The

the Arab

to

this

j^^'fa.^*

hands,

position of Aly,
faction,was

fraught

to
refusing"ostensibl}identifyhimself

While

_^

Arab

had

and

therefore

against

the

Coreish

have

Aly might

in

this

it

Othman,

fought

tribes

And

of

murderers

unnatural

equally the
and

that

foreseen

compromise
into

inevitably come

virtuallytheir

was

of the

cause

aristocracyof Islam.
socialistic element

the

must,
with

collision

cause

sooner

the

later,

or

of

interests

the

Caliphate.
authority of

The
attitude
from

hostile

he

doing

first resisted

influence
in

these

the

of

the

Syria

was

from

and

every

the
the

that

check.

of
"

the
The

Arab

had

aristocratic
Bedouins
cry

low
man's

; while

mouth

the

time, in

there

by

for vengeance,
the

of

the

of

itself
south
held

Muavia
inflamed

pulpit,was

complicity

so

mount
para-

was

temporising attitude

proof

cus.

The

been

always

were

faction

Coreish.

tribes

^jjl^Jj^
."^t

had

justifiedin

same

the

element

; his Suengiliof

He

of the

the

at

still hanging from

emblems

by high
in

; while

basis

consistent.

supremacy

Companions

"

being

in
thoroughl}'

up

the

firmer

therefore, now

was,

justice,while,

asserted

result

the gory

He

to

largelyrecruited
"

on

levellingdemands

the

Othman.

to

pursuing

rested

bolder, his position more

was

the

Muavia

by

taken
of

Aly

with

the

A.

II.

;i(5.

.And

Regicides.

throughout
of

personal

feVi^^^"*

test,

crown

burning

motives

and

general

desire

work

at

Muavia,

looked

many

Aly'.s

to

feeling
the

avenge

predecessor.

Aly

and

the

success,

xxxvi.

dreaded

ha\e

ma)-

his

the

between

as

was

whatever

Still,

of

ill-fated

his

many

e\ent

Syria

murder

and

though

the

in

vengeance

Aly

[VuM\

A/.V

272

was

the

"

to

the

elsewhere,

virtually

now

mule

Grey

of

C(jn-

for

the
"

Syria

as

ism

the

having

in

doubt,

the

side

by

side

of

of

unity
of

entered

hardly

sentiment

was

of

with
the

Syria
that

into

the

into
of

still, and
Nation.

the

and

Irac

minds

long

the

the

continued

had

to

the

be,

as

The

Faithful.
of

the

But

which

precedent

no

dom
king-

Persia.

idea

an

of

la}-,

independent

an

was

by

solution

possible

Caliphate

established

Islam,

century,

of

erection

disintegration
yet

chance.

better

Quarter
the

ruling

XXXVII

CHAPTER

Battle

36-37

After
lowed

do

far

from

manders,

homage

after
and

called
take

oath

the

Envoy

other

Syrian
"

"

till

"

all those

that

At

longer

first the

after

force
1

Upper
A

to

time

sworn

withal, neither

of

sheltered

them."

thus

50,000

succeeded
men.

Mesopotamia,

detachment
iS

slack

were

was

and
sent

tendered

the

further

,^

Envoy

still

hung

multitude

would

the

on

use

no

of
water

their

upon

aged

beds,

Caliph,

Aly,

and

resolved

against Syria.

in

answering

the

His

plan
invade
an

the

expedition

gathering

as

and

an

in

so

be

alienated,

hopelessly

he

but

sleep
of

phate,
Cali-

Regicides,

that

they

the

dismissed

was

garment

and

that

delay, proclaimed

he

reply

Mosque,

murderers

people

the

letter,

occasion,

he

last

Empire,

would

to

this

the

Muavia

Seeing
no

slain

had

they

out

"

themselves

wash

to

At

the

former

blood-stained

the

had

warriors

of

"^57

Bussorah,

at

submission

With

of

on

to

was

together
to

Syria

an

march
from

advance-guard

^^X' ^'"'"
jan.

sentiments.

election

enemy

waiting.

meted

Othman's

pulpit

his

to

Bedouin

with

example
As

that

were

that

the

upon

in

long

these,

Muavia'.-

|epiy"o

Com-

capital

new

friendly

the

the

allegiance.

condition.

reported

of

fol-

and

Damascus

to

of

follow

of

one

mention

promise

punishment

no

of

oral

an

deputed

to

kept

was

with
if

Muavia

the

to

entertain

discomfiture

the

on

flocked

to

making

Lieutenants

Towards

known

there

Kafa,

at

The

near,

Aly

A.D.

himself

rest.

Caliph.

was

therefore,

wherein,

and

the

to

chief, Muavia
Him,

of

interval

short

657

A.H.

established

had

Aly

Siffin

of

call.

But

imposing
through
the

north.

along

the

a.d.

[Cii\r.

-"//-!'

274

\ XX

VI I.

of the

but meeting with opposition

luiphrates,
back
forced to cross
there,was
again into Mesopotamia.
Aly
Aly himself,with the main body, marched
up the Tigris;
then turningshort of Mosul to the west, crossed the desert
Northern
Syria,
q( Mesopotamia,and, outstrippinghis advanced
column,
the Euphrates in its upper course
reached
An
at Ricca.
April
^^'^""'
not
unfriendlypopulationlined the banks; and it was
threats that Ashtar forced them to conwithout
struct
sanguinar)'
crossed near
Ricca ; and
then
a bridge. The
army
little distance along the right bank, in the
marching some
the Syrianoutposts.^
direction of Aleppo, met
time in
On learningAly's approach, Muavia
lost no
Muavia
his forces,which
the
greatly outnumbered
wTthe^1iTiarshalling
field of
soon
and, having no desert or river to cross, were
enemy,
bank

western

A. II. 36-

to

Amru

the front.

given

orders

that,as

they should

enemy,

soon

with

command,
of

Aly,desirous

lieutenants.

as

in

was

as

his two

sons

avertingbloodshed, had

his troops

came

upon

halt,and, confiningthemselves

the
the

to

hostilitiesbefore opportunity
precipitating

defensive,avoid

The vanguards spent the

given for friendlyoverture.\7
first few days in skirmishing. Ashtar
challenged the
told that,
Syrian officer to single combat ; but he was
having imbrued his hands in the blood of the late Caliph,
the privileges
of honourable
he could not claim
warfare.
When
the main
armies
in sightof each other,Aly
came
found Muavia
so
encamped as to cut him off from the river,

was

reduce

and

brought on
to change

his army

engagement,

an

the

When

people refused

detachment

Ricca, a

bridgeat Membaj

to

to construct

junctionof the Belik

havingapproachedAleppo trends
of the
"

and

ancients,on

Siffin

steamer

now

lay to

throw

bridgeof

boats

forced

was

field of
which

over

Aly

the river

at

farther up, intendingto cross

by the standing
but meanwhile
Ashtar threatening
the inhabitants with

the

Sur al Rum,

Muavia

therefore

moved

the sword, forced them

is at

in which

He

ground, and occupy the memorable

days of inaction followed ; after

his

i Siffin.^ Some
^

straits for water.

to

with

bridgeat Ricca. Ricca (Nicephorium)

the Euphrates,near
where
the river

thereafter eastward.

in ruins,
a littleto the
the line of
the

west

and about
stations),

north-east of Hims.

west

Cyrus'march.
of Ricca, half-wayto

lOO

miles from

The

of Ricca.

the

coast

outposts met

It lies near

Balis (one of
;

at

Thapsacus
Chesney's

south-east of Aleppo,

057]

A.D.

ALV

three

sent

chiefs

monwealth,

demand

to

should

Muavia

of

murderers

while

the

resented

as

scoundrels

lying
between

"

us."

So

marshalled
under

his

columns

day

of

drawn

up

column

this

in

day.

On

earnest.

either

battle, lest the

new

indecisive
truce

strife and

called, to

was

mterval

"

fruitless

those

as

influence

of

this

pressed on
"

"

direct
that

he

who

leave.

Aly
would
some

On

that

"

had

gone

Bedouins
blame

I will not

to
"

his

the

in

common

and

peace,

the

month.
1

but

they

him,

and

the

under

nor

nice

37

"

him

a.

h.

[une

as

657

a.

d.

the

When
avoided
answer,

that

I say
the

answered

JT
\^q^^^l[

hardly

was

evasive

will

so

The

Othman.

on

such

proved

Aly,

around

attack

by

of

before.

say," was

the

Syrians, Fruitless
'^"

say

that

else "j^^"
against every one
not
Othman
was
wrongfully

and

with

these

short
to

wouldest

of the

took

words

declared

side, Muavia

nothing

induce
one

point by the Syrian delegates,he

"

May

fight against thee, and

death

to

on

'^^^'j,

^s

ments
engage-

destroyed, root

throughout

"

rcfuseth

put

last

justified." Then,"

was

two

Desultory

the

throughout
as

thoughts

to

heated
to

be

wrongly attacked,

was

shall

we

"

reply.

attack

"

"

the

was

Desultory

army.

bring

to

deputations,

which

disposed even

now

spent

was

turn,

combatants, wearied

on

inclined

Every

struggle."

opened

year

each

separate

side.

field in

up

'

vain, Aly

hardly yet begun

was

should

ye

his pres-

many

many

as

was

decide

columns,

Syrian

the

they feared

branch, in the internecine

The

side

the

kept

was

contest

Moslems

"

"

the

from

As

of the other

sometimes

But

shall

them

note.
on

This

Begone,

compromise

taking

singular way

being

drove
at

of

against a

"

sword

the

that

cat's-paw

Caliphate.

eight separate

chieftain

columns,

there

month,

into

these

fightingin

he

similarlyformed

were

one

attempt

army

Bedouin

cried

saying,

all

Finding

ence.

he

"

scene

justice;

to

mere

Muavia.

by

calumny
"

the

upon

as

'Z'H''

'

demanded

brought

stigmatised

designs

base

be

A.\\.

com-

allegiance.

Muavia

should

was

covering ambitious
"

his

tender

Othman

demand

275

that, for the good of the

of fruitless recrimination.

ensued
the

MUAVIA

ATTACKS

to

the

punishment

put Ammar

to

o(\

messengers

of the

quit the field. "What?"

thou

final

their

death

Regicides
exclaimed
?

"

"

And

276
"

A. II. 36''

"

son

u.

j7

answered

of the

bondwoman

freed

"

where

will ye

"

floods

of

man

the

the

the

round

with

bale

to

tlu-

out

still

Aly, seeing things

afresh. ^Ile caused

pro-

till the

shades

better.

The

vvith

the

were

formed,

and

the

bravely,

and

arrows

his

the

to

\other wing,
Othman's

hundred

which

was

Readers

or

fanatical
Ghazies

part
of

Such

our

was

Muavia's

at

of
da

to

the
v.

Moslem

at

forward

in
the

the

"turbaned"
Medina

in the final

of the bondwoman
for

the

assassination

argument.

Reciters of the Coran, those, namely, who,

repeat it from

way;
thick

sword

Ashtar,

son
more

sworn

gave

Muavia's

life of Ammar,

upon

from

Ghazies, led
on

of

Caliph fought

charge.

forfeit for this lesser crime, much

able

{Hdfiz),were

fury

other

Reproaching

the

of his followers slain

one

onslaught of the conspirators.The

Sommeya, was
of the Caliph.

wing, which

encounter.

or

wings

great weight

peril,both

the

Readers^

fell with

freedman

with

cowardice,

manfully withstood

and

the

figure notwithstanding,

unwieldy

centre

the

five lines of his

xAmru,

close

from

the

in

pavilion pitched

imminent

renewed

was

Bussorah,

Kufa

fought

having got the

Medina;

by

day.

for their

Kufa

Jiead of three

had

upon

exposed

of

men

hand,

down

was

of

showers

the

watched

bore

Aly

from

Muavia

arra)',

combat

from

troops

and

tilities,
of hos-

renewal

himself

posted

there, surrounded

; and

horse,

the

warfare

general

the

swore

embittered,

entire

in

vow,

The

on

fell,neither

of warriors

one

Kufa.

from

bodyguard,
of

his

the

more

bring

to

out

evening

of

and

rail)girding

company,
of

days after

ten

vigour. Aly

flower

field

the

mind

them

made

death.

severer

drawn

of

the

to

following morning,

'^^it^^greater

those

Thus,

armies

both

''

his

up

in token

him

resumed, dailybecoming

front, summ.oning

only

and

turbans

thus

last made

it

they
at

Rut

Muavia

defend

would

Muavia's

along

their

'decisive battle.

A. H.

and

that

I Aly

37

easier

were

allegiance.

to

closely

themselves

ii.

having slain the

"Impossible," they cried;

hostilities

made

be

to

Syrians

more

12

tlie

"'^

July 657. 'clamation

II

month

commenced

unchanged,

should

Euphrates."

passed

a. h.i

Battle of

It

stop?

I'. WWII.

suffer for

not

Othman?"^

of

"

So

lostiiuics,

I\Iua\ia; "wherefore

not?"

wh}-

Rcnewalof

[(-HA

,//.)"

beginning to

forces, answering

end.
as

having it by

They

were

the

they did closelyto

heart
most

the

^/-S
A.H.
'

his
sla}-cth

"

3G''

then

knew

///o//shouldcst

that

this

It

mien.
this

and

was

Amru

so

of

leaves

the

abide

bethoui^hthim
the

now

of

lint-,

discord

sow

an

; "if

refuse

any

to

; if they

them

amongst

Raist-

"

stratagem.

Coran," he cried

it will
thereb}-,

nic."

Muavia's

of

II.

unwieldy
c^rimpleasantrylikr
continuinc^

for

time

no

xxw

succeed

not

was

himself, like his antai^onist,

was

who

"

and

mail,

indeed, well

Amru,

[('II
vr.

A/.]-

accept the hallowed

symbol it will be a reprievefrom

cruel slaughter." Muavia
And
caught at the words.
forthwith they fixed the sacred leaves on
the pointsof
so
their lances, and
raisingthem aloft,called out along the
of

line

battle:

Lord

ilosiiliiics"

^^^^"

for arbitration by
cry;
Coran.
US

Let

the

men

"The
"

"

,"

"The

of

Kufa

of

the

As

all

and

seek their end

"

of the Word."

they answered
called

to

that

"

It

(and

of

evil

thus

the

Othman.

cloak

and

and

"

rebel,do

"

or

the

treasonable
as

words.

ye

recall Ashtar

list."

from

the firstrefused.

Obey
We

"

the

argument

will not

We

it." At

him,

they
said

"

arc

last,

Caliph

drive

him

served

had

fight.But

and

"

"

unfortunate

as

lo\ c

under

all):

desert

defeat, the)-

every

decline

him

serve

of

of

It is the

"

rebellion

cannot

we

them

loudest

between
i

To

the

accord, Aly

one

Seeing oppositionfutile,
Aly

"

heard.

sooner

decide

; afraid

men

the Ghazies

enem\%

of the-

law

with

mutiny, they threatened

that, unless he agreed,they would
to

No

"

in open

over

"

all in vain.

was

Book,

the

shall

by guile,and

the

us

expostulated with
"

"

Lord,

shoutmg

were

device,"he cried,

"

Lord!

the

leapt forward, re-echoing

stepped forth
"

of

that decide betwixt

law
a

law

Stay

wild

if ye will

fight,"
they cried

field." Ashtar, thus

summoned,

he
gaining a great victor}',"
said, "I will not come"; and he turned to fightagain.
But the tumult
increased,and Aly sent a second time to
Of what
avail is victory when
treason
rageth?
say :
Wouldst
the Caliph murdered, or delivered
thou have
to the enemy
over
Ashtar unwillingly
?
returned,and
at

We

"

are

"

"

"

"

"

fierce altercation ensued

soldiery.
for
"

the

"

Ye

Lord,

lives. What

were

and

between

him

he
fighting,"
the

is it but

choicest
that

ye

said,
among

now

and
"

the

angry

but

yesterda}'

you

lost their

acknowledge )-our-

G57]

A.ix

PROPOSAL

selves

"

hell ?

"

"

"

"

in the
"

OF

and

wrong,

Nay," they

"

ARBITRATION

the

; and

fight." On

this, Ashtar

him, and

struck

interposed.

The

of

Kinda,

"

the

Beni
in

meaning

"

sent

and

we,

"

you
"

"

tumult

Each

verdict

shall

be

deserted

of

the

The

they

return,

viled
re-

Aly

whips.

chief

Ashath

aloft

might

be."

should

return, both

we

Lord,

name

the

to

arbiter

soldiery cried

It is

forth

in the

and

their
assent.

still

deeper

who

one

for Abu

out

"

.houted

army

forced
his

set

as

his

"what

Umpire,

an

was

traitors,

as

Muavia

that

"

GG''

stay the
"

And

A.H.

fought

we

we

their

to

gone

ask

to

appointing" as

him.

with

stayed.

Coran

Caliph

of

In

binding." Aly's

unfortunate

humiliation

villains."

sent

shall

Lord

same

them

was

will

side

the

upbraided

back,

the

to

yesterday

"

charger

was

answer

Book.

The

his

raising the

this,"he

"

to-day, for

cowards, hypocrites,and

therefore

martyrs

answered

for the Lord

279

had

Musa,

"

the

of Kufa
who
had
been
temporisinggovernor
deposed
for want
of active
man," answered
loyalty. "This
Aly,
did but lately
leave us and flee ; and not till after several
"

months

"

son

Umpire."
Then

"

"

set

As

"

world

bitter

The

Syrian

well

the

choice
arbiter

other

was

Caliph'scamp,

As

dictated

"

uncle

What

"

from

Most

None

for
was
no

and

Aly,
Amru,

"

choose

said

but

us

but

he

had

He

This

ran

as

your

rudely.
chiefs

Bedouin
that

man

hath

Musa."

deep

was

thus:

the

It|
f

alternative,

no

crafty

and

presented himself

is what
of

him

Abu

for whose

Commander

the

been

now

answered

the

agreement

Aly's side, it

Merciful !

between

for

match.
the

he

the
worthy representative,

thyself,"
they

name

fire !

on

the

upon

is

hath

rough imperious strain,"the

the

the Lord

Neither

Prophet's

Ashtar."

same

was

ways

Here

us.

the

take

in the

him.

pardoned

of Abbas

"

"

fightingwith

"

in

put in writing.
"/;/ the

hath

been

name

(7/"Ueedof

agreed ^on.^'^
"

Faithful,and

"

as

'3

""

31

juiy

"

Stay ! cried Amru

(likethe Coreish to the Prophet at
Hodeibia^); Aly is your commander, but he is not ours."
and
the
Again the helplessCaliph had to give way,

names

'

of the

between

contractingpartieswere
"

and

Aly
'

Muavia."

I//'tof Alahoincl,

written down
The

p.

346.

document

simply
bound

^57

a.d.

8o

them

A. II. 30-

37.

follow

"to

Goran

the

"

To

Muavia

was

families

lay,

after

delivered
for

cause

six

be

should

signed,

leading chiefs
"

Never

should

"

hand,"

he

And

Muavia

said,
the

so

memorable

was

numerously

to

but

touch

if it did

"

and

As

Damascus.

answered

mourners,
"

three

"

not

four
but

house

slain

it is not

of

clan

this

buried

He

score

the

bade

to

gained,

to

wailing

on

pacify

the

to

if but

as

in

or

by,

an

is

There

Siffin.

at

two

hard

alone

weeping

are

women

retired

their

it for

dead."

"

Kufa,

and

hundred

"

Discord

been

had

heard

Caliph,

"

he

whom

man,

"

quitted the

and

present

he

Kufa,

right

own

Aly

the

for

point

entered

Aly
chief

side.

every

his

Muavia,

b)-

like this."

deed

retire.

Kufa

duly

refused

mine

be

battlefield.

indecisive

but

been

alone

dead,

their

buried

armies

midway

witnessed

Ashtar
this

saw

hostilities

writing having

acknowledge

be

to

spot

iVIeanwhile

side.

them

in

as

Umpires

neutral

some

Umpires

was

The

either

on

so

if the

later

Damascus.

suspended.

far

ment
judg-

their

decision

The

or

at

and

and

executed

Aly and

and

delay,
Kufa

between

months,

for their

part, the

thus,

Faithful.

the

reconcile

to

and

righteously,

that

and

Aly

and

people

their

On

followed.

be

judge

to

swore

of the

promise

of

precedents

of both

guarantee

where

and,

safety for themselves

of

the

should

the

Umpires,

given

Coraii

the

acknowledi^ed

silent, the

the

and

judi^iiicntof

the

was

Islam."

"

[('HAI'

/}/.]"

And
but

what

had

men

yielded, was

of Kufa

reply that
from
could

not

traitors
fruit,

now

and
Muavia

the

at

regicides, and
had

was

ijained.

now

was

lasting peace

than

the

could
the

extorted

pledged

but

ment
agree-

faith,he

his

in his

reaping

or

demands
When

ever.

thrown

had

He

withdraw.

truce

compromise, Aly

having

that

the

insolent

whose

soldiery had

; and

alone

it of

sides.

both

on

that

was

estranged

more

mutinous

him

great

in

faction, to

murmured

the

loss

hope

no

Arab

The

been

Aly's

to

thing, with

satisfaction.

he

point

gave

hollow

had

slaughter, indeed,

The

at

lot with

the

bitter

CHAPTER

The

XXXVIII

Kiiarejites,
REBEL

The

quick

better
should
To

be

be

of

the

judged

the

the

by

Its

of

all.

No

took

the

up

ful
faith-

absolute

Coran

claimed
pro-

xArab

the

chiefs,
selves
them-

pledged

and

cry,

text

the

the

the

was

anticipated,

appeal
Goran.

tyranny.

of

enjoined

therefore,

Amru

and

Brotherhood
had

lo

pretensions

favouritism

of

himself

snare,

The

foe-

cry

sacred

extravagant

the

sooner,

as

the

in

rule

the

been

had

Lord

the

to

Arab

parties,

contending

beginning.

on

Prophet

than,

caught

the

based

were

the

of

their

to

nor

the

equality

Book

to

Coran

the

that

proposed
the

turned

been

never

between

neither

precepts
; and

he

from

Coreish,

A.D.

had

when

democrats

the

Amru

arbiter

countenance

gave
of

than

657

A.ll.

of

sagacit}'

account

AlY

AGAINST

3/

Faction,

Theocratic

or

thereto.

Reflection

forgotten
had

ing

how

for

not

of

them

to

cried

one

"

"

be

the
of

Othman.
as

"

the

of

this

which

chiefs, "ye

down

by

They

will

they

by

swords.

world

tliey

our

and

the

had

slain

It

conflict.

sanguinary
their

other,

large.

at

"

like

upon
theirs

were

We

next."

Othman,

against

was

this

If the

by
lose

shall
Such
and

the

from

conquer,"

inheritance,
our

grasp

alleged
which

ye

will
of

minions

conquests

of

tensions
pre-

nerved

Again

the

were

the

that

Syrians

unto

the

fight-

were

but

undone.

are

tyrants
seize

democrats

Dissaiis-

Umpires

the

which

and

had

They

prospect.

issue

the

or

Coreish

if, forsooth,
won

the

Bedouins

Caliph

one

the

was

The

ground

'

"

narrow

decide.

to

tarnished

soon

Islam
instead
both

of

evils

for

the}'

had

282

A.M.

37.

[CirAP.xxxviii.

.//.)"

been

for
fighting'
what

Umpire,
had

been

into

the

simply

deli\erance.

had

the)-gained
of, and

dreaming
of

abuses

the

ever

them.

upon

sight of:

nor

What

driftingback

were

riveted

an

Theocracy they

would

decide

the

whatever

than

firmly

more

had
they really wanted
any longer a prospect of

there

was

be

was

Umpires
Aly : and,

and

of

appointment

they

The

past.

would

verdict, despotism

It

now

Muavia

between

as

the

By

been
its

lost

being

won.

from
Aly's arm}'
campm.'.!!^
Kufa

by

with

side

and

accused

rude

into

repented
of

the

hands

their

at

battle,and

body

Faithful.

but

encamped

Harora.

Caliph at all,nor
alone,and
of

State.

these

"

p^y

with

the

proceeded

their

leader

were

bound

accordance

equally

with

to

had

by
with

danger,

affairs

himself

in

or

Council

confined

leavened

the

to

factious

of the

but

no

effect.

and

gained

to

of

government

the

they called
his

to

terms

sacred
held

.Abbas,

better

to

that

text, which
be

the

by

the

their

deliver

final

over

the

the

"

truce, he

judgment
;

He

Ispahan.

being responsible for

from
as

cousin, Ibn

his

sent

persistentobstinacy
the

gained
the Lord

to

not

their camp,

to

against

its

leader.

Prince

any

were

widely

avoided

village of

the

have

great

itself

far

it

and

of

the

they

allegiance but

dreams

promise

urged that, so

wayward

of

oath

in person

godless compromise,"
own

longer

no

field

the

on

thc)^ had

that, when

was

of

others

temporary

and

cause

from

vicinity at

seceding body,

the

by

Caliph

for themselves

bours
neigh-

; while

of mind

administration

of the

driven

its

theocratic

then

been

in

Loud

whips,
the

themselves

In this frame

city Kufa

aware

reason

He

per-

arbitrators

schismatics, but

Aly,
to

godless

any

Such

fanatic

and

of

the

their

their

abandoned

would

the

vest

with

having

resolve, however,

ascendency, they

about

of

chose

The)'

Their

fashion

separated

of the

Kufa,

beat

having betrayed

thus

off.

little distance

some

]-5edouin

fell out

men

march, but kept side

speech,they

another

12,000

homeward

at

rest,

in their

one

Islam

their

on

the

violent
in

But

of

.Angrilyarguing thus, a body

oiT

Draw

had
their

Umpires

decision

in

Theocrats

guide

and

if

.\akG:u]

the

revolt

of

THE

should

deliverance

Umpires'

283

KHAREJITES

all

after

be

in

disregard

A.li.

37.

~~

of

right,

again

he

forth

go
For

and

homes,

so,

the

to

fight

to

hesitation

with

they

present

breaking
there

without

would

up
await

were

their

the

them

against

pacified
camp,

decision

the

reject

by

these

the

and

enemies.

their

assurances

returned

they
of

same,

Umpires.

to

Retire

their
homes,

lu

XXXIX

CHAPTER

Decision

of

inierreg""'""

interval

TilE

Aly,

interfered

moment,
the

in

moment

Within

Umpires

of

rest

the

Muavia

ruled

world.

Neither,

Moslem

with

The

other.

the

in

Syria;
the

Empire

for

for

was

suspense.

the

"j*}*!^,'halfway

A.l).

uneasily.

passed

the

over

658

A.ll.

37

Umpires

the

time

the

across

desert

appeared

Amru

appointed,
and,

Abu

after,

shortly

Duma,

at

Musa

,,

FeV-

followed,

each

also

Mecca

of

future

there

were

The

With

intense

which

proceeding,

on

of

one

Umpires

they

of

the

the

Coreish
choice

the

that

them.

in

met

from

decide

to

was

hope

distant

the

400

interest

chiefs, too,

leading

with

fall

haply

might

Medina.

horse.

Syria,

and

Irac

The

some

from

strange

Islam.

by

upon,

multitudes

from

and

the

watched

rheir

flocked

also

Thither

agreed

as

of

retinue

the

for

pitched

pa\ilion

confer

occasion
between

and

and

eiice

the

there

admitted

"

"

Caliph's

blood,

question

of

then

"

But

"

the

succession
chief

one

or

whom

just
thou

have

the

throne

must

vote."

Amru

good

man,"

and
hast

already
2S1

it

rejoined

the
be

Abu

of
mere

Musa,

determined

by

proposed

replied
to

the

claim.

nearer

then

made

were

said

was

avenger
If

"

league,
col-

a.stute

Othman

the

kinsmanship,"

would

sons

to

Muavia,

is brief

why,"

successor?"

his

Companions'

son.

but

for

of

"Then

act.

take

not

blood-feud

Othman's

"

own
"

thou

wilt

"

his

b}-

pressed

assassination

the

unjustifiable

and

Amru,
"

that

held

was

preserved

account

Musa,

Abu

uncertain.

wicked

The

alone.

two

conference

private

Abu
take

his

Musa,
sides

in

2S6

A.

1 1.

.//.

and

of

coiiimander

the

tion,

37.

when

him,

the

I A

people

XWIX.

I'.

Amrii,

.sei/.ed

Ijodyguard

Kufa

the

handling

rouc^hly

was

["".

)"

interposed

Miuiviii
saluted

Culiph

Amru

free.

him

set

to

forthwith

returned

Damascus,

to

by

by

where
Syrians.

the

How

by

judged
added

now

chief

their

the

fact

petition

of

the

"

let

Muavia
"

name.

way,

used

imprecation

included

be
Let

them

Aly,

accursed,
be
his

by

Aly

accursed
Hasan

cdihed

by

as

Amru,"

follows
and

!"
and

"

so

on

Muavia's

Hosein,

O
with

the

imprecations,
and

the

Ashtar.

tacle
spec-

uttering

public

Lord,

and

follow

to

Faithful

the

in

other,

was

all

loth

the

he

Amru,

nothing
was

be

may

service

Muavia,

of

the

and

sons

world

Commanders

against

i\ly,
daily

name,

was

the

rival

two

affected

by

cursing

so

Caliph.

prescribed

Muavia

one

The

the

to

adherents.

commination

that

And

saluted

was

intelligence

startling

example.

his

Muavia

acclamation

pra)-ers.'

Thee,

beseech
leaders

chief
in

the

In

same

XL

CHAPTER

Kharejites,

The

Aly

He

resolved

There

was,

however,

an

and

loyalty

turbulence.

the

theocratic

Muavia

in

"

sides," they

"

the

of

or

wrong,

It

"

is

alone

the

been

forced

"

"

must

repent
if

and

'

but

"

so

to

the

people.

any

man,

Syria.

Harora,

Hostile

by

of

it too,

lillahi.

themselves.

"

of

or

else

slain,

The

there

government

be

being

287

shall

we

of

creed
should

shall

we

no

in

Caliph,
the

hands

they readily
and

gladh'

of

thou

was

thee;

meet

that

oath
a

\x\
had

fight against

nor

Lord

teeth.^

lapse

Separatists

the

t/ie

Arbitration

True,"

that

their

up

Aly's

that

before,

as

in

flung

white.

and

of

in

right

drew

that

but

or

Both

Muavia

they

j^an^
658.

neck,

and

black

faction,

was

Aly

name.

neck

'^^'J^"|.^

Mighty

either

after

rule

repented

are

we

No

force

"

run

So

of

fealty,
the

to

through

insolently

have

the

Aly

of

alone,

along,

Syrians
for

we

Ijeing absolutely equal,

sworn

^^^^jf^^

dealing

aggressive

Great

that

at

oath

Lord

blasphemy."

him

be

ilia

hukni

La

the

sentence

upon

of

argued,

in

no

coursing

are

they

Caliph

vain

replied

this

and

first

Aly's

sentiments

in

allegiance

swear

swear

short

one

the

to

"

but

be

should

apostasy:

nought

in

creed

said,

ye

hostilities,

camp

down

gaining

derogation

and

"

been

To

their

up

settling

but

cry,

was

race

of

There

Glorious.

the

of
in

him

before

broken

had

peace,

and

and

had

instead

Kharejites,

the

maledic-

home.

they

since

Ever

rival

renewal

work

other

his

on

immediate

on

nearer

enemy

A.D.

heaping

with

tion.

with

658

A.H.

content

not

was

NeHRWAX

AT

DEFEATED

37

Separatists,

Theocratic

or

Council

of

our

Believers

allegiance
elected

bv

A. II. .-57.

88

"

ALV

Aly )'Ct.hoped

Lortl."

bearance.
treating^them
"

army,
"

"

they refrained

as

on

N'ehrwan,
37
March
X.

65s

A.H.

A.I).

of

share

the

from

any

for

They looked

perished,it was
end

at

Accordingly,

about

them

The

conspirators from

as

to

Medain,

the

the

if

they
triumph in

even

to

who

sympathised

homes

dangerous

chief

rule

theocratic

all around.

; and

the

But

model

simply
seize

to

was

Representatives,

the

ungodly

cities
and

timely warning,

They passed

on,

and

up, assembled

crossing the Tigris farther

many

prevailed on

was

of
to

had

Governor

repulsed the attempt

abhorrent

then

design

Council

Kufa.

only after

was

Leader

sued
pur-

joined the

life,were

The
a

as

it

were

forth from

pre-eminence, and

command.

there, under

and

this

stealth.

by

strong,

500

issued

of

pomp

come.

Arbitration, they

their

Bussorah,

expedient,that

the

establish

but
must

brethren

leave

to

covenanting creed

accept

but

standard.

of the World

after

the

the

and

temporary

which

greater force had

in

power,

the

no

Umpires' judgment

Governor, but effectingtheir escape,

declined

had

month

Bussorah,

at

party which

from

use

raise the divine

to

once

with

with

Secular

would

long

their
amply justifj'ing

as

inheritors

concert

the

it

righteous cause,

surely be

by

the

heavenly interposition;

world, would

in

his

they themselves, protestingagainst a wicked

; and

began,

So

rest.

act, he

last, when

At

resolved

secession,and

the

free

have

fanatics, this moderation

delivered, they denounced

was

of

they joined

like the

booty
overt

pacif\'ingthe

them.

emboldened

should
If

with

known

intention

They

XL.

against them."

arms

Instead

Kharejilcs
inarch

of

force

his
"

'll \l'.

lie bore

o\er.

for prayer.

Mosques

they would

"

I(

them

made

forbearingly.

the

to

access

win

to

talk ; and

seditious

their

Aly'sfor-

.]/( .117,1

AA'P

at

in small

bodies

Nehrw^an

4000

strong.

Aly

Aly order.s
le\'yfor
Syrian

movement.

campaign,

hoped

did

not

at

The

first recognise the

number

was

that, immediately

serious

bearing of the

comparativelysmall

they

saw

their former

and

he

comrades

not

marching against the gracelessSyrians,they would

So Aly mounted
hesitate again to join his standard.

the

pulpitand

the

Umpires

in

arms

harangued
as

having

the

cast

men

the

of Kufa.

Book

of the

He

denounced

Lord,

equally

658]

A.D.

Both

backs.

their

A.H.

"

"

and

"

battle

fightour
of

"

eve

for

march

"

city by

second

of

in your

the

ended

terms, and

without

week."

thus:

the

It

And

was

who

"

forthwith

against the

common

back

"

come

side ;

"

fore,return

"

again."

"If

"

at

and

marchmg

am

it,then

fought by

would

"

their

Theocrats

thereupon, for

were

the

devices, and

own

Syria proceeded

with.

But

an

his

whether

see

them
"anything could be arranged between
they cast him off as an ungodly heretic."

necked

my

In

they

; otherwise

stiff-

The

present, left

the

him.

have

We

ours.

Siffin ye

reply they sent

would
acknowledge

Aly

of

repent

army.

yours

when

me

message:

the

jom

enemy,

follow

apostasy and

and

the time

to

now

insulting
"

refuse

join

to
"

sum-

j-ejites,

there-

Now,

"

to

Then

Nehrwan.

at

the

on

Prepare

camp

coming

fanatics

the

it off.

leave

to

ready

day

despatch to

in similar

couched

be

point where,

the

at

forced

were

Syria, and

the

he indited

again

over

victory,we

"

"

37.

apostates, rejectedof the Lord, of the Prophet also,

of all good men
must
Wherefore," said he, we
;

were

"

289

KHAREJITES

Prophet'sprecedent,behind

the

with

THE

AGAINST

CAMPAIGN

to

raising levies for

little enthusiasm
was
anywhere
of

business

roll
the stipendiary
men
on
displayed. Of 60,000 fighting
with
at Bussorah, 3000
were
difficulty
got together. At Aly sets
ordered
Kufa, after vain appeal,a conscriptionwas
through g -^
.

the heads

of clans ; and

With

fanatic

on

host

country in the very

sent

make

to

becoming
be

to
"

leave

such

The

put

to

forth.

19

; a

"

;
at

for

65,000

unlicensed

and
woman

to

were

women,

army

behind

cruelty?"
course,

Kharejit

the

excesses,

Tidings
"

with

can

we

homes

Aly, himself

crossed

the

Tigris,

and
cold-blooded.
last degree barbarous
refusingto confess the theocratic tenets were

the

great with

child

ripped u]d

with

the sword, and

is

the

demanded

they,
us,

But

messenger

fate.

common

how," said

large

camp.^

alarming, the

this,changed his

outrages

death

them

their

of

Travellers,men

the

more

outlaws

to

convinced

and

against

"exposed

of the

outskirts

inquiry, met

more

led

army

imposing force,Aly had alreadycommenced

him
that
Syria, when
tidings reached
was
committing outrage throughout

this

his march

length an

at

of

the field.

brought into

was

thus

so

ALV

290

A. II. 37.

marched

and

all such
up
"

replied
had

"

they

which

the

slain

hearts

\-our

blood

shed

was

of the

Caliph expostulated with

to

all who

and'slain^'^tire peaceably

to

their homes.

are

and
"''

and

came

over

and

town,

remained

1800

creed.
rushed
man

The

the
chronlc^

4000

thorn

in
killed.
iheenipirc.

the

had

escaped.
fanatic

However

hope

sure

of

bands

not

of

Still such

Martyr's

cut

were

continual

weak

compromise

neglect to bring

came

behind

any
near

reigns,we

find

"

vigorously

the

them

not

the

enemies

justice.

to
men

But
them

both

and

e\ery

now

flightwith

but

of

hence
mark

then

ease.

the

endamage

fruit of his

the

Othman,

and

vagant
in their extra-

sincere

present and
and

after

One

hand.
to

expectedly
un-

proclaiming

and

Fanatics
too

were

in the

following year,

reaped

now

were

again appeared
at

was

and

aid, at the least by

and

once

leaving an}^ permanent

them.

canvassed

In

crown.

purely politicalsect,
to

be

pieces,or put

with

doctrine, these
with

and

of divine

Aly, who

of

one

strangely catching;

risingscould

of

power

not

to

the Lord
to

to

scotched,

was

field,
denouncing Aly,
of

and

not

fanatics

the

name

if

hopeless their object,the

insurgent fanatics

they

and

Bussorah

the

they

at

Kingdom

another

Paradise

secret, both

by expectation

in
the

in

unceasingly,though

nerved, if

snake

The

contmued

but

theocratic

the

to

of Islam

peace

"

homes

trifling.

spiritwas

cause

their

to

call

Persian

neighbouring

Caliph's force,

was

better for the

The

Kufa.

that

Aly's loss

been

theocratic

and

of the

the

obeyed

battle-cry. To

lances

slain.

were

It had

Kha-

the

upon

Some

to

in

his army,

to

over

field,martyrs

wild

the

what

heretics

ungodly

come

dispersed
the

upon

With

off

more

many

They

misguided fanatics,

the

should

went

500

us."

lawful!}'.".\ parley ensued,

offered quarter

Who

haply

equally responsible for

all

were

Give

"

then

toward

again

of

left alone,

shall be

ye

near

murder.

victory in Syria, and

us

that the

passed, and

the}'had

"

turned

now

surrender

guiltyof outrage and

grant

shall have

When

demand

to

messenger

been

Lord

that

fanatics.

he said, "and
justice,"

to

until the

"lie

"

had

as

these

"

sent

ICiiap.m,.

MCAV/.l

the

against

he

Nehrwan,

A\n

to

combine

they

seldom

of

their creed

in

succeeding

gathering

up

A.D.658]

their

strength

often

dangerously

beaten

KJiarejitcs

terror

'

back.

errand,
the

to

Kharcjite,

demanding,

one

and

(as

thorn

in

the

the

for

anon,

side

of

the

as

these

ages,

implies)

name

and

empire,

the

'^

on

Caliphate,

well-disposed.

"

as

"

forth

who

Covenanter,

forth,"

goes
its

reform.

ihal

is

29

assail

to

Ever

"went

desperate
a

DEFEATED

KHAREJITES

to

say,

against

the

Government,

their

and

A.

1 1.

37.

CHAPTER

XLI

Revolt

38

Aly gives

HAVING

^^^
Tigris,
campai'.Tn
the

of

End

658

needed

armour

A.D.

"

lances,

Kufa.
in

Ah',

short

to

There

was

Thus

of

^^""
to

the

was

in

37th

ing,
consent-

of

vicinity

almost

people

the
make

war

and
the

Syria.

on

The

heart.

attempt

on

listless

on

empty.

impatient,

equally

no

the

b}'

the

with
in

loyalty

ears.

Syrian
made

was

an

now

to

title
of

possession
of

indifferent
severer

situa-

colourable

affections

The

Hegira.

undisturbed

and

experience

to

now

of

year

Muavia,

mortified

have
sided
of

blood
for

left

lost

and

his

alienated

and
trial

subjects

in

the

loss

Egypt.
We

in

and

remained

Caliphate,

Aly,

people,

the

unchanged.

^^'^^

while

Eg}-pt

fell

to

parties thither

small

and

Aly

through

the

became

him

reproach

Aly

in

harangued

with

little

swords

our

up

was

camp

response.

closed

Syria, strong

of

in

their

it.

resume

Muavia.

and

fell

off

again

forth

for

encamped

returned,

Kufa,

go

no

expedition

the

none

exhortation

But

Position

that

and

But

campaign,

quivers."

empty

recrossed

Syria.

return

us

furbish

"to

our

towards

long

Let

"

and

Nehrwan,

so

dropped

time

entering

obligation

face

said,

soldiers

finding

himself

again

back

marched

his

before

replenish

The

and

they

and

they

at

refitting.

homes,"

"our

A.D.

fanatics

that,

urged

troops

'

April

turned

Aly

658

A.H.

the

dispersed

Egypt

of

not

that

seen

with

Othman

suppressing

those
and
the

powerful

demanding
that

Cays

dissentients,
"J92

faction

in

satisfaction

having
Mohammed

been

that
for

pendency
de-

the

recalled
son

of

Af.V

294

A.ll.

;^S.

he

them

implored

difliculty

W'itli

after

so

of

news

delay

the

defeat

their

had

been

brethren,

held

of

"

and

^Sypt^

help

to

those

hath

the

still

camel,

"And

"

go

son

departed

of

Abu

from

forth,

the

For

fifty

to

in

its

l^ekr

us,"

in

is

the

burden,

grief
fallen

people

and

he

days

their

avenge

struggling

said,

Aly

return.

upbraided

attitude.

casting
he

now,"

to

and

but

before

marched

hardly

NM.

Mohnmmed.

together,

got

necessary

pulpit,

them

of

were

hatl

it

disloyal

wayward

back.

spirit,

made

and

defence

men

they

the

urging

restive,

that

ascended

spiritless

the

to

thousand

two

long

thereupon
for

hasten

to

[('MAI'.

MC.117A

.IXP

fallen

field.

the}-

Like

had

bitterness

mart)-r,

and

CHAPTER

XLII

Remainder

3s-4o

No

of

gleam

And,

disloyalty

in

hard

His
he

his

upon

visit

to

stir

the

blood

cause

of

faction,

Syrian

up

in

his

absence

the

various

as

and

well

so

whence

by

and

he

end

into

having

in

driven

for

the

that

the

help

induced

the

City,

refuge
Castle
"295

to
was

to

the
a

of

rally

on

at

once

tribes,

round
were

the

loyal

local

neighbouring
set

held

with

Aly

the

rebels

citizens

who

retire

Kufa.

the

The

the

to

Ziad,

with

to

Muavia.

to

to

avenge

theocratic

the

stronghold

influence

persuasion

of

letter

forced

was

for

wrote

fighting

surrounded,

this

to

at

finding

attached

to

as

received,

State

of

Chief
his

Aly

charge,

pulpit

for

to

of

sure

sought

mostly

tunity
oppor-

elements

was

zealously

were

the

set

Ziad.
at

last

Castle.

fire, and

the

at

s^p^
^"J^g
f]

lestS^A.H.

unadvised,

disaffected

himself,

Rising

privacy,

fearful

seized

clans, he

hostile

strictest

and

Muavia

were

carrying

City's temporary

defeated,

and

Mohammed,

Bussorah,

rash

the

remainder

was

severe

"^.j^l^

tion
mortifica-

of

into
of

with

; few

quite

emissary,

withdrew

him.

equally

the

were

rival

Remainder

struggle.

was

death

something

do

or

Aly;

despatched

There

governor

Othman

clan, from

After

Abbas,

of

now

treasure

who

He

who,

Bussorah,

the

choice,

cruel

mind.

Among
there

many

his

the

and

indifference

of

of

days

continual

one

of

and

comfort

and

Bussorah.

was

city

Egypt,

resign,

to

of

Ibn

cousin,

out

of

loss

should

the

home,

at

exhibition

daily

Kufa,

remaining

bear.

to

The

life

a.d.

the

up

fanatics

his
the

moreover,

preyed

with

abroad,

Caliphate

lighted

What

Aly's reign.

65s-660

a.ii.

fortune

Reign

Aly's

of

296
A.H.

38-

A/.]-

S)TiiUi

with

ciuo)-,
The

flames.

had

brought

risings.

^^

of

and

Eg}'pt

fate

Rcbeliiun
'""

hi s.

Persia,

65S

A.I',

disturbinq,"effect.
^^^^

^^^

In

which

had

this chief

of

The

One

after

he

could

him
to

he

had

be

for

stole away
"

the

to

with

l^ut

devil

they raised

the

the

of taxes

his cause,

and

as

to

Governor
the

to

shores

delusive

in

of the Indian

the

southern

Ocean.
still

bloody battle,

supremacy
Persia.

from

of
The

the

was

sworn

that

arranged a
night before, Khirrit
said

Thamudites

their escape

but

With

Bussorah
But

which

support
of

rebel

and

put

the

drove

them

to

luring the people by

head

and

Khirrit

Caliphate was
Mussulman

that

cry

to

band

"

Christian

and

was

Ahwaz.

to

inflammatory

gained

in

behind

up

him, and

throughout Pars,

force

promises, they

till after

that

flight. A

arbitration,

stand

Persians, Kurds,

revolt

that

Aly

"

intolerable.

such

Arabs, they kindled

human

rebel.

to

patience,said

ungodly Caliph

an

was

was

following; "Gone,"

effected

but

He

told

lost,like the doomed

by Aly's side

henceforth

with

his

risings

conviction

his usual

City with

desperate

Siffin.

at

even

mountaineers, by the specious and

payment

such

fanaticism, had

to

nor

But

purpose.
the

issue

matter

to

dispersion,

his tribe

; but

creed

remarkable, because

and

more,

prayer

the

pursued,

were

There

no

at

out

from

divine

Aly,

the

bands

they

throne, this Chief

the

of

another

of these

more

Camel

the

now

Mosque

argue

meeting

Aly,
They

him

his enemy.

would

serious

others, by strong

referred

obey

in the

reckless

it is the

of

Boldly approaching
he

and

fought bravely with

driven, like many

since

read

we

considerable

slaughterand

most

and

battles both

ill the

confined

not

single }car,

on

wild

^y Khirrit;

of

Aly's grasp

was

though crushed, the frequent repetitionof

fruit of
enterprises,

tlu-

alarming spread

unrest

of rebellion.

common

but

impelled by their theocratic

standard

the

met

and

occasions

were
KJiarejites

raise the

time

precarious was

Bussorah.

to

the

the

the

of factious Bussorah.

races

half-dozen

some

how

spiritof disturbance

The

Kharejiic

Bedouin

the

upon

for

Hght

to

showed

disaffection,and

lollowcrs, pcrisluxl in

decisive

was

iciiAi'.
Mil.

.ui'ArjA

seventy

victory

insurrection

A\n

it

was

lost his

not

life,

re-established

prisoners

in

this

ZIAD
f"r.,s-(i(i]

A.!).

campaign
but

The

captivity.
their

The

set

were

free.

the

Aly, hearing
at

to

took

defeat

great

so

Kharejites did

as

man,

ability.

for

Fars

and

He

immediate

fled

and

with

threw

him

Court

great

restoring
of

government

and
(Persepolis),
as

even

to

Bussorah,

and

rebellious

peace

He

against

favours, that
his

by

fixed

his

administration

recall to Persian

retinue

Prince

and

and

Fars.

his

the39A.H.

quell

from

on^^al-r'

conspicuous administrative

by well-appointed promises
in

off their

To

Ziad

Ziad

restore

once

success

Court

there

memories

at

became

the

happy

of Noushirwan.

age

Though
trouble

successful

and

from

now

beyond

the

himself
of

Bedouin

people

hand

close
villages
their

or

insecurity;

of the

neither

The

nor
even

at

listlessness
into

the

and

foot

Egypt, began

i\rabia

and

the

various

betrayed
of

cause

"

to

the

To

Ii^'ic,

now

exact

self.
him-

lukewarmwould

stir

Syrians invading

show

disobedience,

the

These

Aly.

repel

to

to

his

Aly

unattended.

shame, partly lured

displeasure
went

On

forth

this, the

by promise

c-x-

arainst""

cities 659

allegianceto

secure

worse,

field almost

Kufa, partly from

relieved

always successful,inspired

not

their door.
and

of

object was

tribes,or

in the

Muavia,

side
on

subject to Syrian

was

surprise a citadel,now

inroads, though

of

home.

by frequentraids

Province

the tithe from

Persia, Aly

the

on

Syrian desert.

Such

in

nearer

apprehension

ravage

sense

thus

molestation

his rival

annoy

men

seen,

carried

the

famous

at

of

one

Istakhr

ness

them

set

sum,

Kerman

mainly by setting

was

earned

have

succeeded

to

slain.

the

and

Governors.

their

expelled

we

another, and

so

and

the

captive ;

at

not

spreading insurrection,
Aly employed

he

him

of

himself

each

Khirrit

torn

one

08-

^^'

bitter cry.

upon

from

the

Persia

to

but it

and

A.H.

into

were

captives,and

of

allegiance,and

sold

they

Mascala,

pieces for
down

be

to

loud

it,demanded

pay

allegiance;

Muavia.

The
peace

with

Christian

of

fresh

children, as

scene,

thousand

Mascala, unable

joined

the

by

297

away

softened.

were

ransoming

payment

and

many

captains, touched
of

marched

were

women

of

PERSIA

swearing

protectors, wailed

hearts

cost

OF

libertyon

at

Christians

500

from

GOVERNOR

a/d.

298
of

A. 1 1. 3840.

A/.]'

increased

frontier.
of

always

On

one

the

Baalbek

Mu.ivi;i

kind.

Ricca

back

into

his contempt

show

right across

the

Raid

The

of

Hcisor

on

for

660

A.H.

Muavia

his way

the

Bosor,

sent

of

Syria

for

he

of

cruel

days

had

mained
re-

seen

never

unmolested.
with

pilgrimage

but

to

Tigris. After

the

Hegira opened
time

as

sion
incur-

an

some

Damascus

to

far

as

escaped by

Aly, made

of

which

brave

was

hand, Muavia,

and

banks

back

of the

year

When

Aly.

Arabia,
40

40th

of

other

power

the

on

dozen

flyingcolumn,

heart

the

leisurely inspecting Mosul,

before, he made

with

the

Mesopotamia,

encamped

their

prisoners,plunder, and prestige.

On

for

of

nearly

turning northward,

Irac.

1'. Mil.

it
eventually repelled,

into

thence,

and

defence

were

Aly's commander,

raiders

again

Mosul.

Though
loss in

without

there

'l! \

the

to

a. 11.

39

year

occasion

pursued
visits

the

the

not

.ur.ir//!

sliixMuls,marclicd

In

inroads

./A7)

grief

new

round,

came

of his

captain

host,

A.n.

with

3000

of the

Holy

the

"

he

Mosque,

"

"

"

thus

people

Where

but for

he

drew

entered

nigh

not

left here

threatened

the

leading Citizens

he

refused

acknowledge

to

as

fearingfor their lives,all took the

the
ruler.
Passing on
Omeyyad
scene

Infant
children
of Ah"s
cousin

enacted

was

with

the

result.^

same

he

committed

of

Aly.

the

by

Then

Governor,

Verily,

of

Then

death

if

Caliph;

oath

of

to

there

stay the
"

their

marching

son

yester-

alive !

with

they

and

so,

allegiance to
the

Mecca,

same

there, and

south

Yemen,

to

the

upon

man

as

me

imperious Envoy

great atrocities

The

but

bade

singlesoul

Muavia

phet's
Pro-

Aged

allegianceto

sword, I had

The

Muavia, who

to

Proceeding

mind, addressed

whom,

swore

the

Medina,

to

to

Man

greyhaired aged

allegiance

steps of the

sacred

of Medina

spot, I

the

unopposed.

the

O citizens

promise

my

for him

secure

mounted

this very

on

to

recallingOthman

"

is the

day, and

As

Bosor

pulpit,and
the

Arabia,

places.

fled,and

governor
to

into

men,

adherents

Abbas, escaped

to

his

slain.

cousin
into
'

life.

Aly

the
On
The

at

Kufa.

But

tyrant's hands,

Bosor's

approach, Abu

unfortunate

equallyobnoxious

to

man

both

had

sides.

two
were

Musa
been

of his little

put

to

death

children, falling
in cold

(the Umpire) fled from

livingthere

ever

since

Mecca

the

blood,
for his

Arbitration,

P7^^4
(;r,s-(;o]

.\j\

with

their

The
the

from

Bosor

wretched

Peninsula

fared

death

because

to

man's

The

party.

oath

they

had

good
of

of

men

too

late to

his

escape

had

they
Mecca

just taken,

and

citizens

of

Medina

Hasan,

son

Aly,

the

point of

sooner

were

faction

opposite
the

was

mother

forth

poured

another

moted

his

giving

the

griefwas

in

cousins, the

of

Yemen

of his

perhaps,
The

plaintive
still preserved.^
had

He

Aly.

Abdallah,

pro-

great dignity,^^bas

to

to

the

in

Bosor

in

are

Abbas,

the

bitterly

more,

sorrow

for

to
no

of

imprecatitm.

which

of

but

death

cursed

her

store

sons

command

Aly

bitter

and

new

Al\-.

to

Thus

cruel

he

0th-

to

Leader

the

on

and

touching couplets of

some

Yet

preyed

Najran

recall the

to

sword

the

The

two.

troubles

with

disconsolate
verse,

children

other

service

in

rent

of

allegiance

functions.

his

of

hands

homage

swore

than

gone,

resumed

infant

all his

daily

troops

Peninsula

Cousin's
than

the

at

do

again

Similarly,the
of

forced

Syria.

to

the

at

was

stop these

belonged

were

A. 1 1. 38'_

men

inhabitants

the

299

protested

4000

better

no

VIA

vain

of

army

made

Many

put

in

Kufa, but

relieving army.

were

MUA

AND

ALV

An

act.

in haste
and

'EEN

tIJ

attendant, who

cruel

despatched
outrages

be

Bedouin

the

against

qr

of

one,

Mecca

retires

to

to

ATcccu

another, of Medina
held the

the

Scorning

office,and, carrying

Mecca.
and

Aly

still

the

by

more

his

upon

city in

second

the

the

Court

of

larities
irregu-

his

cousin

to

render

demand,

Abdallah

treasures

with

him, retired

this

unfriendly act

mortified

much

was

Abdallah, the eldest,

while

reached

called

Bussorah, Aly

account.

Bussorah, the

Complaints having

at

the

third

of

government

empire.

an

to

desertion

at

of

'

his

threw

up
to
;

Ackil

to

another,

at

brother

Muavia.
These

troubles, crowding rapidly one

last broke
I
'!"
"

Aly's spirit.

He

had

no

upon

longer

heart

to

carry

example:
"

Ah

! who

hath

seen

my

two

Httle

ones

660

"

Darlings hidden, like pearlswithin their shell ?

grandchildrenof Al)bas, their fate naturally occupiesa conspicuousplace

in Abbasside
senses,

and

tradition.
in

drivellincr idiot.

treaty^
with
40

"

As

con-

Muavia,

or

Aly

answer

Aly cursed
to

the

prayer

Bosor, praying that

he

became,

we

are

he

might

lose his

told, a hopeless,

A. H.
A.D.

Al.y

300

A.ll.

3S-

on

hostilities

ICastcrn
all

itli

could

hope

for

correspondence,
Muavia,

and

by

the

respect

If

peaceful

mi_L^ht

which

of

agreed

each

after

other,

it

\va

lengthened

between

lay

to

tin-

secure

himself,

concluded

was

they

but

to

Accordingly,

now.

territory

he

subjection

armistice

an

IVnw.w.w.

MCAI-IA

Sj'ria.
in

provinces

he

A.yp

and

aside

AK'

their

maintain,

arms,

time

in

to

It

Tlic

''^

come,

^^^'"

is

attitude.

friendly

possible

the

that

Caliphate

independent

and

separate

double

thus

Empires,

by

CiH)h\i'

rulers

of

the

East

indefinitely,
had

perpetuity,
narrated

in

the

not

West,

and

or

the

following

even

tragical

chapter.

might
been

have
handed

event

occurred

recognised,
the

tive
respec-

been

longed
pro-

down

in

to

be

ALV

302

A.H.

40.

b'ostat would

be

with worsliippcrs. They dipi)ccl

tliront^ed

swords

in

powerful poison, and

their

Ainiu

attempt.

escapes.

captain

Muavia

stead.

Amru

The

draught.

h'the

^^^'

Mosque

accomplices

ai

^'^"

Muljam

imbued

was

of the

alive,thou

"

"

introduced

him

either

on

At

the

the

wounded

seized.

other
with

in the

Of

before

the

had

which

"

time

of mankind
that

must

better

Ibn

as

on

the

Aly

meet

been

hand.

; if thou

the
one

carried

was

his

in

his fate."

thyself.

the

Mosque.
assembly

Ibn

Muljam
He

pieces,the

to

the Palace

into

declared

sword

side.

assassin

the

with

who

boldly

was

that

contemplation, during

prayer

'

cut

was

she

To prayers !

and

head

So

The

lintel ; but

Muljam

fortydays
been

either

her

to

lie in wait

the

people!

So

that
"

"

to

escapest

to

were

lost

day

above."

me

thereby

here

ye

question

to

Ibn

him.

have

fatal

tlie damsel

entered

Caliph

upon

fled.

might

loved

the crowded

leading into

accomplices

it had

ment
resent-

that

Muljam,

assailed

was

been

nursed

roused

than

usual, To prayers,

tumult

suffered

accomplices, who, burning

two

his

had

Muljam

thy guerdon

as

enjoy

strength enough
deed

my

Caliph severely on

brought

"

me

conspirator fell

one

was

he

tribe, deeply

and

on

the

desperate

two

day,
Ibn

further

conspira-

dowser; if thou

revenge

as

Immediately

the

potent

survived.

Aly

as

his

chose

said

appointed, the

callingaloud
of

to

he

That

having

the

in

of

hope

gain

relatives,was

side of the door

time

the

by

or

cauter}-, and

of

and

fell upon

Bring me,"

have

shalt

spiritof

same

other

of

shalt

perish,thou

of

of Nehrwan,

"

head

lover, "the

cautery,

Ta)'m.

who

blow

llic

in

physiciandeclared

the spot to

Beni

Taym,

ardour.

savage

The

against the Caliph.

Beni

died

differentl)'.The

out
on

massacre

since

prayers,

effectual,and

was

fanaticism

father,brother, and
a

the

the

the

the

severelyin
maid

from

able

from

with

ever

him

things turned

Kufa

At

deprive

remed}'

day,

His

the

only by

shrank

He

that

fortunate.

SO

saved

would

that

progeny.

Aly

be

at

perish

or

sick

was

being fatal.

^'^

"^^^

his life could

draught

not

was

separated,swearini;

task

guard, presiding

Muavia

'^"^' ^^'^^
^'^"""'

'

He

escaped.

his

of

fulfil the

either

they would

that

rccovcTs

|CH.\r.xi.ii:.

MUAVIA

A\I)

the

all

Wickedest

Then," repliedAly,
he
sa\"ing,

turned

to

A.u.

(iin]

his

son,

not, for that

him

the

father

believed, "My

replied the fanatic,

sword

"

more

It

his will that

command

"

he

them

be

to

he
of

name

I made

"

Mecca,

at

hast

thou

"

body,

the

with

last.

counselled

Ibn

slay both

Aly

repeat the

to

they

tested

tied up

reign

in the

early wars
no

j later years

he

Muavia.

of

time

he

the

Islam.

and

he

heavy

and

was

subject of
with

content

by

whom

of these

died

in infancv

he

the

his bald

obese, and

ridicule

to

his enemies.

single wife, the

had

the
otiier

three

Syed
two

Aly"s

^^i^^,.e"

Prophet's death

militaryexpeditions.

became

con-

months.

of the

jdaughters,the progenitors of
One

flames.

distinguishedheroes

after the

But

swear

before

nine

and

]|^"^^J^^

perish

part in any

daughter Fatima,

'

years
most

the

to

were

sons

"

Hasan

In his
and
For

Prophet's
^

race,

Mul-

death, and

to

put

Ibn

Now,

not

troubled

His

four

"

Hasan,

was

age.

but
of

He

the

1 1 oly house

the

committed

was

of

one

was

portly figurewas
a

sack,

lasted

had

youth,

took

in

fire."

the

sixty years

In his

he

of

said

Nay,"

"

had

said

Muljam

and

to

After

arraigned

before

Lord

kind

When

Hasan

^^'

not

wife.

continuing
his

the

thee."

tasted

Aly died

and

obsequies,

I would

allegianceunto

"

'

his Hanifite

\'i

Then

wilt, I shall go forth and kill the other, or

If I succeed, I will return
and
in the attempt.

"

bedside, and

Nothing daunted,

covenant

it."

to

ye

of

Still 25 Jan.

I do

resignation,and

of

son

breathed

so

him.

that

throne.
"

Death

^^''

was

died, it was

if thou

"

'

piety and

funeral

the

the

See

his

to

testament,

Lord,

before

assassin
"

his

the

performed

in

brother, the

wrote

indeed

if he

to

That

its wound."

wound

I forbid.

Hosein

steadfast

their younger
that

succeed

Lady,"
thousand

escape

the

fain

Listen.

Caliph whether,

do

and

Hasan

"Then,

principle,Aly answered

it,neither

called

that

should

son

may

During

have

pieces,and

40.

cell and

would

tears?

None

it.

the

elective

the

to

true

his

these

evident

asked

Thev

assassin's

live."

yet

A.ll.

mutilate

the

she

thousand

poison

to

became

soon

mortal.

for

bought

it cost

"

shall

thou

see

Prophet."

doubt

whence

"

but

in close

the

into

no

assassin

the

by

went

him, adding, what

cursed

303

keep

is forbidden

Kolthum

Omm

day

him

die, his life is forfeit

If I

"

ALV

OF

bade

and

Hasan,

custody
"

DEATH

the
and

and

two

nobility
Ilo.sein.

,//.)'

304

A.M.

10.

of

father.
to

him,

with

he

had

her

whose

later

on

he

Aly

would

in

had,

was

little

years,

prattle he

always

whom

III.

into his

women

many

daughters.

his

In

took

servile, by

fifteen

and

sons

died, he

and

free

both

Harem,
eleven

slie

After

Islam.

IClIAP.XI,

MUAVIA

AND

all,

hearted
tender-

born

girlwas

beguile his troubles

his

knee,

and

Aly

there

are

doted

with

her

on

;
a

speciallove.'
the

In

Aly's
forbear-

ance
and
magnaniniily.

and

Mild

feet,with

whom

intrigue and
he

In

and

for

his

has

since

time

Aly

bul

he

ceased

never

wise

was

his

to

in
has

wisdom

Bekr, influenced

denied
time

into

share

performing
of

in-law

an

easy

blot

rests

on

duty

was

for other

father's

towards

Bekr

Islam,

many

an

than

have

and

to

show

inactive

the escutcheon
his

claimed
he

judge.
been

Sovereign

ruler.

his
He

was

for

and

But

he

even
never

and
of

other

to

One

son-

him

sworn

cause

indelible

flagrantbreach
had

taking part

expected

temperament.

Aly,

and

retired

cousin

due

was

His

election of

the

his successors,

as

like

But,

find him

we

that this

of

adage and

himself.

On

w^io

Chief

Prophet, might

which

and

him.

to

property,

and

of

the

which

schism

of

failure.

by Fatima,

functions

aught

than

blot

and

attributed

Abu

extreme.

it.

been

her

the

carried

and
vigour,spirit,
the

leading position,which,

the

is there

nor

of

the

the

asserted

weaken

private life. Thereafter

counsels

in the

in

he

procrastination,lay

averted

no

of all others

man

greater

counsel,

showed

dangerous

existence

be characterised

must

Abu

his

the

threatened

to

in

ha\e

might

the

To-

patience by

rebellion,he

With

Caliphate,

sapient proverb

career

upon

indeed,

compromise,

his

estranged,

enemies

Solomon,

have

to

when

Bussorah,

wearied

Muavia,

mend.
com-

forbearance.

generous

policy of conciliatinghis

determination,

Desertion

not

thingsto

many

treated

insensate

Excepting

ought

failure of

of Othman

he

fanatics, who

theocratic

w^ards

vindictiveness.

inactive.

beneficent,

his

at

prostrate
incessant

Wise

of

character

of
alle-

name.
^

mother

The

lisped,and
what

"a

to

the

Beni

Kilab.

1'lie child

asked to
unable
to S2iy Kiiali ; when
pronouncing / like sh, was
kalb
would
imitate
the
bark
of
she
or
a dog (kilal)
belonged,
dog "), to the great delightof Aly and his courtiers.

tribe she

meaning

of this little girlbelonged

GOl]

A.D.

glance
stood

Nor

the

while
the

can

Had

ready

charge

avail

that

In

for

point

of

he

help,

shook

the

pressure.

gave

been

colour

to

must

be

Aly

dereliction

of

duty,

stabilityof

the

phate
Cali-

finding

in

long

not

40.

ignobly

have

herein

grave

himself

was

attitude

A.M.

treason.

would

there

And

for

which

error

itself,as

to

held

under

himself

was

fact, his

only

he

have

to

red-handed

to

he

collusion.

not

fatal

will

bound

was

Instead,
victim

loyal

of

accountable

held
but

fell

even

he

extremity.

plea

way.

him

by

Caliph

been

there

the

last

the

in

aloof,

and

Othman,

to

305

ALY

OF

CHARACTER

his

to

cost.

Tradition,
tain,
he

buried

was

Palace.
of

had

attached

reverence

began

There

is

the

Kufa,

Caliph,

family

sliipwas
of

the

Prophet's
side

of

his

the

indifference
realm

of

Islam,

life,and

it

any

sentiment

husband

the

of

not

was

of

the

only surviving

that

should

in

phet's
Pro-

progeny,

which,

progeny,

became

soon

unscrupulously

used,
'

See

of

to

at

and

above,

p.

244,

the

and

him

the
and

at

of
and

divine

cruel

by Alyite

its
his

and

Iinain-

arising

fate of the
Abbas-

lever, skilfully and

powerful

overthrow

Divine

loyalty, amounting
of

Kerbala

extraeven

Aly's descendants,

fostered
a

the

proud

towards

fiction

The

tragedy

coming

been

time

of

contrary,

have

this

favour

period,

the

of enthusiasm

want

reaction

On

days.

at

this

at

later

disaffection.

faction,

of

whatever

prevailed

utter
to

the

known."

in the

early times,

same

that

away
for

father

trace

no

there

times

The

during

regard

and

capital

an

in

that

others

Kufa,

Burial

uncer-

believe

Son:e

never,

person

opinion

itself.

claims

vagant

was

passed

or

show

to

at

throughout

had

generation

mosque

veneration.

his

to

lies.

tomb

his

memory

daughter,

out

Great

or

his

to

special

at

the

care

any

attached

till

in

Aly

of

body

silent, and

is

say,

the

Certainly,

object

as

where

to

as

to

strange

Omeyyad

note.

dynasty.

,^'^^^011^'
of

later

CHAPTER

Hasan

XLIV

Aly.

succeeds

^^^^
hirfaiiher
40

661

^^^^

committed

his

Hasan,

to

homage,

eldest

know

we

it

as

But

son.

where,

not

were

by

common

was

Hasan

to

poor-

A.I).
.

spirited creature,
his

the
is

Harem

It

was

Muavia's

now

whole

^^^

^"

with

'his

the

at

throughout
of

his

charms

business

descent

of

of

public
of

grandson

as

than

of

the

Caliph's standard,

new

'

His

was

said

of

exercised

(others

could

the
the

law, which
power

continually marrj'ing
the

remedy lay

daughters

of

ninety) times.

say

to

there

wife.
is

no

him

the

limits

The

own

an

nickname

freeborn
as

leading

men

divorced

wives

for

wives

matter

of

to

they
were

as

no

of

vanguard
for

only

nuptialswith

the

four.

He

is said

to

simple caprice, seventy

often

should

had

Dwojrer,

new

complained

daughters, and
;

of T/ie

the

strong,

40,000

his

craving

at

beneath

Hasan

forward

this

was

rallied

army,
But

his

hands

powerful

sooner

Syria,

attack.

divorce,

their

in their
These

and

harmonise

he

of

the

Resenting

No

rule

title

recognised

was

Citizens, indignant

Sending

war.

passion gained

divorce

requirements
have

the

vagrant

continual

the

repel

to

for

stomach

the

falling under

ready

was

Kufa.

his

accordance

gathered

once

the

prospect

in

Egypt.

at

against

intelligence received,

asserting

Already,

and

Muavia

Hasan,

for

Arbitration, he

Syria

marched

and

army

whom

the

on

empire.

verdict

succession

by

varying

opportunity

Moslem

Amru's

Caliph

^s

own

troops.

than

altogether unworthy

Muavia
and

on

the

Prophet.^

at-

'

...

intent

more

ever-changing

life,and

But

favour

A.D.

Aly,

did

Kufa

home,

consent,

A.n.

had

they

661

A.M.

40-41

WllEN

in

Muavia

OF

Hasan

Abdicates

to

Aly that his

divorcing
refuse

to

them.

give

him

son

Aly
their

for
irrespectiveof slave-girls,

limit.
30C

aJ

Cdl]

A.D.

12,000

HASAN

under

men,

he

the enemy,
bulk

the

of

brave

followed

old

the

had

been

The

troops

rose

Persian

into his sumptuous

his

longer

trusting no
letters of

the

Medina,

tion

to

the

of

revenues

imprecation against his

Muavia

prayers.

consented

be

within

recited

ratified

that

so, after

agreed
he

drop

neither

Son.

for evil

obtained

terms

side of

Aly, and

there

Thus,

abdicate

to

retain

pieces,in

addi-

that

from

for

as

The

Hasan

j^^
favour
of

Muavia,

\o Aug.

the

"

public ^^^'

the

the

should

truce

was

at

Kufa.

for

nor

his

last,Muavia
Having

arms

was

there

his

at

They

provinces,he

were

who

Caliph of

Islam.

Empire.

race,

he

had

set

longer in thefield.
been

had

longer

no

and
able

did
to

any

Damascus

'"

retires
^

'^

^"^'

better Cays
'^"

length,

fightingon
master

homage

make

received

At

Muavia.

triumphal entry

the

homage

to

Syria sole

thenceforth

was

and

of

the

undisputed

the

'^'

to

now

to

^^

the

returned

And

departure. But

worthy of

were

for all who

laid down

six

good.

prowess

being

or

belongings,quitted

t"

the

and,

should

reposed, and

be

while

some

having

fightfor,he

could

trust

for

and

regret.

abilityand

remained

Eastern

reviling Aly

prayer

People wept

without

no

Cays, whose

into

Chosroes,

camp

first request

his household

The

left them

said, in whom

cause,

thus

Muavia,

ingloriousreign of five

brief and

for Arabia.

l)urpose

seize

to

district ; and

of the

hearing

months, Hasan, with

Hasan

no

royal tents

of the

that

should

the

rushed

accordingly.

And

Kufa

father

granted

second, he

He

Persian

ensued.

Caliph,alarmed

treasury, five million

the

of

contents

that

disloyal people, sent

condition

on

ignobly

foot

martial

the

Muavia.

to

the

on

Palace

his fickle and

to

submission

I'etire to

than

the

Medain

to

up

in the

refuge

residence

congenial

more

set

faint-hearted

The

terms.

outbreak, took

the

project was

A.ii.40-

luxurious

cincute

plundered

meet

with

Caliph. They

and, by delivering him

favourable

and

An

the

upon

pavilion,and

carpets.

person,

make
at

the

to

even

to

thus
at

currency
slain.

and

the

While

court.

mutinously

Cays,

amidst

Medain

at

defeated

faithful

irresolutely
; and,

holding back, the report gained

Cays

307

and

himself

rested

of his arm)',

gardens

ABDICATES

capitalof

Damascus

tT"'^
islam.

308

HASyl.V

AN/"

[(

.UrAl'L-l

'hap.

.\i,r\
.

A.

11.

'The

10-

;_
Continued

at^ainst

imprecations

house,

and

scrvicc

adherents,

his
and

his

Ah',

of

part

continued

they

of

meinor}-

formed

still

indeed,

so,

the

the

public

throughout

the

tion

Caliphate.

Ome}'yad

short-lived

Yhe

;iganist

ample

Caliph
his

gratify

to

means

retired

Medina,

to

ruling

passion,

where,
he

with
his

passed

llxsm

in

poisoned

time

\v'ifc/

Muavia.

and

ease

He

poison

at

unnatural

to

in

to

the

the

hand

end

for

will

be

the

of

"

himself
of

more

have

to

tell.

us

his

and

his

believe

It

But

Muavia

harmless

the

subject

brother

by
not

tion,
tradi-

lady

was

libertine

had

Harem

his

was

the

exalts

to

death

Alyite
that

thus

and

Of

his

met

wives.

ever-changing
reason.

anxiety

Divorcer."

to

Martyr."
of

further

no

years,

the

crime,

Hasan's

likelier

giving

of

one

Hasan

"

commit

ridding

and

of

would

dignity

jealousies

eight

survived

indeed,
bribed

quietness,

object

no

afford
Hosein

and

the

cient
suffithere

PERSIA,
AiSTD

KHOilASA]sr
ScsOe

of Statute

JVEles.

xnfijrdJs

Geo^aphicaLSstriblishTnervb-

XLV

CHAPTER

MUAVIA

40-60

From

the

ruler

pendent
till his

death

undisputed

the

peace

still

strong
his

rule

Islam

Amru

held

the

his

eventful

in

this

fortunes

the

mainly

over

Aly,

evil

an

defeat

governor

of

we

are

The
less

told,
career

singular.

of

of

his
of
A

of

the

in

the

of
for
in

by

the

died

was

four

73

years

at

of

it

deed,

its

years

post

same

recall

still

astute

Omeyyad

made

Finally reappointed
he

he

ascendency

the

his

Aimu.
^'
..'a^.j^'^

than

and
his

rest
most

field,

word

and

the

more

owed

who

He

by

his

him
Muavia

death

age,

the

penitent,

misdeeds.

many

Moghira,
native

by

the

during

in

continued

he

Mohammed,

for

Both

extended

one

Brave

Egypt,

enemy.

Egypt.

zealots,

lieutenants.

and

establishment

Othman,

his

hour

the

on

under

turbed
dis-

Aly.

able

influenced

man

Muavia

that

Omar,

reign

bloodshed,

been

unscrupulous

Conqueror

period

No

eventual

the

of

Egypt

had

Caliphate.

Amru

under

of

indeed,

and

to

and

dynasty.

like

the

house

661-680

directions.

all

government

coarse

was

governor

in

Kharejite

successful,

equally

1o-6oa.h.

was

home,

of

his

and

long

at

without

not

Caliph

history.

of

counsel,

the

this

rule

the

though

life,which,

long

for

ardent

was

of

boundaries

of

of

arm

as

he

years,

During

Muavia's

abdication

twenty

outbursts

intermittent

by

factions

Abroad

in

and

easily suppressed,

were

in

Islam.

inde-

was

Hasan's

nearly

all

of

prosperity

only
by

is, for

that

11., Muavia

from

and

A.U.

A.

35

West

Caliph

was

and

Othman

the

death,

own

there

of

of

661-680

A.M.

of

less

though
Tayif,
30'J

he

had

brilliant,
been

was

deputed

not

by

A.II. lu^

'

with
Abu
Prophet, in company
tutelaryidol of that city.^ He

the
the

Motjhiia lost
of Kufa.

[CiiAr.xi.v.

MUAV/A

310

life as well

him

cost

Muavia

of the

government

strict control

under
the

frequent

of

scene

But

cl^rcd
to*^Muavia
42A.H.

influence.

to

difficult

most

turbulent

theocratic

and

of those

outburst, and
of

held

city,still

restless

the house

post,

he

longer regal Kufa,

dangerous conspiraciesin favour of

the Omeyyad
to disturb
began soon
Ziad

again

rose

that

to

no

the

designing,
nearly

and

Bussorah, which

honour, and

as

Finally,appointed by
the

Clever

disgracefulfall at

his

he survived

down

hew

ill-favoured,
having

was

field of Wacusa.

the

on

eye

an

Sofian, to

Aly

which

dynasty.
perhaps the greatest service which Moi^hira renthat he succeeded
in reconciling
to
Muavia, was

Ziad

to

his

most

remarkable

.Abu

Sofian, who

of the time.

He

fell in with
his

before

bondwoman,

historyof

The

sovereign.

his

Ziad
the

was

is

vagrant

Tayif

at

of

reputedson

mother, then

conversion

of the

one

the

By

the
discharge of important trusts, Ziad overcame
disadvantage of servile birth,rose to important office,and
of
eventually was
appointed by Aly to the government

faithful

Bussorah

and

far the ablest

by

was

the

of

cause

of

Called
in

Istakhr.

by

Muavia,

Muavia

Persia,he refused

when

was

threatened, if he
life of his

the

caused

do

so

or

to

continued

alarm

Moghira,

42,

of

arrear

dismissed
in

revenue,

with

had

at

to

absent

thorn
At

to

tensions
pre-

Hasan.

stewardship
Court

even

himself, with
in his side, he

last,in the year

forgotten the occasion on

which
of Ziad,^
his life to the partialevidence
he owed
his
repaired to Istakhr, and persuaded him to tender
submission.
Under
safe-conduct
he appeared before the
Caliph at Damascus, and as a royal gift,together with his

A.H.

who

Muavia.

to

of

of his

appear

the

to

abdication

account

an

in Bussorah.

sons

continual

after the

render
to

Devoted

day.
bitterlyopposed

even

to

of the

statesman

he

Aly,

eloquent, he

Powerful, wise, and

not

presented
honour, and

million

provided

pieces.
with

He

was

residence

Kufa.
A
^

year
In

A.H.

or

9,

two

afterwards

Li/eof Mahomet,

p. 437.

curious

episode in
-

Above,

his life

p. 188.

GGl-SO]

A.D.

disturbed

ZIAD

the

GOVERNOR

desire

to

the

remove

Muavia

stain

311

with

seized

his

Ziad

As

world.

was

upon

UFA

Moslem

of the

equanimity

daily in royal favour,

grew

OF

and

descent,

A.ll.

the

40'_

'^'ftl

thus

acknow.

him

prove

mate,

of Abu

son

for

appointed
which

the

not

Sofian

the

Muavia

brother.

but
supposititious,

Islam, first

as

still more

making Omm

Sofian

and

of

one

be

to

the

(the above

the

affront

thus

put

feeling,however,
pillarof

had

fell

turbulent

armed

night

at

order, that

into

the

heavily

The

On
^

188), had

p.

"Thou
"

upon
gave

for

the

up the

"

To

son

my

meet

to

was

involuntary
to

new

effectuallyenforced
heretofore

elevated

was

to

prevailed.
the

governor-

pilgrimageto Alecca, his lirother (who,

for aduUery against ^loghira {supra,

case

him

since) sent

Habiba,"

Ayesha, addressed

from

of

Omm

he

said,

design. Again, Ziad, wishing

Abu

dear

"Ziad,
ibn

spoken

had

the

an

unawares

experience

an

of

venture

ruthless

so

"^jssorah

His

message

to

dissuade

him

pilgrimage.
goest
she receive thee as her brother, that will be regardedas a slight
Prophet ; if otherwise, it will be a slightupon thyself." So Ziad

if

legalbirth
Ziad

never

wilt

Now,

he

proposed to go on
in the
tergiversation

his

of Appointed

governor

might

; and

population

None

law,

faction

Ziad
at

that

Omeyyad

Arab, wandering

of

Moghira's death,

When

offended

the

restless

executed

supremacy

strife and

seen

at

The

command.

Persian

Bussorah, repressed rebellion, and

order, where

blood.

was

made

death

unlucky

precincts,was

offence.

it

was

men.

of

pain

an

their

patrolled incessantly by

thousand

on

displeased

were

as

the

on

be

to

Muavia's

so, but

for

his

to

city, now

police of

abroad
the

addition

hand

strong
that

in

of Abu

child
"

gained

Ziad

his

throughout

faithful,"

only

away,

been

dynasty.^ Shortly after,

Bussorah

Not

purity of

passed

son
son

Sommeyya."

Sofiati;
Ziad."

to

her

which

Abbasside

of his father,"

she

He

to

"if

thou

secure

on

an

letter in which

name

is also called

acknowledgment

he subscribed

replied,without
writers

a-h.

notwithstanding) was

Omeyya,

the

upon

soon

strength

of

the

the

decision

issue.

kinsfolk, the house

own

of

"Mothers

45

legitimacy, and

of

also

"

be

to

scandal

law

Habiba

adulterous

an

the

contravening

the sister of what

held

Ziad

as

^^
^J^*^'^"

established; upon

this

raised

announcement

legitiledged

commission

father.

own

held

purpose

real and

publicly acknowledged

The

as

his

the

him

of

himself,

committing herself,

without
nymic,
any patroafter his mother, "Ziad

A. 11. 10-

;_
Aiul

of

ship

of

year

there

severe

Kufa

jMcsent

were

refused

to

faction

which

Strong

casts

the

and

guard.

him.

From

his

commands

in

carried

with

policy

he

he

had

Ziad
thus

coveted
llisdeaih, The

also

might

smitten

Great

Progressin

his

seen.

the

absolute.^

His

in

satisfied with

the

Hejaz

with

prayed

terror

(says

so

made

and

East, he
cities.

Holy

Lord

which
in

he

he

that

annalist)his

our

wise

wives

its

Muavia

by

of these

by

the

the

to

malignant boil,of
was

One

splendid position

Not
of

Persian

important

their

the

long enjoy

it; and
a

held

with

subject

the

frontier.

Khorasan

soldiers

was

to

sons

of

Lieutenant

citizens of Kufa, whom

in

charge

the

Indus

an

crowd

500

East

entire

the

not

progress

The

gate

powerful

and

achieved.

with

by

had

did

have

not

followed

most

50,000

Ziad

pride of

was

inhabitants

was

the

him

was

and

partiesrefusing to

the

He

planted

families.

he

Khorasan

beyond

him

with

at

was

repress

far

memory.

brought

Oxus

to

inaugurated by

lictors,and

the

sway

thus

his

went

cities,

"

tyranny

Abroad

Caliphate yet

Gulf

Hatim

upon

Alyite

especially,headed by the
Tay,^ being ruthlessly

one

"

the

court.

mounted

to

Aly,

who

both

needful

of

abound

famous

stain

silver-sticks

673.^.0.

of

Istakhr, Ziad

Oriental
Court.''

the

Tales

Kufa,

The

in

bloodshed

and

cruelty

off.

cut

doubt

no

of

fiftymen

abounded

were

; but

dark

From

And

Othman

now

offenders, all

the

some

hands

the

terror

Mosque

discover

their

measurcs

reii^n of

oath, and

half

spend

to

the

in

To

the

to

had

; and

him.

re\ilcd

of

beheaded

at

of need.

grandson

Jiussorah.

cast

the memory

curse

at

first address

swear

bounds

was

his

put

conspiracy
the

half

and

were

trationr^'^^

liis habit

also, and

.\t

betjan.
stones

His

[CiiAi-.
xi.v.

MUAV/A

31:;

hand

died.

extending

his

Fs-St

rule eastward.

impatient

The

of the

conquered

tribute

casting off
yearly becoming
stormed
^

a.h.

41

Life of Mahomet,
He

Herat,

divided
and

two

Herat
years

Islam,

but

allegiance;

secure.

and

of

restraints

their

and

the

having

later

Chiefs,

were

tinually
con-

yoke

was

rebelled

was

Kabul

also

was

p. 422.

the East

Badghis.

their

more

and

Peoples

into

four commands,

Mcrve

Nisabur,

Mtrvc

Rudli,

GGl-8(t] KHORASAN.

A.D.

for several

besieged
been

breached

noticed

crossing

the

Bokhara

back

Oxus

and

the

hordes

continued

but in the

south

rule

were

and

to

Roman

offer

known

less

not

the

ruins

the

the

far

as

of

the

of

their

founded

the

tells

us

with

their young

and

also

of the

the

accepted
a

joint Roman
where

miraculous

that

he

On

sustained

and

the

at

Amru

A.ii.

41,
the

years

bright
soon

waged

oi.a

littoral

sacred

the

at

and

settled

later

years

and

army,

Armenia

during

the

contest

close, and

Greeks,

Ocba

and

A.ll.

read
42.

and

Ever

reptiles

the

of
The

upon

the

surprised by
back

were
a

on

Barca,

l.s defeated
'^

army.

Greece,

Aly,

prodigy,

themselves
was

''""'

of

conqueror's prayer
by

^"

wan,

a.h.

Tradition

beasts

driven

with
we

Berbers.

his whole

with

south

the

to

50

year

Arabs,

10,000

centre.

wild

^^'"."''^
Cairo

the

In
of

body

Berbers, convinced

Berber

the

the

faith,were

against the

its site

of

by

it

as

side

its

here,

population

that

so

of Cairowan,

miserably perished

suspended
Muavia

few

harder

Waddan.

flightof

Islam

tendered

yet, in the end,

several

with

regarded
from

Africa.

temples, aqueducts, and

and

Muavia

settlement

since, it has been

did

-'

strongly fortified

But

of the
metan
Maho-

had

native

Christian

for

Barca

as

he

spot.

far

shore

was

And

complete,

and

Berbers,

strengthened by

once

of

East, for the Berbers

'

Tunis, and

banks

under

struggle

buildings. Ocba, appointed by

50,

at

of the

enabled

civilisation and

ravaged

beat

the

its northern

resistance.

"

was

sons,

in

the

to

rebelling after they

was

against

war

that

stubborn

only by

civic

Ziad's

possession

consolidated

Indeed, the

more

of

other

precarious tenure

along

settlements

the overthrow
seats

from

anon

their submission.
for the

territories

up

are

and

Othman

The

country

of Africa

experience

ever

of

gained

on

40-

camels, took

on

son

A.ir.

suzerainty.

or

materially differ

not

of

one

had

operations

and

gradually being

was

long

all the

after the walls

range

later

Tirmidz,

east

54,

mountain

years

and

and

The

two

A.H.

Candahar

Balkh,

year

and

Turkish

Samarcand

Indus

the

GREECE

Similar

catapults.

against Ghazni,
In

AND

taken

months, and

by

strongholds.

north

AFRICA,

hostilities.
Hostilities
resumed

serious
Moslem

by

defeat
army

^l^^^^^^

^''"''

Aiuick

un

botli

by

tion

was

and

sea

against
which

his

about
loss

of

read

island
Moslem

and

other

Comalso

Grecian

was

killed

his tomb

was

the

same

was

of

Yezid

by

the

^yub,

'

for

the

seven

memories

abode,

his

53,

an

by

position was

where
Constantinople,

of

walls

by pilgrims for

entertained

Abu

Companion,

famous

visited

and

of

thence

teaching
of the

four

at

and

the

at

He

ages.

his house

in

Prophet

of

of

blot

Medina.^

Early

of Arcam,

whose

of his

followers

when

he first

began

the

same

time

of

70

the

on

also
faithful,"

the

father's

son

for

Muavia

of

name

Rahman,

to

kind
the

whole

poison

and
thus

his

and

memory,

who

employed
It is

him.

to

rare

arouse

own

success

him

with

the

fears

The
in
such
and

(itis said; a Christian

find an
to
imputation of

ing
in checkagainst Muavia, who though backward
the
himself
on
cruelty of his lieutenants, was

mild

""

we

compassing

of the great Khalid.

throughout Syria,as

jealousy of Muavia,
agent

also

of age,

years

campaign against the Greeks, invested

distinction

the

his

Mothers

"

the

"

of Abdul

splendour

house

About

was

Islam,"

of

"the

Ayesha, nearly

the

rests

death

the

by

Mecca.-

in years.

the death
Poisoned,

the

called

death

other

advanced
of

recalled

of Mahomet

read

son

A.H.

held

the

but

in

and

seized

years

the

under

also

are

"

resort

abandoned.

not

were

was

standing,
notwith-

misfortune

liut

fire,

Greek

of

Mahomet,

and
fighting,

much

Ayeshaand f^j. ^^^ j^j-^j.

half-year after his arrival
widows

of

use

was

City

campaign

who

sickness

his father's death.

on

tended

army

ments.
large reinforce-

yearly expeditions,and

garrison

In

of

There

Constantinople

abandoned
Death

against

the

to

heavy.

was

almost

near

The

Constantinople, the safety

some

time.

cxpedi-

Yezid, much

with

army

near

by

the

efforts
We

pleasure-lovingson

force landed

Moslem

the

50

formidable

provisions,and

of

want

is ascribed

discovered

A. 11.

will, to join the

his

prosecuted

canipait^nwas

against Constantinople.

sent

The
of

In

severely from

Muavia

and

the

and

land.

directed

suffered

noplc.

Armenia,

in

wintered

A.il.iO-

[(JiiAi'.
xi,v.

J/C/AF/A

314

and

just in

Li/e of Mahomet,

p.

Safia, Joweiria,Omm

his administration.

164.
Salma, and

Omm

//'/(/.pp.

liabiba.

59.

^/^

CHAPTER

Yezid

XLVI

HEiR-Ari'AKENT.

aitointed

Nomination

becomes

56

liation'or
Allowed
of

election

^''^'^

of

election

The

Precedents

choicc

supposed

was

G'jG

succession

the

to

be

to

A.I).

each

on

peril

Precedent

A.Il.

Caliph

serious

by

Hereditary

vested

privilege

The

Islam.

of

j^eace

been

had

the

in

"

inhabitants
but

the

of

broken

nominated

Omar

precedent,

that

is true

ratified

was

At

though

carried

the

resembled

on

from

them.

Muavia

and

Aly,
and

Duma,
who

was

elected,

by
1

the

but

as

Citizens

Mahomet,

prayers

not,

to

we

as

he

made

have
no

in

nominate

heretofore,
of

seen,

express

the

by

appointed
nomination.
3lt"

him

on

people

of

death

the
his

liis

between

Arbitration

Hasan

son

of

finally, we

And,

Kufa.

extorted

been

On

successor,

Zobeir,

and

so-called

the

first

the

struggle

the

Aly,

Regicides,

Talha

Caliphate.

double

the

declined

Aly,

ended

of

of

had

ensued

that

which

of

homage

alread)-

the

election

little

v.^as

election
of

rebellion

that

allegation

succession

that

but

another
Electors.

the

the

popular

the

of

appointment

compulsion

the

After

of

named

yet

hands

Medina

succession,

followed

the

of

under

out

the

occasions

recognition
fourth

Then

establishing

last

chosen

deathbed,

his

in

homage

somewhat

based

but

the

choice

himself

was

say

been

had

rule

Prophet

ma}'

on

Omar,

these

formal

made.

Caliph.

both

on

by

than

more

the

placed

we

again,

and

the

"

Refugees

"

as

The

Bekr

He

successor;

as

and

various,

Abu

one.

well

as

observed.

acclamation.^

by

of

been

than

no

Citizens,"

"

had

practice

oftener

It

Medina,

deathbed

Medina,
the

have

lu

lead

the

G7(;]

A.D.

HEIR-APPARENT

YEZID,

first

example
rightsinto the

317

of

abdication,when
hands
of Muavia, and

Hasan

resigned his A.H.

left him sole Caliph

ne.

of Islam.
Whatever

rights Medina

sessed, circumstances
of

means

choosinga
the

Medina

death
choice

no

to

made

of the
but

to

place elsewhere.
the

course

seat

of

Abandoned

the

as

seat

of Medina.

lost the privilege

of
practically

the

by

Throne,
others.

or

of

even

confirming

Succession,as
at

in the

once,

upon

had
now
reigningCaliph,and Medina
acquiesce in what had already taken
The

Government,

elective

"

of

wheresoever

troubles

at any
^

recur

Standard

poss'i'bk

now

function

thus, from

was

of events, transferred to the inhabitants of the

Again, the
might

pos- Initiative
materiallyaltered the

and
Hasan, followed necessarily,

of

the

had

successor

nomination

case

had

exercisingthem.

government,

have
originally

may

which

that

be.

followed the election of

Zobeir

moment.

might
and

Talha

Aly

Danger
^'^

raised the

^^'^^.

succession.

revolt

the

plea

of

compulsion, while
between
ful
Aly and Muavia there followed a long and doubtinternecine
These
contest.
struggleshad imperilled
Not
the fortunes of Islam.
only had the ranks of the
Faithful been seriously
thinned,but,from without,enemies
might have taken dangerous advantage of the strife ; as
indeed

would

have

on

the

been

case

in the

contest

between

Aly and Muavia, had the latter not made a truce with the
Byzantine Court while civil war
impended. But if a
the foes of Islam might
similar opportunityagain offered,
and a fatal wound
not be so forbearing,
might be inflicted
on
an
Empire torn by intestine conflict.
and also no
doubt
Influenced by such considerations,
the Caliphate
in his
by the desire of maintaining
fc"
I

own

"I

Muavia's
"^^'S"

line,nommate
)

his son, Yezid, his

projectof declaring
(to be his Heir-apparent, By securingthus an oath of
world, he would anticipate
fealtythroughoutthe Moslem
election.
and prevent the perilof a contested
Ziad was
favourable
and
to the scheme, but
enjoineddeliberation,
cautious canvass
a
throughout the provinces. He also
Muavia

entertained the

counselled Yezid, who

iless of

was

to
publicaffairs,

devoted
amend

to the

his ways

chase and
in

care-

preparation

son.

to

3l8
A.I I. ;""().for

[r'liAi-.
M.vi.

MUAVIA

the Throne, and

Hkewise

favourable

was

character

people a

high dignity in prospect.

fitted for the

more

before the

show

to

the

project.But

Moghira
it

not

was

these counsellors had

passed awa)- that Muavia

to proceed with the design.
found himself in a position
of adequate support, and
felt secure
Muavia
N"c/i(l
So soon
as
would
tlic invasion of
that Medina
resent
not
Heir'^'^'^'^
especially
her elective privilege,^
apparent,
deputationsfrom all the Provinces
and
at
Damascus.
Chief cities presented themselves
676 A.I),
till both

These,
and

received

the nomination

in state, affected to press

accordingly,without
taken

ceremony,
all present to Yezid

was
allegiance
by
and
Irac having without
successor.
Syria
homage, Muavia set out for Mecca with a

Mecca

and

to obtain the
reality

assent

succession of Yezid.

The

^^'cre
fon:ed^o

Hosein

and
allegiance.

the two

swear

two

of

retinue

Holy

al Rahman
of Omar

sons

tendered

demur

and

Zobeir.

...

of the Citizens

of Yezid, and

took

consented

the

]3ekr,
Muavia
,

to

in

Medina

at

of Abu

son

the

remainder

1000

cities to

leadingdissentients

".

the next

as

them
City received
roughly, and
for
these left at once
further mortification,

avoid
The

of the

Abd
i\ly,

Abdallahs

entermg

on

of

son

of

but
lesser Pilgrimage,

perform the

to
horse,ostensibly

the oath

further

to

so,

Mecca.

the nomination

the oath

accordingly.Continuing
his journey to Mecca, the Caliph carried himself blandly
towards
its people for the firstiew days,which were
pied
occuwith the rites of the lesser Pilgrimage. But as his
time of departuredrew nigh,he stood up to address them
his errand, and
on
gilded with
though his speech was
that the rightsand privileges
of the City would
assurances
be respected,
Then
there was
at the first no
response.
^

When

Merwan, governor

of Medina, he
of Abu

son
"

In

"

make

"

was

at

of the city,placedthe matter

firstviolently
opposed. Amongst

Bekr, said,"This

the
place of election,

right

the succession like unto

Heraclius succeedeth

the Coran

thingis naughtbut

another

to

which

before the

fraud and

deception.

vesteth in this City,

ye will

that of the Greeks

Heraclius."

On

men

man,
others,Abd al Rah-

and Romans

this,Muavia

"

"

where

now
one

quoted from
"

Say not unto your parents,Fie on yoii ! neither reproachthem

it may be, that the very practice
of nomination,
{Sura, xvii. 24) ; signifying,
now

opposed,had

Abdallah,son

been introduced

by Abu

of Omar, is said to have

Bekr himself in

been

gainedover

Omar.
appointing
by the giftof ten

thousand golden pieces.

ft

r,7(;]

A.P.

PRECEDENT

Abdallah

arose

of

nition

which

of

son

of

Islam.

Islam

"

sent," they said,

"

First, do

"

the

the

as

citizens

to

of

did, and

"

like Omar,
Or, tJiirdly,

"

amongst

"

Only,

"

thy father's sons."

there

is

"

the

his

of

arguments

and

the

at

for

the

him.

shall,from

own

thee.

rest,

that would

caused

the

Syria, Irac, and

the

replied
that

Bekr,

the

the

verily

follow

Then

out

and

sons

Abu

aforehand."

sword

Bekr

succeed

to

for

called

to

the Coreish.^

who

unto

bloodshed

effect,he

no

things.

first course,"

And

fixed

not

con-

Abu

as

thine

left like

now

of the

point

As

and

be

Electors

tested
con-

election

amongst

exclude

choose

I fear the contention

"

the

candidate

must
"

"

succession

choose

none

people might

the

from

three

leave

risks

We

these

and

appoint

thou

them,

thus

Or, secondly,do

successor

themselves,

"

Muavia,
"

nominate

like

of

one

Medina.

"

all the

from
"

A. II. 56.

recog-

to

exposed
spoke

Prophet did,

the

Caliph urged the

anon

any

that

counter

run

then

Others

succession.
"

would

and

ever

319

declared

this the

On

was

SUCCESSION

Zobeir, and

Heir-apparent

an

precedents
to

EOR

if

finding

bodyguard,

City to

take

the

oath.
The
followed

fiction of

elective

an

to

have

The

the

oath

enforced

X^ of
\[

anticipatoryoath

succession

oldouble

1^
That

with

the

)i!held that
1

were

and

Government

followed

nomination

was

the

Caliph must
Kharejites,who

be

there

no

should

Caliph,they

born

of

were

be

To

rule

made,

less in

form,

against
his

as

noblest

denounced

all

Caliph,but
as

of

to what

he

the

the

or

best

seat

and

Sometimes
once

the
a

thus

axiomatic,excepting

was

Council

stock

at

Empire,

privilege.The
a

recusants.

mother,

anticipatingat

only

out
with-

Heir-apparent,

choice.

stock

oHslan"

ceased

issue) the

as

the

received

of the

successor

taken, first

of the Coreishite

indifferent

body

him,

the

The

allegiancewas

the

throughout
a

whole

(in default

or

fealtywas

then
as

of

proclaimed

one

of

or

And^^^^""[f'

prevailed.

sword

his kinsmen.

qualifiedamongst
Jlj
an

thus

the

the

by

favoured,

most

in the

more

reigning Caliph

otherwise

vested

Muavia's

was

reserve.

less

or

still observed

fittest of his sons,

right

and
reality,

hesitation

more

cities

Holy

without

Empire

precedent

Faithful,though

Inow

the

throughout

after, the

ever

of

example

stricter
of

came

State.
from.

Kharejites
If there

A.

successions

1 1. ;".(). two

future

for

iLsinoi

later

or.

The

pined

her

longing

"

this

The

in
:

royal

for

all

The

at

acquired
'

the
still

By

son

the

on

the

Desert,

for
of

the

early

Damascus,

and

vent

gave

following

to

be

may

these

than

nie

to

taken

lofty

than

camel

young

is

plain

Bedouin

towers.

the

on

richly

far

sweeter

to

than

me

flourish

hath

tent

relish

better

than

these

portly,

and

tribe

his

Bedouin

Mahometan
of the

prevails,

law,

free.
as

we

But

daily

desert

my

home

sight

my

to

Muavia's

become

from

coming

he

her

in

than

the

obese

would

it

exchange

ntH

halls."

verses,

he

comely

more

me.

in

again

gorgeous

So

is

around

Aly,

himself
of

i^recedence.^

attraction

is dearer

sandy

tribe

my

men

these

and

tents

took

son

the

Meisun,

mother,

luxuries

the

breeze

of

once

were

Like

obese

of

lady's

him.

her

which

of

the

shade

the

bearded

that

of

joyously

over

Arab

noble

even

viands.

courtly

and

precedent

trumpets.

in

crust

The

followed

was

steed.

blast

wild
of

war.

"

more

caparisoned

Ye/.id's

courtly

freedom

by desert

ride

should

The

but

special

the

verse,

fanned

tent

has

lady

the

for

specimen

proved

such

as

Amid

writers.

she

as

and

sons,

and

birth,

of

story

Arab

other

had

noble

of

^^.^^

civil

times.

Muavia

unci

distant

the

preventing,

Omeyadds

the

by

Abbassides

the

by

equally

of

instead

begun

forestall

to

attempt

provoked,

thus

practice

such

but

often

too

The

Wvid

[C'liAi-.xi.vr.

MLAl'/A

3-0

had

felt the

for

taste

the

the
see

of

son

Arab

in

such

the

his

the

petty

his

is

of

noble

as

living
if aimed

Mother
in

and

chase

bondvxoman

sentiment

wife,

where

Kelb,

Beni

luxurious

with

Yezid

dismissed
the

of

taunt

displeased

ears,

to

he

boyhood
a

life.

roving

equally legitimate
birth

principalities as

the

prevailed
Afghanistan.

with

and

it

CHAPTER

Death

XLVII

Muavia.

of

ZoBEiR.

Yezid

Hosein

succeeds.

Tragedy

Kerbala.

at

and

Death

of

Hosein

After

long

about

75

forth

brought
Prophet's

the

and

bury

him

by

Since

forbearing,
check

he

the

held

; and

that

they

the

future
The

with

nursed

with

of

his

sent

There

His

Aly,

as

of

the

"

active

jfought

however,

pot-bellied "),

with

l"ut Muavia,

Aly

when

dead,

given

had

already

time.

^f."^^^^'
April

680.

to

been
and
him

vast

of

arts

of

protracted

around

the

But

he

was

sure

in
area

peace,

so

looked

early

was,

beyond

in

Still,

gallantry

without

to

as

while
the
the

years

late
Muavia

abler

and

Aly
there

shrank

of

that

Both

the
bolder

two

by

went

have
from
in

ruler.

^"

yg^/^""
at

lay

the

he

seen

that

personal

physical

and

nickname

little occasion

was

Dying

beware

must

physical.

Sififin,we

as

braver

he

meet

absent

rocks

whom

than

to

deathbed,

was

the

(at Kufa,

later

their

doubt,

comparison,

rather

obese

even

of

said,

he

his

who

Yezid,

him

moral

was

From

gone.
to

become

and

exertion.
his

them

his

successor

was

three,

already stated, had

Icounter.

he

as

warning

were

courage,

bodily

his

bade

courageous,^

the
and

message

hunting-place,

ahead.

elements

Yezid

when

opposition
he

dangerous

in

he

Death

anxiety.

nomination

therefore,

Wise,

flourished

the

there

Empire.

commerce

of

garment

Hasan,

extended

he

parings

favoured

of

died

approach,

mouth

in

had

and

greatly

with

and

eyes

abdication

; consolidated

Islam

his

end

fine,

ground

Fortune
the

the

winding-sheet,

throughout

peace

the

for

felt

carefully kept,

in

Muavia

reign,

he

these,

powder

Mahomet.

rule.

As

age.

Of

him,

A.D.

prosperous

casket,

nails.

sprinkle

of

and
of

years

680

a.h.

courage

for

Aly
en-

A. II. III.

of.

men

The

of

son

easilybe put

to

beware

first,a

The

Aly.

aside.

As

"

Omar

for

Zobcir, and

and

would

pious devotee,

Hosein," he continued,

the

"

of.
^,

restless

attempt

"

deal

"

runneth

"

the

first carc

Medina,

at

and

of Omar
the

But

who

had
take

to

at

its capture

Since

cisseiiDes

gQ

the

abusing

had

aimed

Zobeir
survived
claims
At

Citizens of

P"P^^^''*
Hosein^'
thither.

his

be

of

call.

His

his

Abbas,

Mahomet's
names,

that

for

feigning time
dared

had

to

the

as

conspirators

plot against the Empire.

Aly

the
but

ambitious

long

so

Hosein

the

to

of

son

as

still after

was

superior

but

City.

an

evil hour

of the
cousin

uncle.

The

words

The

his brother.

mises
Pro-

trust

But

the

of

son

before

slippery

Zobeir,

to

to

plot becoming

accept the
prepare

the

known

at

Prophet, and progenitorof the Abbasside

(once removed) of Aly and
actors

in this

either of love

of the Shiyas.
lems, especially

or

melancholy
intensest

to

Hosein, yielding

; and

tempted

was

friends

His
the

to

but

would

regal rights.

sent

was

fickle

him, if he

not

during

and

fond

the

Hosein

would

fashion

little support,

upon

claim

he

approach.^

was

"

sons

command.

the

enemy

rival,fostered the design

uncle

Muslim

with

Temple,

to

in

cousin, Muslim,

for

way

these, the

the

there

there

his advice, in

to

of

there, inviolate

eagerly to

factious

that

rid of his

of

poured

besought

missives

allegiance

swear

and

Caliphate ;

turned

Kufa, and

Mecca

at

wont

were

no

it is true, found

support

at

appear

Caliphate was

Mecca.

Caliphate

now

of

the

Hosein, both

around

house

Hasan,

short-Hvcd

populace

that

Prophet's grandson.

Kufa, the

Zobcir

of

dissembled, professing to bow

of the

Prophet

lion,crafty as

to

complied

Holy city;

the

the

the

Two

foreseen, Abdallah

at

he

oath.

by Mahomet,

asylum,

Muavia

refused

to

fluttered

that

doves

As

the

against

yp

of

branch."

before

Zobeir, and

of

as

assuming

once

lie

s^otten the victory,

on

the

consideration, escaped
11)11 Zoiieir

and

till

peace

son

Fierce

root

Abbas,^

son

hast

thou

thee.

of Yezid

now

no

It is Abdallah

for

most

^" requirethose
ibn'zobeV

-n

hnn

L,ave

when

in his veins.

The

to

will

him, for truly the blood

with

fox, destroy him

the

.,,.,.

Irac

lunpire ;

gently

I fear the

Iloseinand

ol

men

"

"

escape

of

Abdallalis, sons

two

Ilosein

-j-l^i.

[CiiAV.xiAii.

YF/.ID

322

grandson of

chapterhave

dynasty.
Abu

become

hate, in the mouths

Talib,
hold
houseof jNIos-

A.n.

repliedHosein,

Ul.

Meiln^

and

llorr

"

niust

1st

sad

Mohai-

'

fate.

'"

"

"

"

"

thou

with

them

had

And

under

courteously but

but

go, then

if thou

again

will

the

to

turn

the

of

the

still
it

miles

twenty

disclaimed

of

"

thought.

"

and

place

face

to

"

then

Islam."

to

cut

father Sa"l

offered Amr
alive.

Amr

bribe.

He

we

to

the

to

wavered

in

yielded,and

find tradition

now

wilt

horse

of Rei

from

pitched his

the

Cit}-,were

whence

I may

of

on

to

the

of

him

things,

fight,
of

enemies

unconditional
to

that

that Obeidallah

story goes

bringingin

Hosein

of the

Prophet

But

this,cum

all

he

arms,

river,hoping

The

his soul.

fever heat.

the

resort

the grandson
sold

came

I shall

upon

without

condition

these

where

wars,

Cadesiya.

said

with
.'"peak

neither

to

access

lowing,
fol-

Caliph,at Damascus,

insisted

duty

and

his slender

with

rising in

the

do

the

to

off

risingto

Muslim.

bank, five-and-

soldier, against

mammon

of

4000

river

place

effect this

for

his, that

away

between

affair

with

the

Yezid,

to

the government

the

liover

to

submit, but only thus, he

the hero of

was

cations
communi-

Pretender

Sad

of

Obeidallah

and,

Amr

ordered

His

parently
ap-

attack

repeated interviews, Hosein

now

faithful

But

submission

for

me

Caliph's

the

far

the

indeed,

would

hand

my

had

courteous

by

on

At

face ; or, if thou

send

"

Kufa.

me

left,

western

avoiding

arrested, Hosein

Kerbala

return

lead

"

"

Thus

He

to

me

if not, then

doing, Hosein

of

son

prospect

no

"

so

excited

which
hostilities,

Suffer

"

two

the

the

the

or

by, and

So

to

along

back

way

take."

or

them.

Amr

sent

the

right,marched

dangerous leaving

above

and
out

close

between

field of

the

In

pass.

Governor;

right hand,

not

object beyond

summons.^

on

the

day

City already

second

camp

were

let him
the

to

the

to

mayest

on

kept

passed

Obeidallah

his

chief named

to

choosest, only

Euphrates.

was

the

Kufa
for

Horr

turn

thou

immediate

Kufa.

But

thou

that

desert

no

about
KerbX.'^

to

they

Arab

bring thee

to

are

left, as

band, leaving

branch

So

not

Mecca,

to

skirting

Stopped

went

when

an

women

desert?

he

firmlyrefused

My orders,"he said,

from

the

forward
far

by

am

XLvii.

'"

"

little

into

so

horsc

secst

proceeded

not

tj-oop of Kufau

Horr, who
'"

aside

as

forward."

go

They

"'

A.M.

Oct.

needs

,^-|g^^y^y ^

nun,

Ol

surroundccl

"

children, turn

"

near

[Chap.

YEZID

3-4

dead
and

or

the

graiio

f.80]

A.D.

thirst

THE

TRAGEDY

thus

might

force

conditions.
-11

he

be

might

it been

the

by

dally no

him

in

surrounded

fightthe

is still fresh

to

with

Thus

the

the

allegiance,and

eye

loth

leader

the

and

He

hand

that slew

their

to

ibn

fust inclined

"

Dzu

with

but

al

is

Joshan

name

the prayer

of

Hosein,

discretion.

that if he

failed

also obtain

the

as

The

all

imagination

of

piety,or

on

one

as

side

demons

truth, the
send

letter

should

in his stead.

of the sad tale becomes

the heated

flowed

veins

simple
heart.

the
his

kinsmen

duct
safe-consaid that

The

threatening

Amr,

to

the

take

command,
is

name

surrender

and

variouslypronounced

Shimr.

or

Alyite fiction,that

ruthless

and

touch

an

swift

demanded

the Pretender's

insist on

in, Shamir

his

committing

urged by Amr, for a

stepped forward, and

Obeidallah

of Rei

government

ranged, either

models

from

bring Hosein

to

Shamir, Shomar,

whole

with
what

So he obtained

believer

as

Shamir
must

circled
En-

pronounced by the pious

at
(so the story goes) was

never

Obeidallah

to the Caliph at Damascus, when

for the credit of his name,
)l)eidallah,

at

in

And,

day's respite to

it is

horror

fond

in whose

colouring to

curse.
ejaculatory

concede

to

blood.

the

as

rouse

the cruel

exceptions all

sacred

obtained

Shamir

.Moslem

few

followed

treasonable, though

nought but

see

adventitious

no

Hosein

with

Prophet's

story needs

can

to

band, having broken

of the

himself

forthwith

frenzy.

The

pitch.

to

was

often

fails to

never

Amr

first month,

grief

it is
of
or

this

pointso intensified,and

impossible

the
on

at

to

Shiyites has
the

other

of apostasy.

to

stead
in-

resolved

as

believe

so

hundredth

invented.

with
(especially

The
the

to

laid
over-

part of

names

are

Shiyas)as

Kufo,

SthMohai.

alive,bring

or

61.

shJ^^
sent

never

that

say

that

and

the Throne, was

impotent, design upon
offence
that
endangered society, and

suppression.

to

scene

of

wildest

utmost

yielded

(name

Hosein

The

been

sent

forced, Amr

little camp.

harrowing detail,it

forgetsthat Hosein,

Shamir

had

had

prayer

A.ll.

brine;him

Well

court.

to

that

urge

hesitate, Shamir

Believers'

indignation to

to

firm

TT7111,

shudder)

bitter end.

with

Amr

feared

delay, Obeidallah

Amr

round, the

comes

death, stood

Hosein, but, dead

should

the

in

commemorated

and

with

the

than

called

in command.^

battle

Hosein,who

Caliph s

of

creature

But

house, if the

closely the

day

the

to

325

^i-i"

lipswithout

Kufa

to

impatient

longer

supersede him

fatal

direct

Moslem

A LA

prevailedon

even

heartless

uttered

worse

Omeyyad

But

to.
a

must

,1-

sent

for

agreed

He

KERB

surrender.

tyrant Obeidallah

the cruel
his

OF

3 26

A.M.

and

01.

tents

then

were

of wood

lircparations for

the

defence,

lUil

a\va\'.
fainil)-

The

1 Iosoin"s

Brother's

her
the

singing

while

her mantle

breast

flingingherself

and

water

comfort

her.

find

parched lii)s.'l"hc
wailing and
On

Attacked
and

the

it

children

poured
could

he

do
of

sick

lay

water

her

his

slake

to

the

passed

night

in terror.
of the

morning

fatal

loth, Ilosein

drew

his

out

with

little band

all his

offered

company

for battle.

There

retire,or be led

to

was

the

to

all in

loth Mo-

Finding

harrani,

surrounded

by

vain, he
his

who

kinsmen,

of

presence

alighted

and

parley ;

slain,

Brother's

Ilosein

of

pending
im-

grief,beat

little son,

and

women

her

to

little that

drop

no

the

on

in wild

was

and

thought ; drawing

swoon.

Hosein's

Aly,

fever,but they could

in

but

temples ;

heard
over-

sword

verse

the

at

him

upon

fell into

face, and
her

on

martial

heart sank

against

night,Zcinab

her,she stole in the dark

around

tent, and

of

cades
barri-

defence

furbishing his

servant

Her

the

During

him.

together,and

roiuid,a poor

set

snatches

combat.

staked

rudely

foe.

all icfiiscd to leave

and

one

reeds

and

overwhelming

rtthMohar

to

[ClIAl"

YE/jn

from

his

firm

stood

again he
Caliph.

the

camel

and,

defence,

for his

1 A.H.

lo

6So

resolved

Oct.
A.I).

to

At

sell life dear.

shot

length,one
the

and, amid

of

cries

work.

and

brothers, nephews

in his Uncle's

shafts

of the

The

to the tents
none
even

dared

added

attack

At

his

Hosein, struck

by

cavalrytrampled
Not

The

people.

one

an

on

to

more

it

cursed

"

their
of

years

early struck,

was

the

the

sons

behind

flames

the

ing
spreadFor

scene.

hoped

was

closed

he

long
might

by thirst,he sought
up, and

Shamir

fell to

arrow,

the

he
led

cut

was

attack.

the

ground,

off

and

the

his corpse.

of the band

left of the enemy

"

did

ten

shelter

the

last,driven

enemy

the

of Hosein, fell before

and
fire,

on

Hosein, and

The

Hosein,

took

horror

new

yet surrender.

the river bank.

from

set

were

side,

little ones,

after another

cousins

Some

enemy.

reeds

of

One

and

Kufan

the

thick, and

flew

arms.

of stillness.

moment

and

women

daughter Fatima,

died

camp.

'

his

to

from

arrow

Arrows

and

the

was

Casim, the nephew

betrothed

age,

an

the

unequal fight began.

deadly

There

escaped.
than

their

Fighting braxcly,they
own

number

dead

upon

A.P.

6S0]

the

field.

and

HOSEIN

brothers,

of Hosein

sons

there

its close

at

six

Two

of

sons

Aly

; two

perished early in

and

together with

ghastly load

the

Obeidallah's

to

crowd

when

cast

the

! I have

"

Lord

"

mouth

Amr,

roughly

over

these

the

61.

jheiT^
lieads
the

Gover-

""'''

carried,

were

heads,
the

through

was

melted.

As

his staff

with

tales of heartless

the

voice

aged

lipskissed

very

and

to

heard

was

Prophet's grandson.

with

the

Whether

Hosein, his

of

and

were

the

By

the

by

blessed

of

the

the actors

upon

responsibilityfor
Obeidallah

for

honourably

received

eventually,with
Yezid,

out

their

Medina,

The
the

badly
caused

the

family and

kinsmen

the

orphaned

little

ones,

lips of

the

pilgrims at

tell

it, and
"

repeated

lineage

of

Aly.

in

every
It

soon

as

over

grief and
trophe.
catas-

widowed

of

children

weeping

^'

repeated,with

the

Empire.

The

the

"}[|^p""
house

who

bred

Reaction

cruel

oft

that

by

ladies,
the

to

groups

seen

by

heretofore

household, and
was

sent

At

the

pathos
and

women

growing horrors, spread

was

Prophet, the

coloured,

"

of

intensified

yearly by
the

and

house.

outburst

all added

"

were

kindness

Omeyyad

around

of the

tale, heard

That

children

dwellings inhabited

deserted

reproached

in

meant

wild

disowned

consideration, to their

and

the

^iJ^]^J

already

Caliph

and

to

Damascus.

at

Royal household,

for

PIverything

The

ladies

Hosein's

along

sent,

Hosein, and

destination,

return

lamentation.

to

of

Family,

execrations

tragedy, the

comfort

This

turned

the

escape

into

every

home.

Medina

to

deed.

the

Yezid

to

death

the

of the

respect, and

Pretender,

in the

Aly Asghar

sons

survivors

with

by Obeidallah

head

little

two

daughters, sole

two

sincerely,or

heaped

the

were

accept

It is the

seen

sister

treated

scene

to

hearts

his

The

trunkless
ran

; A.M.

of Mahomet."

The

and

head

slow

Prophet's grandson

Hard

the

"Gently!

cry:

tale.

the

multipliedby Shiya hate),an

insult

and

of

feet.

be

must

we

of seventy

thrill of horror

head

gory

turned

Governor

(though
to

the

Obeidallah's

at

palace.

of

six

offered

children, who

women

day

Hasan

indignity was

no

survivors, mostly

the

Talib, Aly's father.

Abu

but

dead

the

of his brother

sons

of

plundered ;

was

327

lay amongst

others, descendants

camp

SLAIN

vived
sur-

fresh

tragic
pity for
zeal

of

of

128

A.

1 1.

61.

YE

Obcidallah
^^^"^

to

^'^^

mark.

The

of

rebellion

the

.suppress

[0

/.in

of

claim

VII.

over-

heretofore

rule,

to

XI,

had

Iloscin

line

Aly's

HAT.

Mourniiifforllosein.

unknown,
into

deep

treated

or

the

began

\\hich

but

Caliphate,
The

Mc-

of

had

Caliphate

the

waned

tion
indigna-

burst

massacre.

the

of

fate

the

after

long
Who

disappeared.

the

upon

the

only

not

kingdoms

and

of

sacrilegious

decided

Mahometan

struck

now

cloud

long

ere

caused

Kerbala

and

which

had

of

tragedy

multitudes

gather,

to

Dynasty
The

of

heart

indifference,

with

only

the

in

that

harram.

East

has
each

at

recurring
the

spend

in

wailing

"

the

fatal

of

In

because

resigned
at

the

enemies

this

outburst

the

Shiyas

it),

tragedy

Shiyites,

supernatural

and

pathetic
Othman

dallah,

of

name

him

too,
of

say,

is

added

is

Hasan

fall

into

regarded

as

but

Muavia,

hands

the

poisoned

Martyr
have

we

Hosein,

Caliphate

the

to

(as

of

that

to

entitled

been

have

to

he,

they

the

which

double-edged,
to

recognise

to

the

because

fail

can

allowed

thus

"

seen)

only

not

he

(though
by

his

wife,

without

any

presumption.

The

the

but

hold

instigation,

sufficient

the

had

dj-nasty

bitter

and

sharp

weapon,

Omeyyad

cadence,

and
Hoscin

Hasan

cry

land

every

breasts

their

frantic

the

of

Moslems

beating

night,

unweariedly

Hosein

the

which,

with

grief

passionate

anniversary,

live-long

vociferating
Hasan

and

wild

the

seen

in

is
the

are

Hajjaj,

of

the
the

etc.,

are

lives

of

Martyr

execrated

as

held

as

Play,"

"Passion

romance,
tale

represented

yearly

the

company
usurpers,

up

to

religious

throughout
early
of
and

malediction.

the

whole

interwoven,

are

of

worthies

Kerbala

especially

ceremony,

which

while

Islam,
Abu

Omeyyad

ending
Bekr,
crew,

by
in
with

Omar,
Obei-

XLVIII

CHAPTER

Remainder

Yezid's

of

Reign.

Rebellion

of

ZOBEIR

61-64

Yezid

felt

soon

had

inflicted

caused

proverbial
of

The

which

evil

the

of

inconsistency,
which,

Dynasty

the

over

and

especially

at

Bussorah.

of

desertion

of

Aly

grieving

of

and

revenge

But
assailed

fate

the

at

the

it

Abdallah

who,

was,

unfortunate
did

sooner

and

arose

of

the

he

should

at

reaching
yet

the

first

the

of

it

leave

and

yet

of
his

of

end

the

as

of

ears

to

oath,
Ibn

the

the

he

Damascus,

Zobeir

of

had

way

of

fierce

ambitious
title

pious

beyond

went
to

canvass,

Throne.

bound

by

On

the

rebel

the

neck.

formally
escape,

^\ '^"w-

Zobeir

with

that

Zobeir

Caliphate,

Ibn

his

Ibn

No

venture.

soon

the

shadowed,
fore-

encouraged

and

swore

wishing
a

329

he

ment.
Govern-

peril first

Mecca

modest

of

covenant

commenced

claimant

though

Siffin, and

had

Veiling

year

Yezid,

repenting

than

of

But

new

Muavia

Arabia

the

gained

desperate

Power.

aside.

that

Hosein,

house.

Holy

brought

Repenting

rid

citizens

ruling

secretly,

be

Zobeir.

reach

the

into

as

the

cast

of

quarter

Ibn

by assuming

of the

entered

arose,

in

story

the

began

before

this, and

this

sad

against

Protector

though

Prince

harangued

invective

design,

be

to

battle

hostility against

It

Caliphate.

it had

adherents,

the

different

Aiyite
reictior.

with

espouse

form,

Danger

rebound

Kufa,

to

again,

Kerbala

the

Aly.

eager

after

family,

from

was

from
He

his

of

Its

never-ceasing

it

the

of

and

ever-varying

impetus,
their

house
now

of

tragedy

throne,

was

in

heresy,

Kharejite

A.D.

the

Omeyyad

favour

in

thereby

cause

the

on

680-683

A.ii.

to

he

fulfil
sent

All.

Mecca

deputation to

hi.

of honour

dress

; but

the
im[n'isc)ncd

62
6S2

hini to

A.i".

the

send

despatched

the

and

singing
that

End

of

682

A.I),

the

and

only

allowed

which, in

the

licence

the

Citizens, at

and

City

rapine
the

allegianceto Yezid,
Ibn

Siege of

i.64

Zobcir

indeed
and

the

by

defence
the

even

the

attack

to

The

Merwan

exclamation
was

sent

the

for

was

as

the

from

fain

"will

deputationby

to

Vezid

column

its march
to

up

to

swear

Mecca.

on

He

oppose.

ye

Melik,
Ibn

who

hood
hardi!

"

with

they
us!"^

upon

Zobeir, and by him

the
that

the

heavens

fall down

Abdal
to

Good

to

believed

have

w^as

Medina,

all quarters flocked

would

;
to

forcing

fugitivesfrom

places.

that

Mecca

to

sword, again

"

to

these

After

People hardly

is attributed
a

was

days given

Syrian army.

of

rival

troops of Medina

three

the malcontent

cried, looking upwards,

chastise

proceed

nothing effectual

the Sacred

and

swearing

To

sacrilegioustyrant

most

after

enemy.

house.

music,

put in durance,

were

City

the force continued

Holy

were

of the

and

Caliph despatched

Kharejites who

of

strong,

of the

the

to

account

an

Governor

thereafter

point

supported by

A.H.

Sept.

had

been

denounced,

bloody battle,defeated

unfortunate

gifts

munificently

Court," wine

the

Zobeir, the

Ibn

the

by

and hounds,
cockfigliting

1000

the

assist

Hot

hour

indulgent excesses

such

young

leave

to

Damascus,

to

over

and

once

Citizens, and

against
the

party,

evil

an

returned

back

The

in

place

Prophet's home, they

the

at

was

room.

Omeyyad

rebellious

and

of

his

in

they had

singing women,

his

w^ould

the

crafty

conciliate

likelyto

won

as

brought

Caliph

in

fly;

and

and

men

to

they

be

behaviour

ungodliness

the

sworn

there

of

profane

S\'rians

and

Yezid, advised

citizens

Caliph. They

shocked

luxury

sacked.

the

of

pious habits

at

to

offer

The

deputed

of his Chief

frugaland
of the

Is auacked

Yezid

But, accustomed

rew^arded.

robed

so

ferment.

there,as

governor

they might

promises

;;ilken

the

feigning friendship with

company

hoping that
and

him

inexperienced relative,who

and

and

scorned

in

people. Accordingly,

young

"

Zobeir

was

milder

invited

it,and

Ibn

Medina

still

Pretender,

.silver chain,

enibass\-.

Meanwhile,

\H.

with

conceal

to

court

to

come

Medina

[ClIAl-.
MAUI.

VE/JD

T,3"^

his

father

detained

XLIX

CHAPTER

MuAViA

II, Merwan,
Rebellion

of

AZRACKITES

AND

Yezid's

rule.
rdc-n^o/*^

He

and

Muaviall,
"

Nov.

6S3A.D.

sickly

his

but

that

like

neither

The

themselves.
the

On

Iljn
^

his

the

death,

various

^"*^'

the

such

choose

to

feeble

and

short
wsof

sine

fit for

them

left

he

stamp

and

for

successor

reign

task

but

electors,

nominated

men

any

see

that

accordingly

relax

he

have

would

appointed

Omar's

of

saw

the

from

People
have

weak

months.

three

the

he

none

was

II,

but

would

he

Omeyyad

Muavia

son

told

he

the

to

survived

Bekr,

he

did

so

who

there

Omar

his

by

Abu

A.D.

misfortune

decease,

like

that,

successor,

was

youth,

Anticipating
pulpit

C83-692

A.IL

succeeded

was

Mukiitar;

and

KhAREJITES

death

early

CALinis.

Meltk,

AL

Zobeir

Ibn

64-73

Short

AiiD

and

served

but

to

Empire.
counsels

Omeyyad

aspirants

throne

the

to

divided,

were

appeared.

Ibn

Mecca

and

power

Zobcir,

extends,
'

-March,

684

A.D.

the

now

Medina,

succeeded

which

well

as

Persia

part

also

Obeidallah

Syria.

in

was

the

months

the

and

difficulty escaped

Kufa

also

went

of

hands

that,

at

fen'

next

Egypt

over

with
as

of

even

the

during

ruler

recognised

Caliph

acknowledged

under

remained

the

of

Bussorah,

from

Zobeir.

Ibn
and

only

government

of

Syria,

Kharejites.

being
part

greater

to

over

in

Damascus.
Had

-Merwan

little

Caliph.

Ibn

doubt

Caliphate
Even

at

left

Zobeir

but

that

might
Damascus,

then

his

he
have

there

for

sanctuary
have

would

was
332

numerous

in

there

his

party

is
the

and

succeeded,

established

been

Syria,

family.
in

his

683-92]

A. D.

3 33

CALIPH

ELECTED

MERVVAN

strongholdsin Syria and Meso- A.

the Syrian army,
But
now
potamia sided with him.
the
staunch
to
Omeyyad
returningfrom Arabia, was
of Damascus,
interest.
temporised.
Dhahhak, governor
a
The
Caliph had left no child,but there was
young
favour,and

of the

most

brother,a

favoured

family
felt that

of

son

younger
him

but

stronger hand

Merwan.

An

branch, but had

chief

the

Court

the

needed, and they put

was

Omeyyad,

rendered

of

men

he

from

came

ward
for-

another

service to Othman

devoted

The

Khalid.

named

Yezid,

II. 64-

and

he was
dissension,
Dynasty at large.^ After much
Opposed
should succeed 5^^^^]"^
saluted Caliph,on
condition that Khalid
his party.
Dhahhak
showed
now
on
reaching man's estate.
the

to

in the interest of Ibn

colours

adherents

Merj Rahit, a battle-groundin

his army
out
against him, and

to

Merwan

retired with his

Zobeir,and

led

the

vicinity.

pitchedat

divided. A strong antagonism

Jabia. The Arabs were
was
growing up between the two Bedouin branches, the
Yemenite
or
southern," againstthe Beni Bekr and the
The
the Beni Kelb, from
northern."
former,especially
which the Caliphs had taken wives,were
devoted to the
Omeyyad house ; the Beni Cays and northern tribes were
the
on
equallyprejudiced
againstit,and joined Dhahhak
"

"

The

tree
subjoined

will show

the

and
relationship

descent of the

Omeyyad

family:
"

Omeyya.

Abul

Aas.

Ilarb.

Hakam.

Abu

I
4. Merwan

Mohammed.

5. Abd

14. Merwan

I.

al

i.

Mei.IK.

Abd

al Aziz.

S. Omar

II.

I.

7. SOLEIMAN.

I
\'ezid

II.

I
I

III.

13. Ibrahim.

II.

Welii)

Muavia

Vezid

II.

I.

I.

Muavia

9. VeZID

I
12.

2.

II.
;.

6. WeLIU

Sofian.

II.

Khalid.

lO.

IIlSHAM.

AlU)

334

A. II. Gi'

side

i;.uiic of

Zobeir.

of Ibn
the

towards

'

after

ixaliit. pletely discomfited

field.

the

midst

In the

I'.nd of

"^""". and
I'f

untimely

he

April,
68

aside

set

brother

of his success,
end.

his

the

of

own

late

Abd

son

Caliph,

upon

allegiance.

Musab,'^

under

Syria, was

recover

with

put

Born

the

at

threescore

the

his demerits

was

at

His

his

useful

be

piring in
ijeiween^^*^

the

reigned

for

of

the

al

which

East

the

between

now

an

been

Southern

and

notice

to

the

of Oth-

He

year.

authority
Egypt,

events

intense

trans-

jealousy

Northern

and

over

magnified

Melik, whose

illustrate

signal

unenviable

faction

doubt

moment

and

era,

reign lasted barely a

Abd

son

in his bed.

dead

gained

no

indignity.

side, she smothered

recognised throughout Syria

once

It may

that

by

have

Further,

took

and

Moslem
had

of weakening

or

with

found

was

he

age,

Opposite party.

succeeded

offended
her

reconciling

wife.

to

him

treated

the

of

Yezid,

her himself

he

of

view

of

Heir-

proclaimed

of

unscrupulous agent

an

^^'^^

llosiiliiies

of

years

though

that

Khalid,

succeed, in favour

widow

was

which

by

he

Caliph sleptby

beginning

notoriety as
man,

dame

ignoble

an

stability of his throne,

the

and

son,

pillow,so

with

to

came

should

is,the

her

the

As

revenge.

of

to

the

claim, he took

Bedouin

proud

him

that

lightof

made

The

Arabs

its

army

Melik, whom

either

mother,

her son's
he

al

Then

Khalid's

Melik

left dead

to

recognised arrangement

the

apparent.

by

an

Merwan

Fearing

Succeeded

returned

his enemy

comfighting,

being

all

Zobeir, seeking

of

last,

; at

flight.

to

death,

was

attacked

weeks

Syria
regained ; and

of Ibn

brother

Mervvan

some

thus

passed

him, Dhahhak

Thereupon

also

Egypt

monlhs

of the year,

close

[('iiAi'.
M.ix.

MELIK

Several

]\IerjRahit, and

at

AI.

divisions

the South
/-

and North,

of the

46-65

^\bout

A. II.

Arab

Ibn

the

part

of the

Beni

Bekr

Herat

slew

the
at

killed

by

(or

party

Horeish, fighting was

(or

"

northern
of

8000
of

in

governor

Modhar
"

For

his

the

"),and
foes.

up

in
His
tribe

for two

State.
into
Ibn

year,

Khorasan,

")

(^

the

Persia

whole

to

in

out

southern

Temim

kept

"

injury

rivalry broke

Zobeir's

Khazim,

serious

warfare.

internecine

"

"

with

oiten

race,

this time, the

fierce

-1

fought

branch

on

against

victory gained

a
son

having

commanded
years,

when

been

by
that

GS3-92]

A.D.

Chief

TRIBAL

DISCORD

his

challenged

adversary to

by single combat.
Khazini

Ibn

down

helmet
Horeish's
the

Both

but

its

to

Horeish

place.
"

is

forgive me!"

Heaven

"

stirrupfailed,by

avenge

his

eighty

of

the

tales

are

band

; but

chivalry
which

Beni

their

end

and

Khorasan

the frontier

taken

down

from

Kufa.

the

in

perchance

may
But

have

tribal

the

the

that

army
Mosul

was

and

of

given to

the

Arab

in

the

w/tlTs;,c

too

combats.

them

bloody
bands

doubt

no

Arab

in

explain

to

made

in

extension

of

East.
in

peace

Syria,Merwan

Obeidallah

under

and

little progress

so

which,

jealousies and

territory,and

North

Horeish,

dwell

to

little
Their

over

been

Persia, serve

there

the

by

scenes

loves

some

death.

to

to

Marvellous
of

verses

the

are

Arab

in which

prowess

starved

my

seeking

refuge.

and

be

to

was

restoration

an

tamia

of

to

the

spatched

feats

years

settlement

On

the

Eastern

and

for many

the

had

not

gone."

fortress

yesterday."

still

Khazim,

their

Khazim

had

had

long prevailing amongst

engagements

why

Bekr

of

"for

head

thy

Ibn

year,

verse,

annalists.

our

up

adversary

Ibn

touch

thy

still preserved. Such

prominence

by

Lord

handed

been

in prose

much

than

Horeish.

off

aside

said

day,"

blood, stormed
of

are

both

the

related

has

this

to

had

de-

Mesopo-

reoccupy

thereafter

and

downwards,

advance

on

Compli-

Mesopo-"
tamia. and
'

on

second, intended

its way

by

continued
the
of

to

His

East.

Bussorah,

from

the

the troops

Medina,

recover

Ibn

Zobeir, whose

routed

was

supremacy

recognised throughout Arabia, Irac,and

be

brave

brother

Musab

Kharejites.
in

defence

of

But

his

laying claim

These

at

Mecca
to

continued

there

though exposed

Zobeir
on

to

of

Kha-

pursued

of his

plume

Hj"

his

marched

laid

64-

^'

through

Khazim

replied Horeish,

following
son's

the

touch,

lighter

"

the

Ibn

of

follow

to

A.H.

struck

cut

Horeish

Merve.

restored

Thy

"

courteousl}',

In

powerless

retired,and

towards

differences

plume

again

meeting, they generously

on

and

enmity

he

thus

was

their

the

brought

face ; while

stirrup,who

his followers

him

which

settle

335

conflict,Horeish

heated

his

upon

advantage.

with

In
blow

KHORASAN

IN

the

governor

jeopardy

first rallied round

against
the

to

serious

the

army

of

Ibn
Yezid.

Caliphate,they demanded

33"^
A. II. 61'"'

that

'"^l^^^

should

he

of

Rluucjitesas

also

the

condemning

denouncing Othman

in

death.

to

in

only

not

Iloscin, but

tyrant justl}'
put

[('iiAi'.
xi,ix.

MELIK

them

join with

"murderers"

^f-

This

he

could

do,

not

lilllout
.

with

..,.,,

Without

Ibn

Zobeir.

his

compromising

\vith his father

avowed

Zobeir,
of

purpose

Zobeir, whose

in

them.

to

opposing

and

check

in

already distinguished himself

for this task

summoned

Meanw'hile

^Mukhiar
at

Kufa.

Mukhtar,

named

His

previous

of

son

the

and

Designing
take

the

those

who

Kufa

to

pursued

Hasan

the

struck

ReturiLs

to

Mecca

he

attack

on

parted

and

oVdl'
"h "^

the
set

the

him

city ;
his

^4' '^^ returned

^"^^-

had
now

was

He

he

Zobeir

in

part with
last

governor

of

an

eye.
the

revenge

pieces.

the

by him,
Towards
under

now

from

the

opposing

distrusted

Kufa

to

of

thousand

account.

own

one

him

would

into

to

fled

On

lost

ready
was

then

was

Bridge.

ever

Kufa.

that

that

but

the

Caliph, he
to

type,

He

hand, he took

blow

swore

Holy
on

was

as

other

Ibn

of

battle

Hosein

aided

up

and

Kufa.

at

injury by cutting the tyrant'sbody

/\t

who

different

very

by Obeidallah,

Arabia, he

to

(for

difficulty

general

scene

when,

on

seized

was

City,who

Escaping

and,

with

advantage.

own

deputed by

when

occasion, he

the

slain in the

for his

mitting
com-

another

or

were

unprincipled,Mukhtar

Medain

Muslim,

...

most

side

work

There

Khorasan,

of

on

Obeid

hard

by Musab.

came

Abu

name

brave

in

adventurer

an

had

Persia.

one

turned

again they got possession

driven out they retired

sects),they

Mohallab,

by

the

unfortunate

refusal,now

Musab

over

under

company

i\ly for

of that

his

last

at

ravages

into many

they splitup

war

at

over

when

with

blood

the

spread themselves

continual

held

waged

and

lor, in

career;

brother

Over

Bussorah, and

Ahwaz

had

avenging

against Ibn
of

whole

theocrats,incensed

The

Caliph.

he

"

Syrian
he

close

the
one

de-

of

Ibn

683

x.w

lieutenants, and

Zobeir's
cry
who

of

been

suspected by
seized

raised

vengeance,

had

and

For,

cast

about

gained

concerned
the
into
this

Kharejites of Kufa,

attack

in the

Governor

of

in the

Alyite party, against all

the

by

by joining

name

upon

Hosein.

designs, he

sinister

But,
was

prison.
time,
to

wild

revenge

fanaticism

the

death

had

seized

of Hosein.

the
Ever

083-02]

A.T).

since
less
of

the

MUKHTAR

tragedy

conspired

their

in

Early

called

The

there

gathers

more

the

the
m

tomb

Kaaba,"

"^'

became

Kharejiic

Penitents,"

as

Kuf^to

of

at

'evengc

Hosein

throng thicker

the

the

"

A. II. 64-

or

enemies

feelingnow

"

around

had

joined

of

visited

gathermg

that

throng

had

who

numbers

65,

A. II.

themselves,

and

Kerbala,
the

slay all those

to

3 37

party there

Prophet's grandson.

intense.

they

Kerbala,

at

KUFA

AT

raised

than

Hosein,

bitter

"* ^'^'

The

cry, and

spent

having

deserted
Then

Aly.
Met

set

Kirkesia

out

slain,and

Mukhtar
"

tents

but

Having

his

the

on

vengeance
"

driven

prison

the

son

sent

with

and

defeated
of

the

as

of

son

J^''^^"

their l^'ov. 684.

"

future

Peni-

Mukhtar

victory,possession

professed deleAly,

of his Father's

to

execute

house.

of the

dint

By

of Kufa

.11^"^*^'^'

"'

ni.

66

A. 11.

of

specious assertions, forged letters,and

nance

from

Mohammed

over

Ibraham

ibn

Kufa.

By

himself

al

Ashtar,^

their aid he

J gained possession of

i his

sway

ij

His

Irac

over

first

endeavouring

to

Mesopotamia,

and

Mukhtar

the

the

during

reduce

the

in

Ibn

Ibn

had

sooner

had

it left

al Ashtar

with

Kufa,

than

with

the

sympathy

no

[indeed themselves
:ose

For
an

army

The

wild fanaticism
exhorted

jvhothus
I'no

against
of

these

his fellows

"

death, the journey after which

there is
out
"

no

grief,let

him

his soul in Paradise.

Son

fSiffin.

of the Ashtar

who

draw

"

murderers

Mukhtar.

He

people

is illustrated

Whoso

desireth

there

nigh unto

is

no

end

but

66

of

Kufa.

were

Hosein,

hastily recalled
by the

war-cry

the life after which

of

one

there

is

weariness, the joy after which

his Lord

in this

battle,and

breathe

"

bore

so

prominent a

part

on

Aly'sside

a.'h.

^^^^"^".

no

of whom
and

"

in Obeid-

Uproar

Alyite movement,

Mukhtar

atains't""

been

this

Citizens, many

the

the

amongst

rebellion

in

old

Zobeir

^
,

his

had

past year
Mosul.

Zobeir,

Arabia,

and

of

'^"^''

extending

against

power

threatened

now

despatched

succeeded

6S5

of

men

of Ibn

governor

Oct.

gained

influential

directed

was

counte-

he

Medina,

at

parts of Persia

even

who

certain

other

and

City,and

effort

great

then

expelled the

and

Obeidallah,

enemy

'

at

Kufa.^

to

the

hopes
up

Penitents.

godless Syrians. Routed

back

to

Hanefite

enemies

Fatima

utterly defeated,

he set
liberty,

Mohammed,

of

of

the

were

panegyric

obtained

self-reproachfor

Caliph's troops, they fought

remnant

his

fulsome

gate

from

of

the

attack

to

the

by
the

wail

extremity

desperate bravery,

leaders

in loud

night

in his

they

near

with

the

in the battle

ni

338
A.H. 6473.

attack on
Ilosein.
Knd of
o6 A. II.

with

"Down

called

Hosein

; but

shut

were

other

fewer

than

284

death.

to

"

the

other

resounded

"

of

And

Mukhtar

object of

sent

were

I have

"
"

"

cerned

"

and

few

Mukhtar,

taken

had

Obeidallah

avenged
given

within

man

686

the fanatic zeal of the

with

near

The

^^

heaven-

"

wicked

"

children

sent
ones

when

Ashtar, as
^

Some

"

like

as

off,and

shot

the wretched

citizen who

"

with

they stoned,some

in the fire. The

enacted

to

stir

chair

borne

mule.

upon

"

crowds

the

they had

scene,

a messenger
Aly ! cried Mukhtar
from
;
thousands
to slay thousands
of the
upon
the
the ark brought victoryunto
as
; even
Israel !
Nay ! cried the pious Ibn al
"

of

arch-enemy.

party of his followers

"

chair of

"

"

worn-out

will."

home, hurried

his

meet

accompanied it a short way,

was
worthy of the unprincipledpretender,
troops.

father ;

going on,
advancing on Irac.

was

to

con-

thus

himself

drew

reach

my

slain,
i. 67 A.H.
Aug.

He

quarter,

this message,

Hosein, thy martyred

remainder, if the Lord

al Ashtar

by

of Amr

them

Hanefite,with

the

himself

heads

rid of his foes at

was

Ibn

under

off the army

achieved

The

had

Mosul, and

that he

now

Shamir,
"

once

slay the
escaped to Bussorah.
and
emeute
slaughter were

While

al

upon

I will yet

Only

at

he

the

attack

part against

the

enemies.^

destroyedevery

in the

lesser

after

Mohammed

to

amnesty

tragedy, no
ruthlessly
note, were

mission, and

his

slain

of his son,

and

his

taken

in

actors

citizens
so

had

been

had

"

leading

cruelties upon

horrid

A. D.

side

including, besides

These

out.

and

ostensible

is

on

Othman

it all who

from

Amr,
put

allah,

of

murderers

the

one

on

cry

Hosein!"

of

murderers

against

800
throughout the City. At last,after .some
slain,.Mukhtar's party gained the victory. An
was

Ashtar
defeats
Obeid-

the

with

Down

"

who

till the

"

cerned
con-

in

Ilm

againsttribe,Yemen

of Kufa, tribe

in the streets

XI, i\.

.\ terrible conflict ensued

for his defence.

al Ashtar

Ibn

|('mat.

MEI.IK

Cays, faction against faction,

Massacre

of all

A/.

A HP

at

creature

feeling;

arms
uplifted

theystabbed,and

Hosein."

ran

"

Of one,

some

Mukhtar

shouted
they shot
had

around
with

arrows

the four limbs cut

left to die ; another, half dead, they burned

highas to override the tiesof nature ; thus the

so
so

broughtin from Kerbala the head of Hosein

tillat last he was
pointedout by the fanatic pietyof his own
Quotingthe Coran, Sura Ixxvii. i.

was

hunted

down

wife and slain.

^1

Ann

340

I\Iusab,brother

A. II. HI'""

l^ussorah.

Miisai)
(lok'ats
"

"

Ibn

Kufans

of their

the

had

from

"

the battle of the

thus

was

met

rallied his adherents

in

Kufa,

of

whom

encountered
driven

the enemy

back, and

with

himself

but with

sympathy

For

several
from

and

by hunger

the walls

with them

Mukhtar

There was
ix.
67A.11.
March
spared,or
687

his fate.

met

the

discussion

much
at

least those

700.^

Citizens of Kufa

command,

and

were

beheaded.

It

Zobeir.

wall of the

Hajjaj ;
death

one

the
but

During

H.

ofKhare-

The

was

blood,who

the

incensed, and

was

whole

seven

deed

of

or

enormous

disfavour

of the Pretender

hand

Mosque,

where

; and

so

the

Musab

eight thousand
and
ferocity,
with his brother
was

nailed to the

till taken

it remained

cruelties

year and
the next

Outbreak"relations
the

the

the

these should be

of Arab

favour for them

no

on

down

by

crowned

by putting to
of Mukhtar, who refused to speak
of the widows
than
well of her husband's
memory.^ Thus
short-lived triumph of this unprincipledadventurer

otherwise
ended

whether

army

into well-merited
The

and

the

had

gave

brought Musab

67-69 A.

But

take

at discretion.

"

numbered

was

fighteither for victory

but by nineteen,and

them

amongst

A.l).

Ibn

to

as

he
to

called

surrendered

rest

but

forced

thirst,Mukhtar

The

they held out,

Citizens at large. At

and
go forth with him
He was
followed
hero's death.

fully

months

garrisonto
or

their head

at

followers

8ooo

some

Fort.

last,driven

and

with

after

by the troops
then
Mukhtar

on

justoutside

refuge in the
little

for Kufa

out

the way
he totally
discomfited.

army.

Mukhtar,

littletime

supported,some

He

equipped

the brave

still fighting
against

was

set

from

rid them

to

he

Musab

Zab,

loth,he summoned

where
I^'ars,

Kharejites;and

thither

escaped

besoughtMusab

now

of

still Gox'crnor

Zobeir, was
who

-NT

\(\\\v.m.i.x.

MF.r.lK

adversary. Nothmg

Mohallab

686^

of

ti^etyranny of Mukhtar,
r

Mukiuar,

The

Al.

were

half after his seizure of the

two

years
between
subsisting

Kharcjiteskept

the East

there

was

the

several

in constant

City.

little change in

provinces.
They

alarm.

jites.
^

It is instructive to observe

the lifeof Arabs, when

and slaythe "clients"
"

it was
of

the distinctivevahie at tliis periodplacedon

calmly proposedto

set

the Arab

free
prisoners

blood.
foreign

Elegies
by different poets mark

the horror entertained of this atrocious act.

683-92]

A.D.

scoured

ASSASSINATION

the

country, made

ing people,^took
Ahwaz

ran

the

the

Kerman,

been

Mosul.

against the Kharejite

time.

warfare

The

attacks

and

for

cope

he

succeeded

unoffend-

A.H.

months,

over-

Kufa.
savage

from

the

field for

again
eight

64''''

these

after

in

with

now

and

34

threatened

Musab

bands

the

on

even

to

SAID

IBN

unwisely withdrawn

of

government

unceasing

cruel

only general able

fanatics,had

AMR

Rei, besieged Ispahan

and

Mohallab,

OF

him

sent

months

dispersingthem

of

for the

quiet which, apart from these Kha- I'llgiimagc

rejiteoutrages, at this period prevailed throughout the j'",\^^'
Empire is signalised by the singular spectacle chronicled 688 a.d.
the Meccan
solemnities
by tradition, that whereas
were
temporary

headed

always

there
without
each

his

over

south

of

and

al Melik

had

operations against
than

more

the

but

but

recalled

and

led to

name.

At

the

the

minor

similar

Amr

of

succession

|mind of

ion for the

has

ibn

he

set

up

savage

seem

women

big with

have

and

the

the

in 7oa.h.
Arabia

time.

At

stigma

throne,
his

on

claim.

next

then

or

and

wards,
after-

governor

injury rankled
the

last,

admitted

defeated

were

Kirkesia,
his

the

by

the

in the

Caliph'scamp

secretlyby night, re-entered

as

Caliph.

throu";houtto have had

held

by

them

Abd

as

al Melik

strange fascina-

apparently
heretics.

as

Kehellion

fbnSa[cl

on

commence

Caliph

cruelties, regardingthem

child.

held

Irac and

out, either

for himself

jod, if only perpetrated againstthose

;ut up

to

indelible

of the

the

contemplating

threatened

Accordingly,on

left it

who

accession,it was

held

Melik,

tlieocratic fanatics
most

an

expectations

al

Zobeir,

in fact started

upon

should

Said, cousin

ibn Said.

and

Ibn

been
had

which

left

Pilgrimage,

70, he attacked

A.H.

year

who

Caliph himself

campaign

danger

Both

Amr

and

down

of Yezid

of Abd

Damascus,
These

for

of Alerwan's

son

nearing Aleppo,

'

Zobeir,

which

time

Damascus.

time

some

expectation was

to

of the

Deputy

sweep

the

by

act

an

the

paralysed his efforts for

beginning of

was

that

Syria,and
famine

severe

in the

Ibn

leaders

Kharejite Najda

for

occasion

one

of

north

the

G'i,four

namely,

"

his Lieutenant,

by

or

presided at

adherents,
the

himself

A.M.

year

harmony

Aly,

Arabia,

Abd

the

of

own

of

son

Sovereign

in

were

breach

any

Hanefite

the

by

service

They

even

to

ABD

34^
A. II. tJ4-

offered
I'lcachei-

pardon

ously sl;iiii
hv Abd

al

Mclik.

wlio

CaUph,
in

He

armour

him

that

Amr.

his

would

afterwards

sooner

was

he

having

startled

to

his

but

Amr's

that

than

said

had

with

Caliph

that he may

al Melik
but

not

of

act

the

not

Amr

with

otherwise

and

he

but

no

violent)}-,
to

death,

shortly,he
do

the

was

deed,

death, and

the

then

without.

crowd
and

adherents,

peace

restored.

sons

deed

of

nesty
am-

she

replied,
thereby." Abd

his Lord

ruthless

bind

him

to

to

or

first

on

him

for the

cruel

fied
signi-

would

m)' husband,"

before

him

and, taunting his

heart

the widow

to

refined

put

banished, and

arraign thee

was

this

sent

smote

still alive ;

It is in the grave

"

made
he

Returning

heavy largess to
put to flight;his

The

bade

submitted,

Aziz

stabbed

difficulty
spared,were
then

Caliph

Abdul

victim

he

Amr

prayers.

with

"

he

costing
Ac-

gates.

fulfilled his oath

having

the

his brother

followingwas

"

an

to

friends,

his

al Melik

oath

him.

find his

head

Palace

Abd

him

largefollowing,

rebellion,namely, that

cowardice, himself

cast

fulfil

to

evening

brother, who

the

at

days after,tlie

after indifferent conversation,

bound

forth to

out

unloose

bid

few

with

dress,and

friendly
accents,

foot

and

ceased,
fiij^hting
A

M.ix.

eii"^aL;emenls

his death, summoned

on

shut

Amr's

and

inconclusixe

against the advice of

went

wished

he

hand

with

given to

were

in

hearing of

went

the

b\' him, and

sit down

and

which

below

which, however,

him

on

resolved

had

his presence.
clad

some

was

["'
ii.\r.

MF.I.IK

after

amnesty,

an

of

deed

and

back,

hurn'ctl

AL

hard-hearted

man

treachery created

;
a

widespread impressionagainsthim at the moment.^

in Syria, Abd
Secure
al Melik
renewed
his design
Caliph's
campaign
There
was
a strong party
against Ibn Zobeir and Musab.
against
Musab,
in the Caliph'sfavour at Bussorah
but
endeavour
through
;
A.H.

71.

A.D.

690.

emissary

an

'

For

to

example, it
in for

stir
alarmed

them

into

the Hanefite

active

loyalty having

of Aly, and

son

preventedhis

representedas
boastingof it at
:
Beware," he said,"for I have the bonds by me which I cast around
the neck of Amr
ibn Said."
Amr's rebellion
accounts
Accordingto some
look placesomewhat
later,on the occasion of the Caliph's
out for Irac
setting

coming
Kufa

time.

The

Caliphis

rather

"

"

againstMusab

; but

in his claim, the

.Vmr must

the main

outlines otherwise

Caliph felt that

his lifewas

are

not

the

same

safe,and

; Amr

that

persisting
either he

or

die.

tHI

683-92]

A.D.

MUSAB

failed,the

Caliph

Mesopotamia
of the

free
the

for

his

Moslem

of

Abd

Ibn

and

broke

Musab,

Mohallab,

but

walls

that

with

of

Syrian frontier
with

tempted
When

the

with

the

Caliph's missives
and

Musab,

was

slain

last.
Abd

al

then

taken

head,
Melik

with

the

his

by

son

Kufa, Egypt, and

to

been

shown

the

over

Musab

died

aged '}^6.He

his memory

is stained

command

at

On

the

death

Musab's

Abd

al

desert.

Melik,

feast

at

the

ancient

Abd

al

Melik

"

verses),
^

p.

For

clxxi.

the

"

but
all is
Palace

was
as

one

Kufan

Who

is

^aitiJ"

by

It

was

Syria,when

the

buried.

and

and

the

to

round

sent

it washed

Arab

of

the

brave

but
his

of

delighted :"

encamped

sang

Khawarnac,

see

made

If it would
"

poet

(and he

Then

he

the

by

Khawarnac,^
"

allegianceCaliph

swore

tribes of

Citizens

transitoryheir."
of

side, a hero

Damascus.

army

Kufa, he

palace
the

treachery was

of Mukhtar.

on

There,

the

butchery perpetrated by

did also the

as

Advancing

said,

the

death, the

fortydays.

he

by

that

refusing quarter.

handsome

was

Musab.

battlingbravely;

cities of

had
Caliph'swife,with better feeling,

the

on

though

by

seen

off,was

cut

nose

the

upon

fast

that

of

hotly

Caliph

soon

fell

army.

help

close

troops, and

his

Musab,

at

year

moment

Irac, stood
was

War

offer of

Ashtar, who,

al Ashtar

his

by

the

the

the

effect,and

Ibn

camp.

deserted

have

to

had

al

it

met,

with
fighting,

His

of

the

meet

Ibn

promise

^'_

missives

Caliph's

were

to

II. 64-

Having

by

sought
at

was

had

only

armies

two

rife in Musab's

he

So

siege to Kirkesia,

the

joined

son

be

to

the

ground.

laid

Kharejites, who

Bussorah.

for

them

was

shortlyaccepted

general

the

It

Bussorah

thoroughly alarmed,

now

engaged

his

Melik,

with

truce

again

governor

with

al

golden pieces.

al Melik

Zobeir's

amnesty,

to

Abd

and

make

to

1000

force

empire, pressed heavily at

widely in Kufa and

promising pardon and rewards, he

where

head

to

disaffection

sown

343

Greeks, taking advantage

Syrian frontier

tribute

71 before

A.H.

The

enterprise,had

weekly

BATTLE

himself

Irac.

in the

the

on

IN

resolved

and

divisions

this time

SLAIN

Syrian

the

him

open

only
quoted

was

taken

City
great
all.

to

last ! "
some
over

Life of Malioiiui, 1st edition,vol.

i.

rc-

f^T^^t

-"'/'V-' -//-

344

A.H.

61-

_11_
Kliawar-

the

beinijtold

Palace, and

wlio

lived

self

of

the

there, extemporised

poet),signifyingthat

[Chap.

MF.I.IK

the

princes of

ancient

couj)let(for he

world

m.ix.

passes

I lira
him-

was

but

and

away,

nad'alace.
.

repeats
the

itself.^

of

adhesion

r-

ihc

"

Laliph

fortunate

was

INIohallab,whom

the

administration

Eastern

ccca.

Zobcir

His

ruler

of

the

chief

for

the

debris, he

the

Ishmaelite

Ibn

his

had

of

instead
himself

with

the

Kaaba

the

Caliphate

in

his

line.
him

upon
the

thus

as

pulpit when
the

on

treachery of

"

Be

vexed

not

Therefore
For
And
A

would

that

Kaaba.

with

which

care,

was,

them

restored

of

shall

from

people having been

the effect upon

he

man

not

only

so

Kaaba

to

He

his

again
what

pass

thou

can

when

mounted

people

readiness
to

the

steps.

away:
;

passed;

having told her that

its ancient

with

to

already been."

hath

recently reclaimed

appearing to tamper

came

the

it hath

Ayesha of Mahomet

the

Musab

further

shalt

had

established

been

no

If

improbable that

trusting perhaps

too

the

contenting

harangued

! whilst

as

and

brother

took

be

overawed

rebuilt.''

fatal blow.

But

subsequentlytook the temple down and

Life of Mahomet, p. 26 e/ set/.
"

have

Irac, and

for thou

shall be,

quoted

himself have

of

Sanctuary,

that w^hich

not

his

tion
founda-

Holy city,he

the

it,and

men

O
enjoy thyself,

tradition is

that the

the

of the

immunity
^

of

the

of
and

of

hearing

die in defence

from

rock

}-outh of

and

home,

at

of

ingly.accord-

the

had

the

in

at

limits

sacred

strike

armies, it seems

unlooked-for

an

the

terror

when,

defeat

greater

removed

walls

the

from

usurped might
the

But

the

restoration

the

ancient

dismantled

was

his

the

same

issue of orders

head

of

temerity to
the

the

Having

enlarged

before

years

been

64.

A.H.

remaining inactive

forth to

gone

the

pickaxe, as

the

had

told, flashed

are

people sixty

Prophet,

and

structure,
we

)'cars of

of

singularlyinactive

remains

upon

Zobeir

with

the

destroyed

came

Fire,
when

work

his claim

to

several

remained

domestic

house

Holy

mission
com-

various

the

and

still held

part of the Empire, he had

Mecca.

in his

Damascus.

to

in retirement

Virtual
([^jjiipjiate.

"

having arranged for

and

Bussorah

Kufa,

posts, returned

Ibii

Zobeir

Ibn
ai

of

obtammg

in

confirmed

he

against the Kharejites ;

now

"

wider

from

idolatry,he feared

the sacred

rebuilt it on

he

dimensions, but

its former

edifice.
lines.

H"ijjij

083-02]

A.D.

DEATH

If such
had

Irac

his

were

been

end

an

Abd

345

ZOBEIR

IBM

thoughts, they

reduced,

; for after

in vain

were

resolved

al Mehk

A.H.

sent

64^

putting

on

therefore

He

pretensions of his rival.

the

to

OF

Hajjfj
attacks

"

column

of horse

coming

to the

in

Tayif

Ibn

But

with

the

when,

order

of

in

his

long

eight

Yezid,
Ibn

as

Zobeir

of

danger

Pilgrimage
from
the

of

day

next

As

the

Syrian

when

the

Hajjaj

drew

happy

the

Omar's

strict

blockade,

sufferingthe
numbers

to

Ibn

share

the

the

in
-;i\'c

but

laughter of
is

of

he
i\bu

fate.

The

Zobeir
would

Bekr,

touching.

few

began

third

lost heart.

With

the

hundred
ancient

of

da\'s

grimage,
Pilof

shortly turned
inhabitants,

desert

to

in great

sons

own

did

preferred to stay
lasted

now

He

the

to

proper

the

of his

siege had

692

but

intercession

the

months

first consult
now

on

was

his
years

so,

and

seven

tempted

mother,
of age.

spiritof

the

to

Asma
The
x-\rab

a!n.

March

which

from

the

siege was

two
a

catapults

solemnities

want,

but

advice;

Ibn

Even

enemy.

father's

when

months,

in

extremities

Zobeir's
his

and

J'"
72

reinforcements

incident

at

The

of iJcsieges

month

the

bolts
impartial thunder-

the

an

was

and

over,

free from

by lightning;

During

augury.

partiallyperformed.

season

into

Mecca,

bombardment
held

son

of

wise
other-

engines opened with

(so tradition goes) and

returned,

men

so

struck

were

army

storm

the

the

be

mounted

City and

thundered

heavens

fell upon

^ccne

the

back

; for

in that

upon

by

gone
him

not

Hajjaj, strengthened by

invested

shot, the

had

Caliph

could

had

stormed

fair to

close

was

surrounding heights.

twelve

at

It

Melik

al

Caliph

rival

Men

city.

was

hardly

was

remained

revolt.

when

Medina,

their

Mecca

sanctuary, the Empire

secure

the

this

But

Abd

same

obtained

and

Holy

the

said the

they

so

a.u.

and

by Hajjaj

sought

then

before,

years

and

religion.

the

691

'^"""

pilgrimage),

of

met

was

besiege

to

shocked

how

been

Hajjaj

leave

Caliph

he

^J^

marched

offer,and

the

(the Mount

There

Mecca.

on

remembered

Arafat

to

Mecca,

Zobeir, if only he would

Ibn

to

now

opposition,and

without

declined

Tayif.

to

back

from

Zobeir

his followers

the road

driven

pardon

officer

Kufa, Hajjaj reached

from

vicinityof Mecca,

r/-

able

Hajjaj,an

Marching

letters of

submit.

on

front.

the

forwarded

out

foot under

and

"

A.n.

346

ABD

she

matron,
die

to

as

"

hero

kiss her

exhorted

his

he

armour,

leaders

and

and

his

of the

inhumanity,

by

whose

Asma.

ended

the

His

real

it the
from

and

two

of

al Melik

give the body

was

washed

on

to

hard
the

on

for

him

blamed

him

the
his

his

body impaled

on

of

sent

early proof

Abd

I wished

fell in

thence

and

to

putting

so,

Zobeir

thus

the

Asma,

to

up

committed

and

to

that

which

we

have

transpired
The

Ihn

the

connect

within

only

faithful

to

his

with

the

rival

off her

lifetime

of this

his

earned

world

flight

the

toric
his-

the

last

days

on

had

remained

who

Khazim,

fighting

now

offered

al Melik

Abd

with

of events

governors

Ibn

of

one

chequered

lady

Khorasan.

of

clans

What

was

memory

took

It is

the

Hegira,

bind

thus
^

72.

the

at

he

with

Zobeir's

aged

girdle to

as

and

much

title,and

who,

shreds."

the

of Ibn

to

tore

Prophet

the

one

same

entered.

now

died

the

Thaur,

of

He

his camel

to

Mount

She

"

the

but

of noble

man

held

Caliph.
is

wallet

of

of

of

Zobeir,

years

before,

years

cave

links

for nine

Asma,

Prophet's

name

Ibn

it

power,

mother,

seventy-three

faithful

Ibn

rule of Ibn

spirit,who

also of the

Khazim

hands

stooped

; but

And

Pretender's

bade

he

as

right,

grave.
Thus

inactive

mother

the

and

loving

he,

thickest, and

Medina,

at

Holy city.

his

said

the
of

heads

had

of the

thought myself

into

The

nature,

outskirts

the

Hajjaj, giving

cruel

[(JlIAl-

I.IK

thought by thine."

exhibited

were

Damascus.

Zobeii

is what

"

ME

That,"

"

rushed

fight.

I.

.son, if still conscious

should.

forehead,

unequal

Ibn

her

strengthen my

to

Zobeir.

if
but
"

"

he

allegiance,

swore

he

indignantly rejected

slain the

Envoy,"

Caysite blood."

letter.

Zobeir,

Thereupon
in

order

embalmed

the

deceased.

He

brother

he

had

But

he

Abd

al Melik

put

"

'

death

sent

him

of

his

end.

it to

slain

the

the

in battle
intertribal

p.

136.

of
the
head

own

my

Caliph's
of Ibn
Khazim

Ibn

famil}-of
by

have

I would

been

not

swallow

in the

Life of Mahomet

"

him

forwarded

shortly after
to

he

made

him

assure

relic,and
was

had

said,

Khorasan

in

offer.

the

he

to

him

confirm

to

one

warfare.

the

whose

Ani)

348

_^1

Kufa, again

75

A.

II.

their

homes.

hand

could

Hajjaj
the
"

with

unknown

for

assembling
turban.

early

To

"

took
them

dropped

in

terror

threat

and

the

that

the

mend

to

soon

you

the

saw

features,
full of

treachery ;

commanded

opened

with
"

no

was

reader

"

is it

the

Stop

response.
;

head

many
he

It

aloud.

venturer,
ad-

they

But

for its

Then

red

Kharejite

verses

"

his

aloud, and

In

there

to

not

of

Hajjaj.

read

to

anger,

respond

ye

teach

"

in

Hajjaj

pulpit sat

stern

in its blood

; but

Peace

were

his

upbraided the City

said, for verilyit is as if I
be

men

uncovering

was

crossing

as

him.

at

cast

out

set

the

"

all gory

me

greeting of
"

it

Caliph'srescriptto

said

him

so

dawn

cried

he

fury,he

Beware," he
before

"

as,

that

they recognised
"'

to

stones

up

prayers

"

strong

early

folds

the

thinking

Some

the

mounting

to

Irac, and

Mosque

behind

! to

but

forthwith

in

to

return

escort, and

the

and

prayer,

prayers

muffled.

still sat

began

of

He

arrived

concealed

face

with

cities

none

men

mounted

entered

He

Kufa.

at

the

Governor.

marches

forced

by

of

small

that

saw

now

licence

appointed

desert

down,

the

curb

Medina

from

Cahpli

The

was

Governor

and, despite remonstrance,

j^^ggj.^. Mohallab

''^ '^""*

the

on

both

trooj^s from

dying shortl}'after,the

llajjuj
appomuHl

But

them.

fightagainst

to

and

Bussorah

from

contingents

hcav\-

with

Kliorasan,

A.il.7;v

r"'iiAi'.
T,.

Ml'lI.IK

AI.

"

this,

to

come

greeting of the Caliph ? I will

ways." The affrighted
your

and
Peace
joined in the loyalresponse,
Caliph ! The letter read, Hajjaj resumed
"

at

company

the

blessingon
his
"

His

adminis

there will

"

Unless

army,

streamed

day
to

them,

were

same

scene,

'

the

"

he
and

hasten

and

depart

within

I will

was

as

even

three

as

days
man

to

the

At

I find

of you

his word.

death.

increased

for Mohallab's

The
but
man

Citizens
some

who

amongst

Bussorah, the

was
se\'erity,

enacted.

reign of terror.^

growing barbarity of publicexecutions.

turban was
simply removed and the head
culprit's

notices the

early Caliphs,the

forthwith,"he said,

orphans enough amongst

slay every

good

barbarously put
with

not

the bridge ;
night across
their departure, an
aged

emphaticallynow

Ibn al Athir

If ye reform

widows

that

And

failed

was

ye

swear

behind."

It

"

be

soon

you.
"

tration

"

threateningtone

"

severe

once

ith

bared

(;()2-705]

A.D.

With

the

CRUELTIES

view

of

OF

and

at

was

in

and

of pay,

such

time

one

his

life.

death,

but

Bussorah.i

of the

Not

confiscated

the

expostulating
Lieutenant

but

Arabs

with

him

covered

know

how

Anis

with

served

the

the

best

but

added

"

"

"

with
of

honour

amend

he

what
the

all his

for

thou

Prophet

of

the

disturbed

done

not

Lord

for

"

;
"

the

pages

of

person

tradition

the

served
had

years."

more

Nazarene,

Son

done

who

me,

apology,

despot

Had

had

to

full ten

in

the

the

who

Hajjaj escaped these

the

days

holding

with

Omar,

him

served

the

It is the

with

the

last

person

the falchion

shaved

off"; and
was

of

two

was

about

the victim

his hands

Life of Mahomet,

pp.

preferred
be

to

others

often

by

thus

to
return

chosen

the

Kharejite

seriously["o,"'^'^^
Shebib.

were

trample
still

voice

hair and

695-6

the

to

(some

not) by the
had

Vice-

Some

seemed

strike it oft". jMusab

exposed

1 95-5

and

years

shades.

that

and

to

torn

three

or

various

Caliph

Coreish,

pinioned and

with
struggling,

Islam,

dangers, his

recent

Government

under

the

to

justas

he

next

by Kharejitesof
sanctions

of

the

during

dissatisfied

touched

singleday, truly he

treat

disconcerted,made
accepted

one

and

had

of

Prophet.

royalty was

Now

have

hast

connects

Though

on

much

Anis

seen
infidelity,

as

of the

could.

words,

few

as

pain

on

Pro-

Servant,

upbraided

him

who

one

Hajjaj,

should

honour,

link that

to

Caliph's reprimand

but

Mary

due

Prophet,

than

even
"

the

his

o?AnL"^^

his the

Stung by

ordered

Harsh

his

on

indecency

gross

of

Hajjaj

son,

Caliph, wjxO

such

once

citizen

also, and

invective.

withdraw

to

Anis,

his

^'

to

put

aged

father

give,and

to

personal chastisement

the

the

to

of

of

an

^^^^^^
;

alone,

were

executing

with

appealed
terms

now

in
iKU'-ij

restored,

was

son

73-

^^

an

Musab

left almost

many

A.li.

en-

for

by

order

the

possessions of

in

Not

and

Prophet,

Bussorah

them

and

end,

was

content

reproaches,Anis
his

from

given

the

In

in his harass-

troops mutinied

been

them

amongst

body-servant

his

proclaimed.

amnesty

an

had

as

cohimn

Hajjaj,refusing it

peril of

349

encouraging Mohallab

ing campaign, Hajjaj with a

camped in his vicinity. There
increase

HAJJAJ

of

beard

public derision,was decapitated.

suspended by wedges to the wall, and so
to

the nails

1 1.

or

hooks, his head

was

struck oft".

a.

n!

^rtJ^

3 50

A.M.

73'"'

tlie

People

would

of any

none

nerved

the

countenance

dangerous
As

\iews.

wild

of

matter

whatever

bravery

the

fanaticism.

hundreds,

the

columns

on

the

Caliph, for

by

contingent of

succeeded
who
boats

last

at

Mohallab

of the
^i'lin'l^"

his

Azrackite

goaded

Shebib,

with

of

695-7

Hajjaj.

in

his

Hajjaj

in

Persia
of

out

longer,had

lasted

broken

and

success,

last

at

were

years,

Hajjaj

There

taken
within
Coran

out.
was

is

found

tells us
mother

was

hard

was

the

drop
was

man
a

as

Greek

havoc

of

in
in
to

reinforced

was

on

aid

he

Shebib,

bridge of

with

Kharejites

Pars, they fell back

half

-'

eluded

rebellion

fallen

out

were

turmoil

might have
themselves,

persed.
diseffectively

to.

Mohallab

period

In
with

with

the

and

Irac
of

twenty

recognition of

his

great honour

at

made

all

government

of

(foras Viceroy

East)

defied

or

among
soon

for

end

an

him

story that his

It

put

received

in

appointments

not

in

invested

and

Bussorah,

Kufa,

despatches

Azrackites, having kept

less

or

more

chronic

partiesthat

the

Thus
Persia

they

into

up

and

year

Their

Caliph'sforces.

d! the

His

for

sent

assembled

'

A.

of

made

stumbling

engaged
Driven

sect.

and

Kcrman,

on

\\y

enemy,

the walls

worshippers

horse

few

continually

were

Kufans

again discomfited

entrance,

the

his

his

against

Azrackites,

most

Ahwaz.i

at

still

was

by

worldly

no

success,

stormed

cowardice,

by
river

the

over

Tiic

their
Syrian troops. With
dispersing the followers of

in

drowned

was

.MohallaiVs

their

had

and

over

}-ears,

Abusing

the

Calij^h.

outmanoeuvred

two

of

Mosque.

and
Ilajjaj,

thousands

he

many

the

of

]5ut all

by

leader

effectingan

slew

assist.

These

of

repeatedly

occasion

one

to

equal

which, for
He

No

chances

desperate bravery

city,and

the

b}^ the

flight the

to

against him.
and

him

hand,

conscience, they fought with

rajjid counter-marches,
with

tyranny

Their

put

and

the

by

other

of old, was

as

Council

latter class.

the

their cry,

alone,and

accorded
was

the

Theocrat.s, on
"

action

to

[Chai-. I..

^fF.I.TK

Caliph,

KharejitesRule, but tlicLord's

were

The

large.

at

y^I-

he

had his heart

sent
was
to Hajjaj,who
rebounding when cast on the floor ; and
coagulatedblood, such as that from which the

body

stone,

evolved.

Suva

captivegirl.

xxii. 5, xcvi.

; Ihn

KhaUican

i. 617.

REBELLION
r,fl2-7(ir.]

A.T).

Khorasan.

From

his

with

OF

AL

Merve, Mohallab
for two

warred

sons

IBN

AS

HATH

351

the

Oxus, and

crossed

^^'

against the Turcomans

years

in that

direction,who, notwithstandingprevious campaigns

waged

with

various

Moslem

under

influence.

first succeeded

long and

the

He

died
His

sons.

obstinate

; and

great

his

by

yet but

were

success,

he

name

death,
a.d.

at

was

Islam

to

the

left behind

; and

A.H.

services

with

struggle

His

partiallybrought 701

82

73-

a.h.

in the

Kharejites

were

singularly fair

and

unsullied.

Hajjaj

be

to

yet

was

exposed

great King beyond Sejestan,named

drew

the

Moslem

istan,from

an

which
of

payment

cess

war

they

Bussorah

on

who

flight,and

and

in the

hands

marched
his

ravaged

called)would
settled

have

down

The

of the

ambitious

Mindful,

al Ashath

(for so

his hand

for

Hajjaj, upbraiding

peremptorily

bade

him

expostulated with, threatened

equally
"

Enemy

their

declaring

Ibn

al

with

alarm,

frontier.

of

him)
him

Ibn

But

marched

forced
with

received

open

his

al Ashath

fly.

to

arms,

The

them

rebel

and

at

country
heartedness,
faint-

; and

when

once

army,

action

of

the

and,

"

man

Master,

favourable
The

swore

terms

Caliph, in

back

on

at

Bussorah, from

on

the

with

Hajjaj pushed

beat

of

The

and

Irac,

on

crossing the Tigris,advanced

Hajjaj was

God
and

reinforcements, which

sent

on

the

Ashath, who, making

Ratbil, forthwith

him

to

commonly

till the

war

resented

both

against

war

allegianceto

and

called

is

supersession.

Commander,

(as they

to

of

put him

however,
he

the

to

Tester,
which

entering the City was Takes

done
homage to as si'^^^^'

Caliph.i
1

The

that the
embraced

assigned for

reason

and
singular,

this sudden

is illustrative of the progress

Jewish and
Islam

and

Christian

to
cultivators,

flocked in crowds

to

acceptance
of

Islam

escape

a-"-

was

grandson

A.H.,

so^a.^h.

heavy

command

time

of

the

on

affront,^99

the

cost

Kufa.

land.

held

; but

with

the

at

al

Afghan- against

only

avenge

against Ratbil, 80

misfortune, Ibn

recent

retire

to

To

equipped

of

Ilm

^^^^'^

attacked

difficult passes
allowed

were

raised,and

unwisely placed
Ashath,

into

danger: the

Ratbil, when

humiliating ransom.

was

army

forces

another

to

of

the

in Irac.
\\\(i
Jizia

the cities,
so

that

or

the

Pretender

is

Hajjaj,finding
capitation-tax,
revenues

were

^f'f^

35A.II.

_1_^

himself

Campaign
Ibn

who
,

received

al

sorah.

are

with

the

forth

to

Hajjaj, half-way

the

his

terms

al

months

combats

it

great battle
Coi-an- Readers

the

fight,his

al Ashath

retired

by

followers, who,

many

Pursued

Ratbil, who
him

back
There

his

this
to

went

go.

The

"

to

fight

crying,O

population

were

and

under

and

him

this

was

beaten

he

acquiescenceof

Bussorah

"

in

took

and

of the

Ibn

joined
claimed,
pro-

death.

heavy

effected

refuge with
put

pressure,

followed

his governors

take

at

the

thence

been

the

these

! and

their

knew

to

send

them

as

the

all such

before.

villagerefugees,
not

whither

to

the
lamentations,especially

reasons,

in the

to

from

tax

among

! O Mahoviet

one

the

"

was

to

Hajjaj.

to

had

deeply touched

; but

rebels,

there

amnesty

an

great lamentation
Mahomet

was

dismay,

was

afterwards, under

to

he

8s that

the

fled in

again

al Ashath

with

Ghazies,

of

border, and

farms, and

villagesand

Coran- Readers"

Caliph.

though

his head

sent

in consequence,

the sudden

two

vision
pro-

totallydiscomfited.

seriouslydepressed,ordered

about

of the

Eventually

or

year

flightIbn

cause

their

was,

who

death, and

to

In

from

Kerman.

to

of A.H.

mainstay

was

was

suitable

fate, but

followers

Persian

the

on

escape

he

Hajjaj,

by

engagement
death, his

to

and

son

remonstrated

middle

hastilyto Bussorah,

covenanted

his

he

prepared for battle.

skirmishing and
single

leader

and

day,

that

and

in

The

more

accept the offer

to

we

cities,with

of

Othman's

till the

disheartened,

thus

army,

not

of the

fallingearly in

Majjaj

alarmed

hand

scorn,

spent

fought.

was

Inis-

at

once

two

the

Hajjaj

of

with

was

was

Citizens

able

was

so

al

promising them

the

inclined

were

and

been

mercy,

superseded, and

him
was

rejected it

army

by

al Ashath.

al x'\shath

he

discontented

now

was

be

to

Caliph, reminding
Ibn

the

between

rebels

Hajjaj was
for Ibn

his

after

Ashath, who

Caliph
the

to

Several

the

Ibn

The

men.

firm.

"^"""

of

streamed

made

His

inhabitants

crowds

to

had

at

now

by treacherously slaying (so

revenge
of

he

as

City being

Meanwhile

brother.

is

same

latter

readmess

quarter.

meet

Kufa, where

on

,.

the

told)ii,ooo

offered

)eaten,

signal

100,000

Who

The

took

fell back

thereupon

[('HAi'.
I,.

^rRi.iK

entrenched
followingyear, Ilajjaj,
haviiiL,^
the City, gained a victor)'over
Ibn

outside

Ashath,

against
Ashath,

in the

Early

7:'.-

^^-

revolt

told, which

led

againstHajjajand

the

we

are

C92-70r.]

A.D.

East

by

WAS

hating Hajjaj,or
fused

the

leave

to
out

Yezid,
rather

Many

taken

were

Hajjaj, who,

both

in

the

Irac,shed
heartless

and
with

because,
while
is

for

Yezid

and

In

the

object was,
holding

tonment

evil

of

in check

however,

cause,

licence

doubt,

no

the

precedent

attributed

in the well-watered
W

asit became
continued

so

While
Alelik
the

soldiers

Syrian

chief

long

these

the

as

events

the

sons,

prosecuted

.-early
campaigns

in Asia

jf Africa.

A.H.

Jourts
he

Up

friendly;

were

The

peace.

leaded

letter

'rophet, and
cccipt

of

to

Ibn

the

which,

verse

the

in their

Wasit

The

g"""^

can-

702

'

a.d.

diate
imme-

Kufans

of the

in

the

at

City,

an

"

situated

Euphrates,
Empire,

and

the

then

Emperor

the

between

with
He

Moslem

to

is

mention
God

threatened

coast

the

two

broke

habit,
of

alone''
that

own

success,

singularincident

Emperor
''Say

his

with

and

Minor, Armenia,
relations

and

Emperor;

always

al Ilosiiliiies

aside

throw

to

of them

some

not

east, Abd

the

Zobeir,

with

Generals,

jG, the

the

The

Tigris and

Caliph, according
to

founded,

was

of the

passing

fall of

but

Cot"iba^

independent

an

the

vigour, but

with

this

; and

Caliphate itself.

were

73, his

A.H.

year

blood,

Hajjaj. Conveniently

humiliatingtreaty concluded

Tom

men,

Bussorah.

and

militarycentre

able after the

was

of Wasit

quartered

plain betwixt

the
as

to

hand

Coteiba.

impatience

was

clan

restless cities.

both

to

vexed

Yemen

Caysite

have

to

occasion

of

Kufa

between

sent

leading

were

military station

midway

dispersed.

unsparing

some

famous

the

choosing

shortly after superseding Supcr-

for his

by

them

Mohallab,

^3a.h.

engagements

this

on

the

ordered

note

recent

pardoned

reason

his brothers

this year

main

was

partialto

was

the

as

called,as

so

He

suspected, they

himself

assigned

the

captiveswith

of his

having

he

as

he

blood

cruelty.

Yezid

after

and

now

Herat.

of

those

prisoners,and

set

war,

1.
Vczid,

of

and

defeated

him

01

; but

elsewhere

move

by

fortune

73-

A.H.

re-

al Ashath

Ibn

Merve,

either

rebelHon,

possession

at

governor

were

the

who

"

in

induce

took

and

and

place

fight,they

to

troops,

to

try

agam

Mohallab,

the

evacuate

to

and

behalf,

own

of

son

defeated

his

These, faihng

protector

their

35 3

deeply compromised

too

amnesty.
his

on

of

60,000

some

FOUNDED

ir

the
\

on

if such

Greece,

73-^4
a.d.

11.
a^.

-'/'/"'

3 54
A.ll.

73-

^^'
Mini

of

affront

repeated, he

were

resjiectingMaliomet
had

supplied

the

P^mpire.
al

Abd
where

the

old

Persian

coinage,

war

; and

Moslems.

and

Armenia

and

in

the

84

A.

With

greatly

from

his

armies

At

Tangier

Courts

thus

Its fortune

The

"

Cairowan

took
far

as

warfare

chronic
set

Syria
;

fire that

on

burning."
chequered fortune,

more

in Africa.

the

to

latter

penetrated

were

but

inflicted

this

of

engaged

were

the

for

of

in

year

Greeks

border-lands

churches

many

forces

with

were

hand,

the

on

greater energy,

^^^^ Moslem
62-69r.H.

coined

the

by

Minor, and

people

called

even

two

reverses

other

Asia

in

11., so

Damascus,

at

were

seized

was

the

suffered

was

year

Reverses

On

The

Erzerum.

mint

the

Justinian severe

strongholds

many

of

caused

now

prosecuted vigorously.

was

under

threat

dinars

golden
amity

The

legend.^

the

as

and

throughout

use

royal

In 79 A.H., Antioch

time

on

establish

silver dirhems

varied.

common

ICmperor's hostile

to

rudely broken,

currency

The

Melik

Moslem

681-68S

the

words

Heretofore

,,,.,,

A.

with

coins

his followers.

griexous to

IXiniascus.

strike

would

Byzantine mint, maintaining

the

[("iiAi'.
1,.

-"//- MFJ.IK

Ocba

of

versre
fa*^

the

pushed
Atlantic.

II

he

account

of the

attempt

on

Berbers
of

Spanish

treated

chiefs

who

true

that

we

sentences

lay

coast

"

sword.

Praise

as

be

struck
to

be

It may

our

by

the

coins

Omar

who

struck

embittered

was

this

prior to

etc.:

reign,relates

this

coined

doubt

no

with

mints

went

golden coins

true, also, that local governors

It is

old Persian

and

The

Koseila, one

authorities.

in the

Lord,"

the

justyet.

; and

Islam,

Arab

tempting

strait ; but

be

to

race

embraced

reignof Muavia,

the

the

not

was

from
differently

Julian

across

inferior

an

had

silver coins

find

less,throughout
of

as

Count

Weil, guided by discoveryof Moslem

this incident somewhat

short

from

prize that

the

were

their

heard

on,

with

the

Moslem

or

more

design
money

before this

the Greek
and
old Persian currencies
reign. But notwithstanding,
held their ground throughoutthe Empire until now.
It was
tillthis reign,
not
that
told
Arabian
the
as
are
writers,
Mussulman
we
coinage
distinctly
by
became
The
trustworthyeither in weight or touch.
mintage of Hajjajwas
held the purest even
by Abbasside
Caliphs; but the pietists
objectedto its
use,

because

the hands

of

it had

as

its

the infidel,or

singlegrain,each of the
stripes
; making thus, we
al Athir's

chapter on

workmen
are

of

verse

of Moslems

lOO

this

coinage,vol. iv. p. 337.

legend a

told, "

the Coran,

unclean.
ritually
employed in
10,000
stripesfor
now

subjectcontains

some

which

might

For
the
a

curious

fall into

the defect of

mint

received

lOO

singlegrain." Hj"
details

on

the

new

56

AL

AIW

[("hap.1..

MELIK

during this CaHphate in the far East and be}-ondthe Oxus, was paralysed
Musa, Ibn for a time by the continued
and discord of the
jealousies
Khazi Ill's
Arab
tribes that formed
its garrison. The story of Musa,
in
career
Khorasan.
of 11)11Khazim, illustrates both this feelingand the
son
the independent or
relation in which
protected States
the Moslem
Court.
beyond the frontier stood towards
of
Ibn Khazim, it will be remembered, having put many
deserted by his followers,
the Beni Temim
to death, was
and
returningto Nisapur,sent Musa to save his property
the Oxus.
at Merve, and placeit in some
strongholdacross
hundred
two
This he did with
or
a
followingof one
of the

'J'licprogress

A. 11. 7:5-

3*I()sleinpower

86.

mounted
whom

The

men.

Prince

of Bokhara, and

refused
a]:)proached,

he

king of Samarcand,

received

his followers,however,

to

him

having

him

meet

into

killed

other

; but

chiefs

Tarkhun,

friendship.One
a

Turcoman,

he

of
was

obliged to flyto Tirmidz, where, treated kindly by the

Chief,he took advantage of a feast to seize his fortress.
Established

there, the soldiers who

father flocked

Herat,
Musa

to

the

sent

not

from

his followers

and
of

number

beat back

columns

him,

to

had

refugeesalso
some

served
from

8000.

only the Turcomans,

Merve
to dislodgehim.
pressed him to recross

under
Kabul

With

his

and

their aid,

but the Moslem

Thus

ing,
prosper-

river,and

the

But he was
with
content
possessionof Khorasan.
the country beyond the Oxus, and with expellingthe
from Merve.
sent
Mohallab, and
provincialResidents
after him his sons, thought best to lea\e him alone ; and
for fifteen years Musa
so
was
undisputed Ruler of this
take

great

tract.

At

last,one

of

Mohallab's

sons,

thinking

please Hajjaj,sent an arm\'

againsthim, which was
Defeated
Turks; and by these,after
joined by 15,000 of Tarkhun's
and slain,
defeated and slain,85 A.H,
But
a long siege,Musa
was
85 A.H.
inveterate were
the tribal leaningsof Hajjaj (who,as
so
have latelyseen, was
vexed
at Yezid
we
having spared
of
of Ibn al Ashath's followers because
some
they were
Yemen
littlepleased with tidingsof
blood),that he was
the death of Musa.
I bade Yezid," he said, to slaythe
Yemenite, and he repliedthat he had given him quarter;
to

"

"

"

"

A.P.

DEATH
(;!)2-7or.]

and

"

this noble

"

of

"

the

was

al

Governor

of

Melik
own

sought
al Aziz

l^ut Abd

successor

what

thou

of

"

"

us

The

the

Welid

and

doctrine
of the

where

Medina,

In

son

which

thus

alone."
Abd

year
to

al
next

as

only opposition
the

affirming
under

even

old

threat
The

Heir-apparent.
with

them

dying Caliph,

inflictingstripes

in

named

the

his

much
that

of

hath

under

us."

He

Ibn

"

our

at

Zobeir.

a.t".

and

be

to

name

subdued

and

the

705

P'or,"said

"

Hajjaj ;

buried

was

'^

portion of 35*^^'
'^

mildness

sons

made

of Abdal

years

first

disputed by

enjoined on
make

died, 60

pulpit throughout Islam,

ever}-

enemies

Melik

during

was

it is he

"

al

years,

title
he

bade

and

concord,

21

his

his deathbed

our

ov\'n

own

not

homage

an

himself

Abd

following year

which, however,

"

of

his

malcontent.

the

From

know

The

d.

would

his

as

next

recusant,

contented

having reigned

age,

for

a.

by Hajjaj.

in mine

we

704

al

of

right ; nor

see

done

the declaration

to

Caliph, however,
the

Empire.

Abd

even

popular election,demurred

of

sword,

upon

his

Heir-

"'PP''i''ent,

throne,

in favour

it therefore

then

the

the

in his desire

not

occur,

was

Throne, throughout
at

do

race.

loner been

Merwan.

aside

Besides,

anticipated did

died

was

the

he,

^^^^^"^

proclaimed

Welid

first; leave

the

die

event

Aziz

said

of
"

in thine?

seest

may

claim

nomination

For,"

father

73-

A.H.
'_

stronsT

Arab

title to

surrender

not

So

had

next

of

if,instead

heart!"

Caliph, who

his

death

Khazim,as

my

supported

was

would

the

to

agree

"

"

and

Welid,

son

the

the

his

set

to

of

me

party spu'it ol

the

by

3 57

...,,,

of the

nominated

now

and

held

Egypt,

been

having

brother

tell

of Ibn

rejoice

MEIJK

to

son

jealousy

Aziz,

AL

hastens

would
.

clannish

Abd

ABD

Caysite,Musa

that
irrievin"',
1

he

brother

his

now

OF

Jabia Gate

of Damascus.

Of

Abd

the first
in the

in Arabic

Tiiser ; the
'

Let
or

no

one

Arabian

resorted
ibn

of Amr

talking in

the

that

Caliph

case

:hequer
ntien

al Melik

the

first to

of

treacherous

Persian

His

was

the

c^aiactei.
as

ex-

the

first to

prohibit

the

first to

play

the

death

and

the

fear of God

from

He

"

execution,

on

declare, as

his head

says:

first to conduct

the

Caliph's presence

enjoin equity

I will strike

to

Said;

instead

historian

of

Ibn

off his shoulders."

the

Zobeir,

upon
But

me,

if

'

3 5 5^

A. 1 1. 73^'^^

Abd

al

character,

such

things

and

the

to

of

case

his

Amr

second

for

hand,

unfounded

Himself

Poets

by

the
of

for

least

at

the
be

in

held

and

Kotheir,

largesses conferred
of

branch

before

held

the

and

accorded

his

he

lavish.

was

encouraged
told

are

bards

Of

tenant.
Lieu-

equally

appears

of

Jerir,

as

Christian,

of the

and

niggardliness in

instance

no

in

responsible, at

such

occasions.

administratif^n,

the

nothing

stories

by

Akhtal
such

on

of

merit, he

him

the

Apart from

support

respect

mean

of

siege

injustice of

one

no

writers,

wise, mild,

princely liberality.Many

literary contests

any

with

penuriousness, too,
of

composer

Farazdac,

told

and

cruelty

charge

The

are

we

undoubtedly

must

his

to

Kaaha.

although, by

attri-

must

\vc

of the

inconsistent

control

he

Hajjaj,

Said,

ibn

administration

just
to

destruction

the

personal

him,

naturally attaching

odium

HoIy clty and

of

prejudice of iVbbasside

the

to

[CiiAi-.1,.

MEI.IK

really spoken

were

it in great part

bute

the

Af.

^/'/''

has

been

given.
And

the

Upon

sue-

ccssful

his

in

whole,
His

favour.

reitjn.

witnessed

the

outrage

the

verdict

life

was

tumultuous

addresses

the

to

life,
"

affairs

of

and

thither

in the

Mecca,

first half

the
and

overthrown
of his
:

of

but

into

being betrayed
the

offers

of

the end,

having triumphed

his

sons

ready

means

had

as

we

He

shall

acts

over

for
fifteen

extending

sons

succeeded

the

the

throne.

often

jeopardy,

to

and

have
hear

never

tion
retalia-

extremities,

he

enemies,

with

kingdom

During

reconciliation.

and

all his
and

in the

probably

bitterness

it the
on

Merwan

in

we

his

made

Zobeir.

was

resorting

by eight wives, besides

to

Ibn

exception,
of

from

father

would

pardon

splendid inheritance,

see,

with

one

before

contrary,

repeatedly made

his

he

in the

earl}'employed

was

adversaries

Yet, with

know

City, which

accompanied

his

boy

ending

we

that

reign, the throne

of his

it.

on

He

negotiations held

coalition

of

him.

on

as

scenes,

be

must

As

one.

Medina

at

inhabitants

lasting impression

stormy

scenes

Othman's

on

al Melik

Abd

on

he
In

left to

ample and

every

slave-girls. Four

side.^
of his sons,

LI

CHAPTER

Caliphate

Asia

SiND,

Conquests

Welid.

of

Death

Spain.

Africa,

Minor,

Asia,

Central

in

of

Hajjaj
86-96

Welid

returned

ascending

the

grave,
and

loss

the

of

Welid,

his

Arabia

he

Abd

al

Medina

of

made

Medina

the
of

by

Mosque
the

it.

also

was

Artificers

informed

forty

Welid's

the

the

on

passes

desert

The

Emperor

"

Caliph's brother,

"

the
at

Fori

the

presented
after

the

warred

time

(708 A.D.)

the

restored

the

and

slew

heavy spoil."

Moslem

the

against

admiral

But
was

of
In

:""

Greeks,
of

the

we

taken

Caliph.
359

are

built
the

at

same

took

year,

three

mongrel
told

prisoner,

all

It

gold.

dug

about

Mecca

and

reads

somewhat

the

Maslama,

1000,

that

in the
a

and

roads

fortresses,

as

gold,
^

Arabs

and

of
masons.

wells

play

the

also

gift

the

had

around

Emperor,

Byzantine

to

milhcals

enlarged
apartments

easy,

fountains

following

the

; and

also

made

100,000

government
and

sent

100

Omar

routes

and

of Constantiiie,

same

to

Pilgrim

his

originally

and

mosaics,

instructions,

stations,

oddly immediately

"

of

and

administration.

court

Syria

of

son

being

one

carrying
year

matter

90
of

off

A.H.

grace

Omar

!heHofy

But

Mecca

years,

undertaking,

pious

camel-loads

Under

the

by

furnished

were

of

others

and

wives,

Prophet's

its

within

Hajjaj,

Omar,

beautified

He

in

East.

pious

Citizens,

popular.

embracing

the

beneficent

learned

of

lamenting

the

of

several

and

mild

council

for

't^/"^^-^

Damascus,

father

his

as

cousin,

whom,

enjoyed
by

his

Wdid,

memory.

Viceroyalty

to

over

trust

same

the

under

Aziz,

Aided

the

in

his

blessing

and

of

address

an

father's

his

over

mosque

pulpit, delivered

father

him

Great

the

to

reposing

maintained

service

funeral

the

performed

Having

A.D.

705-715

II.

A.

cities.

36o
A.H.

Sti-

06.

Medina.'

It

well

did

that

the

Omar

all for

was

he carry

all he

Irac, who

of

to

inform

on

the

the

Medina

all the
of

Caliph

his

thus

the

who

army,

family, executed
of

couple

the vision

out, O

to

had

and

mind.

have

zvith
of

treatment

man

thee,thou
Yezid

these, it will be

with

This

remorse

awake

would

his

with

of fobeir!
his

and

remembered,

me

keep calling aloud,

son

and

tJioii slain

brothers,

Against

vindictive.

Hajjaj

had

of

sons

grudge

on

Solei-

of

account

their

Yemenite

leanings. They

man,

90

he

would

equally cruel

was

of Ibn

clutchingthe bedclothes, and crying

wretched

I to do

Mohallab,

night

of

One

paymaster

of the Lord, for zvliat hast

the

with

shelter.

death, and

own

who

Medina,

cruelty by Hajjaj.

his

At

Welid,

threatened

and

been

given

separate

affectinginterview

an

before

years

his

Enemy

His

felt bound

In his room,

give them

to

heartless

of his victim

whereupon
]Vhat

after

with

for it affected

escapes
from him

dared

was

of

men

cities ; and

Holy

Omar.

refugees,Ibn Jobeir,who

awa}-

increasing severity. Ilajjaj,

subjects in

Citizen

al Ashath's

ibn

at

his t\ranny.

Omar

and

were

any

drew

of the

escaped

appointed to Mecca
ruthlesslyexpelled the immigrants,
death

rule

hand, complained bitterlyof the shelter

other

Governors

Mohallab

works,

thankfulness

numbers

more,

yielding to Hajjaj,recalled

Vezid

so

pili^rimageto

on

beneficent

Hajjaj great

and

Majjaj

his malcontent

was

ornamental

dclii;htand

Omar's

of

in IMtcca

irritated

such

love; and

saw.

The
attractions
Severityof
Ilajjdj. from the
heavy hand

This

of

after,when

time

Caliph, some

and

useful

these

out

labour

IIol\- cities,expressed his

the

to

[Cl?A

WF.i.in

A.H.

imprisoned

the

on

There

pilgrimswas
In
him

now

fact,one

inundated.

so

year

in prayer

of

need

was

want

set

to

was

so

supply at Mecca,
the water
dry season
pressingthat Omar

shortlyafter rain fell in such

and

Such

great that in

the

Having

pious traits of

Omar

are

out

for the

such

some

now

charge against retiring

convenient

Governors, of embezzlement.
'

\\'ere

on

multitude

of

short.
fell altogether

bade

torrents

the

people join

that the

popular subjectwith

City was
the tradi-

tionists.
The

Governor

expense

of

whereas

Abraham

succeeding Omar

Abraham,

"

the

only gave

former
them

profaneenough to praiseWelid
into
having brought sweet water
was

the brackish

well of Zemzem.

at the

Mecca,

705-15]

A.n.

DEATH

OF

campaign against the Kurds,

which

he

with

them

to

A.ll.

under
so-

torture,

occasion

one

on

his camp,

subjected

was

fortitude ; but

with

bore

took

he

Yezid

Syrian guard.

36

HAJJAJ

Escape

the

of

Yezid.
r

of torture

mstrument

His

"

the

Coteiba

of the

But

opposite direction, and

Caliph'sbrother.
Yezid

should

him, "and
with

intimate

continued

and,

Hajjaj,and

it

had

and
of

as

shall

we

Welid

the

wrath

see,

the incarnation
For

in times

of

in

empire

around
and

that of
^

one

Soleiman

Tradition

and

have

so

much

beautiful

attached

the

puts tlie number

of lives

as

much

the

East

wild

versity
perticism
fana-

prosperity of

the

Severity was
bloodshed
his

down

has

that whenever

send

sacrificed

elements

turbulent

enormous

handed

Vezid

and

Islam

of

and

tyrants the world

to

of

Khorasan.

he would
slave-girl,

family

bravery and resolution,

restored

excuse

his
the

But

anarchy abroad,

in quelling the
justified

of the cruellest

was

his

Irac, Arabia, and

but

or
specialrarity,
"

home,

right713
of

them

he
to

name

ever

as

seen."

received

some

his friend.

by Hajjaj (apartfrom

car-

of

g^^^l^l

father,fell,

Ruler

rebellion

of Death

Welid,

Caliphate owed

the

his

much

favour

in

annals

the

absolute

Hajjaj,by

nothing can
inhumanity which
;

aside

danger, with
at

fere.
inter-

whose

his

in

the

courtier.^

before

died

severity on

But

chains,
at

hear

not

the

the

strength

often

do

escaped by

out

years

fickleness

the

doubt

stands

sent

Hajjaj to

Soleiman,

set

that

Heir-apparent as

he

to

terrible

and

in

encouraged by Hajjaj.

cruelty.

trouble

maintained

no

of

his doors,

at

the

with

both

forbade
the

the

Soleiman

Welid, touched

that

to

in the

Caliph

hereafter, favourite

though

twenty

and

Damascus,

offence

design was

Hajjaj

to him.

to

desired

Soleiman,

adherents.

him,

for him

mortal

the

warned

Soleiman,

whereupon

see

spot.

horse

with

and

cry,

the

on

Khorasan,

with

of his life we

well

was

given

succession

son,

shall

we

the remainder

During
for he

as

aloud.

the

at

her

up

live with

to

cried

taken

instant

in peace,

depart

to

had

supplicating merc}^

them

Yezid

with

son

he

to effect their escape

refuge

was

delivered

own

letter

thev

found

Hajjaj

be

his

sight,let

of

tyrant divorced

danger.

-111

alarmed

fortunate
prisonerswere
enough
Hajjaj,thinking they had fled

and

11

leg, and

Hajjaj's wives,

screamed, whereupon
The

his

pierced

of

sister,one

11-1

'^"i'-

3Cy2
A. n.

An

St)-

'

the

indirect

from

\y.ust.t many
S6-96A.U.

their

homes

help forward

so

Qf Weiiti

has

advantage
of Hajjaj, in

tyranny

and
KlioraLui,

r"'HM'.1.1.

WF.I.ll^

by

that

his

the conquests

js famous.

attributed

reign of

the

swell

to

been

some

in the

for which

brief outline of

drove

terror

armies

the

field,

Caliphate

will

these

to

be

now

705-714

with

given,beginning

\.\\

Asia.
the

That

cam])aign

winter

to

Moslem

campaigns

razzias,

or

of

category

the

who

Coteiba's
as

the

subject.States.

The

A.H.

the
a

as

of
of

short

union

The

next

of

Turcomans

of

multitudes

around

off his

cut

Hajjaj received
him

the

fond of

making

making
text,

"

fighting men

the field of

on

nage

battle)at

declaringthat

magnified

attributed
his

of them
he would
to

him.

but

For

two

The

hand, and

who

as

followed
to his

attaching

demerits, which, however, with every

the

last

He

course.

bitterlyopposed

anyone

for

the sword, their

he

odium

months

At

Fast.

own

behead

rich

this

offered up

prayers

to

The
in such

of

with his
was

Khalid

Oxus.

the

guess-work of

mere

"

but
son,

was

defence

the

lady,
;

swarmed

put

were

120,000,

copiesof the Coran

distribution

are
.sayings

throughout

Mosques

City fell. The

the

had

the

against Peikund,

was

communications.

tidings,and

no

Abdallah,

after-daysas

hordes

for

Coteiba

was

husband

her

beyond

other

and

Soghd

now

physician,

of

Abdallah

campaign

of

Balkh,

At
a

harem

in

Bokhara,

the

first advance

to

with

known

and

of

than

being made,

restored

was

grace,

trading emporium

to

into

Ferghana.

after,peace

Soon

the

and

into the
slave-girl

Barmecide.^

City, as

lands

the wife of Barmek

captives,was

acknowledged by him,
S7

nature

proceedings were

Coteiba's

nature.

the

the

tributary,rather

brother.

result

of

time

allied,protected, or

matter

autumn

as

this

to

been

into

subdued

taken

was

Up
have

against Balkh, Takharistan,

among

retiring

Mcrve.
to

in Central

summer

e\'ery

Oxus,

appear

permanent

more

Coteiba

raids, bringing the

and

conquered

the

in

of

advanced

warrior

great

pro\-inces beyond

advanced

of

the

it.

Many
has

name

allowance

Masud's

Ibn

to

for

was

of merit

work

savage

no

doubt

exaggeration,

pre-eminentlybad.

were
^

Weil

they would

thinks
not

the story

otherwise

was

have

invented
had

as

nothing unlikely in the incident.

and

habit,only in this

the

dishonour, must

be

to

Barmecide

give the

natives of Balkh,

mere

It

was

There

in accord
altogether

the ladywas
given back, an
regardedas merciful in a Moslem

case

familya

"

act

which,

conqueror.

status

ever,
is,howwith
even

law

with

3^4
A. 1 1. SC''^'

Kisins in
the

Carr\'ing all before

in

Khulm,

Bribing

the

at

and

deserter, he

the

across

taken

in

the

suffered

the

leave

slain

was

he

towards

inexcusable,
Nezak's

Coteiba

invited

hostage,

and

taking hostages

in Coteiba's

camp

Habib

play, put

to

and

death

by slayingthe

native

his

still further

conquests

turned

by

of peace

The

Some

"

The

fortress
very
were

to

voice

ran

died

retaliated

Having pushed

man.

Soghdiana,- Coteiba
set

was

proceeded

he

year
free

re-

by

the

clusion
con-

but these reports

must

be taken

grano.

ciitn

treachery,and

would

be

exaggerate.
had
was

the missives
as
effective,
;

expelled the
stormed

entered

by
the

Moslem

called

the

taken

"

the

burned

captive.

land."'

The

Resident, thinking his

catapults,which

Kish

ravaged and

males

were

all

have

must

king's chamber.

was
Faryab offeringopposition,

that it was
women

as

king

Coteiba

strongly against Coteiba's

King of Shoman
impregnable. It

overrun

the

that Potentate.

traditions say 12,000;

popular

inclined

with

Habib

one

The

which

Next

Sejestan against Ratbil, but

of

subjects,suspecting foul

to

Merve.

to

On

being granted,

return.

his

into

less

time.

member

sending

upon

Moslem

scandalised,

same

which

in

hostages

Bokhara

the

Juzajan.

peace,

the

painful, but

about

of

Prince

perfidy of

was

war,

long

Damascus,

to

that

with

followers,^

The

Another

his camp,

to

sent

gross,

guile in

of

of his

to

Hajjaj,

to

After

decease.

it.

his camp

Hajjaj. The

to

so

to

king

him

on

again

capture

700

retinue

was

terms

and

season

death.

to

occurred

the

again

was

montlis,

into

the

"

in for
the

]^ut

sent

his

for

incident

defeat,

hemmed

till Welid's

him

coalition, sought

'

pass,
i

effected escape

by Coteiba

so, with

his head

unused

not

hand

him

and

Nezak

upbraided

to

the

turn

Ne/.ak

beguiled him

with

kept

public,though

92A.H.

fort.

quarters, Coteiba, unwilling

put

came

was

was

Here

Reporting

to

and

Takharistan

enemy,

one

winter

to

delay permission

while

to

who

of want.

still abroad,

for

asked

and

route

Thus

of safe-conduct.

promise

Coteiba

on

extremity

return

Xe/.ak

where

strongly posted

guarded by

pass

Ferghana.

brother.

he

of

rear

guarded

b}-his

forcing a

of the

defile

other

Nezak

shown

was

of

valley

the

leave

of

Ne/.ak

'

fell upon

so

him, he found

entrance

Ea"t

he

[riTAiMi.

U'F.I.in

set

put

to

and
on

been

Nusaf

fire,so

death, and

705-15]

A.D.

IN

CONQUESTS

In 93 A.ll. Coteiba

Shah

if he

would

deliver

him

the

Oxus, and

having

offered

from

rebellious

365

ASIA

crossed

again

the

Khowarizm,

CENTRAL

him

marched

A.ll.

cattle

10,000

brother.

on
so-

'

Campaign

The

against
11

"

11

rebels

brother

and

routed,

were

and

4000

his followers

made

were

the

to

over

T-i

death.

to

put

prisoners

1 he

Samar-

'^'^"'^^'

Shah, who

93

slew

them

was

recalled

now

off the

Moslem

Coteiba

thus

"

"

in

Making

they have

broken

truly the

"

unto

Nadir

long, and

out

Fearing

Coteiba

agreed
; but

the

had

retire

first he

on

the

the

and

destroyed
and

place.

He

said

prophesied, but

have

wild

heavily

trom

Kho.asan

Natives

in

pain
the

of

next

contingents of horse
lavourite

policy

and

in

City

of

and

would

kept

was

repeated

be

Caliphate
ravaged by

conqueror's
families
settled

were

dared

is

Syrian

some

Damascus

none

the

terms.

he

Coteiba's

the

and

held

quota

that

the

Moslem

all disarmed

on

During

great

and

Mosque,

the

numbers

Soghcl

for

truly,that

Meantime

Samarcand.

on

were

night

at

penalty, and

Turcomans.

fell

too

were
fire-temples

but

spoken against ;

the

yet pay

these

The

heard

batter

and

it ; after

in

City

to

tribute
build

images burned,

much

would

sued

entered.

perfidy was
to

King

according to promise restored.-

not

The
up

enter,

hands

Coreitza

brought

heavy

must

Beni

"

our

and

Prophet."^
be

to

Khowarizm
the

The

"

troops

into

it,

upon

}-e have

us,

hand

brought
there

walk

; the

abroad

death.
two

or

from
the

the

three
tribes
of

East

aided

years,

had

he

by large Cukii)a'.s
^'"""
(the "'^''"'

subdued

using subject peoples

to

thcljorders
of

'Two

Jewish

tribes

destroyed

at

Medina,

Li/c 0/ iVahoiiic/, pp.

273,

,i07.
-

One

of the idols

immediatelydie.

was

Coteiba

held

sacred

so

seized

that

taken captivehere,
\'ezdegird,
Welid

had

was

dauiihter bv

sent

her.

to

who

anyone

torch, and with

lire; the golden nails in it weighed 50,000

h;irem.

II.

thrown

as

delivered

inaugurate religious service

evacuate

fallen

assault, the

an

to

deliver

of

engines

walls.

horsemen

He

hands

his

treaty with

will

as

the

into

their

Lord

even

us,

verily

are

had

descent

rapid

A.

Coteiba, who

on

Samarcand

addressed

speech

property

that

news

yoke.

Soghdians

and

their

the

by

wretched

"

"

conferred

and

loud Takbir

mithcals.

Damascus,

touched

and

it would
set

it

on

granddaughter of

taken

into the

royal

China,
94-96 A-H.

366
A. 1 1. SG-

/_^
Campaign
oil

WEI.

rivet their

chain

own

rciiAi.I.I.

ID

^),Cotciba

ward, takintjKhojend, Shush, and

till he

reached

and

Kashj^ar

his conquests

pushed
other

the

cities of

confines

for-

r^erghana,

of

China.

borders
.

of China,

tale

curious

China,"

coin

whom

and

Like

of

the

Indus, great
89-96 A. n.
714-717

would

load

of Chinese

the

future, as

in Central

of

of 6000

Indian

men,

he

capital,Deibul.

army

siege to

its

worked

by 500
it overthrew

Budd, from

the

which

the

the

Indus, where, surrounded

slain

in

rather

than

took
with

terms

which

Erahmin-abad

after

surrendered
the
"ruiian

the

on

discretion.

at

shrine
of

centre

their

idol.

of Gold."

In

95 A.H.,

Two

in the

It

made

and

hillycountry

and

from

the

levies

are

omen

the

to

Multan,

of attendants

Multan

of

to

put

were

crowd

have

queror
con-

made

having failed,

was

then

all quarters
India

incredible,and
said

the

invested

Gateway

was

maidens,

having

water

captive.

spoilwas

native

20,000

parasangs

"

was

The

Bokhara, Kish, Nusaf,

-

and

fightingmen

families, with

of Budd,

and

Then

treasure.

Biyas

The

The

their Palace, and

pilgrimage,people coming from

worship the
House

fire to

prolonged siege, the

sword, and

taken.

the

of

temple

flag.

wife

by storm,-

Ror, crossed

shot

stone

elephants, he

His

all their

with

tJic Bride,

named

famous

his

by

suffer dishonour, set

consumed

were

laid

King fled, and Ibn

city,pursued him across

engagement.

severe

and

the

Casim, leavinga garrison in the

the

the

first

well-ap-

Sind

City,and

of

Casim,
the

was

on

its great red

enemy

ibn

With

advanced

pinnacle

flaunted

into

terror

border.

laid waste

men,

scene

all overcast.

Mckran,

catapult

he

campaign

suddenly the

ba"^

reached

now

this

on

royal youths

had

Asia, Mohammed

governor
the

on

four

shall see,

we

release

to

trample on,

Coteiba

While

of

Kmg

possessionof the

soil to

seal.

who,

take

Caliph's death

Ilajjajand

pomted

struck

his

tlie

"

tribute,and

conquests.

conqueror

from

of

way

his

'^"^-

that

he

it-

with

mterview

an

oath

Cotciba

cousin

-i

Mandarin,

tidingsof

changed

"

border

by

limit of his

Campaign

ot

imprint

to

received

Casinion

an

him

of Chinese

is

told

IS

from

land, sent

the

"

probably

"

Coteiba

on

iir

followed

and

double

Coteiba

to

the

the
from

Khowarizm.

the later Mansura

of Belochistan.

"

the \'ictorious.""

Spoken

of

as

705-15]

A.D.

whole

ADVANCE

of

cost

Hajjaj

the

the

here, enjoying
of

Welid's

ward.

Ibn

his

further

A.H.

S6^'

rested

east-

progress

with

Irac, where,

to

Casim

by

splendidconquests, tidingsProgress of

arrested

recalled

was

his

estimated

was

While

pieces.

fruits of

decease

He

which

expedition,

sixty milHon

at

367

INDIA

ON

certain

arms

in

l"^'-^'

other

100-125

of

adherents
With

Hajjaj,he

Ibn

al

further

years

Mohallab's

Athir

the

their

them

summoned

II

they

received

little

later,Joneid pushed

Arabian

the

east.

But

Most

of the

them

in

from

"

be

their

under

strained

be

the

pursued
the

As

war,

'

of

by

with

the
side

Weil
the

with

Hisham,
for
and

"

Asia.

view, that

"

is to

object

idols

India

of

say,

Life of Alahoiiicl,
p.

our

subject !^"^j^^"*

now

be
443.

Heathen-

an

tolerated

Mahometan

profess their
by

were,

exemption,^
But

idolaters

utterly rooted

had

new

the

been
have

we

longer

no

might

says

left stand-

the

Coran,

was

and

of the

to

end, and

It

hold

was

By

within

in

to

naval

were

policy still,as
"

time.

there

Parsees

the

feeble foot-

Zoroaster.

But

remarks,

Allah,

India

continue

bitter

Abbassides."

even

of

the

That

and

Temples

plain teaching of

Central

heathen.

the

to

in

turned.

"

which

on

still farther

treatment

might

pious

(the Protected)

disallowed.

Book

"

pursued

'

in

the

in

rule ; and

policy hitherto

"

that

not

Christians

habitual

'

of the

tolerated.

worship

of

Such,

out.

The

waned

weak

interpretation,brought

to

to

of

Mahfuza

on

here

noted

Moslem

followers

were

Casim

bounds

again

accession

Idolatry was

faith

India

departure

law, Jews and

as

in

blessed

altogethernew
ing, and

at

expeditions, both
forth.
Things, however,

remained

should

races.

court

Ibn

days

Moslem

Islam

his

which

sent

ing until the

It

the

of

Islam,

In the

names.

fortified camp

the

military, were
"

embrace

of

one
sun

princes relapsed into heathenism,

check,

Historian,

fixed

Vi"''^^

the

States.

several

to

prestige of

founded,

was

shone

a.h.

few

Habib,

princes displaced by

protected, to

as

India.

now

died.

anticipate

of Sind,

governor

allowed

in

which

family (on

Ror, and
Omar

rule

and

torture

here

may

Moslem

the

courtly favour),as
return,

we

the

to

put

was

was

the
seen,

leaf

was

Holy

conversion

dropped.

worshipped,

Side
if

only

368
A.H.

86^'

"

tribute

duly

were

this

Throughout

;ui(lAsia

generally by leaders

.Minor.

inroads
from

reverses

Caspian
other

That

Western

Musa

already

the

Moslem

of

farthest

two

sons,

pushed

In

successive

in

the

the

the

to

"Africa"'

"

the

known.

few

Berbers
^

long

account

of

treasure

recovery

church

323

shipswas

further

converted

were

the
captives,

being thus

years

and
A,H.,

having

Moslem

and

the

brought

under

Morocco,
of the

"

Coran

the

in

people

faith.''

successful

foot, and
Sardinia.''

Maving
lieutenant

Tangier, as

at

the

to

Berbers, took

Readers

on

the

Sus

at

last
of

solidated
con-

with

conquests

at

and

Taric
for the

name

the traditions

But

set

of

successivelybefel

the

"

al

predecessor

Musa

bounds

the

westward
.stretching

conquests

Atlantic.

the entire number

freedman

Fifth of the

The

to

Egypt,

His

Moslem

Majorca

on

wa.s

Eg}'pt to the

from

i'Xbd

districts,now,

the

also

were

of

engagements

instruct

to

made

and

prisoners,-and

expeditions
his

of

of

Egypt, by

overthrew

completely

appointed

established

all

content

Governor

that

authority. Opposition ended,

descents

the

on

BuL

here

Ruler

older

power

west.

and

Cairowan

population,even

Naval

be

of

disasters

his

multitudes

and

the

at

incredible

were

Turks

the conquest

dcpendenc)'.

retrieved

he

his

before

west

Caliph

was

Tlemsen,

native

success.

must

the

to

the

army

of his

notable

appointed

A.II.,

59

"Africa"^

had

the

Greeks,

withstand.

to

against

reign fade

itself,we

coast

which

aid

for

in

^lediterranean

708

the

outline.

was,

A/.iz, brother

were

yearly

victory which, though demanding

briefest

-Urica,
A.i).

was

made

little able

with

this

armies, commanded

Minor, which

campaign

of

chapter

in

treat

'"

A.II.

undertaken

was

separate

Campaign

89

conquests

Spain.

home,

land.

pagan

royal blood,

Asia

and

nearer

In the year

the

I.I.

under

even

largely a

Moslem

reign

Armenia

into

remained

of

thus,

And

i)aid."

rule, India

Mahometan

I'logressin

[('IIAl'.

WKi.in

of the
and

discomfited

300,000

we

are

that

by

liable
100

to

to

historian
a

A. 11.

touch
"

the

of

60,000

adds,

ever

"

romance.

whole

of the

A. 11. ;

of the

Islam."

given

cast

told

are

state, amounted

the greatest, our

"

regardingMu.sa

on

to

is

.share of the

of the

into the

riches of the

finallyin
; after

400,

which

capture of its liarbour,92

sea,

and

secreted

spoil. Other
when,
no

in the roof of the

descents

are

however, the Moslem

attempts

were

made

on

great

mentioned
fleet of
the island.

135
120

705-ir.]

A.D.

returned

his

to

The
Roderic

of

Ceuta,
domain.

from

invaders

African

occurred

It

from

the

tions

with

with

which

the

the

the

under
the

Musa.
the

Spain.
; but

trial,Musa
of

returned

with
the

repeat

at

Spain^

the

with

drive

be

crossed

an

that

him, Gibraltar,^

From

Descent

on

"

gT"

J"ly
7 10

A. D,

And

of

and

longed

to

thus

Musa,

chieflyBerbers
disposalof Taric,

possession of

straits,took

by

ships

name,

army

men,

the

at

close

four

his

scale.

of 7000
at

of

sea,

descent

easy

the

larger

and

year,

in

men

still bears

Arabs,

some

Next

consent.

made

rich

ease

invitingprospect

hundred

few

the

Usurper
friendlyrela-goA.n.

interview,the

the

a. h.

the

into

might

gave

of

help

Caliph, fearing the

it was
explained how

force

the

The

upon

placed

after

Musa's

by

9"

by

spoil so

who, crossing the

called

period ruled
Julian,ruler of

now

86-

;_

that

place that

freedmen, with

and

A.IL

was

Tarif, who

attack

emboldened,

Musa

west,

lured

when

sent

command
near

the

bitterlyopposed.^
part also of Julian's

strait

narrow

in

coast

this

might

opposite shore, he

of

way

at

Entering therefore
he explained at an

first hesitated

was

him

to

East, he

throne.

campaign

wan.

Count

side,

Musa, nothing loth, was

a

Cairo

was

whom

in

against Tangier, was

over

the

on

Spain
to

usurper,

lying

coast

headquarters at

kingdom

369

SPAIN

districts

newly conquered

the

over

OF

C0N(2UESr

the
he

thence

fortress

ravaged

Roderic, receiv- virg2A

adjacent country of Algezira,^when
h
to repel the invader. April
ing tidings of the descent, hastened
Taric, apprised of this through Julian and his followers,

the

appealed
12,000

to

men,

Roderic.
the north

of

uncertain.

his

met

on

there

Roderic,

daughter,which

tory, and

the

Hallam

we

For

was

also is so

to

Spanish nobles
are

of

banks

told,had

the

the

the

the

the
Jebel-Taric,

24

hill of Taric.

him

now,

with
of

Guadalete,

to

the

issue

Spanish

was

camp.

Roderic, buoyed with

used
taken

to

be

but for

sent

to

Court

the

to

be

advantageof it to dishonour
Gibbon

the
rejects

story it is immaterial.

our
'^

"

sent

great army

week

of this bitterness.

cause

inclined

able

was

treachery in

was

party opposed

daughtersof

The

:ducated ; and

the

who

Musa,

to

ground against

Sidonia.

Medina
But

numerous

ulian's

hold

They

troops

reinforced, Taric

Thus

Arabs.

5000

The

additional

for

Arabic

iox peninsula.

WE

370

A. 1 1. S()-

the

recross

Arabs, satiated

the

that

hope

96.

and

sea,

spoil,would

with
the

leave

claimant, fought feebly,

Taric's

[Chat.

I.in

and

throne

last

at

soon

its

proper

way.

The

to

gave

t.t.

victories.
End

force

Spanish

of

ix. 92

A. 11

the

spoil had

retiring, the

stormed

Mcija; and, daily swelled

land.

afar

The

hills and

fortresses,vainly fancied

Cordova
still

fearful report

the

that

besieged by

These, delivered

from

had

inhabitants
Galicia.

But

make

the

it

by

was

land

93

Leaving

all

by

but

the

far

policy of
the

of

in

days

of cities which

as

so

by promise

the

io^w to occupy.

some

And

Jews.

threw

now

charge

too

means

to

The
as

even

the

Arabs

people

were

security,toleration

religion if only preached unostentatiously,and

their

the

establishment

the

hills,carried there

all

value

fell

Solovion,

of

with

set

precious stones,
jewel, Taric
of

space

Spain, and
in the

Christian

for

the

rubies

two

and

put every

reduced

With

the

Table

of
of-

manner

this

less
pricethe

of

greater part

flightthat

to

enemy

all

beyond

Toledo, having within

to

years,

relic

famous

having 360 feet.

returned

city beyond

safety,a

hands,

pearls and
and

In

courts.

perhaps

Taric's

into

A.H.

him

no

back

for

short

in

terror,

desert.

gradually tempted

of

in

all

and

Conquerors

(how different from

themselves

all fled

the

to

capital,which

thraldom,

placed

were

the

the

generals, Taric, guided

deserted

Christian

found

Conquerors

his

and

flesh.

Toledo, the

to

invaders

! ),and

of Mahomet

to

the

lot with

their

the

of

found

he

human

over

fled

impregnable

spread by

on

one

by Julian,hastened
astonishment

his

fed

they

victory,

captured

people everywhere

overrun.

quicker,at

expected.

with

by fresh contingents

were

province

themselves

Solomon,

Granada

and

Malaga

flight

reward, spread themselves

rich

effect

flushed

Arabs,

his

in

the

not

of

the

Table

Roderic

Instead

the

taken.

routed, and

But

drowned.

scenting from

Toledo

was

dared

meet

to

field.
.

splendid exploits of

The

Descent
.

of

Musa,

ix. 93

To

envious.

rival

his

A.H.

June

'712A.D.

large

force

Spain,

93
him

and
A.H.

would

many

Guided

his

success,

warriors
in

Lieutenant

he

set

of
course

himself

out

note,

made

and

which

Musa
with

landed

in

Julian promised

eclipsethe glory of Taric, he struck

out

5/

A. II. St!-

.Miisa

the

A.

n.

could

achievement, the
the

straits

of

his

son

placed
at

one

Gibraltar.
Abd

al Aziz
sons

uncontrolled, than
The

-Musa's

114

marvellous

equilibrium of

A.I),

thus
marked

him

carried

with

out

him

things,laden
multitude

of

maidens,

Musa

of

astonished

stayed
al
"

Progress

commands,
demands

reached

the

"

high

lands

out

in the
of the

their

attendant
in

the
At

their

gaze

Cairo

marks

is

cast

of

in

an

whom

to

that

Welid.

of

into

prison, and

of
he

favour

overlooking

the

cityof Lugo,
camp," etc.

he

green

seized

their attendant

extravagant style.

to

Caliph,

new

all his

such

heavy

poverty,
When

his
reach

not

from

him

ocean.

the

owed

did

laid

reduced

was

he

he

The

coldl}-,
deposed

virginswith

Thirty thousand

story of Musa

Egypt,
slow

so

him, that he

arrived

him

him
him

cast

upon

""messenger
marched

thus

was

Soleiman, received

"

of

till after the death

Damascus

precious

captives

rich

He

friends,especiallythe family of his patron Abd

Aziz, the late governor

rise.

"

distributed

already

camels.

passed along.^

he

as

time, and

some

his

among

people

and

progress,

and

Gothic

his

make

to

and

with

the

danger.

rare

waggons

the

excuse

doubt

subject

few

disturbed

strange attire,following in his train, attracted

the

more

but

with

"

no

of

the

moment.

triumphal

of

ment.
govern-

Perhaps

hardly

had

to

Musa

power

have

to

birth

noble

crowed

vast

of

store

lines of

virgins of

and

the

or

Conqueror

countless

endless

on

as

the

Africa.

at

which

Court

at

back

command,

fame,

recalled

justifythe suspicions

unparalleled

of

in

put

this will

royal and

head

Western

But

led the

through Africa

return

also

sufficient

mind.

any

which

indiscretion

the

Musa

were

face southward:

quitting Spain,

at

Carrying

their way

made

achievements

in history
parallels

II

of their

wider

of

that

"

06

scenes

over

enjoyed

ever

his

were

camp

howev^er, felt that

disobeyed.

Before

sterner

of the

c^ut

now,

be

with

Lugo,

turned

the

Cairowan, the other

family

no

turned

Conquerors

two

other

Two

was

who

him, he

marching through

so,

to

longer

no

with

him

Me

imperious Conqueror,
therefore

and
"

mandate.

summons

Taric

followed

messenger

immediate

b}' the

ic-

95A.H.
713

sccoiul

and

'

\('\

F.I. in

the

and

second

reins of his mvile and

maidens"

but

the whole

705-ir,]

A.p.

released, forced

when

To

living.
whom

supposed, by

heartless

part,"justlyadds
retired

The

fall of both

end

for the
The

private life,for

into

of

Welid

abroad.

There

of

in which

Omar,

is

We

glorious

was

other

no

Islam

the

who

tells

that,

us

tyrant, he is in

eyes

the

and

ruler
illustrious,

Commanders

'

powerful
of

but

Another,

reached

Musa

our

dates, is

rt)mantic, and

more

the

Taric, as the conqueror

and

not

such

as

presented
"what

then," said Taric,

Musa

could

not

Musa

curious

Himself

to

him

make

to

low

threshold
She

"

"

him

made

orders for his death

fell upon
"

'

question,
tyrdom,
And

it

of

"

look

we

only

depreciation

table."

self
himTaric

"

had

it

kept

And

(see former

by

Welid

so

him

him

Ask

"

for

note).

justsuch

satisfied that

was

my

was

him

Dost
son

thou
; for

counted

the
as

as

al! had

Roderic's

might

time

he

to

recogniseit?

sent
'

to

to

came

in

griefat

his chamber

he exclaimed,

of Soleiman's

had
the

followers

held'that

his father with

trulythey did slay thee

one

being-

prayer),she

on*

Soleimao,

regal and independent power,

assume

praying

was

followers

His

Others

a.h.

son.

widow, who

they approached

as

jewelled

his father

was

stoop

crown.

renegade,97

the head

When

His

of the country.

(as resemlilingprostration

al Aziz
at

Aziz, Musa's

al

at

wear

as

of Abd

llie influence of Roderic's

adopt the princelyhabits

made, through which

also

before him.
"

follows

as

denied.

lost foot

tlie death

he fell under

man,

this conspiredto slay him

probablyfearingthat Abd

his enemies

given of

courtly obeisance

throne.

sent

respect

spoilsbelongingto

Musa

the

(who

Welid

all the

court, in

at

the

his, which
of

is

Solomon's

was

wanting piece.

is also

account

excellent

an

persuaded
slow

of

reallytreated Taric badly.

had

the

the
"

Caliph,

Taric

whereupon

occasion) produced

an

tell

solidated.
con-

borders

(which, if

himself

among

become

has

yet alive

was

and

that the. prizewas

this claimed

upon

the

to

was

Mussulman

the

From

vaunted

improbable). He
of Spain ;

to

of

',.'^,j",^

amongst

narraiive
likely,

less

Welid

while

Damascus

that

in every

greatest, and

Faithful."

the

even

supporting Hajjaj, call

"

"

him.

Grandeur

and

although

"

of his

most

a.d.

and

judgment

historians, because

the

a.h.

must

home

at

abroad

spread

so

both

"

"

g;
7i5

an

ungrateful

an

"

the

of

more

no

son

Caliph's

excepting

reign,not

safely accept

may

impartial Weil,

_'
niurdered,

also

Taric

Khalid,

SG-

great Conquerors of their age.^

three

era

of

that

resembles

Aziz,

with

the

on

hear

we

; and

father

error

A.li.

assassinated, Musa's

the

to

annalist.

Arabian

the

al

Abd

son

of

means

Damascus

from

grievous

"a

"

the

Spain,was

in

head

his

sent

insulting message:
have

him

orders

secret

Soleiman

his

misfortune,

his

to

373

his friends

from

beg

to

left to succeed

he had

is

as

add

GREATNESS

LID'S

WE

in

'
"

court, and

the Coran

with
the

Welcome

that

CiJiph'scruel
to

thy mar-

thy pietyand uprightness.'

cliief misdeeds."

A. II. So-

'^'

iind

China
word

made

and

the

If

him

knew

he

hold

first

the

did

shall

last,we

to

Caliphate

the

than

any

other
the

between

jjowerful

least, held

the

at

predecessor. Looking
find

not

annals

the

in

of

that

than

glorious reign

more

and

Hoi}-

large with

at

his

convenient

the

balance

the

facture
manu-

to

pilgrims

ruled

than

He

interest

an

kingdom,

exception, Wclid,

an

take

perhaps

of

hospitals,
lame.

Vv^ells at

the

More

to

check

in better

of

be

Hajjaj

it from

at

how

and

aged, blind,
so
encouraged
; and
with

to

Damascus,

at

and

travellers,notably of
for.

began

Mosques

one

to

1,1.

Atlantic, his
arts

schools

throughout

and
tribal rivalries,

hand.

the

Roads,

places,speciallycared
Arabian

beautified
founded

markets

made

of

Caliph,

the

design, that people began

were

comfort

and

and

their advancement.

stations,

the

culture

for the

provision

and
in

to

established

He

frequentlyvisited

Indus

and

Jerusalem,

still exists.

the

reign

enlarged

and

which

of

In his

He

Medina

reign.

banks

the

law.

was

nourish.

Wclid's

[("HAT.

WF.I.rD

374

Welid.
Wclid

As

mild

his mildness

proof of

of him
sceLdw!*^

that

when

in

Medina

and

made

large presents

of

the

Mosque
with
he

rise up

Said

"

at

cried the

thankful
Faithful

"

"

Caliph.
aged

of

in admiration

plicitywhich

the

the

alone

would

tried

others

doth

"

neither
the

divert

his

race

but

thou,

art

Very well,

"

am

the

Welid,
and

homeliness

of

exclaimed

rebuked

have

How

Commander

the

vanishing

might

ments
improve-

slightestmovement

"

how

fast

the

"

replied:

man

to

pany
com-

uncourtly worshipper;

Without

last of

The

the

recognised him.

once

say, and

to

leisure

man

court

in

worshippers,that

old

from

people, the

the

to

Caliph. Omar

the

salutation,the

or
"

and

saw,

One

made.

salute

of

visited

Pilgrimage, he

on

might inspect at

of his cousin

attention

"

he

had

nor

Welid

cleared

was

Omar

A.H.

91

consideration, it is tcjld

and

as

sym-

uncourtly

rudeness.
Death

It has

of

vI.^qVa.h.
place
l''"^^^-

favour
be

his

been

already noticed

brother

of his

own

accomplished

Soleiman
son.
:

but

He
the

that

from
died

Welid

wished

to

dis-

being Heir-apparent
before

effect

was,

the
not

in

change could
the

less,

to

A.D.

705-15]

create

an

intense

Hajjaj,

both

OF

of

feeling

especially

Soleiman,
of

DEATH

of

LID

had

in

resentment

and

the

of

adherents

the

VVelid

encouraged

mind

in

nearly

was

ten

3-ears.

forty-five

at

his

death,

and

he

had

A.

H.

1_^
his

design.
Welid

37

Coteiba

towards
whom

WE

reigned

86-

CHAPTER

LII

SOLEIMAN

96-99

Soleiman,

SOLELMAN

7i/'"d.

succeeded

saying

for

changed

with

divorce

by

Soleiman

the

and

of the

the

of

was

and

the

waned
of

Key
for

his

the

of

recitation

Empire

Omar

nominated

weakened

.^

at,

connivmg
murder
the

of Abd

their
in

India,

recalled

the

evil

an

(now

the

Islam

in

al

under

blessing,

"

successor.

of

administration

the

Spain

by

Government.

Asturias,
Casim,

in

East

Soleiman

of

the

called
But

by

stood

day.
on

the

hated

Welid

of

towards

they

the

In

an

army

miscounting

the

all

adherents,

to

his

well

enmity

hour,

join

he

him

influence,

came

of

declined.

the

he

evil

of

progress

prestige

the

rose

Mohallab

of

Hajjaj,

from

376

Hajjaj,

caused

his

invader

sons

its

Musa

mountainous

successful

the

the

"

followed,

the

and

father

the

succeeded,

who

death

that

and

of

one

slackened,

the

which

of

order,

of his

neglect

actually

not

the

under

house)

,,

follower

follower

And

far

did

able

Appointed
of

and

the

Ibn

as

Coteiba,

favourite

himself,

he

in

north.

end.

bitterness

the

Aziz,

...

profiting by

consternatiou.

danger

mdeed

favoured

With

Rebellion

conquerors

region

to

II

"

Christians,

upon

Coteiba.

he

Court

talk

the

(the

the

-girls, marriage,

austerity,

called, indeed,

art

Omar's
of

as

'

in Spain

East.

first,

slave

prowess

was

only because

Declension

and

The

He

of

third,

night.

Soleiman.
but

the

the
of

second,

fashion

went

for

was

living;

The

With

It

turn

good

devotion.

the

with

Welid's
and

accordingly.

culture;

Coran

for

follow)

to

Harem

throne.

tlie

to

once

that

the

A.D.

715-717

at

Damascus

at

Soleiman's
next

A.H.

utmost

the

knew
and
of
set

Yezid,
up

against
he

the

for
the

fatally

715-17]

A.D.

YEZID'S

the

overshot

mark.

banner.

his

the

of

conqueror

Turk, Cotciba

by

ns

than

Yezid

heedless
Yezid

sufficed for
obtained

closed

Merve

the

nearly
the

b}^

short

cut

by

Aas

lues,and

no

rebellious

nunication
uit had

of the

so

long

the

name,

dared

to

It

set

to

attacked

ito

their

Jorjan ;
where
defiles,
^

and

reign

native

directed

of

Othman.

Rulers,
that

and
be

Merve, and

made

an

of

of

their

inaccessible
to

southern
and

com-

cir-

travellers

important object to

Starting from
were

sufferingmuch

Jorjan, Tabaristan, etc.

But

conscious

barrier
a

by troops

its defenders

after

Caspian
by Said

overrun

foot within

therefore

was

been

his

strong, of

of the

region formed

This

Irac

aside

were

recess

he

Coteiba,

withholding payment

ever

region.

the

as

efforts

cast

Arriving

iOO,000

His

had

seen,

ago

would

casting

now

army,

Arabs.

and

he

prevailed on

of

outbreak

a.h.

exchequer

Khorasan.

him

his boast

interveningspace.

ist

the
he

i,.ac,

undertake

that his conquests

af.er the

have

consequently
the

officer to

i"

barely 9^

Damascus,

at

Ve/id
succeeds

",

unpopularity

mcur

Hajjaj,which

financial

the south-eastern

we

Asia.

of

give

to

were

between

Central

expenditure

boast

lead

as

one

to

at

was

"

extravagance,

good

strength, were

educe

stained

Caliph's minion,

unwilhng

own

year

lying on

tract

al

though tributary in

or

to

of the

one

name

Finding, however,

shade,

6o,ooo

some

Sea,^ which,

md

career

Ml-

of

the vain

luxuries,took

Lheir

his

the

lavish

task.

make

libn

his

assessments

severe

to

the

and

Irac, but

against his

into

felt bound

to

not

were

nomination

Caliph, by

Iwhom

been

Islam,

now

ungrateful

1at

had

to

the

the

Coteiba's

collectingthe

the

door.

He

came

terrible

more

very

so

of him

said

was

zvas

Mohallab,

of

son

appomted

thus

It

his

And

Kashgar,

tJic ivoiid's end

bloodshed,

the

end.

of

eleven

and

opposmg

rebellion.

hrst

our

of

and

treachery

at

at

greatest heroes

in

dishonoured

an

Caliph.

the

offering to

9G-

following,he

of

Bokhara, Samarcand,

and

untimely

an

under

those

A.ll.

.99

scanty

with

head,

welcome

but

The

respond.

not

ralhed

with

thus

Fighting

brethren, sent

to

did

troops

hostile, and

was

slain, and

was

The

faction

Yemen

177

SUCCESSES

Merve,

Yezid

driven

back

hardship they

And

Kho

gt^'^^j,

378
A.II.

OiJ-

_111
Vc/iil's

lorjan

:\n(l labar-

Here

terms.

to

came

mii^ht vie

with

although

all who

Yezitl

Coteiba
had

in

first

L^ave

well

cruelty as

made

terms

^^^(^q^ slaiu

niiunnerable

ravaged,

^vas

in

blood.^

cold

Leaving

driven

within

drawn

punished, they
treaty,

fall upon

to

.\larmed
made

his

at

would

not

.j-^j-j^g^^
^^
and

miles, with

reported
boast
w^ould
To

Unsuc-

held
of

fulfilled

City

the

to

success

counterbalance
^^^

in

an

corn

and
who

conqueror,

adjoining valley,

an

the

ghastly
the

lined

returning
with

proaches
ap-

left,for

the

on

enormous

Merve,

to

vainglorious
such

sum,

as

pieces for the Fifth.^^

the victories
of

of

months,

seven

and

Yezid

he

City,strongly

also

right hand

man.

Jorjan,

to

overlooked
He

bread

The

Caliph, and

mortification

to

Khalid) that

inhuman

oath.

the

This

plain.

Merve, Ye/.id

eaten

for

that

impaled bodies.^

his

had

out

mill

his

on

of

that

the

the

severely

turning back

of his victims
a

following

slay them

enemies.

magnified the booty into

have yielded four million
^^^

'^^^

his

upon

the

to

into

off from

; and

till he

of

Moslems

Jorjan, breaking their

cut

(similar to

hands

the

so

of

Tabaristan

stream

the

defiles, whence

men

eminence,

an

on

Deilem,

Thither

being thus

blood

the

by

and

garrison,and

butchering thousands

scene,

in Central

finding the

Asia, Solei-

preparations

vast

on

Constan-

96-98 A.H.
714-716
A.D.

discomfited

stay his sword

fell into

then

the

oath

great

swore

planted

"ittack

was

the

rear

with

peace

ground

Jorjan.

Gilan

pursued again

were

the

dangerous

encouraged

reverse

Tabaristan, where

hills.

the

into

Jorjan, he

in

4000

nuilti-

I'rince,not-

withstanding help from

were

HisciucUy

to

and

-T

south-west

marched

and

111

for

...

taken,

captives
r"

"^""'

^'

conquest

as

he

spared,the countr)-

were
.

istan,

qS.v.ii.

proof that

'

c.impaiijii
in

[('HAi'.
111.

SOI.EIMAN

made

to

death, Welid
capital by
f
Minor

"'

had
sea,

fitted out
while

co-operated by

Tradition

places the number

Tradition

varies

"

Another

not

to

at

attack

to

from

Byzantine

the

Armenia

14,000,

from

which
12,000

seems

Asia

and

Everything appeared

the numbers

his

before

Shortly

to

favour

hardly credible.

to 40,000;

but here

again

incredible.

seems

tradition

danger of making
was

as

fleet

land.

statement

useless.

columns

"

the

see,

Constantinople

storm

so

says

six millions.

extravagant

misplaced.

an

His

secretary warned

estimate,a warning which,

him
as

we

of the

shall

3 So

A.

II.

Solcinian

96-

and
Suleiman
cruel

["

SO/.EIMAIV

such

as

used

was

to

Handsome

eunuchs.

cruel

(jiil}'

not

was

in

but

dissolute

his

guard
mien

Marem

by

feature,

and

jealous

and

of

related

of

it

is

watch

and

him

dissolute.

that

Dabic,

at

himself

looked

at

kingly

youth

thinkest
in

sang
"

'"

"

"

thou

thou

in

said

but

"

for

)'ct

that

died

by

of

like

the

is

thee

in

see

ridicule

the
them

in

his

no

that

them,

is

must

having

week,

half

of

if

joys,

"

and

she

there

thou,

within

What

"

best

mankind

the

not

thinking,"

the

can

only

Am

"

was

art

blemish

he

said,

he

turban,

and

admiring

thou

excepting

}'ears

against

and

her.

that

No

robe

green

stood

to

remain

And

two

to

laugh

slave-girl

verse,

away."

Farazdac

mirror,

"

men,

reigned

the

here.

other

pass

in

he

wouldest

"

the

stinging

and

company

which

verses,

turned

adroitly

he

so

ridiculed

the

failure

the
their

of

chieftain.

own

The

to

"

plaintive

continuing

in

arrayed

with
should
without
Court

first

captive

of

great-grandson
a

of

captive
have

any

under

brought

been

comment

Soleiman

Aly,

to

rank.

It

shown

towards

or

up,

Patrician,

behead.

is

expression

was

The
incredible

almost
human

of

life.

surprise.

assigned

as

Jarir

poet

But
How

so

low

mark
also

was

such

that

of

despite

heartless

read,

we

the

morale

honour

honoured

and

that
of

the

CHAPTER

LIII

Omar

A. II.

99-101

parably

more,

Caliphs

both
albeit

tinged

stables

court

modest

obeyed

husband's

slave-girls
bear

him
it

the

declared

first oration
would

in

and

for

them,

divines.

His

questionable
by

the

attention

and

them

such

which

that

like,
it

while

pious

those

only

just

was

The

public

Life of iMaho/iief,
381

his
and

that

him

led

expediency.
for

join

thronged

was

scruples

Prophet

to

found

soon

longer

pp.

his

51S.

In

right.
Court

all
his

Poets,
was

and

no

devout
into

at

who

company

sometimes

to

expect

him.

charity,^ but
486,

had

and

wept,

by godly

demesnes

and

before

as

from

parted

be

not

they

of

wives
he

now

no

she

succeeding

benevolence

leave

to

Abd

and

other

as

must

the

she, mindful

his

that

them,

own

to

her

but

the

his

father

Yezid

Calling

they

invited

with

them,

told

steeds

her

by

brother

her

royal

surrender

live

longer

would

doing

her

7i7

just

of

preferred

wife

given

empire,

to

they
he

help

Orators,

place

same

that

his

declined.

of

open

was

bade

he

piety,

the

Caliphate,

Fadak,
some

11.,

sept^^'"'

moderation,

prancing

restore

Omar

him,

to

; but

no

to

wish,

weight

the

from

of

offered

throne,

from

death,

Omar's

on

him

Omar

other

eminently

was

the
the

jewels

could

he

else

the

but

He

costly

the

Melik,

her

choose

to

that

rule

before

equipage.

treasury

to

all

unaffected

uprightness,

to

assuming

On

brought

grooms

to

life, and

peaceful.

and

led

bigotry,

An

him.

incom-

from

also

but

both,

after

and

with

of

simplicity

al

before

differed

Omar

Welid,

from

only

not

A.D.

717-720

from

differed

Soleiman

If

II

acts
served
re-

time

a-i'-

,8j
A. 1 1. 9!"101.

Pious ami

bigoted,
but just.

OMAR

back
of

\vron"^rully
appropriated by

the

Court,

this,with
in the

resinnptionsof

the

house.

Royal

rescriptaddressed

the

exalt
Moslems

from

pitifulin exacting
it

bigotry or
he

have

religion of
to

appealed

to

back

sought

prosel}'tiseby

cityMosque,

he

restored

Hitherto
tinues
imthe Empire,
precation

them

imprecation
led

in the

passage

this

practice

had

teaching

Omar
of

had

Egypt

; but

right and
and
The

he

of

the

abolition

did

and

in

duty

holy

it when

after

doubt

man,

from.

Governor
wise
other-

cessation,however

Omeyyad
the

to

the

Medina,

at

reign,
of

house
death.

Omar's

kindness

departed

the

no

thought, by

by

discontinue
the

The

use.

of

he

never

Caliphate

no

the

under

sense

him

damage

resumed

was

into

stimulate

the

Aly.
But

ment
move-

taking shape against the ruling Dynasty.

now

second

In the

Irac

excepting
^

to

would

proper,

imprecation

its temporary

adopted,

give

their request,

been

P^

to

repliedthat

transfer

favour

risingin

he

his father

urged

had

schoolboy

denounced

been

law

When

enjoins justiceand
a

the

Welid

by

the

Friday throughout

on

withdrawn.

When

much

theirs, in compensation.

as
action, justified,

relatives.'-

the

to

concede

prayers

Coran, which

severest

none.

Damascus

turned

to

un-

favouring

churches, which

Public

now

towards

whose

unable

petitioncursing Aly

was

to

of

been

have

the

administering

John

other

the

in

St.

though

"

to

Discon-

of

Church

and

however

surpassed by

was

but

whatever

rule,and

Christians

the

by

the

doubt

to

them

none

hard

But

of

his

bade

creeds

impose.

to

its dictates,

the

also

other

and

of the Coran

verses

fanaticism

capitulationshould

Alv.

of

he

appoint

was

Islam, his justice in

according
them

He

those

lawful

was

even

may

lieutenants

his command.^

prejudiced

Christians:

and

quoting

and

ill-feeling

Islam

to

others, and

"

of

burdens

all

use
orit^inal

kind, created

Jews

his

offices of trust,

to

in support

on

of

to

faith,abase

true

their

devotion

His

against the employment

him

in

to

now

for the expenses

Merwan

restored

were

other

\r\\:

II

Coran

that
HI.

year

that

did

from
Ii8 and

of his
not

the
v.

58.

reign there
differ from

was

others

leniency of Omar
-

Coran

Theocratic
of
it
xvi.

its

kind,

gained
90.

A.D.

717-20]

PIETY

OMAR

OF

the

dangerous head, requiring

in

it down.

certainlyhere

His

weakness.

conduct

Though

SociaHsts

these
blood.
and

to

most

and

him.

Omar

Throne
the

was

could

The

to

their

faction

his

at

succession
been

his

equally

so

so

title

own

by Omar's

attitude,as

the

in

record

to

cessions
con-

the

were

dangerous

to

Elsewhere

by

endeavours

Among

the

Berbers

task

the

influence

to

these
so

in

kings

of

promise
of
Arabian

food

and

the

Arab

but

again,

marked

event,

embrace

in

divided
was

also

promote

version
con-

rescript to
Islam, with

privilegesand

they did,

in

But

were

To

addressed

all the

Islam.

to

therefore, to reduce

Saragossa.
to

were

mainly

were

nations

royal Mosque

This

race.

and

successfully

successful.

; and

easy

East, Omar

armament

carriage

thus

was

most

were

Conquerors.

names,

of

the

and

reign

of

the
the

nities
immu-

obtained

Hisham,

apostatised.
The
1

he

It is

died.

most

even

But

asserted
this is

that
not

fabrication of the Abbasside

they

set

one

however,
to

consistent

with

enemies

of the

in

the

poison his drink, and

other

and
traditions,

Omeyyad

line.

at

concern

Airica

Spain.

stantinople.
predecessors against Con-

convert

thereby enjoying

the

the

efforts of Omar

Sind, invitingthem

of

of

Christians, their lands

the

founded, in this reign, at

the

his

the

not

was

of

the

amongst

Efforts
conversion

first

in

withdrawal

the

marked

Spain

His

remained

supplies

and

Maslama,
out.

Omar.
_

what

by

Large
carried

adventure, militaryor

"^

bootlesslylaunched
to

of

of

reign

bring safely back

to

the

and

'^"""

would

it had

stimulated

was

irac,*

himself

Yezid

which

Kharejitc

What

he

with

interfere, as

prejudices;

'

sent

that

answer

;.

scruples

effect.

godless

authority from

much

is not

administrative,

so

without

by

forbade

their

9S"-

dynasty.^

There

was

heard

A.M.

grievances ^""

their

argue

the

put

first shed

had

plea that, though

not

family troubled

Omeyyad

to

but

only

could

same

derived.

their

their

to

men

characterised

they

them, he

saintly,yet

he

provided by

until

them,

was

orthodox

the

with

10,000

against him, he

leaders,

answered

him

end

arms

attacked

tenets

patiently and

succeed

be

for their

Sending

troubled

in

up

to

traitorous

was

was

383

II

reign

of

that of this
looks

Hke

384
A.M.

00-

101.
Tall of

Vczid,
99

A. II.

OJ/y/A'

Omar,

the

was

his

is said

; and

favourite

him

summoned

to

Yczid

Khorasan.

Asia.

Central
was

to

and

that

Omar

would

Finally, he

whom

he

intercede

for

son,

Omar
he

Omar

him, but

even

successor

where

he

On

guard,

raised

and

produce

due.

was

dress

to

an

dangerous aims

removed

him

to

His
to

came

him, saying that

over

Yezid

had

hypocrite ; he
he

dying shortlyafter,

service

; but

earnest

and

to

named.

place at Merve,

his father.

than

more.

the

bribed

vain

sanctimonious

in

terribh'

in

his

funeral

the

man

but

take

to

called

strict confinement.

in

kept

left

Caliph

people's

what

of his

in

report

had

prison

warned

held

the

must

good

coarse

place, the

was

had

better
be

to

him

he

he

performed

was

But

Sea.

isolated

where

make

was

prize

the

he

Yezid

in

banished

Red

Aleppo,

excuse

and

being

which

whole, and

was

that

in

even

the

of

he

Omar

in

thought

amount

of

than

that

achievement

never

exact

in Irac

protested

tyrant,

stewardship in

victories

reported
the

as

Damascus.

to

Yezid

had

the

in the

island

he

none

of

reckoning

his

vain

the

for

account

conducted

now

his

foot

set

sooner

magnify

made

eyes,

of

account

an

Mohallab.

dissatisfied with

give

so

In

become
him

letter of

the

to

have

to

of

\'ezicl,son

Omar, regarding

no

put in chains, and

him

of

arraignment

Soleiman

Even

rci.

//

had

to

Omar

effected

escape

his

dangerous rebellion,as

found

now

reason

hearing that

fancied

had
to

fear

his

sickened,
Bussorah,

shall in the

we

sequel see.
The

Religious
policy in
Khorasan.

the
more

policypursued

is another

recall of Yezid
intent

the

on

from

deputation of

loud

were

these

that the

the Faith

of

Asia

after

Caliph

than

cries of

on

was

temporal

harshness

and

Omar

of Khorasan.

professedconverts

the

Central

and

evidence

spread

There

asfSfrandisement.
exaction

in Khorasan

represent their grievances,

sent

for

and

finding their complaint well-founded, deposed Jarrah

the

Viceroy, and

joined

in

burdens,
To

the
and

consolidate

insisted

that

to

all who

said

the

creed, and

from
be exempt
religiousservices, should
footing as themselves.
placed on the same
his

countries,and

rule,he

stayed

called in the

the

sword

garrisonsand

lying
against out-

columns

that

717-20]

A.D.

had

been

the

HIS

CHARACTER

settled

in those

faith.

to

the

to

be circumcised

nowhere
"

The

; but

to call

burdens
the

the

be

the

but

imposed,

were

justice towards

the

adjoining

believers

aside.

consolidate

; to

And

in this

reign allowed, he
A

districts with

passages

bidden.
for-

fill Khorasan

to

contented
the

cast

his short

before

died

him.

Omar's

of

related

are

be

and

sword

transient

successful.

was

of seventeen

son

also

was

population of

as

he,

them."

ones

faith and
far

test

said

must

new

thus

the

policy so

of

Keligious

w^ere
fire-temples

or

destroyed : but the erection

The
was
policy of Omar

'_

elsewhere,

as

them

churches, synagogues,

circumcise

to

99-

willingnessKho?asan.

for Mahomet,"

faith,not

unbelievers

utmost,
No

Coran

to

in multitudes

their

by

A.H.

comfort

hearing of it,forbade
"

all

Throughout

parts.

tested

were

Omar

the

men

on

observed.

and

first they

At

enjoined in
sent

was

to

heathen

provinces retained,the people findingnow

advantages of conversion, began to flock

and

to

385

DEATH

AND

Some

touching Death
with

conversation

of

^"""
this '^^""'^

like-minded
in high religious
with him
was
youth, who
and
reform
to enforce
aspiration. He urged his Father
bring back societyto the primitivepracticeof what was
right. Omar
replied that he had done what he could by

gentle
his

as
"

"

but

means,

if Moslem

desired, it

son

there is

sword

the

by

is attractive

in the

what

for his

he

reign

people.

and

this
on

believed

bigoted ;

It

middle

and

he died, and
succeeded

according to
25

of

his

his brother

be

can

is much

that Attractive

amidst
relief,

at

cousin

morbid,

few,

are

'^

''^'^'^'^'"

lous,
over-scrupu-

if any,

throughout

pleasing impression

more

of Omar.
after

A.H.,

loi

Omar

buried

by

there
It is

be

might

that

than

half,that
was

which

treachery,to find a Caliph devoted

highestgood both for himself and

life leaves

mind

the

Omar.

there

but

the reader's
was

of

saint

whose
history,

years

was

the

The

reform

stirringevents,

and
bloodshed,intrigue,
to

in that

"

to

were

alone."

of

devoid

Though

be

regenerated
accomplished by force ; and

be

must

good," said he,

no

enforced

rule

sickened.
Dair

Saman,

Yezid,

Soleiman's

son

reign

In

Hims.

near

of

few

Abd

last will.

al

of

two

weeks
He

Melik,

Death

of

^J^"^j^^
loi

a.h.

720

a.d.

LIV

CHAPTER

Yezii)

101-105

Vezid

11,

lOI

A.

II.

720

A.

D.

when

namely,

of

his

of

the

new

accession
wife

serious

more

niece

was

the

favourite

out

for

Rebellion
of
son

had

took

; and

the

all of

the

from
that

ear

if

he

ever

would

cut

Yezid,

when

that

his

him
he

and

friends

around

the

fled

Governor,

raised

offer

free

himself,
rebellion
governors
At

to

Bussorah

with

the

pardon
and

Fars,

Kerman,
adherents

out

that

head,
and

to

other
of

he

free

was

he

slew

largesses

alarmed,

deeply
bitter
was

centres

Majjaj

from

numerous

Yezid

now

the

knew

and

by profuse

too

he

reason

Palace,

the

had

this

rallied

Caliph,

band
hus-

escaped

failings

and

Yezid

fight it

great

the

his

attacked

The

but

must

so

all

he

present

power,

For

succeed,

must

treasury,

force.

to

fiscated
con-

her

so

sickness,

last

There

having

so

seized

all

II

for

him,

gained
to

Omar's

the

came

pieces.

Bussorah.

threatening

of

Yezid

openhanded

and

thousand

heard

enemy

prison,

to

into

with

had

cry,

and

father;

that

as

turned

Patron

which

wealth

her

her

to

been

now

his

and

had,

son

it

his

Yemen

had

seen,

as

of

; for

family

Mohallab's

orders

of

Mohallab,

the

have

we

The

the

over

of

as

deaf

lion,
rebel-

jealousies

cause

the

the

Mohallab.

unfortunately

amount

threatened

of

son

Yezid,

out

inherited

II

throwing

whom,

quelled

"

tribal

so

up

turning

vast

wife

Caliph's

Yezid

; and

carried

himself,

Yezid

revived

Soleiman,

of

to

Ruler

been

hardly

Yezid

by Soleiman.

severity

great

namesake

Hajjaj,

sorely pursued

had

Irac

rising threatened

II

of

adherents

A.I).

720-724

in

Hajjaj

to

Yezid

faction,

A.n.

outbreak

Khai'cjitc

TllH

II

sent

mised
comproend.

able
in

The
send

to

the

fell

East.

into

his

388
A.II.

101-

VF.ZID

children

and

women

''"

fate of

the

was

Slaughter the

the

sold

into

slavery.'

prisoners at
slain.

Caliph's orders

[("jrAr.
uv.

II

l-'quallycruel

Kiifa,where

In

300

by

were

cc^npanies of twenty

and

of Muhal...

lab's lu
and

use

fol-

the\'
tlin-ty,

wcre

decapitated

in

cold

blood.

the

faction

of

some

Thus

them

the

wrath

against

house

perishedthe
and

of,

are

is but

The

^"^
102-T04
'

services

of

government

man,

called

dress

the

from

fortunate.

of

was

Ferghana,

inactivity. The

to

The

choice

became

in the

land),he

tent.

The

for

sent

prisonersin
the

ened
threat-

but

Merve,

help

overtures

grievously.

suffered

had

The

and

cruel

the

and

Persians

the

culprit,and

had

whole, 3000

on

apparentlyunlawful

act

which

having
wherewith

staves

in

slew

Arab

an

begun

by putting

their hands

only

of

murder

Soghdian residents,who

disarmed
themselves.

of

retaliated

Soghdians

Mussulman

hordes

arrive,the

general

of Arabians

(fornumbers

fell upon

did

Moslem

the

reached

the

made

two

far

was

dangerous owing

meanwhile
the

his

Soghdians returned
their allegiance. Information, however, having
forces

Moslem

first to

'

between

weak

tributary Soghdians,

coming, they

Turks, and

the

When
at

of

slow

Said,

affecting in

by these, sought protection from

being

by

his lieutenant

general risingof

which

who

man

rewarded

were

As

lady.
a

.scene,

blood.

his son-in-law

Persian

the

dangerous rebellion,

KJiozeina, from

There

and

Moslem

to

of

read

cruel

his victims'
this

.so

eries
butch-

often

so

The

Khorasan.

appointed

attire

Khojend

and

The

now

career

with
in

we

day.

the

And

descendants

man.

against the Greeks,

derision

in

(jf the

Jorjan

Irac

Maslama

Merve,

at

great

life

Maslama

of

^" t^"*^campaign

the

in

of

corn-mill

the

that

fit ending to

of whose

his

slaked

Hajjaj.

to

none

human

painful feature

however,

Rising ill

of

contempt

drove

Mohallab,

representativesof

meet

were

of

hostile

and

naked,

Caliph
^

'

lowers.

A.H.

brout^ht out,

settle

to

him
to

in

the

death

the

his

General

been
to

while
mean-

defend

number, fell by the sword.-

in the

case

of

the
professing

women

faith of Islam.
-

Another

seems
massacre.

tradition says

incredible.
A

The

romantic

7CXX),

which,

even

Soghdian merchants

witli any
were

story is told of the fort of

margin,

conventional

allowed

to

retire before the

Bahli, occupied by

clan of

720-4]

A.D.

went
Fifjhtins!'

AND

AFRICA.

IRAC.

on

more

the rei"""nin these

less throuo-hout

or

389

SPAIN

A.M.

lOi10''

outlying provinces,but
Maslama
"

revenue

Ibn

marked

very

of collect- irac, Asia

difficult task

the

to

results.

Minor, and

"

-Til

Omar

no

being unequal

the

mg

with

'^

the

Irac,

Hobeira,

ambitious

an

i.

I.

government

was

scion

to

given

^^^i^^enia

Fezara

the

of

102-104
A.H.

reward

tribe, in

himself
and

more

In

x^sia

his

for

the

Moslem

other

Kiphjak, and
the

between
sent

driven

being
the

disaster, and

cities ; but

off

by winter, and

Turcoman

by

but

support,

hordes.

other

important

advance

left

the

a. 11.

and

too

far,

and

cut

fresh

Caliph promised

shortly after,

dying

104

retrieved

surrounded

were

The

force

and

their

incautiously pressing

overtaken

were

their camp,

second

occupied Balanja

region

first army

The

losing

country.

Khizr,

the

mountain

seas.

defeat,

bad

of the

out

inhabiting the

But

always

not

against

on

Caspian

quiet.

and

heavy,

carried

were

and

suffered

thither

several

hordes

Black

tinguished
dis-

Mesopotamia.

possessions were

North-east

fortunate, operations

of

border

the northern

Minor, the

had

He

campaign against the Kharejites,

in the

recentlyon

towards

service.

military

task

his

to

Successor.
In

Africa

appointed
Hajjaj
he

who

one

as

learned

the

of

Berbers, roused
relaxed

had

governor

had

from

things went

an

bad

been

The

worse.

favourite

he, practising the

his

master

of

which

converted
in his

ending

disciplineand

Africa.

tactics

harsh

the

against

Caliph

secretary of

and

insurrection

bonds

to

death,

attachment

the

to

Court.

Spain, as

relation
satisfactory
mediate

for

was

often weak

; while

the

Soghdians,who
a lady in
marry
column

from
and

thirst.
the

place of
be seen,

came

the

the fort
the

Turks

Mussulmans

and

this

The

declared

Caliphate.

Its

an

hand,

her

on

refusal

attacked

meanwhile

bore

and

away

were

was

the

generals wished

every

geniiwho

pointof

the

on

routed.

found
returning,

that it

Turcoman

They fled

man,

woman,

the fortress empty,

had

done

and

field,

in the

they besieged the place.

they

just

as

were

of the

strong

changeful

conquest

One

less Spain.

even

authoritybeing

governing

great

loyal.

scene

Turks

in

was

leaders, though valiant

remained

on

The

safety.

the

to

Africa,

intermittent, the

and

elsewhere,

to

of

dependency

lem
Mos-

surrendering
out of sight,

and

child

not

the miracle.

to

soul

to

VE/.ID

390
A. 1 1. 101lOo.

Inn^ad

tlic civil branch

in

were

into

1)}-the

attracted

France,
loo

A.)r.

71S

A.U.

Native

the
made

inroad

the land
with
Pyrenees
crossed

:\c;ain,
10;

booty.

garrisoned

fortress

its

forced

whom

raise it

to

fragments

rallied

Rahman,^

and

found

Spaniards, who
yoke,

fresh

to

this time

region

of

seeds

new

that

canvass.

the

mention

is

for

now

he, listening to
of

guarantee
Year

of

the Com-

panions.

the

society
Such
^

759

death

of

of

Mahomet,

The
A.u.

as

he

is called

Moslems

See

M.

lost

of

aged

to

up

who

men

ness
ful-

wonder

no

also

now

whose

Irac

designs

canvassing
But

accepting
to

having
his
come

And

go.

been

this time

now

was

Kho/xMua."

and

dignified as

are

in the

merchants,
"

them

notices, by the lapse of time,

Or,

from

before

friends,allowed
has

the

made), gained ground

garb

taken

about

Spain.^

in

it is

(of

feigned story,

insidiouslygrew.
by year, tradition

cause

end

an

deputation

and

off the

there

and

and
Al}'ites,

first time

northern

mountainous

which

Abbas

harmless

their

their

to

the

of

the

in Khorasan

arrested

the

part of

the

them

al
But

whom

The

unpopular,

so

Abd

thrown

sown,

rule

scattered

the

on

by

enem\',

Narbonne.

Asturias

being

and

P^ast.

in

cause,

the

in

strength to

descendants

throughout the
the

quarters.
head-

famous

defeat.

serious

Moslem

brought

the

of

wide, emboldened

were

power

intrigue on

amongst

of

source

weak

Narbonnc

Toulouse, but

to

against the Moslems,

inflicted

reign so

In

three years

or

of the

retreat

in

laden

permanent

siege

banner

already

efforts

of time

Alyileand

had

they

was

their

approach

safe

far and

bruited

reverse,

two

success,

laid

the

under

north,

Spain

to

put disastrouslyto flight. The

the}'were

the

the

of

provinces. Ravaging"

as

the

on

hatred

PxTcnees, stormed

the

Advancing, the\'
were

Last

by this

Tempted

the

at

was

from

Nismes, they returned

as

ag-

troops,

l)y the

masters

new

own

Moslem

h^-ance, which

tlisconl, and

after,they again crossed

and

the

A.ll.

its southern

into

far

as

A.M.

Abbasside

of

tlieir

to

race

an

year

their

chiefly on

lOO

weakness

b}' internal

torn

moment

intent

the

In

grandiscmcnt.

["'i

II

been

the
so

nicling
chroin

the

Companions.
to

natural

by European writers, Abderamc.

Narbonne,

and

^^^rrnxxCi^ Invasions

were

des

finallydriven

out

of

Sarrazins, Paris, 1S56.

France

in

720-4]

n.

A.

close.

LAST

In

89

one

aged

seen

the

two

known

in all concerns,

"

was

connected

trivial,
came
form

the

the

amiss

life of

; for

of

shade

of

the

which

incidentally also
in

successor

done

as

Mahomet,
2

His

his

brother

pp.

177-183.
is Amir
born

Abul

year

who

One

of these died in 98

Medina

to

make

his death, and

till 109

wheii

Kibla, before

were

A.TI.

in
a.

11.

so

and

out

spent

might

act

every

legal obligation.

of

high repute,

have

Hisham,

been

which
has

been

clear

and

and

handed
to

great

built,and

generally

he

Mahomet

he

to

and

him

Tafeil.

over

after

of

had

the

lifetime

but

old.

100

Mecca.

they
He

years
of his faith to Mahomet,

never

saw

him

must

have

been

alive
over

another

100.

See

had

had
but

not

gone

seen
as

arrived

is mentioned

as

few

salem
Jeru-

Life of

dying

as

successc

succes-

ith his face towards

mentioned

are

the

own

Hisham

was

Empire.
given

it towards

Others

his

Homage

age.

not

prayed

changed

nominate

persuaded

years

that

Mahomet's

confession

who
,

us

was

eleven

his

name

Yezid

repented

is, remembered

That

one

accordinglythroughout

later he

years
1

both

to

reign
but

sought

or

Islam

give

the

Prophet's life itself.

his

then

Welid,

son

of

of

of incidents

and

traditions

custom

of the

\iew

Early
as

and

Suuuat.

Collectors

it.

earth,

credibility,
upon

extent

authentic

law

of

Collectors

Nothing, however

social
be

to

thousands

of every

down

in

guide

gradually "ions^,""

remembrance

word

ever)'

came

the

Mahomet.

hereafter

profession thus

hundreds

their

sole

who

everywhere,
of

began

{Siinuat)

wont

ends

with

ever-expanding

an

supplement

to

up

down

noting

precedent

The

from

with

in

of

wants

under

on

first the

tion
distinc-

conversed

at

]^

loi.-

so

went

loi-

and

year

was
spiritual,

\\-ord and

sprang

"

lives in

Coran,

novel

called

thus

Companions

their

The

now

tradition

The

for

high

time

as

A.ir.

had

seen

done

and

fresh value

for the

world.

Prophet

the

have

Syria

Irac

had

in

seen

social, legal,and

inadequate

Moslem

of

But

in
who

in

all who

would

having

their words.

to

of
Mecca

at

lived

survived

last

died

as

himself.

found

the

who

Companion

Others

society. Thev

circumstances,

attach

"

391

always enjoyed special and

in Moslem

Mahomet

of these

other,

But

Prophet,

"Companions"

to

the

Kiblas."^

the

any

last two

100,

later.

two

or

''COMPANIONS'-'

THE

the

A.H.

died,

year

OF

in this

him.

boy to
just after
a

surviving

YE/.in

392

A.II.

101-

105.

sion

immediately

his

to

\Vnsv.

II

but

son;

did

not

venture

i iv.

on

change.
Yezid's

Yezid

had

e\en

lor

the

slave-

"'^ny ol

liis

predecessors,

stant.

We

arc

His

Sallama.
that

he

did

with
and

told

her

for

her,

he

to

season

let

to

performed

by

Caliph

were

the

at

her

his

her

of

the

first intimation

Sallama,

Yezid

vii.^\o-'ittle

who

years

724'
A. D.

the

Omeyyad

Hisham,
^

and

The

romantic
conditions

but

his brother

succeeded

day

one

her

to

him,

desire?"

Eg}-pt
her

as

and

know

"

bought
called

aught

knowest

"

in

yet

it all
it ; there

Yezid

Is there
he

the

object

her

her

husband
world

thyself.' So
sits Habiba

loved

Caliph,

yet any

his wife

his

family

the

and

was

ants.^
attend-

reigned

failed

of

decadence
brother

his

b}'

; and

years

drew

sold her

in the

to

in

the

world,

of

long after

curtain

having

for it."

'

'

aside, and

arose

and

she

chamber

said

love, left thee

"So

they talked, again

to

When

Othman,

my

Then

purchase ; and

Egyptian.

an

inner

an

accession,

piecesof gold

it is Habiba."
desire.

Royal harem,
his

for 4000

granddaughter

couch

the

her

displeased

heart's

as

the

before

at

thing

"and

more

The

moments,

strange lighton

waiting for thee,'she

all the

week.

last

Some

then

left for thee

she

if the

fort}-,having

was

one

of his
on

that

recovered

his

purchased

Yezid

answered,

seated

the

life.

throne, his wife,

the

to

bride, she

throws

merchant, who

the

"Yes,"

curtain, and
there

to

was

al Melik.

its domestic

Soleiman, then

returned

Yezid

of

service

scandalised

succeeded

was

tale of Habiba

was

inglorious reign, which

of Abd

son

pilgrimage to Mecca,

on

he

He

he

never

actually hasten,

house.

the

when

"

be

within

to

of

age
an

not

another

fact

the

the

at

stay, if it did

to

died

three

For

feared

He

grief

tending

was

of

died

four

over

his

mouth,

last

would

people, they

of

her

funeral

tired
re-

Palestine,

in

At

who

Maslama,

self-control,and

or

'

The

had

He

spot.

relics.

buried.

the

extravagance

cry

A.H.

be

by

her

to

great

so

into

the

upon

con-

songstress

was

retreat

and

death.

garden

died

brother

seen

composure

of

she

and

clung weeping

persuaded

And

survive

days

many

and

former

the

to

fixed

more

slave-girl Habiba

attachment

not

choked

days

to

it was

there, casting playfully a grape-stone

it

so

of

but

than

Harem

/-

=^"''-

Death

for

passion

greater

passion

to

sent

adorned
behind

she

asked

Yea,

and

a
'

thou

saying 'Yes,

left them

Is

together.

LV

CHAPTER

Caliphate

OF

OmEYYAD

THE

plary

Islam,

and

might

have

evil

things

his

mild

of

genius

his

played

his

action,

well

as

which

popularity

Military enterprise
indeed
Hisham
and

threw

thus
From

there

suffered

repeatedly

from

alienated

existed

'

See

relation

Life of Mahomet,
between

the

the

pp.

the

friendship
have

xcvii,

and

c,

the

his

ciii.

of

first

party,

Mahomet,

stocks
of

and

and

Hashimite

the

and

faction.

birth

This

reign,

Yemen

chief

two

and

secured.

From

the

of Hashim

namely

branches,

two

and

in

the

they

unguarded

Northern

to

even

rivalry between

Coreish,thedescendants

of

arms

rule

his

and

and

the

miss

the

upon

avarice

disaster.

the

anterior

early times,

into

successful

severe

into

himself

him

the

not

depression.

cause

character,

to

nowhere

was

blight

liberalitywould

well-timed

of

him

cause

as

had

happil}^ chosen,

betray

to

administration

its

to

of

profession

Empire,

still cast

defects

two

sometimes

as

the

to

always

not

the

table
the

of

will

explain

Onieyyad

"

Abdmenaf

Hashim

Shems

I
^

Onieyya
{progen it or

Abd

Muttahb
1

of

Oiueyyads)
see

al

Abu

Talil)

Aly
(Ancestors
393

Abbas

Abdallah
I

p. 333.

Mahomet

q/I/as/iiiitites, see

the

Omeyya.^

Cossai

Abd

Hisham,

II, from

Omar

upright

besides

much

were

like

with

generally

prosperity

was

upon

suspicion,
cruel

and

Exem-

long reign.

banished,

predecessors

There

Lieutenants

His

he

on

inconsistent

restored

throne.

so

all

A.D.

724-743

peaceably

believer,

true

as

Court

his

entered

now

Decadence

DYNASTY

A.II.

105-125
HisiiAM

Continued

Hisham.

of

next

table).

the

y"^^""'

A. II. 10;
v.

The

Prophet,

till the

from

sprunc^

opposition,both

Anlaijonism

[('llAI'

irrsifAM

394

field and

in
of

conquest

the

fcjrmer, suffered

forum, from

Mecca

the

Omeyyads,

the

converted

bitter

whole

body

bo-

Uio

iwecn

liouscs

of

of

the

of

bonds

the

welded

Coreish, and
Islam.

friend

the

In

fcje

and

equally within

first enthusiasm

of the

faith,

1 1ash i111

of

all distinctions

and
Onievv;'.

to

came

burst

Othman,

in

; while

Aly

and

but

other,

demanded

the

towards

right of

succession

alone

doctrine

which

;
"

circulated
But

of

by

another

now

Moham-

the
med
upon
scendant
of Abbas,
the

This

scene.

de-

Abbas.

The

stock.

took

definite

The

Abbasside

Hanefite

it

shape

in

the

plea

of

now

alike,

pretensions

as

the

till the

that
on

based

Shia
are

the

son

house

this

of

be

it

Aly.

Shie-ite

Hosein

(the

bequeathed
or

so

common

no,

the

on

branch

for the

of

the

deathbed

in

the

measurabl
im-

which

from

from

the

over

the

descendants,

enemies
a

"

(Sheea)
called

they separated.

"

means

"sect'";

Shie-ites"'

by

and

the

so

great

and
of

the

Mahomet,

of

wicked

tyrants, neglectfulof the sanctions

views

reign that

present

\Micther

of

sovereignty was

the
his

Hashimite

the

conciliate

to

report

sprang,

sprung

of his

'

of

been

These
latter
Omeyyad.
incessantlymaligned by Alyitesand Hashimites

Prophet

were

disloyalbody.^

branch

superiorityclaimed
the

secretly

busily but

supersession of

parties was

in it

and

had

pretender)had

both

Aly,

No

not

right to Mohammed.

his

there

so

great-grandson of

right to

was

and

Aly;

caused

Mohammed,

advocates,

interest, spread
"

their

But

dangerous aspirant came

this

by

of

idea

growth, and

recent

and

Prophet's uncle.
advanced

heretofore

Things

Muavia.

line of
be

to

more

was

of

the

in

began

and

rule.

of

the

nor

(or Sectaries),
advocating

scattered

widely

Muavia

familyat Kerbala,

house

the

on

house

one

theocratic

Shie-ites

the divine

ever

continuallyrising

were

the

his

and

party called

the

than

lengthened reign

of Hosein

strong reaction

arose

the

they gradually

struggle between

purely

in

tragicend

the

"

the

Kharejites,who

the

down

calmed

Claim

and

But

fiercer

out

rebellion, recognised neither

in

vam'shed.

life again, and

of

murder

kind

the

Islam, given

sect

body

persecutors
of
race

dissolute

of

or

branch

the Moslems

to

wine

holding these
from

whom

196
A. II. lOf)
125.

"of

HISHAM

Towards

Irac.

several

the

outbreaks.

Kharcjite

that

by

there

period

One

followed

though

Kharejitc sorcerer,

of

end

these, led

of

only

were

few

by

disciples,is

outbreaks
in Irac,
118-110

remarkable

for

certain

divinit)'of Aly,
end.

held

They

faggots steeped
character

against
"

the

of

son
"

let

by

Mosques

office

"

synagogues,
"

gave

cause

black
Twice
it

and

and

Mosul,

leader

slain.

Kufa,
their

only by

was

had

leader

of

that

rebel

lips:
knew
Fall

from

120

A.H.

737

A. D.

it."^

caused

; and

the

lost

Stira

of

how

that the

or

this

to

his

on

heat, if they but

fanatics.
themselves

in

of faithful

years

Master, who

the

the

reciting

verse

jealous,perhaps

was

his

company

of these

his

the

house

either

not

out
with-

of Hashim.^

ix. 82.

He

could

with

many

of

disloyalattachment

possiblywas
towards the
partiality
-

followers.

knowledge of
Caliph resented

fervour

favour

suspected embezzlement,

outrages,

and

died

after

anxiety, Khalid,

The

force.

of

his whole

and

rections
insur-

body

insurrections, which

such

last

dispersed

flames, all the while

wild

the

Syria,

the

with

He

Coran.

was

from

at

cause,

but

so

the

to

from

many

fire of hell is fiercer in its

Such

some

service,

doctrine

his

bravery.

once

by military

under

equally fanatical

with

him

spare

the

the

Say,

Apart

of

Khalid,

to

committed

passages
"

his

by

The

against them,

last

at

other

wounded,

intercession

was

at

were

down

put

Khalid, astonished

repeated

they

and

favoured

and

sent

drawn

Several

in

Coran, sought

columns

army

churches

determined

these, after committing

of

brought

was

an

be

to

one

with

considerable

routed

they

fought

and

standard,

who
faith),

rallied

numbers

the

"

as

unbelievers."

and

Great

popular.

was

declaimed

that

magicians,

to

with

serious

more

Khalid

builded

he

Moslems

between

marriage

of

barous
bar-

their

Wasit, who

being

ruin, while

to

go

of

denounced

(his mother

Christian

from

the

as

the stake

at

Another

man

for

as

death

to

wine, and

of

use

well

as

burnt

naphtha.

raised

was

b}' them,

were

in

doctrines, such

strange

that

people

so

be, when
said

in

house

was

reality,
though
of

Aly, and

every

merely

day
to

he

curry

of

not

openly.

lendingthem

cursed

Aly

favour.

in

the

When

money,

of

accused
he answered

public prayers

but

724-43]

A.D.

He

FALL

therefore

Kufa
command

lieutenants.

of

his

and

the

his

for the

release, and

But

the

in

pursued by
The

him,

reign, as

next

the

relentless

especially with

the

Arabia.
of

being

He

is

Islam, and

But

even

the

now

cruelly treated,

altogether beyond
(meet

predecessor) and

reward

cast

into

ordered

his

reclamations

of

Caliph
the

shall

Khalid

he

see,

again

was

highly unpopular, Vusufap-

was

clan

in Irac.

savage

P"'"'"|
^"

His

successor

master

in

poetry, Yusuf

nature.^

In

the

they were

not

capriciousabout
to
his taste.
fitting

cut

off.

; the

cause

of his

of the

would

abused

her

she
as

wished

to

follow

her

her

on

thinking of nothing

second, preferringto stay with

of

tyrant they had

of the

and

beaten,

but

covered
dis-

money

chastised
his

or

even

nail

the

across

his hand

such
to

day.

tales, even

if not

deal with, and

also

say,

she

actuallyfounded
tlirows

answering
love,

child, shared

what
to
not
repliedin terror that .she knew
and
thus
for
to
offence,
give
presuming
argue,

morals

of

draw

third

currency

and

inquirieshe

his garments,

weaver

cruel

in

day, slack at work, complained of toothache as the

the suffering
removed
tooth, and the next also as a punishment.
tales passes belief
Preparing for a journey,he asked one

slave-girlswhether

affirmative,he
beheaded

the

of

was

large sums

He

soft

Secretary one

barber

One

south

in

prayers,

of his

over

was

have

long

to

course

made

stuff,and if it stuck anywhere,

liim.

restoring the prestige

faiths.
Jewish and Christian

given

had

distin-

for

and

Khalid

already

administration

tyrannous

the

His

blood, had

praised,indeed,

example, he

For

tailor if

of Modhar

devout
a

that

his

of Yusuf

humiliating the

though

speech, and

The

and

persecutor

was

tortured

we

Yemenite

guished himself, by

must

last
"

succeed

Yusuf, besides

the

"'

'^

105-

^^

at

execute

the

A.H.

fighting against the Greeks.

hate

of

supersession

made

against

then

army

be

half, the

to

It

to

to

Caliph's

Nazarene

as

Hobeira.

his

and

allowed

Khalid

was

of

year

join the

to

loth

He

the

severity

nothing

was

treatment

prison. After
Yusuf,

demand

him

the

Khalid

of

Yemen,

appeared

of

son

ibn

liquidate.

cruel

Yusuf

due

sorely hated

officers

to

power

was

Omar

himself

on

all
the

"

Yusuf

clansman,
of

turn

from

for he

with

of

i^^overnor

dismay, carrying with

arrears,

commission

397

warning,

realise

to

farthingof
his

Without

KhaHd's

to

KHAT^ID

Yusuf

appointed

him.

succeed

OF

lurid

as

too
on

lighton

and

the

in

had
same

either way
was

fiite.
.slie

beheaded.

fact, shows
the

the
her

what

habits and

39S
A.II.

Zcid

to

105-

The

and, dissatisfied

Zeid,

or'Hosein
inquiry to
,

With

him

summoned

attitude,

his

with

now

Arab

the
.

rightfulCaliph

from

with

to

the

for

pledge

months.

At

that

"

Omeyyad

the

house,"

Hashimite

Abbas,

"

that

"

from

his twenty,
how

or

advice

zealots
he

for

prepared
to

122

.A.H.
A. D.

Zeid

the

day.

from

his

palace

for the
The

came

to

asked

her

to

homage

two
as

are
an

be his bride.

suggestedthat
suitable.

Citizens
of

names

do

her

the

in
to

Zeid

from

dissuade

to

and

fight

to

?"

The

usurpers

such

scruples,

any

were

hardly

ready enough

were

reached

both

Zeid,
her

on

for

her

than

pleased to accept

of

gave

last

Yusuf,
com-

safety and
mature

years,

notwithstanding,

age

being no

elegant

more

in

trust

were

charming lady, but

Shie-ite

well

of

for,like Zobeir,

Omar

gathered,

Excusing herself
was

to

need

vicinityof Hira,

be

daughter, fairer and

of the

cratic
respect the theo-

information

the

given.

the

covenanting spirit. At

Secret

ardent

laughed,and

Zeid

of

one

and

of

pledged

hour

rising. They

lacked

fixed

mand
^

Bekr

now

those

not

pleasure-lovingKufans

serious

but

covenant,

Kiifa^^who,
740

Abu

that

say

light-heartedand

the

with

dissatisfied

Caliphate. Apart, however,

of the

His rebel-

to

Kufans

In

"

for think," he said,

"

;-

unheeded.

but

on

significant

and

Aly

bid him

the

in

went

branches

latter,sought
He

vicinity,

downfall

two

the

as

its

It is

maidens

urged him,

of

the

him

by

were

declined

the

fickle

80,000

This

delay.

to

of

of

and

the

descendants

one

stood

good,

was

come

forty,thousand

even

Hosein,

for

premature.

so

of the

many

for

"

Daud,

step

followers

relation

the

stock,

Kufa

in

longer

no

with

his banner.

his

had

yet undefined

of the

"

last

accepted homage

soon

fightunder

into

Irac, Hving now

f
ingratiating himself

alliances

thousands

full time

"

him

He

further

retire

to

and

another,

line.^

Yemen

for

him

sent

tribes in

especiallyb\' frequent matrimonial

of the

pretensions

to his presence,

Zeid, however, managed

canvassed

and

one

with

of

Hoscin, suspected

Caliph

Yusuf.

aspiresto
privacy, and
Caliphate.
.

of

grandson

throne.

the

to

[Chai".),v

IIIS//AM

.she

longeryoung,
she, would

the

be

more

daughter in

her

stead.
^

took

The
an

numbers
"

variouslygiven at

are

up the

and

the

15,000

to

40,000.

These

all

to
testimonyand godly discipline,
to
fightagainsttheir enemies
in secret and in public." Whereupon the covenanter
placedhis hand
and homage were
Zeid's,and the obligation
complete.

oath

to

set

"

follow the descendants

"

both

within

Book

from

of the

Prophet, and

724-43]

A.D.

lest

REBELLION

perchance

the

they

great Mosque.
the

paraded
In the

the

driving
Yusuf

men,"

"

my

call.
"

"

high
"

"

the

glory ;
of

have

Zeid

with

retired

his
he

he

by

passed

him

the

on

the

he died.

of

those

with

place.

The

the

other

head

The

Medina.

Welid
This

proved

H,

on

his

emeute,
the

Yusuf

for

then

body

sent

to

remained

time
be

on

exposed
down

collapsed. Up to
Abbassides, as descendants
of

the

this

destiny
of

in, an
the

to

Shie-ite

the

Alyites, in

to

arrow

Defeated

house

''^"'^

'''^"^

withdrawn,

discovering
the

body,

public

in

of

one

Kufa

at

the

of

cause

till

burned.

and

in

itself,
Abiiasside

house

the

Zeid, escaped,

time, the
of

bravely
place

though apparently unimportant

the

ing
morn-

similarlyexhibited

it taken

accession, had

up

the

city,where

had

and

leaders, hung

turning-point in

that

but

Hisham,

Aly. Although Yahya, the son

Caliph'sgreat mortification,the

paled before

was

next;

coming

from
set

to

But

he

arrow

secretly;

stuck

and

the

"

which

carried

was

as

for the

Next

night

and

banners

night.
back

as

He

to

was

gates of Damascus,

; but

soon

him

head

them

drove

day

the

place,sent

the

rest,

shame

of the

Syrian column,

so

buried

They

their

Darkness

stones.

passed

the

march

lot !

or

storehouse

temple.

follower,where,

part

any
of

martial

the

us

also

world, and

great

killingseventy

place. So

at

the

attacked

met, and

the

to

little company

was

struck

yet

pledged

from

Come

"

shouted,

shower

; let

Mosque

218.

Where

"

that
to

find

watched

afar.

men

quarter

sanguine than

more

for this
ye

only

was

on,

of

forth

come

from

105-

streets,

was

there, they waved

gates, and

neither

answer

Arrived

He

responded

the

but

from

him,

40,000

none

within

up

free."

over

but

answered,

shut

are

them

set

me

follower

They

"

the

"

cried,

to

through the

of Kufa

A.ir.

""'

Mansjir

were

result.

of

court

Shie-ite banner

There

soldiery before

little other

he

their troth to

progress

men

the

forth,expecting

his

chief

the

and

"

are

with

issued
him.

and

399

battle-cry,Ya

salute

made

police

quarter, but

by

to

the

night

old

early morning, Zeid

Nevertheless, he

to

the

KUFA

rise, into

the

During

ready

AT

ZEID

might

too

city, with

multitude

OF

to

had

Prophet's uncle,
veins

^^j^J^j-e^

the thereby.

lessly
hope-

aspiration of

whose

of

ran

the
had
the

A.II.

105-

of

blood
the

""

the

of such

things
Asad
"

last

Khalkf

lieutenant

105-109.

chastisement

his hordes

in

least

being

surrounded

for many
An

its escape.
in the

out

the

Ashras, the

latter.

^c^-iiicountry

of Bokhara

new

and

embraced

The

rebels

suffered
'

It is

namely

progeny

there

that

true

of Hasan,

brother

and

threw

then

the

another

anxiety,

some

Modhar

entire

his breach

by reimposing it.

In
branch

and

lems
the Mosbetter

A.ll., to

1 1 1

descended

but

of

capitation-tax

Khacan,

of Hosein

the

by

of the

his hands.-

extant

was

host

bloodshed, in favour

Islam, and

greatly at

his

Khacan

Moslem

into rebellion

supported by

were

inflicted

disquiet; and

Yemen

faith,in first promising remission

for all who

as

ing
effectdifficulty

with

governor,

Soghd

Khalid

period,tlic

also, causing
the

first.

incurred

defeat, the

without

not

had

where

the

at

having

in chronic

East, between

Moslem

Oxus,
as

who

days, and

emeute

ended,

tribes, which

serious

throne.^

brother

this

country

one

the

the

his

have

rid them

reign,the

tyrant, and

invigorated

thus

pretty much

During

the

kept

was

broke

of this

leading men

recalled.

there

of

interest

could

than

beyond

was

certain

was
displeasure,

Ashias,

i,v.

.Abbassides

Omeyyads

struggle for

reverses

remained

the

il with

better service

there, but he

at

The

early appointed by

on

in

upon

twenty years

many

been

had

with

effort.

the

the

at

enter

rivals in the

dangerous

Ila.shimite

centred

to

antagonistsno

suffered
arms
in"K]io"''"^

Asiul,

able

were

Throughout

Variou.s

The

now

redoubled

their

done

canvass

they

and

hope

himself.

Prophet

impcndmg

alone, and

rasan.

[Chap.

11 IS II AM

400

from

like Hasan

Aly,

the

himself,who

resignedthe Caliphateinto the hands of Muavia, they had but littleambition.

account
An amusing, but not very edifying,
is preservedof a disputation
held
before Khalid (who is supposed to have had Shie-ite leanings)
Zeid
between
as

of

descendant

in gross

style,fell

Arab

of Hasan
to

never

seem

of the house

as

yet

to

of

have

taken

any

who

Hasan,

other's mothers.

abusing each

to

For

of
one
example, Kamanja,
Mussulmans," was
besiegedby

full of

"

innumerable
Bokhara.
Turks

hordes

But

practical
step

chief

slew" the
the

wall

raised

on

the greatest

cities in

the

for

Khacan

drawn

from

Ferghana, Nasaf,

having

been

killed

Mussulman

into the

hostagesin their hands.

was

the head

both,

ants
the descendas

aspirants

the throne.
-

over

Hosein, and

condition

by

an

prisoners, 100
citadel,on
At

which

last,driven

that the Moslems

arrow

in

the
to

and

fifty-eight
days

and
with

the country all around

from

number,
Moslems

extremities

should

Khorasan,

retire.

the
and

battlements,the
cast

their heads

in revenge
for

water,

slew

the

200

siege

724-43]

A.D.

matters, Joneid
able

an

brought

was

warrior,he

THE

ACROSS

CAMPAIGN

over

OXUS

from Sind ;^ but thous^hA.H.

less fortunate

was

401

even

than

his pre-

105-

J1_L

join the army at Bokhara, heJ"rieid

succeeds,
lowing
In the folnarrowly escaped capture by the Khacan.
Takharistan, he received an Samarcand
year, marching on
On

decessor.

his way

"

alarmmg

message

that

the

Khacan

from

its great circuit

irom

had

to

attacked

01
baurat, governor
Samarcand, -^ ^^
surrounded
the city,which, being Khacan,

^112

A.H.

beyond his power to defend,he must

at all hazards, if not
quickly relieved,go out and fight
the enemy.
but
Joneid resolved on marching to his relief,
the forces under his command
being scattered about in all
he had but an inadequate column
with which,
directions,
he at once
set out.
againstthe reclamation of his officers,
When
he was
surrounded
about half-way,
by the hordes
of the Khacan, and the battle raged with terrible slaughter.
Prodigiesof valour,as of old,held the enemy at bay. One
had just returned
from
who
pilgrimageto Mecca, where
he besought his mother
to pray that he might be blessed
with martyrdom, and
had with the same
objectlavished
the longed-forprize. Another,
now
charity,obtained
while the fightwas
hot,returned to prepare his wife for
his being brought in all gory from the battle: rendingher
Ah
in agony,
why, leaving
garments, she exclaimed
thine earthlylove, wilt thou seek the embrace
of the
"

"

"

Houris

back
in

in Paradise?"
the

to

Heedless

and
field,

despair;

he

of her cry, he hastened

the fate he coveted,

Joneidwas
his cavalry to dismount, and
they
hand with the barbarians. Eighteen

met

called

hand to
foughtfiercely
leaders bearingthe great banner,fellone

the dead

strewed

were

last he

retired to

called

council

"

said,

or

ing him
enemy,
but on
'

of

Saurat."
to

march

the

defile,threw
"

war,

Either

another,and

field in hundreds.
up
thou

At

entrenchments,and
must
perish,"
they

to Saurat
order- Joneid
messengers
of Samarcand, and so draw off the

So he
out

over

after

sent

sTurat^'an

againstthe mad attempt

to supersedehim
Joneid angrily
threatening
by one
Saurat

Joneid owed

remonstrated

of
; garrison

cand.

promotion(easyway of earninga command) to offering

and costlypieceof Indian jewelry,
which Hisham
a rare
that Joneidpresented
another like it to him.
his

the wife of Hisham

admired

so

much

=6

"

A.H.

lor.

who

nil

his bitter enemy,

was

After
Sail

HISHAM

402

him, and

upon

close

fierce

forth with

issued

long march, when

turned

he

12,000
the

Joneid,

to

ensued.

encounter

men.

Khacan
The

day

sacrificed
bv loneid.

hot, and

was

the

Turks

resolved

Saurat

hoping thus
Khacan

on

reach

to

fire to the

dash

through

Joneid'scamp
drew

giving wa}',

grass, hidden

set

the

the

ten

escaped
them

to

of dust

the Khacan.

to

the

raised

by

his horse.

and

seized the

Khacan

forces liis
way

to

Samar-

While

thus

to

112

A.H.

their

have

prodigious bravery, that

way

to

back

So

oxiana,
113-115.

the

dangered
but, en-

strait,he claimed
prowith
him,
fight
did

they

able

was

fight with
to

his

long

threatened

now

he

force

been

however,

Khacan

then

fought his

way

the families of the annihilated

him

with

Merve.

to

Saurat

The

Caliph

his

and

was

; and

army

five-and-twenty thousand

than

(such
The

next

two

Oxus.-

the

was

surrounded

troops

caprice

in the

seen

of musk

to

Hisham,

by

the

stream

Above

described

on

sky

which

on

masters

Joneid
of

war

with much

for

them

knew

how

not

each in his

in

years
no

rulers

ceeded
suc-

restoring
done

so

day)

he

sooner

of the

able

fervour by the historians : prodigies

defile,a pavilionin the heavens,

but it would
to

the

Joneid, in reportinghis defeat

staying,as he had ordered him,

slain,etc.

Saurat

lay between

all others

the

the battle of the

the field of the

laid the blame

as

at

had

he

of

and

himself, Joneid

three

or

But

campaign of Joneid i.stold

were

smell

the

reinforcements

these
he

the

beyond

order

of

whom

during

A.H.

are

the

loss of

the

help

generals with

12,000

Irac.i
With

'

and

not,

safelyon

sent

were

deeply affected by
reinforced
Joneid
from

would

leaving a garrison behind,

again,carryingwith

force, who

Trans-

that

tidingscame

Bokhara.

In this

Joneid

had

He

Samarcand.

when

the

his retreat

him.

liberty;

such

there

of

out

from

if the slaves of his camp

they should

betrayed
cruelly

Saurat, Joneid
sacrificing

upon

cand,
ix.

three

emerge

down

came

that

remnant

flaming jungle,he again retired,and

the

by
Joneid

end, but

opportunity

The

all but seventeen

the

in

ing
burn-

part slain by the

perished.

were

The

of

friendly Chieftain, who

They

safely away.

got

thousand

supposed

massacred;

the

eleven

or

host,

midst

There, part enveloped in the flames, and

sword,

enemy's

close at hand.

now

into

clouds

the

by

him

behind.

dry jungle

select his

own

seem

men,

unjustly.
and

department.

his

Generals

A.II.

10')-

125.

hitherto
(a thinij^

and

escape;

himself

the

to

insurrection,

(fatherof

liSA.II.

its

736A.11.

{.,^,yadministration,

Barmecides)

the

vicinity.' An

and

Khottal, which
in his

Harith

all the
the

women,

from

force

when

Asad

being

cut

Asad

charged

came

past:
the

pieces,and

to

battle, retired

been

had

winter

to

time

to

save

followers,

seeking

to wrest

people'sfor

tions
genera-

said, "with
is

what

is

not

and

beyond

The

yours."

Asad,

Balkh,

at

with

parley ensued.

in

his

result; and

without

ended

into

spoil and

of Harith's

one

south, for that alone

the

river to

much

just in

up

satisfied,"he

Rest

"

parative
com-

surprised Asad's

with

camp

lust of conquest

the

Khottal, which

him

from

with

into

campaign

had

He

Khacan, interpreted
through

The

"

Balkh.

column, taking the

advanced

foot

on

mili-

Capital;

new

last

at

in

out

hearing of, marched,

Khacan

train,upon

this

at

down

set

now

laid

offices of civil and

with

the

by Barmek

cantonment

settled

Asia

the

beautified

established

was

Asad

order.

Islam) joined

badly throughout

and

and

exchequer,

Central

thus

rebuilt

now

Central

suffered

have

must

was

of in

luihcard

Turk.

pagan

Balkh, which

Balkh

cipiial of

[riiAi-.
i,v.

iiisnAM

404

ference
con-

prepared

for

Khacan

to

the

Takharistan.
Asad
Khacan

following spring
completely

strong army,
from

Harith,
119

In the

beai=;

A.

^j^g

Captivityall

the

supported by Harith,
he

when

had

he

whom

waylaid

was

himself
Death

pacifies

in

In the

of

Asad.

by

evils

the
wise

and

killed

and

befel

that
able

ruler.

by

The

Asad

He

the

; and

Khacan,

Samarcand,

his

chiefs with

Damascus

at

believe

the

the

female.

was

bounded.
un-

good tidingstill

then

he

prostrated

Lord.

died, fortunately
just before

Khalid,
him.-

of

rescued

and

attack

one

joy

to

thanksgiving before
following year

and

whence

to

messenger

^^jj q" j^jg brother

^^g

Khacan,

about

refused

second

the

with

again

prisoners,male

was

quarrel.

Hisham

confirmed

routed

Moslem

forth

went

Takharistan, from

fled to

enemy

Asad

or

he

would

Nasr, who
carried

his

have

shared

succeeded,

arms

into

in
a

was

Ferfrhana.

oxiana,
120

A.H.
^
"

rare

The

troops had

The

immediate

present

from

previouslybeen
of his

cause

Herat,

"

cantoned

death

was

at

Barucan,

indulgencein

the first apparently which

two

parasangs

pears,

the Moslem

off.

brought as
had

seen.

724-43]

A.D.

The

task

of

the

IVARS

IN

was

parties,which

the

been

for

so

to

many

provinces in
In

and

afterwards
raids

in

Asia

East

but

he

profession of

sea-fightand

too

caught

was

death.

The

successor,

the

to

the

the

on

Indians

and

country

Against
paign.

The

on

rich

in

there

was

usual

as

were,

the

to

the

upon
But

pieces. Battal, a

prince, who

sight,allowed

to

walk

to

whole

by

column

of

of

the

general,took

Jerusalem, and

forward

Asia

cam-

^^'"'-"""

weakened
the

Leo,

than

reverses
men

;
cut

was

captive a Greek

there, an

After

rounding
sur-

here

severe

1000

in

fortified

yearly

successful

more

abroad.-

hateful

Deccan.

energy

varied

was

famous

sent

was

whole,

fortune

occasion

one

iconoclastic

these

this time

at

his

found

to

of the

to

under

rule

he

put

check, and

provinces

by

when

and

that

By

Byzantine empire being

elsewhere.
and

the

Greeks

by opposition
Moslems

held

long

into

the

Maiisiirah}

was

made

movement

and

famous

4"erai

unwonted
career,

Battal,a

in killed,
123

That

is,the

"

The

sight,however, might

flocked

Protected

thither from

therefore

not

the

Of
carried

Emperor
some

into

have

been

race

rank.

or

but,

as

less notable

stories

marvellous

insensible

not

West, though clad,

surely have been

Battal

the Victorious.

in
distinguishable

Constantine, afterwards
it must

and

are

convent,

told.
and

the

so
no

tmwonted, as pilgrimsstill
doubt, in pilgrimgarb,and

The

prince is

Greek

Byzantine authors

say

named

nothing,

person.

Falling sick

tended

bv

on

nun.

a-l'.

for Kufa

strongly

two

725

standing
notwith-

out

necessary

Indus,

loy'^.H.

governor,

prisoner in

set

against

arose

the

on

made

was

of Sindand

name

tyrant'stoils

it became

so

bordering

tract

revolt

general

the

successful

prince,who,

treatment

having

record

to

unjust attack,

in the

way

were

repose.

brother

this

105-

"^"^''

mulgation
pro-

war,

Moslem

faith,was
His

result of such

garrisons,MaJifnzah

to

the

lodge complaint against

to

and

some

the

Indian

death.

to

put

after

so

made

injured

warring against Jeishaba, an

his

the

Soghdians

And

A.H.

into

up

By

there is little

Merve,

the fall

broken

reign. Joneid, the

present
to

the

enjoyed

India

transferred
the

had

405

since

by rapine

last

at

Western
the

for

hordes

harassed

years

during

progress

easy

MINOR

effective resistance.

no

Central

Sind

ASIA

general amnesty,
their allegiance.

back

AND

Turcoman

offered

of

EAST

comparatively

now

Khacan,

brought

THE

journey, he
A

was

neifrhl)Ourin"

A. II

4o6
A. 1 1. 105125.

wliich

Battal

that

mothers

name,

he
In

Arnicniii
and

struck
used

lost

with

Jarrah and
his army

slain,
112

disasters,
the

broke

the

commander

to

country

again

war

been

had

(who

A.H.

from

removed

levy

The

the

Maslama.

of

and

Jarrah

then
the

surrounded

with

life.

120,000

The

appointed

of

the

the

Merwan's

the

of

"

the

In

Moslem

Caspian
w'ith

the
girls,

in the

East.

future

far

as

Patrician,angry

at

beyond

her attention
retinue

to

the

carried

the

the

had

tended

him, and she

was

known

Harems

carried

south

of

the

effectinga junction

successful

Mussulman,

500

maidens

the

grace

was

raids
set

and

long after

siege

by Battal, who

upon

slew the Patrician,cast

flight,
whole
to the army.
body of nuns

and

who

slaves, and

A.H., Merwan
to

terms

things included

to

the convent,
nun

hordes

Tabaristan, thus

as

But

his whole

122

The

the

to

other

plentifullyto

against the

arms

the enemy,

Caspian Sea.

cattle, 500

again

which

quarter, with

the

of

army

first of the fair Circassian

so

was

inform

to

back

this

who

great

beat

among
of

118, and

Khorasan.

singlyput

head

submitted

now

was

by

was

in person

as

too

Merwan,^

every

far

as

he

border

command,

These

1000
"

black-haired
were

the

to

ravaged

ignominious flight

disaster.
from

Turcomans

victories,

tribute

the

when

that

family

Maslama,

command,

in the

hastened

country

Merwan.

of the

and

gathered

was

recovered

that

Derbend,

army,
of

imposed by

118-122

as

the

Mesopotamian

Hisham

men

Merwan,
chief

take

its

on

the

recovered.

to

far

as

discomfited

cousin

and

brother

seriously threatened,

so

the

his

ladies

new

repeated

after

back, and

driven

Moslem

by Ghazies

retrieved

were

by Turcomans,

his

defeat

his
north

country

lost

Khizrs

other

by

sent

thus

was

destroyed.

army

of

hordes

by

despatched,swelled

calamity

engagements,

overtaken

w-as

his whole

with

forthwith

was

way.

Khorasan)

and

Turcomans,

A.H.

terrible

tributary,when

the

Jarrah,

were

some

and

restored

made

his

by

achiexed

without

not

been

Caspian

out, and

chilchx-n

already

conquests

had

Minor

defeat.

serious

and
difficulty

of the

shore

in

the

Peace

thnniL^hout Asia

terror

their crying
friglitcn

to

Armenia,

retained

such

his Hfe

Caspian
border.

[Chap. lv.

HISHAM

his head
He
"

into

married

the mother

as

of Battal's children."
^

Grandson

Merwan

of

JNIerwan

I, and

nephew

II, and last of the Omeyyads.

of

Abd

al

Melik

afterwards

724-43]

A.D.

of

serious

More

where

caused

of

outbreak

armies

Cairowan,

long doubtful,
forward

by

fear of

fate

the

the

and

the navy

it to

exposing

and

A.H., Sardinia

invaded,

and

troubled

it may
^

"

nor

rection,
insur-

this

A.H.,

period

descent

; and

island

the

when

Admiral,

into

cast

was

in

prison
In

Sicilywas

122,

tribute.

117

again

project

dropped, owing

was

; but

set

the

to

of Africa,

arose,

along

the coast

other branch

of any

Soffarides.

its founder

called from

to

the

closely affected

was

These

Caliphate,but

were

and

the

neither of the

recognisedthe claim

Theocrats,

pure

be Socialists.

180,000

since the

chiefs slain
in

in

counted

were

days of
named

was

further

streets

dependency

that swarmed

Hashimites
or

as

branch

new

other sects

A.H.,

the

of Africa.

state

Spain,

western

of Cairowan.

laid under

Syracuse

reducing the

foot for

storms,

the

ravaged

was

from

till 124

During

wrecked,

was

winter
in

beaten

publicly

urged

women

The

1 1 1

issue,

great spoil brought back

fleet

the

the

stem

to

from

Arabs,

the

the year

In

Sicily,and

after,the

the

uproar

sent

loss,and

miles

Berbers;

last restored.

at

few

all in

loyalist

battle, known

famous

them.^

was

inactive.

not
on

three years

Egypt

was

peace

was

made

was

of

governor

great

await

might
continued

of Africa

provinces
when

that

Africa,

partly by

with

cries of

Readers," and

"

and
The

gained by

the Moslem

factions.^

fought

a-h.

was

of

on

heathen,

won.

last

at

Damascus

coast

taxes

against 300,000

was

the

been

idols," was

A.H.,

117

Spain, Reverses

there

A.H.

the

again beaten

hardly

of

Field

the

"

end

the

victory in

Ii6

year

along

had

and

again

were

the

Kharejite

new

and

subjection to

reimposition of

the

though they

as

of

Berbers

the

partlyby

converts,

as

In

daily weaker.

general rising of

'_

only suffered frequent defeat, ii6_i24^

bond

all,the

Africa

in

disasters

not

arms

than

worse

became

on

105-

125

Conqueror's hands, little further

the

were

Moslem

the

but,

for

A. H.

tell.

is to

the

slavery of

and

men

fallinginto the

women

of

slaughter

the

with

towns,

AOJ

FRANCE

AND

SPAIN,

AFRICA,

Bedr
"

the

it."'

the

as

on

battlefield ;

there

was

battle of the Field of idols."

battle
It would

their wearisome

the

and

Nobles,

of the
be

from

unprofitableto

often

fabulous

the vast
follow

detail.

no

such

battle

Another

ment
engage-

number

of

these

Arab

campaigns

Spain.

40 8
A. II. 105-

]^

It

Governors.

the

outnumbering

of trouble

ments

725

the

of

view

his hands

into

Charlesjoined Count
Martel,

^-q

In

|-]^gNorth

with

an

fell

Nismes

; and

overrun

was

Spain prevented

the

offensive

renewed

the

he

following year
force,and

enormous

operahad

chief, who

Arab

an

further

al Rahman,

after,Abd

six years

Abu-nesa,

Eudo.^

Pyrenees,with

stormed

of

command,

chastised

tions, and

Over-

the

despoiled. Shortly after,he

were

Some

to

restoringorder

prestigeof the Moslem

was

the restless state

'H"' ^gain appointed

iT--

first in

he crossed

of P'rance

south

for the time.

action

al

at

shattered

Convents

killed ; and

was

the

of the Peninsula

government

Carcassone

and

Churches

Abd

restoringthe

France.

in

arms

marched
land

the

overran

114

...

as

A.H.

far

Poitiers.

as

the

to

answer
TTZA

to the

Afterwards

its bounds.

within

A.D.

l'21e-

enmity.

round, produced the natural

i" ^^"'^s
^'^^'b'
reign,occupied himself
r"i^^'

I07

tribal

divided

were

revolt.

and

Anbasa, appointed

Campaign

elsewhere,

as

the

the strait,
vastly

across

chronic

rife all

thus

result of disorder

IX.

their

by

disloyaltyof

the

of

change

constant

by

streamed

Arabs, who,

themselves

among

by the

distracted

also

was

population,which

Berber

Spain.

there, and

insurrection

the

by

[(!nAr.Lv.

SHAM

HI

bitter cry

the

stem

the

armies

leaving Abd
the

morning,
not

of

France, perhaps

the

issue

of

that

Two

charge,
in^France
nobles

And

later,Ocba

effecting a

and

day

hostile

to

Avignon,

and

hotly contested,

was

back

the

upon
the

renew

fled

and

all had

in

field.

fusion,
con-

Next

contest, found

disappeared.^

of

Christendom,

in

God's

hung

on

good providence

to

the
to
Ilajjajreturned
junction with a body of Frank
of

son

other

France.

again invaded

Eudo,

A.H.

734-737

to

and

Tours

Between

saved.

was

years

south

sight;

fate

Further

help,hurried

dead

within

day.

for

driven

w^ere

The

Christendom

116-119

the

al Rahman

soldier

Martel,

wave.

Conqueror, ready

single

Charles

that

of Eudo

met

invaders

last the

at

then

was

Moslem

sweeping

Poitiers
but

It

surrendered

places were

Aries,

into his hands,

A.D.
^

Abu-nesa
Ramzan

Franks

is
114

changed by European
.\.H.,

findingtheir

loss of their

way

spoil,hurried

or

to

Oct.
the

Ijack

732

writers
A. d.

enemy's camp,
to

save

it.

to

Munuza.

The

when

victoryis
the

ascribed

to

the

invaders,fearingthe

724-43]

A.D.

Valencia

and
all

ravaged
from

now

CHARACTER

the

the

Narbonne.

of

midst

The
the

and

Arabs,
Order

Hisham.

Meanwhile
of

regions
maintained
Such

North,

their

independence.^

the

was

breaks

and

all his

Caliphate either

if

"

before

after.

or

Empire, already undermined,

side emissaries
on

the

to

overthrow

the

reign kept

other.

There

with

it was

Indeed,

let

Christian

servant, and
'

As

I have

be

an

punished

chided

his

for
for

son

during

were

largelyfrom

Weil

and

in

he

often

any

left the

unwillingness to
into

perial
im-

scatter
a

mean

impaired

justice,he refused

having chastised

to

Moslem

Scandalised

it.

urging

regards the invasion of France, the Arabian

borrowed

arrest

unequalled
and

of his

instance

often

to

miserly habit, that injured his popularity and

As

of the

and

of State

parsimony degenerating

his influence.^

-'"^ '^'^"'

unturned

stone

no

blackest

care

extravagance,

no

treasury full.

and

scrupulous

was

and
largesses,

left

archives

The

progress.

out-

Kharejite theocrats

virtues failed

His

; iiisham's

Abbas-

sinking.

and

dark,

it.

upon

Hisham

his fault that the

not

was

Dynasty, casting the

obloquy

the downward

in the

of

exemplary

most

of

elsewhere,

misrule

continued

hand,

one

other, labouring

undeserved

his

the

on

It

death

except occasional

we

of the

one

"

selves.
them-

mountainous

chequered reign

demerits,

of cruel tyranny,

the

in the

profiting by

long

independent

amongst

till after

Christians

the

the

reign,with

splitup

were

make

after another

be

to

as

after,in

soon

general

sought

restored

not

was

One

Berbers

Arabs

died

authorities

are

very

at

brief.

Reinaud.

As a specimen of his meanness,

is said once
to have
a
man
brought as an
What
and beautiful birds,expectinga present in return.
two
rare
offering
"

shall I

give thee?"

"

Then

"

So thou

them

take
art

both."

one

said the

of the birds for thine

leaving

me

And

Caliph.

the worst

he ordered

him

own."

of the
the

thou

"Whatever

two,"

He

he replied.
pleasest,"

chose

said the

sliabbygiftof

in

disloyal

again to

not

Ocba

enemy.

Spanish anarchy.

command.

usurped
of the

the

the

from

France, binding them

with

cause

taken

then

were

Misrule

far

as

105~'^'

recon-

rescue,

back

Arabs

the

drove

Hostages

common

the

and

A.H.

freed

Martel,

the

to

came

Dauphine

and

Charles

But

again

war,

of southern

Chiefs

Rhone.

Saxon

quered Avignon,

409

besieged, Burgundy

Lyons

along

HISHAM

OF

the most

Caliph ;
few silver

"

beautiful.
I will

keep

pieces.

lOr.-

A.ll.

"'''

dissolute

the

character

apparent, who

Dissolute

[C'liAr.
LV.

HISHAM

410

in wine

and

even

of
the

on

hounds,

liis

the

to

the

Mecca

pilt^rimageto

abomination

"

W'eHd,

nephew

Ileir-

indulged
believer,^

true

"

character
,

of Weiid,

he

'^'^"'"

had

till he found

i-

that he

"

his

by

Welid

little better.

was

hnn

thoughts of supersedmg

some

"

own

son,

only

not

was

"'

apparoiil.
_

in

intemperate

Hisham

Welid,
satire

breathing

his retreat

re-

accession, he

the

"

his

of

is the

murdered

any

reviled
Occasional
cruehv.

made

On

upright,the

he

was

lieutenants
heretic

Coran

and

severe

he
was

who

had

caused

first been

such

cut

This

was

thought of
with

cruel,

not

fallen

under

be

put

by

nine years

historians,
always ready to
enough.

have

blacken

denying

impaled
by

down

death.

been
this

that

after his limbs

about

the

unfriendly

regarded by

be

wherein
from

youth

wild

The

have

to

the mad

invented

dynasty.

oi

the

doctrine

less doubt

is the

pitchinga pavilionhard by
dissuaded
companions ; but was

in which

rejectedthe

who

the Kaaba

may

humbly

displeasure. One

for

death

writers,they would

incredible,and

unadvisedly

unjust, towards

say
his

There

before Hisham's

Pil-

of

rites

instances

to

to

ill of

speak

the

at

general dispositionmild

his command

asunder.

displeased

having

remember

his boon

tale is almost

bad

in

accounts, for though handed

of Abbasside

pen

thus

Another,

uncreate.

was
inspiration,

had

to

memory

distressed, and

much

will

the

to

perform

occasion

was

reader

to

it ;

it becomes

rescue

here

was

resume

and

Hisham,

not

came

another

Courtier, he

here."

; but

curse

to

He

Aly.

"

the

from

to

said,

Faithful

apology. Although

^"*^

of

to

nor

one,

grimage."

"

"

"

of

his

after

year

descendants

Caliph

words, replied,

reign.

name

place," he

in

remained

He

public services

the

Othman's

of the

"

the

on

him.

Caliph

the

contempt.

in

Holy

Commander

of the

"

refrained

prisoned
im-

stripes upon
inflicting

pilgrimage, the

on

tine.
in Pales-

his evil advisers, and

of his uncle's

rest

was

one

This

"

the

leaving

so

retreat

country

him

and

imprecation

urged by

; and

indignity, addressed

hatred

Hisham

vilingAly. customary

his Uncle

to

from

the

during

When

"

himself

control, and

impatient of

secretary, after

resenting

towards

removed

his

life, but

betook

the Court, he

from

his

in his attitude

insolent

Ilisham

no

had

even

carousal

design. The

coloured

But

most

side
by Abbas-

doubt

he

was

CHAPTER

WELID

LVI

II,

125-126

125

A.

II,

743

A.

u.

The

brief

two

disaster

A. II.

111

A. D.

743-744

following

reigns

Omeyyad

cause

the

to

Yezid

AND

contributed
and

but

nothing
Empire

the

to

at

large.

sion
of
with
Welid

of

Tidings

Acces-

his

indecent

he

notwithstanding,
throne.
of

He

the

late

them

filled

shaven,

largesses

Dissolute
and

free

fane.
pro-

his

hand,

and

gained

the

To
age

him

accused

of

Harem,

and

matters

his

pitch,

encouraged
seek

his

darker

even

he

worse,

and

the

even

Yezid,

the

vices

who

Omeyyads

of

virtue

fanities
prohabits

two

plotted
of

classes.
his

of

sons

the
rose

against
Abd

al

cessor's
predeabroad.

bruited

were

discontent

grandson

scandal

better

refused

The

blind

popularity.

great

the

appointed
any

another

all

with

soldiery.
the

debauched

his

of

well-

conventional

such

regard

tampering

of

degree

hounds,

and

for

life caused

Besides

the

to

provision

was

Caliph's

new

pay

certain

imprisoned.

were

that

increased

dissolute

the

successors,

allegiance
a

and

music,

from

make

him

the

by

treat

to

The

prison.

emptied

generous

nation.

wine,

alienated
was

for

intemperate

as

He

property

Soleiman

son

into

the

to

and

fa\'ourites,

cast

and

the

seize

Hisham's

quickly

was

courtiers

throughout

and

and

exiled,

his

to

infirm,

But

relatives

incapacity

opposition

and

send

to

indignity.

every

treasury

Such

haste

without

Welid

by

and

profligacy

succeeded

Caliph's

with

beaten,

and

made

received

were

Notorious

delight.

II.

death

Uncle's

tender
of

oath
to

such

him

and

Melik,

to

downfall.

Khalid,

the

former

governor

of

Kufa,

having

escaped

A.n.

743-4]

the

tyranny

to

WELID

of Yusuf,

that

the

SLAIN.

was

now

he refused

the Throne,

ing

II

YEZID

III

413

livingat Damascus.

Loyal

join the conspirators:

to

be

Caliph might

waylaid

on

fear-

and

125"

pil-Khalid

intended

an

A.H.

tortured

The

journey.
him

declined

for

of

"

Court,

these

Khalid

he

under

expired
The

the

under

of Welid

son

from

Abbas

traitorous

design,

around
of

their

by

and

chief

avoid

the

the

of

and

See

himself
bribed

of
of

the

retreat

drawn
who

his

over

captive

Greek

convent

for her, which

never

made

the

in the

him

in

and

the

the

standard

Islam.

to

Yezid

so

with
a

its

body

Caliph, enjoying
of

he
Khalid

unpopular with

Court

country

Then

Syria, with

he
traditions,

which

now

flocked

Capital, and

wretched

in

the

The

treasury.

some

chest, under

embraced

raised

south

^"^^".

hasten

he despatched
soldiery,
The

Yezid,

'

his

who

died.
had

had

his

His
built

strict believers.

but

legs broken,

mother
a

'

against

from

persisted;

away

the

yVccordingto

above, p. 397.

him

Damascus.

mostly

i^f

vi.^126

commanding
must

Caliph, he
upon

against Welid.

moment

he

thus

son

roused

cousin

malcontents,

as

were

be

to

'

large following.
744

foresaw

Yemenite
him

His

dissuade

But

of Vezid,

taunting

kinsman

Merwan,

they

which

marched

officers

having

the rack

and

indignation
Verses

gained

to

pestilentialair

troops

for the

also

and

saluted

easily possessed
contents,

where

Yusuf,

freely circulated, and

Dynasty.

rebellion, and

and

the

sufferingtheir

endeavoured

both

supported

price of

Kufa,

to

sprang.

this time

by

brother,

of

saw

pieces. The
of

against the Caliph.

Armenia,
downfall

he

foot, were

I, had

his

of

treatment

kindled

which
in

excitement

intense

barbarous

now

the

at

back

carried

of Khalid

cowardice

trampled

then

the

large giftsfor

Welid

fiftymillion

to

and

allowed

Khalid,

with

from

also

against him

of

ruin

and

had

by

tell ^"^uf.

not

beaten

Hisham

death

indignity.^

stock

with

his victim

was

treatment

Yemen

these

"

the

with

buried

was

the

on

amounting

unfortunate

did

him

revived

visitingDamascus

bought

arrears,

had

which

revenue

still bent

opportunity,and

the

further

he

the

attempting

Khalid

his sons,

to

and

arrears

Yusuf,

drop.

his

homage

to

Irom

suspected intrigues abroad,

prison ;

demand
to

do

to

into

cast

the

him

because

Caliph, angry

of

more

dissuaded

Mecca,

to

gnmage

was

church

a
or

a. p.

VR/.ID

4H

A.M.

i-2r)-

^'"^''

for his defence, took

followiiiL^

small

he

Caliph, when
Welid

parley with
with

him

back

into

his hands

this

day,

Vezid

streets

than

^^

",,

^P"'
744

first he

had

victory

to

the

Damascus.

forced

to

first

sought

to

lie

of

then

took

the

saying

and

had

Coran

by

It is

"
"

and

Othman,"

He

issued

by overpowering

he

Yezid,

to

and

its pages,

day

the

support

so

him

was

paraded
but

reigned

little

year.

ascended

now

his

throne.
ill-gotten

difficulties to contend

serious

the Yemenites

with.

Southerners, the

or

From

the

Owing

his

Aiodhar

for
^

A.n.
"

,,

") tribes

northern
the

side.

denied

the

Caliph came

Though

predecessor,he
he

shocked

the

doctrine

of

the

Fighting
capital
in

the

late

blood

of

spatched
and

Welid,
two

Soleiman

confinement
a

few

of

miles

place

put

allegiance to

Damascus.
in

Soon

the

them

Yezid

after

Palestine, which

the

still

it impossible

there,

Abbas,

taken

required

an

army

at

the

this de-

Masrur,
from
the

after

which

upon

serious

more

the

for

on

brother

both

and

over

Capital, and

flight;

while

Hims, stirred by

of revenge

his

at

increase

having escaped
met
Caliph. These

to
was

the

who

new

from

because

Welid

Yezid

under

his

people

Gaining
cry

like

rendered

brother

the

the

domiciled

Damascus.

Hashim,

joined

engagement,

severe

oath

of

of

of

Harem.

columns

strong

had

insurgents

attack

to

son

Yezid's

out, with

set

sufferingsof

withdrawal

his

The

on

Caliph'sperson,

Caliph'shousehold

sanctity of

troops, they then

of the

over,
more-

stock

Orthodox,

inhabitants

of

and

person,

failingtreasury

The

house

the

plundered
outraged

the

the

to

and

the

continue.

wailingof

profane

the

at

their

predestination.

at the murder

latelygranted, which
to

of

the sacredness

to

murmured

army

not

obnoxious

was

large,accustomed
were

naturally his enemies,

were

murdered

mother's

and

forced

There

ncigh-

listen,but covered

not

was

read

to

carried

was

of

IH

Yezid

in

at

ungodly life.

fort.

began

was

head

in

in,

"

it

His

more

into
and

as

slain.
the

Welid

fought bravely, but

numbers

to

rebels

would

for his

the

the

by

enemies, who

his

refuge in

his way

on

standard.

reproaches

forth and

was

taken

was

brother's

his

join

Abbas

fortress.

bouring

"'^'^'""

[Chai-.T,vr.

JJI

Hims

the
and

rising took
of

80,000

to

743-4]

A.D.

put down,
rebel

to

well

as

the

which
Irac

things were

be

rid

of

the

there
into

contumely

godless

Yezid

Ibn

his

place

the

Kufans

While

authority
had
in

especiallywas

73;^

Imam,"

"

death,

his

now

sent

in

which

to

him

at

died

who

Ibrahim

Merve.

But

yet the

as

home,

canvass

the

out-

Khorasan

^^^^y^^'"

hensions
appre-

before, aged

year

succeeded

formed

his

as

Father's
and

strong

kissed

the

testament

and

forwarded
for

gathered

concealed

was

uproar

Mohammed,

who

had

that

father's

strange

tidings of

they

in

Khorasan

way.

successor,

large offerings,which

house.

at

the

These

named

was

Irac.

change.

Ibrahim,

son

as

send

his

and

and

unrest,

to

opinions.

and

out, and

own

coming

adherents,

increasing body

Syria

deputation, with

his

to

break

their

pretender, had

the Abbasside
and

of

hated

for

him

Troubles
^^ ^'^"^''"

cast

was

heretical

relaxed

of

state

abroad

were

in

it much

life

pious Caliph, saying

to

thus

was

his

was

him

reverence

tribes

for

successor

glad

was

disguise,he

remove

continued

discordant

lying provinces

to

Kufa

fled

Caliph's
the

surely

troubles

the

between

of

son

would

But

sake.

the

obliged

Omar,

who

His

fallen.

woman's

prison.

therefore

was

in

125-

A.II.

confusion

and

better.

Yusuf,

sharing

man

much

not

tyrant

Syria. Arrested

had

the

largessto

weakness

body politicnow

In

with

the

were

415

of office and

promise

as

Such

leaders.

into

CANVASS

ABBASSIDE

from

his

public

view.
still held

Nasr

caprice, had

wild

with

Court

rich

the

Viceroyalty there.

directed

with

of

assortment

falcons, palfreys,games,
and

Yusuf

and

following

he

reached

Kufa

sought

but Nasr

would
To

on.

for the
1

See

to

to

give

lighten
rebels

table

at

of

him

his

way,

p. 395.

His

of

by
and

new

him, he

father Aly died

; and

so,

Yezid's

bellion,
re-

of

governor
of his

creature

so

strument,
inNasr

own

succeeded

in

dangerous

tion
tempta-

distributed

the

seven

years

before.

ing
hold-

vast

holds

"^*^'^*^'

vessels,

also.

of

Nasr
""

to

musical

maidens

The

treasury,

all around

silver

journeyed slowly

Merve.

supersede
not

kind

Irac, getting tidings

returned

he

and

his

him

summon

gold

every

obeyed, but, foreseeingstorms,

before

to

in

Welid,

4i6
A. 1 1. 12:

YKzin

of

.store

his

VVelid, among
Nasr

in tlic in

and

precious things
of the

payment

and

retainers,
feud

old

The

troops.

of

well

as

Yemenites

The

his

(from

time

headed
and

birthplace) Kirmany,
the

Modharite

Things

this

at

were

prevailedbetween
the

continually breaking

however,

was,

clans.

two

for

composed

were

the

Nasr

but

fighting

belonged

pi-essedby

time

called

one

and

who

Nasr,

hard

faction, was

riots

afresh.

out

by

as

and

Modhar

East.

Yemen

for

gathered
slave-girls,

family

own

[Cha

in

to

other.
dark

had

days before him.

It

Harith
returns

his

over

as

freres.
the Turcoman
instance

Nasr, who, surrounded

hostilityand
and

the

on

allowed,

after

enemy's side,to
his

among
of

of the

that

brethren

he

having

for

back

singular

At

the

feared

his
the

pardoned by

was

twelve

and

hear

fought

years

his

resume

position

of condonation

instance

shall

We

gone

fightingunder

by enemies,

Turks,

come

apostate's crime.

an

been

had

Khacan,

having

against his fellows,returned.

banner

of

Caliph

the

to

pervert

con-

Ilarith, who

juncture that

this

at

was

to

of

more

him

here-

after.i
Yezid

Merwan
attacks

Yezid

III.

formidable

more

This
of

the

Harran,

and

from

found

Minor,
of

and

Damascus.
promise
them.

the

;"

from
The

Com-

he

would

enemy.

the

I remember

On

these twelve

offer,and
no

other instance

returning,Harith
years

into the bosom

did

he

never

of Islam.

had

and

Moslem

expressed
a

moment's

his

Asia

hasten

to
set

for

out

against

army
sent

offer

to

Viceroy

had

all

of

held, including

Azerbijan.

allegianceto
of

an

as

he

and

Mosul

in

possession

him

meanwhile

Merwan

his father

took

urging

to

Merwan's

Merwan

in alarm

Armenia,

Mesopotamia,

Welid.

despatched

continue

conqueror

vainly sought

confusion,

Welid.

Harran

Caliph

provinces which

accepted

of

appeared.

campaign

father

his

to

had

far

enemy

I, and

summer

in

an

hitherto

against

the

blood

the

and

Armenia,

wrote

had

who

his treason
from

by

of Mervvan

same

Mesopotamia

avenge

terms

the

returning

on

son,

that

any

grandson

Caucasus,
him

threatened

be

to

than

Merwan,

was

dissuade

between

last

at

was

Merwan

Yezid.

joiningthe ranks of a Pagan

penitence,saying that during

peace

till he

was

received

back

743-4]

A.D.

DEATH

Towards

YEZID

OF

the close

of

the

Free-will

died

doctrine, as

Yezid

year,

was
anticipationof decease
friends to appoint his brother

of the

III

417
fell

sick,and
his

persuaded by
Ibrahim,

also

adherent

an

but

'

Her

Damascus,

great-grandmotherwas

Chosroes, and
that she had
therefore to
"

sing:
am

The

27

also

descended

thus the blood

the

daughter of the Kaiser, married to the

from a daughter of one
of the Khacans, so

of all three potentates in her

of Chosroes

son

Kaiser

was

my

six

veins.

"

; my

ancestor,

father
and

so

was
was

Merwan

the

Khacan."

125-

Yezid

'_

Death

he xii.

aged forty-six,
having reigned
months.
His
mother
the granddaughter of Yezdewas
gird,brought as a captive maid from Khorasan.^
at

A.H.

heretic

Shortly after

successor.

in

used

126

^"""
744

a.d.

of

CHAPTER

Ibrahim

LVII

Merwan

and

II,

126-130

Ibrahim's

IlJRAIIIM

liardlv

can

He

^ezid.

said

have

to

indeed

the

A.H.

held

and

by

it for

some

as

homage

felt

in

events,
For

Merwan

Modharite

on

been
an

which

Hims,

refusing

invested

the

upon

of

now

army

thence

to

of

son

Yemenite

120,000

used

his

death.

he

at

would
It

was

had

and

ranks,

field.

release

of

Damascus,
spare

all

refused,

and

had

and

with

by
of

Caliph,

sons

concerned
armies

of

the
bered
num-

full

were

in

met

valley

demanded

Merwan

the

from

started

however,

They

two

march

his

late

promising
those

Ibrahim,

chiefly

the

Damascus.

his

advanced

siege,

composed

Merwan's

late

commanded

was

of

the

he

already
It

the

joined

continued

adherents

and
the

enemy

confinement

done,

to

Baalbec

between
of

men.

veterans

he

approach.

other

and

of

and

the

Raising

in

Kinnisrin,

brothers

acknowledge

to

force

Hisham,

At

adherence,

their

of

tidings
residence

Syria.

there,

men,

his

stay

for
two

troops.

80,000

Capital.

Soleiman

of

his

by

his

Harran,

up

by

Caliphate,

the

on

have

to

seems

receiving

command

Strengthened

No

Ameer.

It

on

force

gave

addressed

determine.

soon

from

in

were

standard.

did

heavy

party

who

Caliph

fact,

brother

Damascus,

was

as

hold

proper

started

with

He

him.

to

no

his
at

only

immediately

decease,

Mesopotamia,
the

of

point

months.

done

had

Merwan,

Yezid's
on^Damascus.

he

A.D.

succeeded

others

by

was

that

four

or

CaHph,

as

general
been

three

Omeyyads

the

government

succession
126

of

744-748

A.M.

be

assumed

last

W'elid,

that

if
in

this

their

joined

in

now

were

father's
battle.

MERll'AN

420

A.H.

12(5-

^^^'

of

rebels

the

from
of

in the

Caucasus,
and

arms

the

impaled

at

against

the

taken

of

that

now

palace

Heirs-apparent, and,

Syria

he had

rested

two

sons

the

also

ished.
demol-

declared
of

branches

other

of

Hisham.

afresh broke

troubles

long when

rose

retired

were

daughters

to

sign of the restlessness

bodies

their

its walls

and

conciliate

But

The

sons.

quieted,Merwan

His

family, married

It is

vale

generals

Tadmor

was

Omeyyad

Rebellion

ment
detach-

own

three

off, and

cut

reduced

was

the

not

Merwan's

of

Damascus.

to

by

Palestine, threatened

in

out

were

Rusafa.

at

Damascus,

Shortly after, a

prisoner with

all four

gates

about

ground.

leader, one

Caliph,but

And
his

of

legs

time, the

discomfited

the

to

was

bodies

500

same

and

i.vii.

villagesin the beautiful

breaking

Rebel

and

the

in

were

their

burned

; the

Tiberias

they

and

insurrection

serious

At

it.

settled

were

Hims,

l^arada

the

to

who

the cit\-; but

attacked

demolished

were

around

hung

tribes

Yemen

Insurrcc-

citywalls

The

slaughter.

[('ii.\r.

IT

out.

feelingat

of Moslem

this

f TV"

Muavia

time, that

descendani

Abbas

besides

the

uncle, and

i26a'.h'.Mahomet,
744

A.i).

Ibn

who

honoured
who

Omar,
watchful

of

his

him.

Merwan,

pretended right, crowds

the

plain

from

porters,
i27^A.H.
And

so,

with
the
a

after

Kufa
force
the

after

supra, p. 395.

still

Medain.

Life of Mahomet,
He

was

This

by the

his

stepped

Hira

was

sent

against him,

of

p.

to

the

he
his

381. Jafar was

killed

two

years

Ibn

after
to
so

them.

his

brave

city, fell

fickle

to

succeeded

was

throne

him,

with

clinging to him.

flocked

was

kept

forth

after

white

Aly,

man

When

Citizens.

followed

There

of

but

support,

we

person

governor

desultory fighting,he

some

footing. Many
^

was

in the

pretensions to the

the

fashion

his adherents

Tigris to

to

which

Jafar, brother

Muta.^

Muavia

his

of

Kufa,

at

birth

His

Ibn

son-in-law, of

and
branch

of

battle of
of

upon

Expelled immediately

another

appeared

the

representativesof

the

cousin

provided for

even

eye

accession

^^-i^-

from

warmly espoused by

were

745

in

account

on

the

Aly

great-grandson

killed

was

of

before, now

Muavia,

of

claims

pretender

j^g^j. nothing
of

the

the

claim
that
But
supaway.

allowed,

depart across
in establishing

standard, including crowds

the

son

of Abu

before Mahomet's

Talib
death.

; see

tabk,

744-s]

A.D.

REBELLION

servile class

of the

of
]:)Ossession

Tigris.

In

from

and

the next

played

at

Istakhr, and

two

chief

in

in

forced

Muslim

(of whom
himself

the

in

the

the

129

Ibn

; and

the house

of

by

the

hear

his claims

urged

as

"

pedigree," said

"

thou

"

art."

reader

this

"

and

"

the

Caliph

"that

but

Abu
Ibn

mattress,

had

cause

No

buried

has
to

had

sooner

rebellion broke

out

name

the

rest

Abu

fugitive,

born,

and

for

and
"An

evil

reply;
of the

Talib,

"we

says

to

party

taken
-

His

To

followingmust

quitted Kufa,

in Irac under

Khareiite

this,Merwan

still have

prisoners,but released by
See table, p. 395.

^'^
1^]^'*^
Muslim.

historian,
Muslim

deed.

Muavia

suppress

to

of

than

leader

serious

RebelH

named

"'^"^o^'^i-

"'

Dhahhak.

Put

too

was

spared,and so by command
smothered
under
fugitivewas
the

we

be

cruel

Ibn

of

know,

being reported

matter

release

we
a

dirhems."

as

to

the

was

the

of

son

his name,

by

thy

omen

place of pilgrimage. Abu

the

rue

it is

father

Herat, where,

at

become

my

descendant

viceroy,the

and

Muavia.,

infant

the

them

competitor to

the Abbasside

his tomb

as

"

a.h.

who

Muavia,

evil

129

"^^"^'^""'

and

us

the

But

price,"was

On

at

know

Abdallah

"

100,000

small

bade

Muavia,

dangerous

call the

not."

Muslim

when

gift of

verily,for

for

as

Give

was

of

name

ran,

Defeated

IT?'^"
Hobeua,

may

Jafar."
a

estab-

of Herat

we

who

a. d.

Abu

fightingfor

grandfather,"explained

him
the

that

a.h.

he

interest

"

was

answer

and

time

was

descent.

"

of

son

; but

My

bade

that

Muavia,

of Muavia

recognise thee

him,

the

"

received

"name,
"

the

know

we

at the court

was
"

son

so

of."

not

of

understand,

; and

Jafar

know

of

128

746

in

his

'

the governor

Governor,

was

will

Hashimite
"

who

Abdallah,

the

the

The

"

scion

and

Hobeira,

(Abbasside)

to

court

Ibn

he

126-

^^^'

Kharejites,Success

shortly)had

more

A.IT.

the

however, the

By

Muavia, learning that

repaired

of

Syrian columns,

Hashimite

Hashim,

gained

A.H.,

Merve

he

east

country

far East.^

shall

we

In

subdued

flyto

to

aid

Ispahan,Rei, Cumis,

East.

been

their

Persia,establishinghis

dispersed by

were

himself

lished

the

hill

421

supported by

role in

Kharejites having
followers

the

acknowledged

cities

MUAVIA

With

years,

marvellous

IBN

Kufa.

Holwan

he

other

OF

Ibn

been

great,

Hobeira.

as

man,

gathered
40,000

ion

are

said

to

force
have

at

been

127

a.h.

745

A-i'-

.VERU'AN

A. 1 1. i-2t;
130.

Kirkesia

be

to

assembling,

led

b}- Yc/.id
of

10,000

the

Ilobcira.'

ibn

]5ut

iiumbei',Yemenites

conspired againstthe Caliph,and

Rebellion

[(-'
HAl".

I.VH.

it was

as

from

S)'ria,

])ersuadedthe ungrateful

of Soiei-

the

Soleiman, by

man.

at

of

Crowds

their head.

of

Dhahhak

70,000,

led

and

Defeated

joins
Dhahhak.

30,000

and

prisonersto be taken.

nor

followers

his

Merwan

of

rebellion

walls, it held

Meanwhile

Rebellion

hak,
127

A.H.

745

A.I).

After

the

Kufa,

"

of

Modhar

the

latter

months

suburb.

Dhahhak,

who

troubled

Kufa

of

Ibn

Omar

fled

the
to

also.

Dhahhak
of

he

invited

was

their
^

the

had

by

Vezid

was

son

the
he

of

Omar

and

by

night
last

at

redoubled

over

lated.
capitu-

violence
Merwan's

predecessor,the

Hira

the

joined

took

Kharejites,
hearing

now

after

three

above

Mosul

Merwan,

him, they

thus

take

still at

by

Ilobeira.

gave

Soleiman
and

year

City.

he

found

when,
to

the

months

he
a

Plobeira,murdered

simply Ibn

resist

to

possession of

been

called
ordinarily

its

opportunity for attacking

ranks

did.

and

advantage of

taken

in whose

of

of

Mesopotamia,

but

men

Kufa

large body

son

for four

thus

; and

between

up

sides

now

ibn

its

dangerous rebellion.

with

greater part of Irac

city,which

like his father he is

with

invaders

joined Dhahhak,

master

kept

both

in and

off

thrown

but

his ousted

Wasit,

on

Dhahhak.

to

siding naturallywith

things,seized

and

of

out

ravage

and, although

beaten,

were

to

and

surrounded

day

Separatists,had

other
times

of this state

shot

possession of
was

Muavia, the never-ending feud

with

war

Soflarides,and
the

clan

took

civil

Ibn

quarter

no

Hims

having

state

broke

former

who

Omar,

of

attacking the Kharejites

months,

ten

in

was

and

the

governor,

fled to

which,

threw
for

expulsion

of Yemen
at

Irac

to

After

allow

besieged. Though

out

from

swelled

now

rival.

would

from

Hims,
be

to

at

banner

Ilobeira

army,

Soleiman

eighty catapults, which

of Dhah-

Ibn

formidable

back

still held

allegiance,had
the

the

his

to

being again beaten, escaped

was

the

by

Hims
besieeed.

recall

for Merwan

put himself

to

completely defeated, losing his

was

men

throne,

to

oppose

new

heavy battle, Soleiman

sons

had

to

his

by

the

disloyalistsflocked

Merwan

Kinnisrin, and

pursuit

of

prospect

half

reinforced,

possession of
Hims,

Khalid

sent

(p. 443)

his
; but

744-8]

A.D.

with

Abdallah

son

but he

had

no

hold

himself

him

there

was

now

besieged

in check

him

this view, thrown

with

Dhahhak

4^3

of 8000, to

column

sooner,

Nisibin, than

DHAHHAK

OF

REBELLION

with

; A.IL

_^

into

an

126-

army

of 100,000.
it

having surrendered,

Hims

himself

Merwan
all the

force

The

disposal.

his

at

field; and

the

take

to

two

for

time

high
this he

did

armies

met

Beaten

^^^^^
/j^'

with
near

end

of

128

A. H.

Mardin,

battle

The

night, when

search

of

Dhahhak,

who

to

fight to

the

death,

Kharejites,by

placed
but

found

all round

dispersed

end

at

still in

the

his

meet
was

in the

them

middle

them

fighting,
expelled

them

order

last restored

Empire,
from

thus

was

which

they

their

also

leader

was

of both
to

send

We

and

We

may

retainers

to

before

retired,and
be put

to

or

follow

the

and

to

death.

nearer

parts of the

possession of Azerbijan, Various

less
that

prevailed;
at

he

the

Caliph

was

order

was

session
pos-

obliged
Arabia.

throughout

battle in line

,.^,in^s-

Hamza
had

time

one

to

his

and

given up,

eventually presentedhimself,

Caliph,who

at

seeing this recited

danger

gave

of

sparing any

an

warning

family
of

enemy

first received

the
verses

oiders for Soleiman,

his

escaped with

He

end.

as

the

Through-

Abu

(karadis).

Hashimite

and

the

more

Though

Imperial troops.

restore

Soleiman

of his courtiers

shortlyafter

Bussorah.

a.h.

not

was

after

Hobeira,

129

it

and

cities ; and

Holy

force

Sind,

against appearances,
to

more

by battaHons

on

here

One

he

the

out

told that after this engagement,

are

Omeyyads,

the

to

entire

powerful

so

large

carried
fighting
^

drove

they

Kufa

from

Kharejites had

the

Arabia

out

at

A.

only

dynasty.

and

Who

^0^,^^^

Tigris and

coming

rebels

Ibn

H., that

129

after

and

escaped, but

the

the

head

Kharejites,

the

across

of

of

hands

the

the

Rebel's

Mosul,

to

Soleiman

hands

miles

firm, and

the

sent

of

centre,

fled for several

he

strong,

East.

with

leader

Imperial

pursued

40,000

of

till the

the

on

Merwan

the

the

renewed,

Having

fightingdrove

months'

several

Irac

together

dismounted

wings holding

the

Mesopotamia,

still held

to

onset

completely routed.^

enemy

field,the

pierced through

battle

that
peril,

in such

Merwan

returning,he

who

wild

the746A.D.
body

mto

on

followers

found

day,

well

the

on

sworn

was

Next

wounds.

twenty

6000

and

day

made

being
with

the

all

raged

him

the
ciously.
gra-

the

Caliph
Omeyj'ad. Thereupon

like the

rest

of his

race,

.i//':A'/f'.-7/V

424

A.M.

1-20-

H.im/.a

Abu

Though

followers

700

Kharejites.
\y[{\\black

banners

Kharejite he

; for

basside

for

the

did

enough,

the

he

the

the

in

where

black

in

and

the Hashimite

nor

of

Abu

Puritan

Bekr

Ab-

all

over

yet powerful

were

baffled,to confuse

but

Omar.

and

covenanters,

ascendency,

as

tender
pre-

yet for the

as

partialityor respect,

meniory

these

with

Abbassides, yet

to

Omeyyad,

that

if not

even

of

Pilgrimage

clad

Omeyyads,

profess any

simple

appear

Empire,

the

at

equally opposed

was

the

It will thus

the

the emblem

neither

race,

rather

aj)pearcd

against

[riiAv.T.vTi.

//

and

often

paralyse

the Government.
In
Africa.

Spain

the

weak

and

had

to

and

the

Fi

elsewhere, the

as

unsettled.

keep

In

and

the

against

Berbers

Spain, the Kharejite element

unknown
itself

Syria repeated

respects,

was

throughout Africa

contest

Hashimite

the

administration

Governors

continual

up

The

Kharejites.

weak,
d?^-!,-!in"r'
from

West,

but

the

in

in

was

other

all

Peninsula.

The

stern

control.

Arabs

flocking thither

forget

their

West.

the

again
the

read)

"

men

of

ness

to

"

so

on

of

similitude

those

feuds,

appoint

Other

belia,and

The

neutral
for

places

and

so

on.

are

called it

Jordan, in Berea,
it Palestine

old

; of

home.

scape,
Its land-

some

; the

of

its like"

and

But

also

arose

Hims,

with

the

its wretched
Modhar

and

maintained

was

(we

land

Tadmore,

East.^

to

Thus

it Damascus

against Modhar,

even

more

infidel,till at last they agreed

the

of

the

Coreish.
there

months,

mentioned,

thus

"

"

of Kinnisrin, in

The

men

Jian, and

But

being
of Hims
called

this

even
no

to

Ameer,

settled in Ishit Kinnisrin

of

called

; of Palestine,in Shadzuna, and

Todmir, and, from its similitude,called it Egypt,"

called it Jordan

Eg}-pt,in

because

from
the

"

the

over

lands

seemed

childhood.

come

of

the

up

Bedouins

called

country,

chief

Hims;

and

second

Albera

contest

against

failed, and
^

cities

fought

against Yemen.
than
fiercely

had

other

Yemen

it in the

their

vale, and

who

the

reproduce

the

in

to

to

themselves

settled

native

of

of

spread

Damascus

Kinnisrin, and

taught

were

imagination, conjured

scenes

Arabs

with

rather

or

Palestine, and

in the

their

multitudes

vast

them

to

Bedouin

and

Syria

nestle
"

land,

Spain became
to

of

Native

in

A.

D.

744-8]

ANARCHY

anarchy
one

rife.

was

from

year

tribe.
ruler
distracted

land,
the

At

till,
of

grasp

of

end

various

as

the

the

126-

Yemen

'

Modharite

went

the

in

on

entirely

slipped

Spain

see,

A.ii.

Caliphate,

eastern

the

periods,

things

so

the

the

term

Ameer

an

from

next

first

shall

have

to

the

And

we

425

settled

and

resign.

to

SPAIN

they

Modhar,

the

at

refused

from

Then

the

But

IN

made

Greeks

inroads

Growing

upon

^'fi^c^^lt"^^-

the

border

with

lands

trouble
He

events,

as

hastening

will
the

On

the

Merwan

be

and

for
for

cry
shown

in
of

restoration

of

the

the

which

had

Merwan,

from

of

means

no

to

reason,

same

help

turn

where

Khorasan,
"

chapter,

next

the

Omeyyad

order

in
his

Harran,

to

Syria,

home,

at

also,

downfall

returned

Minor
hands

had

Nasr's

to

ear

Asia

his

on

opposing.
deaf

of

rapidly

were

dj-nasty.
and

Mesopotamia
residence

the

in

Irac,

Merwan

Desert,
uarran

and
till

there
he

was

remained
called

in

away

and

dangerous
by

the

fatal

inopportune
campaign

of

repose,

the

Zab.

130

^-h-

CHAPTER

Remainder

Merwan's

of

IN

East

THE

Reign.
Abu

under

Recognition
Zab,

LVIII

of

The

of

progress

for
influerfce*^
Separate
in the

work

at

jealousies.

But

besides.

The
than

rasan

was

powerful

clubs

in

falling
house

i^ ^he
o"me"^"ds

the

of

support

and

the

the

ungodly

of

his

the

standard

an

The

of

the

the

faction,

Yemenite

Prophet's
an

had

already

as

was

easy

future.

Khorasan,

Kirmany,

were

politic

paved

in

looming
in

its
and

rising

body

claim

Viceroy

Kho-

in

head

open

Omeyyads,

now

weakness

disappearing

Abbasside

specious

critical.

degree

to

Nasr,

of

secretly hatching

to

the

Tribal

and

fast

was

long

coming

now

there

felt less

was

kept

were

risings

fact

in

treason,

change

great

position
last

drawn

against

The

Kho-

pieces

as

way
Critical

and

of

been

has

causes

Court

fearlessly everywhere.

to

for

same

of the

authority

brood,

East

special elements

were

Hashimite

appearing

in

there

disloyal

the

in

Kharejite

"

elsewhere,

altogether.

a.d.

The

elsewhere,

as

Prattle

748-750

events

treatment.

Cahtaba.

and

Merwan

of

a.h.

recent

Rising

Caliph.

Death

and

130-132

Growth

Muslim

Abbasside

of

Defeat

Abbassidh

become

stated, had

that, namely,

"

rasan,

126-8

A.H.

743-5

A.I).

hostile
he

to

Nasr.
his

effected

To

increase

obtained

and,

black

from

confederate

as

high

flag, demanded
with

"

the

kept

Book

he

of

up

the

Court,

had

been

religious
a

as

Harith,

disorder,

the

now

prison

and

escape,

amnesty

assumed

in

Put

reform

426

an

armed

for

whom

of

of

had

Nasr

against

the

pagan

and

many

him

Turk,

raising
in

government
After

agitator,

opposition.

turned

profession,

Lord."

the

dangerous

the

ance
accordfruitless

.pS
A. II. 130^'^"'

.\rF.RU'A.y

.Modhar,

hy

b\- abuse

of

liad

over,

rebellion

hdp^

'^"^

^"

bitter

words

Is the

Ibn

could

and

Ibrahim

of

son

for not

to

Muslim,

the

rising cause.

Ibrahim.

He

Homeima,

and

died, but

whether

and

jj^ "^^

arrest

Abu
His

East.

of

Jafar,with

adminis-

the

Muslim
open
'"

was

his

at

arrest

house

natural

or

at

he
is

one,

Abul

brothers

his

family,fled

of the

rest

Syrians

shortly after

Ibrahim,

for the

they remained

where

death,

violent

the

Abu

Meanwhile

Mus-

by

his

in

where

Harran,

to

sent

and

of Belcaa

seized

and

Khorasan,
alarmed

governor

accordingly

was

On

the

bade

rival,

upbraiding

Arabs

and

Startled

time,

same

Abu

the

little

was

his Abbasside

towards

Merwan

ordered

it

the

in

fateful

P^ast ; but

the

West,

rapid progress

more

and

shunbering

from

of
against the hostility

Kufa,
sable

letter

ver)-

Caliph

the

is it

About

him

Abbas

hm

the

warning

uncertain.-

Abu

in

Mohammed,

making

machinations,

added

to

volcano

was

to

for Nasr.

do

Caliph intercepted a

him

Arrest

him

his

to

cry, Merwan

reinforcements

around

disaffection

Ibrahim

beneath

forth,he

burst

able

support

of Onieyya azvake, or

hasten

to

that the General

the

left without

was

Ilashi-

been

have

must

event

at

success

been

only

Viceroy appealed

to

house

Hobeira

with

had

receiving this despairing

On

still?

this

party against the

Caliph
the

IMush'm,
of Mcrvc,

out

But

were

mi,t;ht
go

Abu

Nasr

Citadel.

Yemen

Kiimany

'J'hen

drove

effect that

moment

any

"

he

the

to

verses

at

the

hands,

that

terms

quoting
ready

of

unfortunate

The

different.
^

chief/

if the

and

and

with.

a}'

S\'rians of either

the

strengthen Nasr's
Xasr

aw

possession

last united

Nasr

the

ami

Xasr, fearinc^that Kirman\-

of that

sons

tribes

Even

made

him

took

mitc

and

joined by the
and

tlic \'cmcn,

Modhar.

the

with

tampered

Takes

of

abuse

[("iTAr.
i.vin.

II

to

present in concealment.

making

steady

progress

neither

habits, with

unassuming

traiion.

bodyguard
^

The

sons

of

Kirmany

ceremony,
were,

attached

however, found

to

men

by Abu

their

assassinating
by
^

courtly

Muslim,

Syrian associations,to be inconvenient allies ; and

Muslim
made
no
Abu
attendants,treacherously
put to death.

from
their

two

nor

Some

of milk

any

underhand

say he died of the

others

that

Merwan

presumption is againsta

means

those

whom

he found

were,

him.

ably
probwith

scrupleof

in his way.

plague; others that he was poisoned in a draught

The
caused his prisonhouse to fall upon him.

violent death.

Abul

Abbas

succeeded

him.

748-50]

A.D.

ABU

committed

He

the

twelve, chosen
He

even

who

many

the

the

to

by

he

rather

At

Aly.

opened friendlycommunications
no

hope

lot with

of
him

and
flight,

from

help

with

so,

hastened

There

pursued by Cahtaba,

suffered

fled

to

But

fortune

south

Jorjan,where
had

help, continued

in his

throw

the

to

thence

his

and

Rei.

to

he
130

carried

was

the way.

He

of

in

his

vain

There

for Death

of

fell ^"^^'i'

he

"

111.131A.11.

towards

on

distinguished services

old, and

viceroy of

as

but died

Hamadan,

eighty-fiveyears

was

11.

Cahtaba

"

sick,and

a.

friendlySyrians.

Caliph'scause,

flightwestward

^^

defeatedby

general,Cahtaba,

Thence

son.

flees

Nasr

Nisabur.

famous

force of

on

Omeyyad

to

Nasr, again appealing bitterlybut

enemy.^

lim
Mus-

signal victory,slaying thousands

see

last resolved

at

he lost his

the

Abu

to

Muslim's

strong

was

deserted

achieved

again

Abu

in which

defeat

thoughts

Serakhs, and

to

to

Nasr, who, seeing

troops still faithful

the

cause,

he

with

Syria, had

the East,

all these

time

one

fearingtreachery,he

; but

wished

embraced

Abu

still

were

Abbasside, succeed

an

130-

21

simply

There

A.li.

cause.

the master

Talib, and

Muslim

of

that
branches, including"

new

name

fought.

than

Abu

therefore, of

cry,

of the

declaringby

of

Council

his watch-word

line of Abu

of his descendants

one

make

family for whom

held

to

the earliest adherents

enough

429

administration

ofHashini, without
the

EAST

THE

IN

ordinary

from

also wise

was

the House
or

MUSLIM

his

Khorasan

Nov.

upon
and

long

deserved

better fate.
Cahtaba

Rei, he
with

order

restored

other

the

whose

rebellion

before

them.

the

Cahtaba

Ibn

from

and

well

as

his camp
the
then

East.

itself
After

Cahtaba,
'

The

three

Kerman

(now

having

minibcrs

slain

fetched
are

on^^^lfa^

the

"

Nehavend.

released

with

his

enemy,

northern
at

from

20,000

all the

to

to

men,

and
luxuries

circuit
10,000

Ibn

by

strong,

100,000

siege,Nehavend

variouslyput

Cahtaba,

Kharejites

to

who

city filled with

months'

Cahtaba

around,

the

siege

flight)advancing,

little

Entering

quelled,flyingterrified

interceptedby Cahtaba,
fierce battle,entirelyrouted

all

as

laid

then

Ibn

son,

country

was
relief,

after

westward.

his

recently been

had

defeat

Muavia's

there, while

Omeyyads,

Caliph'sarmy

The

rapidly

generals,reduced
of

followers

its

advanced

now

took
of

and
fell,
across

30,000.

the

131

a.ii.

MERU'AN

430
A. II. 130
13-2.

Euphrates,
raised

the

by

for

direct

Jalola, made

Hobcira

Ibn

avoid

to

Kufa

of

tidings

[n IIAI".

II

the

Syrian general
with

where,

recent

lAlII.

expectations

the

success,

at

Hashimite

II m
I lotieira.

falls

who
hack

citizens
the

was

looking impatiently for

were

the

when

A. 11.

132

year

It

appearance.

Cahtaba

on

W.isit,
Sth i.
\\2

crossed

the

Kufa;

but

armies

met

Euphrates,
Ibn

thirty or

some

Hobcira

forty miles

before

was

and

him,

above

tlic

two

A. It.

the

Syrians

Cahtaba, then took

forced

success,

its stores, to

Takes
Kufa

Al)ul

emerges
from

leader,

hiding,

Abul

Abbas

with

their

hiding

there.

loth

took

A.H.

29ih Aug
749

the

his father's

uncovered, the
"

relatives

and

from

emerged

the

chapter), Abu

of

order

new

Salma,

who

A.I).

had

been

the

house

(former
Abu

Merwan's

was

A.H.

of

governor

to

Shahrzor,

Mohammed,

and

Kufa,)

in

Cahtaba,

forwards

press
of

east

able

an

victorious

Khalid

in

Upper
ward,
west-

progress

general, Abu

Aun,

Mesopotamia.

to

Little

the

passing

were

his

in

of

son

of

"Ameer."

as

stirring events

detached

had

Little Zab,
Nehavend
xii.
20
131

Mahomet,"

of

Mesopotamia.

on

the

"

Meanwhile,

Aun

defeats

busy agents of the Hashimites

Wazeer
recognised provisionally as

of

one

Khorasan,

Zab, towards

from

Reaching

the end

of

Aug.
749

all

and

camp

hastily the Omeyyad

City; and shortly after

the

another

for

Ibn

son,

slight opposition,

anticipation of

In

His

his

this

In

Ilashimites

field.

thus

after

and

family

his

things, (reserved

Kufa

of

possession

i.

132

the

deserted

Syrian troops

"

but

and, following up

Wasit.

on

advanced,

for

Kerbala.

Hobeira, abandoning

retire

Abbas

the

fell upon

command,

Ibn

force

Hashimite

worsted,

were

suffered,for Cahtaba

too

vicinityof

in the

somewhere

encounter

son

of

beginning

his

A.I).

A.H., he

defeated

there

Abdallah, Merwan's
Merwan
II at last

takes the
field.

the

Kharejites,had

the

field in

have
and

been

remained

person,
very

disaffection

foot.
Zab
numbers

Crossing
with

an

to

and

son,

roused, by seeing

now

slaughter the troops of

occupied the region east of

great

Caliph himself, since

The

Mosul.

with

"

the

earlier

the

Tigris,he
of
his

at

enemy

different ; but

around,

his

inactive

which

army
meet

the

131

now

done,
with

advanced

against

Harran.

his very

ground

He

door,

the

was

take

to

issue

might

rebellion,defeat,

sinking

was

the

upon

under

Greater

sufficiently
strong

120,000,

enemy,

campaign

at

but

made

up

in

in

great

748-50]

A.D.

BATTLE

of

measure

lukewarm
Ibn

Meanwhile,
Abbas

Caliph,

able

was

and

retired

having

43

tribes

Yemen

Hobeira

rival

the

ZAB

THE

OF

Kharejites.A.H.

from

Abul

Wasit,

on

Kufa

heavily

Abu

bearing,
^

he

Aun.

To
his

sent

uncle

Battle

to

him

to

Merwan

of

of

the

left.

party of the

retired.

the

across

lest the

that

on

Abu

Aun

attack,

and

plant

the

revenge

death
!

by

all

up
to

the

advance,

but

evil

moment,

made

known

reward

the

of

that
brave

he
;

at

more

were

A
the

from

his

Pharaoh

to

to

seize

; and

son

he

as

stay the

called
to

name,

Then

in

their

an

zeal, he

and

would

soldiers hastened
To

prize.

the

this,

prevent

turned

protect the camp,

the cry

aside

with

took

army

it

Defeat! Defeat! broke and gave

the bridge adrift; and
cut
flight,

in the Zab

drowned

the

of the

was

cry

side,

camp

to

than

perished by

the

Defeat
Merwan

sword.^

II-

lah,
strugglingin the waves, Abdalgrandson of Abd al Melik being seen
new
Caliph'sbrother, is said to have cried, Let him alone," quoting

the

when

to

some

raise

while

shouted,

by

call.

in the

treasure

which,

on

once

guard and standard

for flight
; and with
Merwan,

had

his

another

to

first

Khorasan,

battle

on

the

the

; he

the

the

to

expecting thereby

detached

way.

after

responded

of

us

loyaltyand

ground

Ibrahim

Merwan,

but

on

the

and

tribes,one

none

thither,hoping
Merwan

Mansiir

Abu

tell

prosper

heroes

nephew

around.

Arab

in

son

resolved

army,

both

His

; and

dismount

men

threw

Historians

lost

the

skirmish

enemy

to

had

right

on

fight.

the

day

the

as

his

Ya

the

action.

lances

their

20,000

after

to

of

that

his

them,

Alohaunncd

taken

advanced

Syrians

made

incited

but

the

on

against advice,

general

the

heart.

aloud

a-h.

Abdallah

only

dishearten

nothing

is that

Abdallah

with

column

did

truth

Ya

'32

resigned the750A.D.

great host

crossed,

river,and

report should

Merwan

real

Aun

latter

back

bring

to

once

his

day, Merwan,

first beat

Aun,

x^bu

and

Zab,

Next

bridge

with

Aun

command.

supreme

encamped

bank

the

Imperial nthvi.'

an

commander-in-

as

Abu

accordingly

pavilion,mark

found

at

Abdallah

of

Zab

25th Jan.

and

State

also

army

chief:

at

the

give

on
'_

the

reinforce

130-

We

"

Coran

the

divided

passage
the

therein,while

sea

ye

on

and
looked

the destruction
saved

you

on."

Sura

of

the

Egyptians :

alive, but drowned

ii. 47.

'

'

Verily,

the host

of

and

j//':a'//v/.v

432
A.II.

Defeat

phate, took
his

His

"

to

the

the

the

abuse

weeks

in

Abdallah

and

he

army,

with

Arab

brother of

forth

Abbas.

colours

to

Merwan's

his

1 8th

April

to

from

him

but

after

the governor

slain.

5th Ramzan,

This

short
action

violent death.

the

to

Hims,
But
and

so

and

on,

raise

found

refuge

Abdallah

had

he

and

Kufa

months

three

from

the

from

its gates

of

to
Ibrahim

the

Citadel,

the

battle

impressionthat

all

Salih,

standard

on

on

of

stormed, and

was

black

of

ments
reinforce-

City closed

passed

of

prison.^

brother

his

the

his

death

his

Damascus

triumph

eight

of the

the

adhesion

the

resistance
the

governor,

demonstration

under
The

black

attire to make

formed

At

the

the

avenged

way.

stay, Abdallah
is in favour

similar

received

in

in

Harran,

had

short

they streamed

clad

unmeaning

Thereupon

132 A.H.,

Kufa,

At

in

80,000.

unfurled

was

hold

where

arms,

open

which

the

against him,

After

But

there,

Kufa,

Mosul,

to

Syria, he

to

into

army.
on

stay

from

Abdallah

house

force

entry

some

Damascus.

to

son-in-law, to

out

came

there

the

joined

Abbassides

hurried

any

dynasty.

places by

raising the

spent

another

he

so

make

with

nephew, by

onward

chief

from

answered

he

Palestine, where

to

Zab

new

and

demolishing
Passing

where

support,

orders

him

nephew,

Ibrahim,

the

fled

the

the

submission

his

under

meet

of

It is

"

chief.

from

advanced

i)ay, to

not

raise

to

no

safely

he

Meanwhile,

Damascus
Abdallah

an

tidings,

cried out,

lie,"they

Harran,

track, and

desiring the Governor,

another

doth

endeavour
his

on

could

reported

the

at

A.D.

750

or

of increased

his followers
"

to

thence, receiving

neither

and
field,

promise

Mosul,

way

vain

was

A.M.,

the

Cali-

fly"; and so they

the fallen Monarch, and glorified
the
of the Prophet." Merwan
then made

upon

his

the

132

who, overjoyed

Caliph

House

"

of

best

on

cross."

"the

bank,

triumphant

At

him

Caliph, let

showered

Omeyyad

combatant.

fled.

other

year

week

Abbas,

every

Merwan

rtighi.

fate of the

golden pieces,and

500

given

the

for

Abul

victory to

ordered
be

in

place

remained

Abdallali

of

foretold the

battle, which

This

130-

^^~'

[ciiAi-.
T.vHi.

//

the

Hashimite
of

the

Zab.

Palestine
did

not

in
die

ij

748-50]

A.D.

DEFEAT

HIS

pursuitof Mervvan,
Then, under
his
the

from

At

fugitive.

found

and

Sahh

Merwan's

but

orders

brother

AND

the

Abu

followers

had

433

had

fled

that

he

new

CaHph,
with

Aun
he

Said

DEATH

found

he

that,

follow

to

to

I'
Merwan

up

pursuit,in

stay

all supplies of

burned

130-

A.H.

despatched

force

Egypt.

to

[jrass

Egypt,

^^"^32a.h.

and

June
fodder

in

the

tached

Abu

neighbourhood.

Aun

with

Fostat, Salih

From

column, which

troop of cavalry still attached

the

took

faithless

were
death;
they put
their
lives by disclosing their
purchase
place. He had taken refuge in a church

to

rest

surprised by a small party he

just as the }'ear expired.
The

sent

was

thrown

and

out

it

head

contemptuously

despatched

was

low

bowed

in adoration.

Then
Lord

and

ungodly

heart

Had

"

:
"

their

True

the

neither

so

wrath

is my
named

sentiment, he

been

Merwan's

lived
sent

was

long

Dy her

they
with

aliph'suncle, can
^gain she pleaded

The

[0put

ii,

but

28

to

for

see)
ever

death

of

Court

for

the

to

whence

Mehdy.

placed

reproaches for
of Hashim:

His

and

this

have

is said

"

marry
to

have

lost his life.

of

treatment

wicked

mercy:

for mercy.

How," said

"

mayest

The

presence

race

"Nay,"
my
had

son

the
?

sons

^,"^
"

he

safety in

the cruel
"

of

any

grace

should

at-

other escaped,
r

daughter pleaded

charge they were,

if Merwan

Abyssinia, where,

dragged

wilt,thou

if thou

servant, in whose

them

has

been

I spare

"

title he

the

were

of the house

people

"

that

Palestine, from

in

the elder

him

answered

eplied,

his

quenched
by theirs."
shall

'

family had

which

Before
jSalih.^
was

slaked

after to

years

Merwan's

church, from
She

not

killed ; the

was
_

concealed

many

ladies of

within

(as we

to

'

and

fled

sons

by the natives,one

tacked

also

known.
of

Two

victory

himself

by

sent

towards

him

still burned

blood, it had

Head

Abbas

recited

He

cut

disfigured
^^y,^^^"

head

given

race.

Saffdh,the Blood-thirsty,and
since

had

slain,

tongue

seeing it,Abul

fire that

the

and

Thus

cat.

who

they quaffed my

thirst ;
to

an

of

indicative

verse

"

over

the

had

hiding- 5^h Aug.

Busir, where

at

raising his

heaven, he praised the

revenge

to

On

Kufa.

to

Master's

Slain,

tOj^^^l^'^j

enough

overpowered

was

Salih, who

to

prisoners a
Caliph. Some

fallen

the

to

de-75oA.D.

"

he
and

instructions

daughters.
,

DEATH

434

A.M.

130-

"^

save

"but

answered;
when

of

had

from

called

the

of

great

of

of

of

best

and

in

not

his

his

wei)t.

death,
a

handsome

Kurdish

He
but

He
and

house,

and

ance,
counten-

derision,

endurance.

physical

and

complexion.

ruddy

home

was

she
And

and

at

mother

inherited

and

old

voices

years

Mesopotamia,

power

their

?"

that

a^ain,"

the

saw

His

he

eyes

Ass

bravest

the

her

for

now

liarran

u[)

six.

nearly

blue

with

and

threescore

over

to

lifted

they

for

and

slave-girl,

back

us

[CiiAr.i.vni.

II

liave

there,

was

reigned

his

send

Alerwan,

Merwaii

char-

MERWAN

heart

returned

they

palace
His

"What

tliysclf."

"

OF

was

in

of

one

was

deserved

virtue

better

fate.i

End

So

of

dvnasu-^'

the

rose

lie

by
0mm

master

the

of

house

called

also

was

theologian
eternal

the

perished

who

and

held

was

courtiers
of

slain.

Ibrahim

and

dynasty,

ruins

its

on

Hashim.

Al

Jadi,

of

this

on

al

professing

from

doctrine
But

uncreate.

Abbasside
Walad

the

Omeyyad

may

the

Ashtar,

Free-will,
have

been
of

house
taken

one

denied
of

that
the
His

Omeyya.
over

views

heretical

the
and

by

his

the

of

calumnies

was

heaped

mother
father

Jad,

Coran

was

the

day

the

her

436
A.II.

132-

^"'^''

restricted

be

sides

sank

side

Viziers, and

phate.

of

kings
of the

loses
lial

i'^the

vijTour.

which

change

mar-

the

vigour. Enriched

and
the

temptations

virtue,and

their warlike

if

due

of

person,
fervour

The

Islam.

passed

measure

of

place

of its

early hardihood

spoilof conquered peoples,

luxury had graduallysapped
either

they

so

for

Saracen

But

the

and

passion
The

the Faith.

firstspread

Caliphate.

settled
at

family, and tribe, to

of religiousenthusiasm

away,

their

To

their

ease

; or,

petulance,

to

the

with

down

too
insubordination, preferring,

rivalries,and
interests

people,and

the

the

enter

we

them.

still preferredthe field,yielded there

they

the

dimensions.

Arab

towards

mainly

history

which

on

living sumptuously

well-filled Harems,

Mameluke

possible to keep

the

over

pride and

to

era

lost much

with

Grand

Caliphatewill only

reasonable

prosperity of

time

the

on

it be

in the

were
fire,

by this

and

tlic individual

within

Dynasty

material

and

had

race

will

comes

new

martial

hardy life and

Islam

alone

now

of the

^-j^gattitude

of

upon

feature

marked

Another

Aral)

then

glory,

Sultans

the

bear

of this book

remainder

the

Thus

Dynasty.

y\bbas-

phantom, vanishing into

mere

outside

they

as

of

the

of

crest

of attendants

Events

Egypt.

the
sway

pageantry

far be noticed

so

the

last ended

at

j-j-jg
shadowy

under

dynasty of

the

first to

rose

gradually

of

narrative

they

as

Restricted
Call-

to

[('ii.\r. i.i.x.

CALIPHATF.

ABBASSIDE

THE

often, the

had

in

great

self-aggrandisement had

no

taken

glory

and

extension

of

longer

the

Conqueror

of

National
was

of

interests

the world.
Cast off

Added

by

sides^^all

brought
by

to

Arab

letter

the Throne,

levies

from

the

and

Persia

Syrians

added

his

delay

angrily,
"

the
or

felt this

in

See

"

Khorasan

Modhar

Ibrahim

They

supported there, not

and

in

so

that

there

See above, p.

last

42S.

be

he
and
not

them

of

the

support, and

ranged

were

strongly,that
Nasr

were

by

while

Yemen,

which

crushing

lost

indeed, they had

before.

remained

tribes,whether

for

race

years

intercepted by Merwan,

Muslim
he

several

their accession

on

Arab

own

for

so

their side.

upon

Abbassides

in their

done

Omeyyads,
the

this,the

confidence

already
but

to

chided

in the

Abu

Kirmany,^
one

left

in

750-1258]

A.D.

"

Khorasan
but

"

whose

he

and

ABBASSIDE

THE

be

DYNASTY

is

tongue

slain

"

It

that

Mesopotamia

the

was

437

of

tongue
the

among

place
be

looked

their

askance

and

that

of

barbarous

the

South,

Before

long
;

officered

almost

slaves, of
end

the

and

to

we

soon

entirely

and

the

by city life,retired

the

where

not

roam

at

to

their

wake.

noble

Arab
forces

of

rude

alised
denation-

their

in

the

their

already
will

or

In

name.

tools

Per-

delights

freedmen

uncouth

helpless

; and
^''"^^"

Imperial

Turcomans,

the

Arabs,

in

"fj'^'^J^.

Oxus

the

the

find

and

became

follow

themselves

drew

the

afar

overshadow

to

Caliphs

about

from

contmued

the

Turks

to

by

descent

Caliphs
:

began
so

strange

protectors

slow

not

they

the

scenting

race,

were

chieftains

from

entirely

^^^o

took

throw

long

132'^'"

Syria

they

so

Before

upon.

bodyguard

and

Dynasty,

new

A.ii.

the

aganist

of

repeatedly

^
,

Arabian,

Arabs

revolt

dangerous

the

desert

wilds.
With

the

of

ness

rise

Arab

of

life

Persian

softened

was

of

culture, toleration,

and

of

oral

also

tradition
and

historical

scholarly
To

the

also

of

the

of

those

of

free

the
of
the

transcendental
Imamat

the

or

house

things

will

it

well

thought
important

the

of

of

Aly

that

well

by

the

and

manners

as

ment
state-

the

East.

now

sprang

the

as

ever-

morality

spiritual leadership
;

era

practice

recorded

attributed

views

an

hastened

the

be

may

The

Persian
"^

opened

to

change

"

from

Court

at

place

rough-

of

up,
some

rapid growth

thought.

These

have

laxity

there

research.

giving

source

divine

member

scientific

introduced

same

and

narrative,

tendencies

increasing
and

was

the

influence, however,

of

with
the

developed

to

changes

Caliphate

accession

be

draw

attention

wrought
Persia

Abbassides.

as

by
and

the

we

go
at

closer

Khorasan,

But

on.

this

point

I
to

connection
caused

by

'"'^"^^^"

CHAPTER

Abul

Addas,

132-136

review

BRIEF

In

Abul
Abbas

still

tarried

general,

A.H.

of

Abu

Salma,

defeated

with
time

of
of

Abbassidc

the

little

house

Ibrahim,

two

or

three

Homeima

the

relatives

concealment.

Kufa,

ii. 132

the

They

Salma,

but

for

simple

weeks

title
arrest

fled

had

since

ever

kept

to

declare

by

of

charge

still

for

Brothers

two

Hashim,

taken

now

several

the

remained

they

were

meeting

the

his

of

at

city, and

On

house

where

encamped

the

Mahomet."

the

him

by

in

A.H.
,

the

Oct.
749

Abu

under

before,

of

where

of

possession

Wasit.

agent

A.H.,

the

by
on

and

132

years

of

Kufa

and

came

year

of

Kufa,

to

now

Omcyyad

back

leader

busy

the

of

fall

to

government

the

from

new

Merwan

the

vicinity

the

took

he

the

on

brought
into

of

beginning

of

all

the

the

while

that

Hobeira,

Khorasan,

opposition,

with

^"

in

carried

Ibn

the

Wazeer

"

of

seen

obliged

heretofore
cause

in

ha\e

in

and

Cahtaba,

Hashimite

recall

to

necessary,

establishment

we

Ilarran,

at

was

army

Kufa

the

chapter

Saffdh
132

be

here

Kufa.

at

previous

A.T).

749-754

attending

Caliphate

Saffau

A.H.

may

circumstances

LX

A.D.

the

strictest

advent

of

his

favouring

ambition

the

and

premature

namely,

,,,,

When

privacy.
new

the

at

other

descended
or

may

be,

and

learning

the

the

courage

that

Wasit.

of

Aly,
to

party
Ibrahim,

said
as

Some

branch

from

Abbasside

long

so

but

he

Dynasty,

dangerous

stand

urged

that

Ibn

of these

were

late

him

stock,
none

head

had

now

However

impatient
of

the

be
tained
main-

suspected
Hashimite

once

it would

Hobeira

forward.

come

at

at

the

House,

of

that,
the
that

delay,
had

A.

749-54]

D.

brother

his younger

declared

mother, his brother

his

successor,

the

people

tion.

It

SHEDDER

ABBAS,

ABUL

Abu

Jafar being
him

on

noble

of

of

slave-girl)

son

A.H.

Hashimite

the

by

occupation of homage

the

of Abu

consent

Salma,

the

Great

virtues

and

his

to
fidelity

of
to

Great

their
root

words.

of

the

who

stood

had

standing
of the

in

the

"

of

Mary."

whither
the

to

the

from

Caliph.
of

encampment

'

His

usual

which
name

with

him

course

which
ifever,
"The
lielween
his

made

"same

the

two.

Abbas

the

given

cut

Abul

This

does

Salma,

real

Son-in-law,
another

to

take

it will

us

it up

the

Jesus

to

the

Castle,

dark, doing homage

for

returned

to

the

months

some

he

of his many

account

It

is

tions,
bloody execu-

unlikelythat the
his first harangue by anticipation
; but I
from
attack
Abbas
of
an
was
suffering
not

his address.

short

apartment,"

lime, against Abu

on

yet in the future.

imported into

him

only

abode.'

same

I find it.

and

with

entered

then

where

Salma,

were

been

jgivethe speech as

Abul

was

Lord

themselves, they

delivered

till it

of

Commander

and

pulpit,and

the

his

the

am

now

true

shall render

thus

SafFah, was

name,

of

have

may

Abu

the

is ours,

we

people flocked

new

occupied

when

his

then," he said,

not

Having

descended

"

"

dominion

day

the

Aly

Abbas,

Delay

fealty. The

remain, till the

both

Abul

that

an

still fiercer

pulpit,and

very

by

"

of the

enemy

two

their

Shedder

with

affirmed
were

that

it,even

Faithful.
of

Son

Prophet
in

the

"

Devil," and

of

for

by declaring it

followed

styledMerwan

the

Omeyyads

reward

to

Saffdh,the

Daud

the

Prophet,

Kufans

ended

name

my

uncle

successors

oath

and

His
He

Caliph

the

the

opposition,for,said he,

all

out

of

promised

and

stipends ;

749

proceeded

of the

crimes

he

upon
^

magnified

descendants

family,which

revenger,

Blood."

the

He

Syrian followers, praised

their

mission

of

thei32A.n.

Caliph ascended

new

usurpation and

the

increase

the

first address.

his

claims

and

thence

we

not

of

are

look

told, separatedby
as

if

simple

curtain

suspicionexisted,at anyrate
other disloyalty.
or

Alyite tendencies

to,

111.

^"''^ ^'^*-

Abbas

Abul

Palace, and

There

made

denounced

the

mosque.

and

pulpit

mounted

they^

'

piebald horse, entered

to

that, apparently with

troops

'_

^^^^^
12

Kufa

132-

findingAbul

; and

public demonstra-

after

months

three

439

(son

openly

out

them, proceeded

about

was

BLOOD

Abbas

Abul

they brought

with

OF

at

A.I).

ARUL

440

A.ll.

;.
Caliph
retires

by .\bul

and

By

132-

Salma,

Abbas

from

whether

\C\\\\\i.\.

SAFFA//

ABBAS,

became

from

alienated

Abu
of

well-grounded suspicion

any

unfriendly feeling,Alyite, or

otherwise,

said.

be

cannot

to
^

ilashi-

rJut, whatever

miya.

^|^g

the

of which

he

laid

the

despatched his
several

were

directions

his

solid

of

other

courtly residence,

thence

Officers

of

direction, these
the

to

in

commands
the

fallen

sanguinary

various

Dynasty,
for

earned

soon

he

whom

relatives,among

ability,with

claim

Kuta,

at

Anbar, in the neighbourhood

and

replace the

to

Acting under
Abbas

fair

From
famil)^IlasJiiiiiiya.

Uncles

of

tr

liis house

now

foundation

called it after his

and

"

quittmg

cause,

Caliph repaired to

j-jg^^

title he

Abul

aspired

after.
earliest

His

Omejyad

c^J'th the
suedlo"'^'
death.

entire

into

the

ever

been

accused

offered

was

shade

the

there
in

ninety

133

A.H.
A, n.

and

put

the

The

to

the

veins

ran

still
the

blood

pursued, and

of

successfullyeffected
like

scene

was

be

about

as

resumed

their

of

cast

into

his life a

One

such,

burden,

Caliph, who,

touched

only sparing him,

still survived.
'

The

himself

cast

with

but

of

by

Abu

feet of

pity, obtained

granting

used

the

at

Nevertheless

phrase

that

descendant

or

years,

the

tims
vicstreets

escaped wandered

seeking vainly in disguise some

terror,

feast

in whose

miserable

in

Those

across

Bussorah, the

At

of

dogs.

on

relentlessly

tender

; the

remains

and

his

All

dying.

enacted

arose

drawn

princes were

were

after

bard

was

flight,
escaped.

soon

invited,some

devoured

secrecy.

as

the

gregated
con-

unsuspecting guests,

Tyrant

of

petrated
per-

Family

were

carpet

Omeyyad

slain, and

were

the

amnesty

Omeyyads,

the

A
the

such

only

the

fell on

limbs

of the

they

of

death.

quivering

An

Suddenly

deeds

ghastly spectacle,and

over

to

feast.

evil

all to

it

that

was

in Palestine.

confirm

attendants

them

of

butcheries

wholesale

branches

to

the

verse

face

the

cruellest of them

numerous

; and

PalestlnV
signalgiven,the
7^1

Such

race.

Caliph's uncle

number,

recitingin

from

sweep

anything the previous Dynasty had

of

the

to

to

was

Omeyyad

cast

by

Wholesale

care

place

of

Sofian, finding
an
a

uncle

of the

rescriptnot

general amnesty to such

in the following year, we

the historian is

"

sucklings."

749-54]

A.D.

MASSACRE

find another

less merciful

slaughter of
of Mecca

the
be

those

and

Nor

did

who

of

taken

that

44

Saffah, initiating
a
shelter in the

whose

feeble

excuse.

in

Of

remained

but

the

should

they

fear of

unearthed.

that

uncle

had

it suffice

pleaded

OMEYYADS

fresh

A.ii.

cities

Holy

132

'^"^^"

Medina.

the
living,

were

OF

tombs

great Muavia

dust

; and

of

of

there

the

Desecra-

on

might possibly [j""j"

machinations
The

their rage

vent

the

Caliphs
nothing

was

other

Caliphs

little

frame was
found
in
excepting only Hisham, whose
singular preservation. This they scourged with
whips,
hung up for a while, and then burned, scatteringthe ashes
more,

to

the winds.

Syria and
treated
One

slaves the
slain
in

rose

of

the

by

followed

suit.

All

The

by
and

defiant

various

order.
mite

rule

Syrians

force

in

in

of

northern

also

resisted

City

was

of the

Abbasside

got

the

column

from

attack

ascendency

opposite faction

of

distracted

party conquered,
"

and
was

Hashi-

force

of

seven

the

for

the
for

the

then

advancing
the

to

gents,
insur-

was

not

Bussorah

general, supported

That

unfortunate

altogether

Modharite

from

party, having

overthrew
fighting,

severe

mand
com-

army

months.

Khorasan.

the

meet

Someisat

Hashimite

60,000

under

the

within, apart

after

of

Euphrates, dispersed

siege

fighting

threatened

To

the

City, sufferingthus whichever

"

three

days given

up

P"tamia.

met

was

restored

from

This

the

and

army

Kci)diion

"n^Meso-

moment

much

column,

for
difficulty,

some

he

Harran.

to

head,

with

terms

where

an

Jafar,

in Wasit.

all attempts

also

the

Abu

Hobeira

where

its

that

enemy

revolt

detached

brother

with

his

siege

forthwith
at

After

men.

defeated

Abbas

till after

by

40,000

north,

dangerous

coasts

but
recovered

of

the

to

to

as

Maslama,

Dama.scus

came

off

carrying

at

were

Dynasty.

new

which

Kinnisrin,

Hauran,

field laid

his

besiegingIbn
the

the

more

Abul

emergency,

of

Mesopotamia,

the

of

act

also

distinguished warrior

hastened

still

the

Syria, with

fortune, he

in

of the

Caliph'suncle Abdallah,

quelling a rising in
and
insurgents,

the

governor

rebellion.

households

the creatures

minions, caught
Harem

indignationthroughout

Omeyyad

indignityby

its

raised

outrage

Mesopotamia.

with

of

was

Such

to

pillage

ABUL

44-

A. 1 r. 13'2-

^
Ilm

and

interest
capi'iulatos

and

raised the

Syria

for its support.

of Ibn

Hobeira, who,
for his

there

Wasit, and

Omeyyad
because

had

beyond

made

tribal

it

no

Omeyyad

the

the

Merwan's

Hobeira,

he

Ibn

Hobeira

But

the

Jafar
^

to

solemn

the
gave

When

Mohammed

ibn

his claim
emissaries
;

to

of

out

Abdallah,

Abdallah

; and

Wasit

Ibn

reached

full

by the

ratified

received

respecting

upon

then

Muslim

Abu

sent

get Ibn

two

Hobeira

creatures

grandson of

death, he is said

Hasan

the Yemenite

shall hear

of his

two-and-twenty

more

of

son

to

have

the

party in his army,

in the next

reign.

at

his
own

Abu
of

to
Aly, offering

reply,and

it.

"as

still decline.

should

defeat and

we

Jafar from

way," persistentlyurged

Jafar

with

Syria. At

in

Jafar,who

throne, but waiting long for

beginningto tamper
of this Ibn

his

during

capitulate.^A

intent

to

Syrian

the

at

Abu

consulted

the

to

partly to

Abu

Jafar, was

summoning

lost

brother

to

; and

Abbas

of Merwan's

and

having meanwhile

his counsel

and

the

powerful

months,

command

the

Abu

deed, if Abu

he heard

cantonment

paralysed

being

graciously, was

way;

loss of

the

The

for eleven

was

oath

Finally Abul

do

Cahtaba.

offered

by

stumbling-stone

death.

Ibn

on

death

received

Syria was

in

siege of that

for

the cause,

than

dreaded

still

the

of

troops

whatever

The

take

Caliph, having

Merve, and

detach

failingDynasty,

thereupon

under

flower

on

told)of Merwan,

to

; but

which

to

concluded

Caliph

to

of

cause

him

tidings of
amnesty

order

be

things went

north, sent

hastening

fell back

the

(w^eare

Caliph, recallinghis

new

of

against him, partly owing

jealousies

which

w^as.

way

Thus

fatal step

Master; for defeat

to

more

as

soldiery.
last,the

with

his

to

pressed vigorously by

the

death

the

the

Merwan,
with

up

afraid

was

depressing influences

to

call of

still had

which

from

united

the order

changed

instead

seen,

in Khorasan

comparison

garrison

Treacher-

the

obeyed

not

Wasit, important
was

have

mainly

have

we

with

leader

Dynasty,

himself

delay proved fatal

the

fallen

at

He

of Nasr

the support

as

shut

troops.
he

able

an

It failed

support

kej)t pos-

fell.

design,might

common

events, and

north

leaders,however,

if guided by
risings,

These

of

Omeyyad

of it until Wasit

session

Ho-

atWasit.

The

outrage.

[('hm-.i,x.

SAFFAH

ABBAS,

the

rilten
port
sup-

Caliph's
he

tulated
capi-

ABUI.

444
Elsewhere

A. 1 1. 132'_

The

Figluini; Hashimite
died

the

thu'st

end

numbers

to

put
deaili.

of

We

have

livingfor
of

one

from

the

and

Abul
wrote

the

he

followers
should
was

done.

and

proclaim Abu

robe

of

far

was
was

Abul

slain

the

the

town,
thus

may hope
the lamentable

he

the
was

he

wended

Oxiis, and

the
in

battle,and

which

ablaze

10,000,

; then

"

all

that these butcheries

disregardfor

built of

was

"

human

90

Aly,

was

uncle

who

influential

crier

called
the

his

taken
burned

Muslim
This

purpose.
to

whom

man

or

Caliph

Abu

that

so

in his heart,

an

go

forth

Caliph

the

arrayed in
Caliph till night
and

home

way

alone,

diligently

was

prisoners. In Oman,
Afterwards

alive.

the

wood, and pouringnaphtha -on

rushing sword

in hand

counted, and the heads

the

on

sent

but

vastlyexaggerated;
life that now
prevailed.
are

of

advice, which

Report

20,000

It

Salma's

for the

by

assassinated.

killed

inhabitants,they slew
One

as

Anbar.

this be

The

ordered

entertained
As

beyond

houses, set them

alienated

house

for his

Abu

in

cause

to

for the

suggested

"

Salma,

Hashimite

death.

assassin

an

So

and

Kharejiteswere

troops attacked

Kufa, became

by

and

Salma

advanced.

50,000

at

to

then

honour, and

governor

Abu

with

the

Merve

of revenge

honour."

by

accession, after

of

favour

put

Abbas

waylaid

aided

were

his residence

at

send

to

there

slaughter. The

his

on

intimacy

from

Muslim,

asked

delightethto

Khorasan

In

enmity against him

Khorasan,

were

incredible

and

Caliph'sjealousy. Whether

danger

where

Oman,

to

ordering the execution, by

from

be

Caliph

had

be

Khorasan,

flightby Ziad,

to

"Vizier"

should

the

on

from

Ferghana,

in closest

cherished

from

Bussorah

carnage.^

the

Salma

Abu

to

dissuaded

dwelt

terrible

recoy;nise

desert.

greater

put

reiL,m.

Kharejites. They

even

and

departed

Abu

Abbas

that

of

llie

i.x.

beaten, and

was

fled

death.

to

that

so

to

Imperial troops,

Soghd,

their

stirred

was

900

the

with

time

him, and

which

host

leading supporters

is said that

he

vast

burned

seen

some

Khorasan

Dynasty

by

with

refused

of veterans

old

outbreaks

Samarcand,

and

Bokhara,

of

he
fightini;,

force

king of China," but

the

no,

the

or

India

heavy

by

defeated

similar

AlmS.ilma
ousiv

of

slain

rebels

and

[('iiap.

the end

ili^httnrougli the

joined by

were

were

ins

last reduced

at

in the

Sind

ui

adherents

they

of

of

prevailed lo

rule ; after

ot

being

"

troubles

Viceroy

SAFl-A/f

ABBAS,

to

terrified

Bussorah."

theypointlo

A.p.

74fl-r,4] ABU

well

the

the

that

spread

SALMA

there

As

Viceroy
and,

unlimited,

an

for

the

mission

shimite
before

was

and

The
the

later,Ziad

governor

went

that

plot thus

^1and

had

he

that

and

machinations

Caliph

is the

sent

of

see

told

the

done

his B-'other

bade

the

that

he

crat.
auto-

his brother

secret.

Ha-

forgot

never

heart, but

one

openly

got rid of this wilful

had

Auempt

|^^^|^^^'

two

or

year

which

his

recently 135

to

weaken

to

league with

compass

his death.
Ziad

''^"'^"

the

too

Ziad,
The

deposed

was

subjects,and

own

the

in

camp

Abu

been

received
the

Jafar to
at

for

Hashimite

him,

would-be

of his

advantage

permission

same

time

sent

Abu

Salma

when

extreme

his

Another

Abu

committed

agents
while

this man's
Ibrahim

youth.

of the incautious

to

he

and

Ibn

the

Abu

that

Abu

Mus-

^^'i"
visit the ''^^

put

to

CaHph, fearing
Sahna

was

pected,
sus-

the latter,to prove

the deed

as

death

above

narrated.

all the governors

ruled in Fars.

influence

; and

first selected

Abu

the

pilgrimage to with Abu

followinglimited to "136a. n.

of which
;

to

by

on

is that

MusHm

assassin who

undeterred

proceed

in Khorasan,
plenipotentiary

accpunt

took

because

asked

Alyite tendencies

jealousof

was

Muslim,

report.

sound

appointed by

Muslim

Abu

the

Abu

granted, but

shared

Muslim

had

on

in order

thence

and

his loyalty,despatchedan

now

exercised

Kethir,

was

Samarcand,

Court,

was

most

Muslim

that Abu

year,

the

at

Leave

This

hatred

his

by

Anbar,

at

Mecca.

Khorasan.

mosity.
bitter ani-

Ibn

light miscarried.

following

In the

i|

l\Ius-

beheaded,

assassin

Abu

in

to

death

to

II
j

him

he

instructions

coming

put

shall

rebellion

instigatedthe
powerful Viceroy) was

himself

who

132-

set up for himself, and

xA.bu Muslim
strongly fortified,
On
he discovered
the way
to
fight against him.
of having
an
emissary of the Caliph (who is accused

been

death

matter

of

Abu

Muslim

Muslim

This

it to

the

Abu

advocates

Irac

unless

keep

present

Abu

to

we

to

took

Caliph
the

as

return

longer Caliph

no

for

his

on

of

him

towards

Khorasan.-

in

all A.il.

with

Merve,

to

attitude

valuable

most

but

Jafar thought, a dangerous

imprudent word, and on slight

an

Jafar, who

Abu

crime,

and

earliest

deed;

deputed

arbitrarysuspicion,he put

and

the

Khorasan,
Abu

as

Thus

supremacy.

of

445

lay.i

conceived

; and

DEATH

done

Jafar was
Shortly after,Abu
of feelingthe pulse and
view

himself

of

motive

the

TO

had

Kharejites

where

knew

PUT

Kethir
Muslim

speech to put

Abu

had
never

him

had

to

conceived

Muslim

sought

to

as

dissuade

forgavehim,
death.

the

and

446
A.H.

looo

132-

136.
Abu
"^

ABUL

lie

men.

Mus-

gave

'"

that

permission
his brother

him

Abu

the

presideat

A. II.

resided

be

to

for
the

at

Caliph.

the

revenge

favourite

Court,

the

But
of

the

both

Muslim's

But

and

feared

his mind.

he

put

entirelyin
in the

on

13

136
754

dies

Abbas

A.ii.

is

a""! ^sft

given

at

former
of

descriptionof
in
"

"

Behold

the

"

concern,

He

death

and

Thus
^

kingly youth;

The

took

overtook
closed

Only
of

I'il-

now

explained
time.

palace at Anbar,
ended.

was

hard

as

an

him

her

of

his

His
He

not

I say,
As

the term

appearance,
a

left behind.

he

Soleiman,

as

say,

Lord, give

he

spoke,

by, regarding
us

the

looking at himself

he stood

I do

cousin

death, beyond

his

which

is two

evil augury
as

to

; and

heard

and

he

mutual

some

so

long

me

he

months

five

sickened,

expired.

sanguinary reign of

Abul

daughter, we are told. A son indeed is

expeditionagainst the Alyites, 145
probably of ignoblebirth.
elsewhere, he was
a

Isa in the

spoken

the

but

between

term

it

as
"

enjoy it."

fellow

his

of

wardrobe

exclaimed,

to

vain

was

him, that

of

he

to

say

days."

for

in his

married

annalists

the

varied

health

life,and

slave

by

the

related

mirror,

Abu

reached

Muslim

will be

Mecca

at

Abbas

Abul

little is said

It is also

led

twenty-eight to thirty-five
years.

from

Caliph Mehdy.
and

smallpox

daughter,^ afterwards

and

t"

-'

age

Abu

veil his hatred

after the pilgrimage

I
fc)

davs

xii.

of

died

grimage
Pil-

Jafar

splendour

obliged,as

was

followingchapter, to

Abul

Abui
Abbas

but he

his power,

their

The

the

though

Jafar had

Abu

returning caravan.

with

Dreading

order.

the

; he

conversing

was

grimage completed, tidingsof the Caliph'sdeath

the

the

princely liberality.The

his

and

equipage

Jafar, who

by Abu

by

ently
appar-

his execution

the

outshone

was

Abu

undertaken

was

him

had

troops, should

together.

he

ceremonial,

he

as

withdrew

he

Muslim

order

to

Khorasan

informed

hated

Caliph changed

death,

to

Muslim

the

; but

both

behind

from

of honour, and

Meanwhile

and

Rci.

.it

to
probably be apj)oiiited

his Brother

accordingly
Abu

Mecca

to

himself

down

cut

the

mark

every

Jafar would

Viceroy, persuaded
was

left 7000

Abu
Pilgrimage,a dignit}-

expected
now

[('n.\r.
ia".

8000, but

with

proceed

to

jriniai:o,

136

with

started

Caliph received

The

SAFfAh

ABBAS,

Abbas,

mentioned
A.H.

but

as
as

which
panying
accom-

he is not__

74()-r.4]

A.D.

lasted

which

he

Of

DEATH

HIS

five years,

little less than

resided

in

447

the

Palace

convenient

at

for

constructed

towers

distances

we

from

way

Kufa

also

mile-stones.

"),of whom

Barmecide

"

Khalid

is that

from

Cahtaba

accompanied

singular abilitywas
of the

and

Exchequer,

Abul

Abbas

silken

of the chief

and

of

custody
The

called

the

Mecca,

intensified

his

treachery

in the

is

should

whose
"We

this

deserve

the

not

Caliph

with

his express
presence,

of

name

his

Muslim

says,

have

the

that

Salma,

to

Hobeira

to

Abul

is well

^j-ij^g^"

all others
He

possible,by
also

by ingratitude,

few

who

throne.

had

That

the

his crimes

extenuate

the

so

life.

were

the

by

to

"that

many

than

is
in

impartial Weil,

any

At

whom

the

in

Abbas

he

himself

Syria,and

his command

must

Abbassides

owed

did
not

was

if he

did

assumed.

the

less

Soleiman
Abu

sought

not

lie

it by

was

in his very-

Muslim
much.

so

to

hire the
It

at

was

disregardof solemn
is not
it certainly
due to his
his
own
during
reignovertake

treacherous

his fellows ; and

Salma

have

"

indeed

Jafar,in

Abu

and

Europeans
as
Omeyyad,

strangledvictims ; but not

Omeyyads

that the fate of Aliu

also.

Saffah

"

worse

that
repeated requisition

innocence
Abu

hands

in

slain.
perfidiously

were

oaths, slew Ibn

was

Caliph

commonly

he

and
not

to

made

concur

that

were

referred

not

merely

barbarous

tyrant

he

was

perjuredand ungratefultraitor."
Such

is the

^IAbbassides,

not

Abul

overdrawn

Abbas,

Abu

^^'

"

placed

is most

oaths,

Blood-shedder, which

own

mandate

assassin of Abu
his

who

reign after

upon

the

respect for human

victims

marvel," he

but

can

defend

may

judgment

of

family, was

guilt,if

been

is thus

; and

strange

have

"^'^![|.

attained

Heir- apparent

signets

Abbas

spent their lives in helping him

attempt

Isa nomi-

of Kufa.

solemn

his

chief

his

distinguished beyond

cruelty and

for amongst

of

Isa to be

Royal

small

of

be

to

year

of

man

family

Blood-thirsty, and

he

face

Caliph

of the

the

Abul

had

that

already made,

being

last

(the

patent, inrcribed

governor

which

such

as

Dynasty

of

Saffah, the

; for

The

with

himself, now

is

the

nephew

sealed

by

In

Jafar,

heads

name

known

in

Abu

and

sheet,

rest

and

P"t"lic

his

nominated

after his brother

the

Court.

high position at

the

by

of

pilgrims ^iya,
to

Barmek

been
and

Balkh,

with

of

son

has

promoted

Palace

works,

the

mention

132-

_U.

'

and

A.li.

Anbar.

at

the

of

two

told

are

protection of

all the

last

completed

now

public undertakings, the only thing

he had

the

during

character

Saffah, the

"

of

the

first of

Blood-shedder."

the

the

LXI

CHAPTER

Abu

136-158

Jafor At

Abu

^^^^
""
i-e'v
11'''"''

J""^'
^^

'

'

pilgrimage

late

Caliph

Abu

Jafar

a.ii.

Abul

of

death

the

had

Mansur

Jafar,

Abu

Abbas,

Jafar, as

His

Mecca,

at

a.d.

754-775

nominated

cousin,
in

second

as

have

wc

Isa,

seen,

whom

succession,

the
caused

'"

of

allegiance

in the

lah^^h^'

^^^^

while

the

Victorious.

Jafar, directly
homeward

Abu

Muslim

the

was

had

There

him.

He

the

him

against Merwan;
homage

Jafar
as

him

to
was

there

devoted

the
were

to

as

more

marched

that

their

north

his

succession
and

so,

anxious

for the

uncle's

old
who
to

his

Nisibin,

brother

siege

the

services

Abu

men

approach
where

he

late
for

the

his

of
now

raised

Caliph
paign
cam-

to

army

do

Abu

of Abu

Muslim

once

of Asia

Harran.

to

in

Abdallah

border

in reward

17,000

army

leader.
on

set

at

alarm.
the

told

Abdallah.

proceed

persuading

he

and

promising

ease,

the
on

Brother's

him,

uncle

to

force

Caliph,

in his

against Abdallah,
and

powerful

his
at

for

ground

asserted

now

promised

mind

rebellion

was

of

in command

Minor.

his

set

Abdallah's

of

event

against

him

bade

his

for

sent

of

attitude

the

feared

he

that

route,

the

Pilgrimage

on

of

hearing

and

assumed

also

to

the

address,

He

was

on

leading

usual

Anbar.

at

oath

immediately
by

the

already said,

the

on

with

the

and

receiving tidings

succession

palace

uncle.

him

his

mosque

as

On

returned

Jafar

the

Muslim,

^^'^^^ ^^'^^-

death

to

Mansur,

Abu

Rebellion

Great

on

of

name

Abu

inaugurated

prayers

Kufa,

at

accordingly.

death,

He

went

proclaimed

once

taken

was

Kufa.

then

at

brother's

of his

Caliph's

be

to

Muslim,
Khorasan
marched
the

entrenched

siege,
him-

754-75]

A.D.

self in

REBELLION

OF

strong position
; but

Khorasanies

justreferred

them

to the

sword.^

Abu

Muslim

made

the rebel army,

families,insisted upon
Muslim

the

but in the

end, throughAbu

founded, and

his death
had

as

one

further

no

While yet on

him

of

vantage-

with various
able

his

tactics,
fled,

brother

of Bussorah.

Caliph,iiistead
had

now

for

of

a
rewardii-g

saved,his

whom,

Throne,

having served

who

man

bent

was

his purpose,

Fall and

on

^^

he Muslim,
^

need, and

whom

he both

feared

and

hated.

the great warrior divined the

the field of battle,

temper of his Master, who, much

sent

courier to take count

to

of the

his

had
mortification,

spoil;

and

bethought

for safetyto Khorasan.

This, in fact,was
retiring
what
the Caliph dreaded ; and so with many
fair words
his person, he offered him
that he wished to keep him near
the government of Syriaand Egypt. Abu Muslim
replied
that there was
ever
danger in a powerful subjectbeing
Inear the Court ; at a distance he would be the Caliph's

devoted

!native

servant

; but

otherwise

he would

have

no

alter-

but to break

allegiance.An angry correspondence

Muslim
began his march to Khorasan.
received a peremptory mandate
to repair

ensued,and Abu
At Holwan, he
the Caliphwaited
for him.
Distracted
to Medain, where
faithful
but now
won
by various counsel, friends,once
him
to obey ; and
to
to deceive,advised
o\cr
so, trusting
"

promises,he proceededto the Court. As

Ayub, the Vizier,fearingthe warrior
lear, Abu

fair

The

his

he
and

drew
his

of 17,000 soldiers is narrated without comment.

butchery
in the whole family. On two occasions
innate
seem
treachery

enormous

and
,'ruelty

march, Abdallah

sent

chiefs whom

he

was

afraid of,to his creatures

in

else-

carried containing
orders for their
with letterswhich theyunsuspectingly
.here,
and so escaped.
ssassination. One of them had occasion to open his missive,
29

a.h.

and754A.D.

course;

Muslim's

was

thankless

The

for their ";^37

Abdallah

Soleiman, governor
had

same

for five months

on

^''^'

of

Defeated
stronghold,
for Syria; on
Muslim,

march

followingthe

A. II. 136-

his

totallydiscomfited.
eventuallyplaced under charge of

was

whole

returning,
occupiedthe deserted

Syrian army

but

would

fearingthe

mostly Syrians,alarmed

ground. Fighting went

success,

from

449

the

cruellyput

decoy him
if he

as

UNCLE

his way,

on

to, he

To

which

then Abu

CALIPH'S

^'

ABU

450
A.ir.

136-

if he

followers

Fallot"

Muslim's

Muslim.

Palace, and

Caliph

of the

who
"

And

of

one

the

his

Muslim

to

left her

tent

warmth

growing

Abu

Pilgrimage ?
himself

Abbasside

worst

before

him

an

he

but

and

Jafar clapped

To

his

for mercy,

calm

Caliph

the

Muslim

Abu

him

crowd

was.

Ah,"

Jafar; "Thou

hadst

"

than

look

there

revealing the mangled

See

descent

he

The

above, p. 445.
was

true

wanting creatures
descent

enough.
who,

to

charge

When
cover

fatal adulation

but

"

he

Dynast}'?^

that

the

where
the

answered
he

art

world
the

out

!
a

"

cried
worse

carpet

was

retired.

of Abbasside

glory,there
a

loyal

was

himself

to

"

believingit

thou

the

cursed.

that

of

fuel

cried

asked

now,"

origin,invented

men

Caliph

Isa horrified

only added

the
Abu

victim

and

of his

could
kiss

corpse.

his servile
that

Caliph's

armed

and

said, as

making

if of

as

Kathir, long

them

all the

in the zenith

on

in vain.

the

that

in

not

the

the

as

told

Fool

"

charge

Muslim

But

knew

"

so,"

ing
carry-

upon

signal five

was

here

was

obey thy call."

Abu

raised

He

"

this,with

of the

Ameer";

his

so

Throne,

pieces,while

with

Not

"

of

hand

curtain, and
in

Caliph,

slave,

mere

the

the

his

against his orders ?

pardon.
at

replied Isa,

would

charge, Abu

for

said

warmth,
"

slain Ibn

to

me

slightedhim

Heir-apparent, entered

and

enemy

he

without, it

"

"

Caliph.

the

cut

be so, Isa, the

to

"

some

he

the

had

hands, and

in conclave

was

her, and

faithful supporter

plead

behind

from

for

sought

every

Court,

"Tell

custody." On

once

of all,why

the

it to the

tookest

had

lifelong service

Caliph'shand,

aloud

though

the

with

"Here,"

for Khorasan

out

fiercer at

his

urge

stepped

set

early and

waxed

safe

Why

"

descent, and

and

Then

Abu

himself
to

Jafar brought charge

out,

aunt?

refresh

witli

I feared

in

ill-fated man,

against the

As

entered

handed

thou

but

"

he

had."

whom

his

will.

softlythus

he

and

meet

good

summoned

Abdallah

i.x i

kissing the Caliph's

and

him

pillow.

to

one

and

awhile

rest

'

disarmed,

them," and

girl of

repliedAbu
her

to

that

daggers
is

"

made

thus

first addressed

put it under

the

wrath, bribed

followingday, again

at

two

guest,

in

[( hap.

UR

graciouslywelcomed;

bidden

The

NS

A', MA

Caliph'sfavour

the

was

was

bath.

the

FA

apprehensions

hand, he
a

of

him

assure

came

JA

were

not

side
story of Abbas-

Caliph'sjealousy.

45

A.II.

Story

in
of

Abu

Jafar,desirous

sent

him

him

to

once

worth

if from
with

seal.

hold

able

this

Abu

Abu

Muslim
from

letter

suspicion,the

to

Hamadan.

To

patent

appointing

but

governor

of Hamadan
first

that

himself

threw
faithful
as

It

Peace

restored
Persia^and

leader,
i38a'.h.

of

avenger

the

Abu

Imperial

of

threatened
alone

the

from

Rei

him, might

of

thus

have

now

; but

hearing

Court

\\Tiether the

the
there

all the

that

in Persia.

quiteclear.

There

must

besides

Abu

Muslim

had, mistrusting

captives.

was

his

two

and

half months

we

are

Ilarem, he
the

slain and

followers,is

apparentlyhave been something more

risingwas serious,as multitudes of

off,and in the end 60,000 of his followers (so

lie

of his

one

Abdallah

uncle

The

regardfor his memor}'.

carried

counted

had

that

dangers

he

the

of

army
and

left his

the

ing
follow-

the

of great

Magian

where

In

magnificence. Simple in respect of

was
yet strangelyjealous. The mule that brought his bride was
saddle burnt, that none
might ride again on it.
Khorasan

Nisabur.^

to

Mesopotamia,

both

the

as

large following

crowned

latter,

singular

forth

stepped

was

peace

under

with

in

restored

was

Bussorah

at

clemency,

In the

Persia.

Empire

country

victory

Caliph, relieved

The

his

repeatedly defeated.

were

peace

promised

that

two

or

who

followed

however,

Caliph, and

; and

go

or

and

Muslim,

forces

year,

the

Magian,

rebellion

similar

year

Mesopotamia

gained possession
A

confessing

and

Sovereign's mercy,
him

Nasr

security

no

and

The

refuge in Khorasan,

seek

to

another

in

Sinbad

Abu

last, seeing

the

to

passed.

once,

Caliph'spresence,

rising threatened

serious

letter

he

as

of

its reward.

for

either

At

Jafar let

had

not

was

his
Abu

shall see,

we

the

life

unless

governor

starting at

so

his master

on

service.

his

fate.

sought

advised

had

he

take

him

also

time

same

to

intended

he

anywhere,

Detecting

arrived, and

the

escaped

the

at

his

calm

fled

Shahrzor

warned

deception thus,

seal.

it

the

his

sent

sealed

genuine

half

then

at

come

him

but
Nasr

to

had

it bore

any

recording.

in his power,

and

goods,

xi.

left

had

Muslim,

all his

But

officer

to

former

A.i).

is also

not

Caliph

756

Muslim

friends

Abu

Mesopo-

to

as

his master's

with

have

Court

at

Hohvan,

at

summons,

Abu

Xasr, \\h(im

of his camp

charge

[("ir.\r, t

MANSUR

/AFAR.

story of Abu

The

13C"^'

ABU

than
women

told)were

in the field.

not

mere
were

killed,

A.D.

754-75]

his

Nephew, retired for safety into hiding, Abu

ABDALLAH

his

to

Court.

Relying
11-

11

Caliph.
^

He

the

on

without,

while, he

little

denied

they

the

met

left.

breach

During
tions.

The

Constantine

A.H.

took

The

before, that

in

Holy

entered
and

on

home

had
In

begun

140

t placed him

fjcalled

of Adam

as

the

the

; another

the
Caliph
'.{while

courtier
was

his

the

by

with

the

Fighting

its fortifica- Mjno].'^

The

a.h.

the

some
serve

Caliph
the

to ; for

his

now

Emperor,
events

at

disposal.

yearly Pilgrim- age,

Pilgrimthrough j|q\"
progress

return

strange

their

Court.

that

138-9

the

of

was

for

would

at

of

immanence

they held,

or

whole,

taken

resource

name

the

where
any-

Caliph, who

they

agreed

made

On

souls, visited

Bodyguard,

the
vow

infidels.

every

and

less,
faith-

just.

war

personaldanger.

(from

Ravvendies

Caliph performed

in imminent

of

and

fell

was

occupy

Jerusalem,

doctrines
"!.{such

the

to

Mesopotamia.

and

wise

prisoners with

years

the

A.H.

visited

Syria

seven

the

of

exchange

of

of

Merwan

against

war

an

truce

if

the

personal

this,as

of

^'^'

less
shame-

is remarkable

campaign

^^^
a

retaken, repaired,and

was

a. h,

where

so

such

from

waged

fulfilment

in

army

years
the

is that

Malatia, destroying
it

at

confidence

any

Princesses, cousins

two

the

joined

Jafar was

following year

of

presence

Apart

of Abu

heavily garrisoned.

in

only practised when

was

and

army,

no

of

139

disarmed,

were

is that

doubt

End

Thus

Khorasan,

to

monarch,

threatened.

138

sent

-^M^'l^h.

expostulate, but

to

wonder

reason

of faith

administration

Syrian

cruel

The

dynastic danger
the

The

After

followers,enraged

rest

his uncle

them

remained

castle.

resistance,but

the

fate.

same

treacherous, and
was

Their

and

death,

to

put

the

engaged

the

imprisons

before

rejoin Abdallah.

angrily

offered

have

who

'_

pardon, Caliph

full
1

Abdallah,

and

go

admittance.

perfidy,would
several

them

bade

of

A. II. 136-

him

bring

themselves

prisoner to

they returned

overreached,
were

uncle

Jafar sent

graciously, and

his

45 3

to

promise

presented

off

carried

was

solemn

conversation, while

PRISON

Al}/,command

them

received

INTO

11

and

him,

they brought

of

and

uncles, Soleiman

to

in

CAST

adumbration

Persian

sect,

town), holding

divinityand
The

inhabited
of

rising758

migration
trans-

commandant

by the
Gabriel,and so
of

soul
on

Deity itself.

a.d.

ABU

454
A. II. 13(5ir.s.

Surrouiulini^the
of

drink."

Rawendics
ILishiat

which

mi\a,

and

The

";iveth us
had

Cahph

enraged the

so

rioted

to

of their

200

that

rest

all round.

food

.\bu

and

cat

leaders

they

Jafar

It is the

"

house

water

to

imprisoned,

stormed

the
forth

ventured

prison
witiiout

A.H.

escort

an

the

quell

to

longer regarding him

been

for Abu

adherent,

Nasr
who

"

.Mehdy's
campaign
in Khorasan,

have

came

up

at

the

people
Soon

secured

shut

the

Jafar

the

outbreak

with

the

of

governor

Khozeima,
with

had

it not

Omeyyad

an

both

ing
throw-

the

Caliph'sperson,
Troops fortunately

him.

and

down, and

and
"

Rawendies,

city gates, fled

Ibn

sent

sectaries, no

onset, and

an

the rioters and

moment,

after, the

Abu

wild

courtly favour,

hard

gone
the

the

(alreadymentioned)

between

it would

but

uproar

divine, made

thus

themselves

141

["'i

MANSUR

Palace, they shoutcci,

Lord, he that

our

Risingof

141

J A FAR,

whom

on

in confusion.^

Khorasan

rebelled, and

general

him

his

of note, to

own

put

and

son

heir,

A.H.

Mehdy,

about

now

approach,

the

mounting

him

horrid

The

The

Taba-

to

on

and

island

an

Moslem

and

then

was

arms

him

followers

tortured

people, who,

own

ass, sent

they

feet

of

gave

the

rebel

were

Red

his

they

Governor
in

.sent

son

Sea.
directed

now

with

all

up

the

to

treated

beheaded, and
in the

thus

were

till

their

On

age.

his

by

an

his

hands

off,he

cut

banishment
And

backward
he

years

attacked

was

cruelty,and

possessed.
were

rebel

Both

Caliph.

twenty

of

against

Taba-

ristan,
I4I-3

A.H.

ristan, of

758-60

which

the

Islam.

to

had

ruling Ispahend
The

campaign

was

off

cast

ordination
subIn

prosperous.

A.I).

the

following

and

in

his

pretended

hcnvever, the

year,

fortress

impregnable

Prince

again rebelled,

defied

attack,

l^ut

deserter

having ingratiated himself and

confidence, opened the gates to the Moslem

his
The

fortress taken

sword, and
of

two

the

daughter
^

The

his way.

their

Stables

families

taken

could
were

find

were

his

horse

attached

to

gained
force.

put

the

uncle.'-

to

mount,

the

The

tillhe

Palace,

Ispahend's
then

army
picked

for there

the

to

chose

captive. Mehdy

himself, and

by

not
now

made

for

maidens

was

Caliph

thus, the fightingmen

had

up

on

one

l)een

none

before.
-Such

are
slave-girls

only mentioned

in

connection

with

issue borne

to

754-75]

A.D.

turned

MEHDY

towards

Deilem

serious, that

Mosul, which

was

KHORASAN

IN

but

fresh

here

levy

the

insurrection

ordered

was

in the

kept

45 5

was

from

field all the

Irac

A.il.

so

136'""'

and

Mehdy

following year.

return**

Meanwhile,

returned

Mehdy

of age,

twenty-three years
his

he

remained

this year,

went

Meccan
A

danger

family

ambitious

against

Abu

since

ever

where

of

the

with

all the

two

sons,

however,

tribes,
On

there
of

they

hiding. Failing
Kufa, and

to

treated
a

fine

die

up alive into the

as

matter

two

time

some

held

was

in

Aden

to

their

father

Ab-

into

prison.

and

Sind, and

Medina,

at

faction for

implicating him

so

cast

was

and

should

deliver

do

the

so,

now

The
turning
re-

the

among

as

they
of

relatives,who
the

up

family

two

told
than

good

were

course,

his
Of

as

and

The

cruel Abu

he

any

as

taken

the

by

had

ever

word, for he

the

the

rest, some

in

now

carried

v.ere

still

were

sons

shocking barbarity.

worse

off to
son

of

Jafar that
heard
was
were

of;
built
slain

might fancy into

specialnotice by our

conquerors

without

any

historians.
1

to

See

table, p. 395.

communicate
-

give

the

when

story

Mohammed

is the

besiegedin Wasit.
as

I find

Hasan,
''^'J'^''

suspicions

strong

Aly, gained

father

with

descend-

they
proceeded by

usual, he

ever

prison wall.'^

their Masters, otherwise

their Harems

whose

jf^'j.^^j

of

everywhere by the Caliph's

pilgrimage in the present year, Abu

death
was

head

hunted

youth, was

the tyrant

The

Aly.
for

succeeded

of the

prison,that

and

a.d.

Aioham-

was

his, by feignedcommunications

Irac, now

his

Jafar demanded

It

Pilgrimage, when

As

escaped

were

"

he would

A.7r.

Caliph

Dynasty.

entertained

first

family he

secretlyto
emissaries.

his

house

that

Ibrahim,

14^

preside at

to

Abdallah,

Jafar

of

creature

Khorasan,
scion

of

had

themselves.

present

dallah's confidence, and

in

The

times,

the

son

Ibrahim

and

them

Bedouin

other

Aly's grandson

was

stratagem.

any

Hasan

designs.^

failed to

from

now

Khorasan,

to

longer.

threatened

of

Mohammed

sons

returned

time

several

did

now

descendant

this

he

as

being

Rita, the only child of 7^1

then

some

and

pilgrimage,

new

from

for

court

married

uncle, the late Caliph. He

where

the

to

one

with

Supra,

whom

p. 442.

it, though hardly credil)le.

Ibn

Hobeira

tried

45"^
A.H.

136"^

ABU

some

was

sent

'

round

These

^'^i'h'^^^

few

Khorasan

in the

brother,
Risint^at

; but

poisoned

and

that

of

of

head

of Mohammed

i.xi.

one

elder

the

disheartening the party there.

atrocities, followed

discovery

The

spared.

were

as

of

hope

[Cii\i'.

MANSUR

JAFAR.

by stringent
then

Mohammed,

in

for

measures

hiding

Medina,

at

sorah,
762

precipitatedhis rebellion there, while

canvassed
a'i'.

for

him

whom

rallied

held

in

the

fear

Abu

Court,^

of

of Hasan

house
Corre-

inferior.

the

at

; around

had

been

hitherto

in which,
beuveen*^'^

after various

Caliph and maintenance

to

tidings reaching

mainly

position and

addressed

once

On

concerned, for although

much

(Aly'selder son)

He

tration
adminis-

the

Mohammed

Caliph.

descendants, the

Hosein's

of

city

the

Medina,

prison,and

name

Jafar was

Alyite disturbances
of

the

Ibrahim

brother

great body of the citizens, though many

the

from

back

into

cast

was

proclaimed

At

Bussorah.

at

the Governor

rose,

his

to

were,

to

whole

the

say

Mohammed

the

least,not

despatch,

The

family.

of

claims

threats,he offered pardon

the

the side

on

and

ample

Pretender

sent

Moham.

med.

"

mdignant

an

pardon

of

placed

The

uncle?
in

Ibn

had
Abu

the

Abbassides

the

as

be

could

trust

and

Muslim,

and

his

he

in

own

length,

weary

woman,

descent

Prophet'shouse.^
Nothing gained by argument,

ever
what-

flagrantlybroken

so

male,

virtue

ground

despatch of

of female

and

what

orter

rights of the

the

any

of
inferiority

the

of P'atima

extolled

who

Hobeira,

on

had
so,

r-

him, he said, to

usurped

even

one

"

Prophet'sdaughter, in

Caliph replied in

which, dwelling

the claim

of

"

for

cause

And,

word

with

already

the

Hashimite

upon.

the

on

had

Fatima

the

stand

to

it

Aly by

alone

of whom

rather

was

Jafar,who

Abu

to

progeny

; it

answer

scorned

general,and

therefore

ruling,

line of the

to

the sword.
^

The

CaHph
A

9000

dirhems, i.e.

very

lengthy and

Aly

the

house

nine
looo

Abbassides.

three

the role of Islam,

as

road, and

it had

recourse

become

received

from

the

day.

document

e.g. Fatima's

the circumstances, and

the

on

for each

Jafar had

alarmed

more

days

curious

succeedingtill after

by Aly'sfamilyin
under

the

was

was

messenger

historyof
not

He

Abu

not

other
etc.

probably a

it is, elaborately reviewing the

the property of her father,

inheriting
the
Caliphs,
insignificant
part taken
It is very

unlike

bit of servile

document

written

pleadingto please the

754-75]

A.D.

popular

a
"

Abbassides, Irac

"infidels who

with

w^ould

Khorasan

"

readilyfollow

be at rest; and

found

In

A. II. 136'

fact,I^a dis-

support

no

the
suffering,

much

the

Syria with the

rebel."

any

of Mohammed

with

was

Alyites,and

the

however, the emissaries

in Syria,
where, after so

glad to

that

Kufa,

at

cry

45 7

REBELLION

HASANITE

peoplewere

Moham-

'j^jg^^u

Mecca, 145
followingwas
the
present
Against Medina,
his
sent
nephew Isa,
Caliph now

his chief

at

"

and

Medina,
of

centre

with

Bussorah.

the
rebellion,

treacherous

of

favour

sentiment

Isa had

no

followingthe example
the

trench about

but

be

Isa, whom

or

the

Mohammed,
very difficult task.
of the Prophet,set himself to digging

City:

but

approachof Isa,

the

on

fled in crowds, and

inhabitants

with

he would

familiar

in
supplant as Heir-apparent,
his own
son
Mehdy. Apart from the prevailing
of
in fightingagainsta descendant
of sacrilege

Mahomet,
a

told

MoJianniicd
fell,

equallypleasedwhichever
he was
now
scheming to

a.h.
^"'^'

it is characteristic of his

And
army.
instincts that he

Syrian

Mohammed

was

left

body of faithful followers. Rejectingan 14 ix.

^'^^ ^'
amnesty, he girdedon him the Prophet'ssword, Dzulficar,^
forth to fight,
but fell piercedby an arrow.
His
and went
head, sent to the Caliph,was
paraded about Kufa and
other

hung

small

Medina,

the

bodies

of the

slain

along the Syrian road for three days,when

into the Jewish burying-ground; but
cast

intercession
the

of his

ancient

that
sister,

graveyard of

of Mohammed
Backie.-

was

were

they

up

were

in

At

cities.

at

the

buried
suffered

Medina

of the rebellion. The

severelyin consequence
Syrian Risingof
^ '^^'^^^
li troops were
so
overbearingthat the slaves rose en masse
;
the Governor
had to fly; and it was
only the fear that

i|

Abu

Jafar would

insurgents

to

cut

were

utterlydestroy the City,that

call him

off,and

peace

back.
at

The

of the

hands

last restored.

To

the Caliphstopped the supplies

on
displeasure,
the
and
citydepended by sea,
embargo was not
tillthe accession
A

"

leaders

mark

his

which

the

removed

of his son.^

still graver
^

led the

danger

threatened

from

Ibid. p. 192.
Life 0/ Mahomet, p. 23S.
of
from
since
the
Omar,
Egypt
Supplied
reign
supra,

Bussorah.

p. 174.

458
A. II. ISC-

_^

ABU

There,

Ihrahiin, after

raised

Il.r.iluin

the

Ever

standard

inchncd

[('ii\r.
i.xi.

MANSUR

JAFAR.

of

rebcUion

in

his

already

brother's

insurrection, Bussorah

to

liad

in secret,
cain'a.ssinij;

name.

with

now

ardour

coiUiiuics
the

rebel-

','""
""

embraced

tlie

amonq-st

them

in

adhesion

their

the

defeated, the

cause

Palace

death, Ibrahim

Kufa

rises.

Crisis

the

but

Kufa, where

to

and

the

join

troops

were

and

but

small

Abujafar
a

ainici

of

100,000

the

Caliph

Abu

Jafar

that

the

seven

weeks

he

for

his

sent

of

black

as

not," he

I will not

go

in

the

head

the

tide turned.

down
from
two

to

him

of

the

armies
'

unto

any

Ibrahim,

to

Mehdy
Fars

or

go

it is

sent

and

be

each

of the four great heads

News

until
cast

dress

slighted, his

for
I
at

"

sixteen

That
this

women

at

my

feet

his."

At

last

which

put

see

Rei

while

attack

but
were

them."

troops from

of Moslem

For

men.

damsels

feel

day

other

against
distress

closet,sleeping on

in unto

Ahwaz,

Kufa

at

he would
crisis,

Two

no

maiden,
mine

hastily

utmost

30,000

will

They

Arabia,

changing

once

anticipateIbrahim's

encountered
One

"

"

than

prayer.

wilt not

answered,

rising in

Medina

"

he

rush

to

the

in his

never

Public

at

said, if thou

attendant
I will

robes

gift

and

prayer,

Caliph.

ready to break
Caliph Aly."

own

the

over

less

curtained

kept

He

were

In

got

Capital with

the

ready

swords."
if he

the

around, while

were

roll,

Nevertheless

headquarters.

at

all

rabble

their

swore

Jeave

his carpet

defection

Kufa

with

j^g^gj.

of

the

left

garrison

his

on

Persia, Africa, and

in

for

general rising.

advance,

their

"

started

capitalof Bagdad

new

populace

all away

in

kept coming
"

alarm

of

the

brother's

his

100,000

Ibrahim's

the

were

Wasit

and

and

10,000.

the

descendant

The

had

to

receiving tidings of

on

retired
out

by

laying out

of

account,

he

but

now

gave

places where

expectations of

elsewhere

moment

other

distributed

Fars, Ahwaz,

own

sufficiently
grave

was

at

was

his

Anas,'"

treasure

receiving tidings

had

followed

was

the

On

on

learned,

Imperial troo])s

Rebels, and

up

the

ibn

the

and

here

Though
he

he

The

stormed, and

set

Kufa, where

of

Malik

supporters.

rife.

was

it.

to

occupied by

were

numbers

c^j-cat doctor

Ibrahim's

amongst

ami

cause;

Isa
on

hastened

Kufa.

The

leagues

from

jurisprudence.

4f"0
A.II.

ABU

bricks

136-

15s

the

11

burned, and
with

Success

"

build

when

news

back

to

146
'

No

A.H.
'

'

'

of

sooner

its ancient
material

provide
"

"

"

of the

Chosroes," he

world

the
Ah

thine

"

; and

old

love

"

begun,
the

no

the

had

And

use.

bare

and

were

built in
far from

in the centre

ibn

of the

said

The

there

circle

the

the

; while
was

The

Wasit

Greek

The

initial cost

kirat of

was

silver,and

about

the

common

went

said

thou

hast

as

on

an-

but it

was

still stands
is

now

are

two

might

Great

Mosque

lay
The

outside.

of dirhems.^

with

thee in the

removed

An

walls

The

courtiers

thrust

plunder,and

labourer

that

that which

by Hajjaj,and of
having been taken

cast

"2.00,000.

but

Now,"

all around

the

were

the bazaars
for

prayer."

ever,
arch, how-

"

but

of

naught

noble

of the

with

million

were

Iwan

portals,Kufa, VVasit,and

none

beautiful;but thine enemies

Whereupon the Caliph had all

saying that they invited attack

of

of their iron gates.

ambassador

to

wonders

it is

"

pick-axe.

work

bazaars

four

the

pull down

the

that

so

Medain,

great

river's left bank

Palace, which

iron gates from

It is

For

of

place

The

majesty, while

robbed

were
a

the

the

on

in

whole

Abdallah.
"

up

his

in

put

now

The

"

Jafar

upbraid thee, saying

not

So

Abu

"

of

against it;

could
"

sandy plain.

Damascus,

cost

but

monument

even

the

should

men

hasten

Ctesiphon,

and

one

"

high

disappointment.

Caliph,

Persians

thee

lest

on,

built

grand

be

for the

Caliph began

other

of

go

is

unconvinced

advised

Khalid, "I
"

argued,

iron, withstood

as

"

the

charge, fearing

than

Capital.

new

feet

Caliph

demolition

Seleucia

same.

enemy's hands,

master's

there, too, Aly had

repliedthe

hard

"

for the

the

the Barmecide,

of

praise

causcth

few

left in

against the

He

the

discomfited,

memories

Lord

of

blessingof

but

made

his

Khalid

remonstrated

charge,
with

the work.

the

fall into the

to

Ibrahim

Caliph'sown

inherit

to

were

intendant
should

stores

was

to

the

the

his:

is

with

rebellion

fire,much

on

returned

"

of

earth

walls

all parts

of the

pleaseth

The

and

the

from

by

name

j^ious! Now,

"

Ibrahim's

mass

them

the

he

as

the

on

Kufa

lest the
set

servants

attend

Lord,

"

and

laid

was

In

"
"

hini

unto

of his

such

first brick

these words,

belongeth

"

[OiiAr.i.xi.

MANSUR

artificers summoned

The

Empire.

I'.aL^dad hand
'"

JAFUR,

gave

overseer

pence

outside
also

Kufa

by

.round

Khalid

the

city,

market-places."

towards

lodgment

(ustad) got

(hubbas).

Kerakh,
for

every

spies.
day

A.D.

754-75]

FOUNDATION

Lying

the west

on

bank

46

BAGDAD

OF

of the

with deep
Tigris,

canals

A.M.

136-

to the Persian
J^
Gulf, as well as
ready access
to Arabia, Syria,
Armenia, and the East, Bagdad, besides Bagdad
check,'position.
holding Kufa, Wasit, and Bussorah, in immediate
was
admirably situated as the heart of the Empire. The
to attack,was
eastern
provided with
shore, more
open
thus further
for a largeforce,which
accommodation
was

in rear, and

"

as

"

off from

cut

heated

the

influence of Kufa

Separate cantonments
Yemen

for the

and

Khorasan

levies.

interests of the

Modhar

While

well

the

to

was

safetyin

was

Bussorah.

planted for

clans, as

there

three,it

also

here

were

and

Khorasan

the

as

for the

the

diverse

levies that

Abu

Jafarmainly looked for his own

protection
; and
also as a countervailing
the pretensions
to lower
power
of the Arab
the nations
who still lorded it over
soldiery,
the flower and chivalry
of Islam ; and in this unwise
as
ceeded,
sucdesignthe Abbassides (asalreadynoticed)too soon
and

well.

too

built also

on

the eastern

and

on

his return

there

feted his friends and

few

igg^"!,''

bank
from

Palace
a
was
Rusafo,
years later,
for Mehdy, called Rusafa,

Khorasan,

he

welcomed

and

kinsmen.

hardly in the mind of Abu

Jafar that his Rafica
the grand and
new
Capital should become
populousj^r,"^^^*
emporium which it speedilydid. Rather, he founded
it purely for his Court as
a
strong militaryposition,
and enjoined it on
his Son
not
to permit the growth
of any suburbs, especially
the left bank.
The
on
same
policy led him to establish on the upper reaches of
the Euphrates a strong citadel, Rafica, opposite Ricca,
It

was

which

should

river under

hold

the

control.

country
is said

He

either side

on

have

to

of

the

attributed

(and
having

with

fall of Merwan
to his
reason) the sudden
::ihad no such strongholdto flyto after his defeat on
jZab, and hence to have spent the more
pains in

this

["direction. The

also

defences

of Kufa

and

Bussorah

were

the

strengthened.^
!

I
"

Both

purpose

of
largess

i"

citieswere

Abu

assessed with

Jafarresorted to
five dirhems

to

the
to defray
poll-tax

characteristicdevice.

all comers;

then

He

expense, for which

firstdistributed a

taking the numbers

of the

4^2

ABU

In

A. II. 13(5''"

on

Mehdy

the

On

Isa.

lioir-appa-

in his

his

A.M.

764

A.D.

'

he

Musa

he

of the

courtiers
at

Abu

But

rid at

Jsa^ with

A. 0.

was

him

told

untruth

For
set

and

and

Isa

"

Didst

"

and

of

him

in

prison.

his

wreck

is

Cahph

who

swore

wrong,
allowed

be

conceived,

When

thus

had

been

Isa here

But

death.

to

By

suspected treachery, he
friends

the

he

it turned

so

This

of

the

bade
made

But

on.

as

Caliph;

forty dirhenis.

squib

Isa ;

liest,"

Abdallah's

to

over

said

Thou

"

them.

to

death

me."
Isa

were

Caliph granted,
over

to

had
out.

Abdallah

Abdallah
him

to

over

order

And

death, while

Mecca.

it had.

vengeance

at

they
Thou

"

in

was

were
com-

everyone's

said

even

stoiy is that the

that Isa had
show
them

what
to

friends,the CaHph's bounty,

gives us

for
retiring

which, however,
Another

each

contrived

to

put his uncle

put

; and

Mark, my
He

The

; and

"

"

'

some

Abdallah, who

him

the

that

thou

their

assessed

son

Mehdy

Abdallah

to

whether

make

me

uncle

put

off,Isa upbraided the

carrying him

that

well

made

hiding.

as

brethren

He

not

to

done

his

which

on

and

can

his

pardon.

bid

Caliph

mouth

had

in

replied the

he
recipienls,

of

assured

was

not

have

to

than

to

asking

bidden

thou

in his

strangle him

more,

pilgrimage

on

for

for

was

if to

the

and

Caliph's return,

w^as

Isa

cunning

away

beg

to

up

it

succession
as

secretary, who

him

knew

his

Heir-apparent.^

hated

; he

his

the

on

the
Musa

as

wrote

out, and

only put

of

he

ot

dis-

on

l^aihng

cries,thereupon consented

away

carried

of

that

private command

absent, he

advice

contumely,

honour

his

once

the

he himself

an

with

of

seat

much

was

upon

still lingered on
147A.H.'
764

Jafar

set

cruel

rnore

be

to

Mchdy,

s(jn

Heir-apparent in place
the

Isa

Jafar

''

Isa and

told

precede

"

his

from

him

desirous

was

Isa, alarmed

P^"^'
'vA'inrt''

J afar resolved

making

refusing,Abu

him

treated

endeavours,

calipli"s

Abu
reit^ii,
of

mind

[CiiAr.i.xi.

right, and

should

his

of age,

nephew

pleased, degraded

147

of

\-car

twenty-five years

now

rcnt,

cleventli

project long

MANSOr

J AFAR,

five,and
to

have

while

to

then

given

get abroad.

character

Isa

his government

got Khahd

Cahph
resignedhis right.

wretched

takes

for

the

Such

forty."
a

jjoisonousdrinlc,from
at

Kufa, he recovered.

Barmecide
traitorous

deception Abu

to

suborn

witnesses

traditions,
rightor

Jafarbore, which

754-75]

A.D.

mandedst

"

of him

Abdallah

with

put him

to

me

rid both

"

463

SPAIN

and

death, that thou

to

me

but

here

brought out,

was

he

is ahve

; and

A.M.

of the

136"^

forth-

mortification

the

to

be

mightest
"

'

Isa de-

POSGC-l.

into

cast

last

at

so

however, of Httle avail

It was,

CaHph.

death.

cellar with

expiated

his

Isa
of

in

he

which

by

had

for

was

floor,and

virtuallyviolent

from

deposed

was

saline

deadly

rebellion

disgrace

Kufa,

and

damp

; for Abdallah

the

thirteen

ment
govern-

ably

years

administered.

Turning
that

note

from

Spain

the

the

to

now

it had

got much

faction,and

Yemen

Omeyyads

was

Rahman,
sacre

now

grandson

of

his

had

at

set

up

Yusuf

to

take

the

Modhar

struggle,the

house

Euphrates, his littleboy

"

cry,

black

The

Rahman

of

lad, unable

to

stem

but

was

amnesty,

an

soldiers.

Hiding

he

was

with

Bedr

in

to
a

Africa, father
adherents

for

him, and

he

help

Cordova.

Kharejites,a

of

the

him, he

The
As

sides.

no

the

Syria,

terrified

"

Abd

back

and

the

on

the

'by

al
the

swam

cruel

journeying

last reached

at

Yusuf, and

sending
of

landed

Africa,

Bedr

reaching

in

the

across

his arrival.

whole

Yemenites,
entered

Syrians they
numerous

opposition.

in

Peninsula

These

Spain early in 138

favoured

And

branch
so

the

who

rallied

triumph

the

the
sea

sent

Lands

A.H.

.^.P^"g'

the

palace

Aug.
of

Abas-

Omeyyads.

The

would
of the

enthusias-

the

against

was

faction, who

Alyite to the Abbasside

made

death

to

^gcapins
from

in

^^

the

ticallyround

an

in

Omeyyad

With

tide,turned

by day,

of

tell the

ship

with

mas-

al

villageby

thirteen,and

al Rahman

coast, succeeded

western

him

al Abd

touching

in

Hiding

put

forest

the

have

the

Abd

was

flagscoming

the

of

son

escaped the

we

to

the

joined by his Sister,and a faithful servant

the family jewels. He
narrowly escaped the

of

governor

had

of

cousin

stealthilyby night,Abd
where

He

black

the

Spain.

former

over

This

throne.

rushed

got off with

river ; the
cry

flags!

we

long intestine

ruler.

as

wanderings.

the

triumphed

Palestine,and

in

story of his flightand

the

In

last

of Hisham.

Empire,

under

of hand.

out

the

reign finallydetached

Even

Caliphate.

eastern

Dynasty

this

during

was

of

dependencies

have

Hashimite

preferred
house,

Spanish nation, weary

of

464
A.ll.

13G''

'

ABU

discord, after

unquestioned

Jiagdad, indeed,

in

by

embassy

765-774

"'ears

^""-

from

the

at

with

laden
the

Gallic

from

Caliph

of

in

neither

in

name

for

Abbasside

that

honoured
155

A.H.

and

retaken.

There

were

i^^j^ j^^^

such

Armenia,
145

A.H.

Risingat
Herat

send

to

150

ruler

of

Tiflis

till

relieved

also

hordes

threaten

An

away

army

East,

serious

Sis, who

Herat, Ustad

followed

part

of

by

immense

an

Khorasan

troops, he carried

by

the

up

of

Ibn

before
Khozeima

elsewhere,

of
them

made

and
cut

was

led

was
a

In

men

remained

as

time

Empire.

long

by

the

prophet and,

possessed himself
Sejestan. Beating the

everything

the

their passes,

rebellion
set

saries,
adver-

country.

army,

and

tactics

the

Armenia

A.H

other

times

punish

to

was

of his

close

for

multitudes

sent

taken, and

was

his

entire

issuingfrom

carried

his grave

which

different

at

Dynasty of

the

of

the

were

repeatedly taken

great army

seriously to

as

and

Among

of the

founder

authority over

troubles

Berbers

success.

Tunis, where

near

Caliph, now

In the

in revolt.

little

near

prisoners.
pieces ;

with

ruled

havoc, and

women

to

but

Rebellion

Armenia, the Khizr

great

falls

again Generals

was

Abbasside

restored

Omeyyad

greater part of

Both

and

of the

killed

the

Cairowan

able

was

the

the

Spain, independent

martyr's.

the

reign,when

against

suffered

for

Over

father

was

as

forestalled

Kharejite heresy, disowned

the

succession.

; he

name

came

apprehensicjn

Rahman

of hand.

equally out

Aghlab,

was

luirope

to

Spain henceforward

so

fightagainst them,

to

al

fact,was

Arabs, leaning towards

these

Abd

time, unlike

in

nor

reign almost

sent

several

dei:)utation

have

may

an

of view.

Africa, though

the

with

monarch

and

peace

altogether out

this

back

Abbasside

The

Bagdad.

remain

Africa.

remaining

gifts. Nothing, howcxer,

of

intention

sent

after

eventually returned

Oriental

footing

he

endeavours,

came

the Christian

hostile

to

his

in

of

Caliph

gain

to

the

under

The

negotiation,excepting, perhaps, that

of attack
any

court,
These

rich

Rahman.

Pepin, which,

Franks.

the

fell
risint^s,

again sought

Failing

King

to

al

and

once

his emissaries.

14^-157

of

of Abd

sway

Onieyyad
Spain,

ineffectual

several

[Chai-.lxi.

MANSUR

JAFAR.

him, till he

of

great

Imperial
was

come
over-

who, after great

754-75]

A.D.

slaughter

KHALID

field,put

the

in

fled ; but

The

rebel

the

remainder

of

the

prisoners to

14,000

afterwards

himself

gave

followers

his

465

BARMECIDE

THE

up, and

spared.

was

sword,^

A.H.

136'"'^'

with

Rising at

Kheizran,

Herat

of

daughter
Mehdy
and

this
his

into

Chief,

the mother

became

and

Harem,

Caliph'sson

the

by

of

Hady

Harun.
Another

reign,in

rising took
the

place, about

from

Hamadan,

far

as

Abu

Jafar was

the

They

of

projectopposed
The

to

connected

the

good

life.

His

iwhen

in three

third

of

jhimat

once,

Khalid

the

installed

Khalid
but

ration, severe,

he

ippreciated,and
Yahya,

)ijan. At

Rei

at

The

numbers

l}30,ooo,

of whom

The

ifectthat

are

70,000

opinion is
a

woman

;e ; neither

was

no

not

has gone

Mosul.

Abu

Mosul

to

son

with

Jerusalem

Mosul

unex-

deposed
adminismuch

was

Caliph'sdeath.
a

Azer-

to

son

named

Harun,

whose

is put at

the

prisonersslain.
edifyinglanguage. It is

astray is not
died two

his

sum,

started

rebel's army

The

be

of

the

appointed
Yahya

Caliph

led to the

to

at

till the

exaggerated.

Hanifa

of

kindness,

was

is

friends,but

Khalid's

Mehdy 's

in very

his

unawares,

with

born

being

pain

on

Caliph

fell in the battle, besides

who

the

which
the

tenth

room.

time

was

embodied

the

millions,to

of

arrived

there

same

doubt

by

on

that

Khalid

the

Barmecide
governor

runs)

Governor

adhl, simultaneously with

^

but

'

pilgrimage

he

in his

with

three

The

on

remained

there

j.^^"
'jj

thought

declared

cause,

from

news

tempered
the

of

tale

post.

the

taking

so

Barmecide

some

all round

alarming

for

down

\\\cX he

city,

still short

was

if for Ricca

as

:)ccted,and

lis son,

that

penalty

turning suddenly north,

and

the

For

begged

fortunatelythe
of

lim

Khalid

to

there

day

And

reached

and

Hanifa, who

days (so the

Yahya

son

ichoice

ithcn

led

him

the

rebels,

dissuaded

only

"'

made

the

Persia

over

was

episode.

of

this

of Islam.-

command

curious

demanded

on

and

law

riots in Mosul

promoted
"1^
had

the

to

The

led.

was

eventually put

great doctor, Abu

the

of

It caused

against Mosul,

utterlydemolishing it ;

advice

revolt

were

incensed

so

middle

Mosul.

Kurds, spread

Sind.

as

the

strong Alyite feelingprevailed in

whence

the

supported by

about

round

country

greater alarm, because

of

taken

was

ground open

years later.

to
to

the
out-

of Mosul.

466
A. H.

ABU

suckled

mother

KiO''^'

romantic

Mosu'l refuy;ceat
married

an

Arab

document

Jafar by

he

the

served

left with

youth

Abu

sent

men

murder,
"

"

and

time,

Bagdad,

and

took

the

saw

that

In

Vizier.

scribe, who

now

him

on

the

Days
foot

on

the crime

and

meted

was

also

were

set

only put

fate

same

the

road.

he

note

the

favourite,

passed,

brought
the

out

to

home
he

death

his brother
barbarous

with

executed

for

search

to

Bagdad.

to

jealous of

Caliph

not

was

his mother

bring

was

who

nephews,

the

history,and

transpired;

the

deserved, but

In due

power.
to

Court

at

yVccordinglyhe despatched

tidings,the

Vizier, he

city he

child, he

present

went

as

with

her

the

and

in the

her

Ayub,
his

out

who

facts

The

the

to

Caliph

assassinate

getting no

to

come

name,

his mother.

Ayub,
to

foA^s^^
Jafar.

bade

Mosul, bidding him

to

But

and

Vizier put

were

Jafar while

Abu

his character

once

he

Abu

to

of

Leaving

which

likingfor him, found

had

I'adhl

and

in concealment

While

secretary

capacity

at

maiden.

lady's son,

became

early life

the

family should

the

whenever
the

llaruii

so

Mosul, illustrates

of the age.

her

of

tale

manners

gave

and

both;

[Ciiav.t.xi.

foster-brothers.'

reckoned

Abujafar's

MANSpR

JAFAR.

cruelty.-'
last few

The

Asia

iss^r'nanxiety,domestic
the

Emperor
of

the

Towards

Illness and

already
ofCaHph^
158 A.H.

yearly

assist
he

Mehdy,

The

nor

Athir

Ibn

doubt
^

Their

close

annual

times

incredible

in

faithful
but

castle

on

and

feet

stated,that they also

were

may

way

his

end

it is chronicled

had

without

any

mentioned.

just before

with
was

to

to

Kufa,
his

son

he

near,

obligations that

the

of three millions

servant

158 a.h.

road

by the

that

imputation of embezzlement

earlier date is the

hands

the payment

Jafar, who
the

On

advice

repeats the incident

the

to

pilgrimage, prepared

on

Ceremonial.

wholesome

is any

submitted

158 A.H., Abu

apprehending

from

Laodicsea, 6000

on

captive. Shortly after,

and

peace

of

rested

whom,

demand

almost

seems

so

to

raid

tribute.

several

sick, and

much

gave

no

the

at

fell

gone

for

asked

taken

were

free from

Caliph'sreign were

foreign. In

or

children

and

women

of the

years

the

pain of death,

on

expressionof

prise,
sur-

It is curious

that

Caliph'sdeath

but

rightone.
cut

have

off while stillalive.

been

implicatedin

It is

but
possible,

the crime.

not

468

ABU

J afar

Abu

A. II. I3(j'*'"

as

it is true, did

and

he

this

During

effect
politlcar'
.social,and

the

on

influential

faith,and
at

in

but

looking

with

sinking

to

lower

and

level.

able
the fashion-

lands.

the

and

to

sophy
philoArabs

The

Court,

at

dominant

caste,
their

way

every

they

"

and

high

and

Arm}'

culture,
As

held

large numbers

Nations

on

Persian

learning

in the

rare

fast

now

were

already observed, tradition,

be embodied

no

longer Oral,began

of

the

law

to

the

expanding

an

advancing civilisation.."^ Literature, History, Medicine,

in elaborate

life

intellectual

mainly

due

Khorasan
the

and

Calansua.

Two

of the
and

at

Court

at

Bussorah

ibn
;

foundation,

to

given

which

The

be Cazee.

we

in

as

given

was

to

of the

have

having

office the

development

of

all

is

people of

the

to

degree

some

growing

this

up

also

with

to

the

reign.

flourished

the former

accepted instead

buildingsthere.

for his refusal

Anas,

Jafar

now

present

the latter,as

and

capital,Bagdad,
"

well

as

four great founders

Malik

of

necessities

reigns. "And

intercourse

in the

empire

Abu

encouragement

Persia,

the

laid for the

thus

subsequent

liberal

Grecian

esteemed

in

great Doctors

jurisprudence adapted

Islam, and

(for

the

studied.

were

the

to

more

Hanifa

be

to

foundations

The

and

of

by

of

systems

range

astrology) began

new

to

especially Astronomy

and

"

the

Hitherto

contempt

superiorsin science, art,

in

in

marked

West.

East

over

only

large.

at

the

of Persian

not

he

cruelty.

exercise

to

the

them

the

concerned,

were

hat,^ became
from

and

than

heartless

of

came

with

pre-eminence

down

habits

Magians

of Indian

society

began

Scholars

brought

once

lost their

East

of SafH'ih

comparatively

on

tall Zoroastrian

place.

those

perfidy,and

and

at Court.

dress

the

reign the

the

I lis victims,

man.

unscrupulous

though

of

manners

with

costume,

less

him,

occasions, in refinement
Influence

cruel

personal interests

exceeded

even

[Ciiaim.xi.

in numbers

not

was

life wherever

taking

and

approach

not

but

Bloody;

treacherous

MANSDr

JAFAR.

in

recognised systems
this

seen,

supported

declined

to be

Caliph

desired

the humbler

popular tradition

Neither

reign.

charge of
is that

or

him

to

looking

much

was

the claims

Cazee

he ended

of law, Abu

him
of Ibra-

judge of
hold

at

the
its

after the bricks

his life in

prison

CHAPTER

The

Mehdy,

son

158-169

A.II.

his

ceeded

father

between

the

doors

prison

class

of

felons.

ample,

ave

and

apital

the

igents,^

of

nformed
the

)Ut

ustice
.nd

f the

Ibn

: osul

the

"

age

slab

while

tells
an

the

fair

the

with

poetr\',

sex,

were

us,

630

A.

suburb

of

Bagdad.

of

trade

of

tended

to

repeatedly
11., that

he

Ameens."
469

the

made

in

court
to

defence

The

all parts

both

Court,
of

by

the

with

philosophy

laxity

its extension

saw

with

and

literature,

example

inscription ascribing

whole,

good

emporium

an

Court

through-

in

put

were

eastern

the

the
vided
pro-

the

kept

upon

the

Mehdy.

Growing

as

manners,

Mehdy
of

reign,

Imperial

afTairs, which

public

Cities

Music,

progresses

Alhir

of

accelerated

service,

centres,

Favour-

made

were

developed.

administered,

already

and

rincely

provincial

moderation.

the

wine

the

were

world.

fined

greatly

of

caravanserais,

pilgrim

postal

progress

became

cities, and

Holy

The
was

father

enlarged'^

He

secure.

especially Rusafa,

Capital

The

mild

his

by

liberality.
the

kind

dangerous

most

establishments,

Empire
and

of

first

the
"

'^-^'H'

by opening

and

at

the

and

as

nature

accession

fountains

camels,

located

by

was

worst

profuse

of

followed,

accumulated

Mosques

and
and

which

his

treasure

elsewhere.^

;ommodious

the

rule

Mehdy,

sue-

noticeable

vigorous

days

but

immediately

mainly

Mehdy

for

with

mules

all

means

towns

now

3n

and

were.

The

beautified

is

inaugurated

to

A.D.

who

Mehdy,

palmy

it

He

generous.

775-785

rough

as

Mansur

of

Jafar,

the

and

preparation,

and

Abu

the

Abbassides,
of

of

years' reign

ten

mean

LXII

with

Mosque

of

.'^\'!L?-

MEHD

470

A.H.

liis C\nirt

iJiS-

169.

rilgrimages.

bcintj^
suppHed

with

Mecca.

he

There

of

coverings

the

Kaaba

left

draped

rich

brocade, they had

as

to

their

by Mehdy,

year

Five

followed

now

the

where

lands

insolent

Court

we

hear

no

Cruel
of

l6o

And

rebel,

of hi

Vizier.

marked

his

with

and

thus

the

rebel's

fellows

his

hands

side

as

adherent

an

imprisoned by Abu
his

Minister

His

prosperityat

of the

Alyite faction.
to

stratagem.
'

Weil

amongst

pains and

To

Invited

Mahometans

to

power

with

if he

his

spend

day, and
simple death ;

the

loss

of

was

camel,

had

Caliph

all his

with

also

limb.

previously

been

Aly,

and

such

as

he

by Mehdy,

came
be-

nightly revels,
throughout the Empire.
of

poisoned the
still devoted

were

loyalty,Mehdy

by

the

of

enemies, who

of the

penaltiesto

hideous

prisoner,

on

the

had

house

barbarities

such

extenuates

punishing robbers
inadequate.

test

up, for

rebellion

then

companion

as

of

taken

was

Released

Jafar.

Caliph against him

soldiery

administration

outbursts

He

of the

last raised

the

of Yacub, his Vizier,is also

case

of unbounded

"

given

the

to

off,and

cut

favourite,the boon

and

been

There

illustrative of the life at Court.

arraigned

wise

checked

backwards,

Rusafa.

The

decapitated.

of Medina,

the Turkish

He

face

feet

ing
succeed-

by

have

dangerous

in Khorasan,

and

sent

men.

reign

into

brought

removed,

support

have

Medina

comrades,

weighty

so

now

their

occasionally by

cruelty.^ Early in
raised by one
Yusuf

and, being

citizens

might

however, another

was,

Mehdy,

carried

A.H.

for

practice must
of these

more

There
of

the

had

Imperial guard, to Bagdad,

an

if maintained

but

The

single covering

dangerous pretensionsof

and

at

were

the

amon^^

Caliphs

other

Ajtsdrs,or

assigned

were

which

measure,

hundred

Caliph,as

men.

the

latterlybecome
These

to

way

amount.

precedent followed

"

the

over

place supplied by

Caliphs.

of

Medina

one

edifice.

the

endanger

fabulous

}'earlyby

sent

of

all the

distributed

and

poor

almost

been

every

treatment

the

hitherto

and

Guard

clothed

I.XII.

cities,the cortc^^c

Holy

tlic mountains,

ice from

largesses of

Citizens

the

the

and

Jerusalem

to

["'HAT.

the

evening

had
in

to

ear

the

recourse

beautiful

prevailingcontempt of lift
consequent necessityfor adding

the

by
But

the

statute

of the

the extenuation

is

Coran

for

altogether

775-85]

A.D.

Yacub

garden,
of

PERSECUTION

OF

found

the

MANICH.EANS

Caliph

seated

slave-girlof surpassing charms.

overpowered by the enchanting scene.
Caliph,
"

it is indeed

all to

give

of

"

me

that

death.

at

Alyite

The

the

at

case

him

embraced

it

assured
truth

The

all,let the

Another

he

throughout
of

sentment

that

chaean

heretic.
the

on

The

his

father

he

pleaded
bade

by, having

so, when
out

his

cast

into

that

he

Yacub

wish, the

pitch-dark-

lost his

sight.^

Khorasan,

the

his rival's

incurred

of

son

being

the son,

ignorant

and

and

deposed,

^mister's
re-

other
Mani-

examining

of its contents, and

imputation proved,

was

The

Rabie, who, findingno

him

and

MehdyAndofa

Caliph called
the

to

attended
faithfully
in

named

oThis""^

had

him

Rabie

headed.
be-

succeeded

office.

Hatred
and

had

Coran, found

The

long

Cruel

rid Vizier,

wilt

fairyscene.

carried
was

so

I will

doomed

close

158-

^^J

the

transport,

And

had

Yacub

accused

thereupon judging
to

know.

he

said

softened, and

was

A.ll.

was

and

his fate ; but

to

campaigns

of escape,

ground

of the

remained

courtier

master

Yacub

Minister, who
the

had

he

one

"

it,if thou

maiden, curtained

light,and

to

came

with

offer with

Caliph

his Master

prison,where

him

that

warmly

so

delights;

the

summoned

once

flythe place.

heard

happy

Ah

company

minister

"

of

damsel

"

once

was

this

and

Alyite," naming

Yacub

became

his

thee,

paradise

the

in

"

47

of the

their

cruel

Zcndics, or

Manichaean

persecution, is

Sectaries,indeed, Persecu-

of

one

the

chief

ofi.'"""u

traits

Manichiv-

life,and

Mehdys
the

stay of

of

his

Mehdy

abhorrence

in

of

Khorasan,

their

the bonds

morals.

Suspicion whispered

led often

without

how

years

trial to

relates that after he had

many

years,
to

the

Mehdy,"

dead."

was

he

to retire to Mecca.

to

asked,

replied. "Ah,"
"He
too
Hady."

the

remained

summoned

Caliph,who

"Then

am," answered

he

Caliph, who

imbibed

only

not

of social
the

and

vened
contra-

domestic

Caliph's ready
Thus

blind

"

in utter

the

ear,

poet,

presence,

Knowest

said the

darkness, he knew
and

thou

who

Caliph,"he

is dead."

"Then

thereupon granted

desired
I

has

long

Harun."

his request

"

?"

am

of

to

ago

ans.

tense
in-

an

arraigned by enemies, smarting

was

age,

into

reign. During

had

fatal end.

Yacub

obeisance
it is

of

he

tenets, which

Islam, but loosened

ninety

short

Hady's

son

not

make

Surely
been

"That

permission

his

158-

under

i;.

standing his

A.II.

satires,on

167

of Manichaeans,

II.

Aleppo,

They

on

Thereafter
minister
kind

of

established

whose

dut}- it

of

heretics and
Another

divbe
honours

in

to

was

bodies

accordingly
"

in

cut

of

with

heresy,

"

read

we

pieces.

State

the

down

put

gathering

lowing
fol-

the

in

being apprehended

as

death.

to

put

their

death.

to

neighbourhood.

all that

great multitude

"

had

department

inquisition;and

year

Mocanna

and

beheaded,

notwitli-

the taint,put

from

out

he

heresy,and

Syria, Mehdy

to

hunted

all

were

of

being free

his way

At

of this

charge

poems

InquisiA.

[CuAiM.XH.

MEIinV

472

strange

but

Oxus.

It

beyond

the

masking

his ill-favoured

ephemeral heresy
led

was

by

from

fanatic, who,

countenance,

trouble

gave

called Mocamm,

was

Central

Asia,

the Veiled

one.

158-161

jj^

in

Adam,

multitudes

He
Abu

of

Muslim,

Turks,

him

worshipped

last fortune

At

of

2000

he

his followers

fire to

set

would

who

example,

The

the

sect, and

before

it died

War

in

reign.

Ancyra, led

775J.77SSyrian

To

arms.

of

Aleppo.
Harun,

one
on

cast

and

men,

Thence

though

Lachanodrakon.
of the

the

with

flames, and

the

fresh

inflicted

the
and
he

into

Asia

Michael,^
serious

it

tAventy

It is illustrative;of

Michael's
death

; but

who

the

in

greater
far

as

the

on

Moslem
an

army

Euphrates
his

command

years

of

as

the

ravaged

marshalled

crossed

forward

sent

Minor

defeat

injury,Mehdy
with

the

throughout

into

hardly yet

prison.

gave

Greece

Inroads

before
generalsretiring

instead

his

follow

to

East.

point of punishinghim by

him

scene

reprisalsby

avenge-

100,000

to

border

^^'

in the

out

the

159-162

all

and

impulse to
though practised secretly,long time passed
waged

parfof

straits,

to

women

him,

into

them

report of this

was

Minor,

his

with

with

refuge with

reduced

calling on

heavenward

himself

cast

Then

fort.

place,and

ascend

perished.

War

the

in

and

against the

turned

rest, found

by the

and

after column

column

of the

impostor, who, deserted

'

back

beat

troops.

Vast

in Bokhara

four years,

surrounding provinces,they
Moslem

Deity

followed

Moslems,

as

For

god.

as

the

lastly in himself.

and

well

as

of

immanence

the

taught

age

to
son

who,

Caliph'sarbitraryrule that on
superiorforce (164 A.H.), he was

the

on

the intercession

of his friends

775-85]

A.D.

HIS

by Khalid

accompanied

able

supported by
the

along

coast

CHARACTER

AND

LIFE

the

Barmecide,
made

generals,
far

as

473

the

as

^uardian, and

as

'_

the

There

Bosphorus.

158-

march

victorious

A.H.

Campaign
"^f Harun

regent, Oueen

for the

safe

of

early part
restore
Spain to
tion
he

The

this

the

"

Ruler

"

expedition against the

an

from

hindered

was

There

of

Spain

Abbassides

the

stormed

Budd, with

city
a

disease," and
Persian

of

the
the

fleet

his

influence

him

over

married
forced

her.
to

of

his

the

But

end

"mouth

storm

of

image

by

by

the

on

The

postpone

Throne,

claim

"

claim

; and

twenty years

Musa,

had

was

proclaimed Heir-apparent.

son,

his father

was

to

of

held

now

Abu

Kheizran,
i59a.h.

Jafar

Mehdy,
title to

for

Mehdy

was

the

three-and-

Hady (the Guide), Hady

With

pleased after

so

that

surnamed

now

great, and

was

relinquish his

to

he

which

state

to

whose

Harun,

Isa, whom

unfortunate
his

and

of

freedom

her

gave

Musa

sons

affairs

in

even

compelled altogether

now

the

men

accession, Mehdy

Kheizran, the mother

had

looo

wrecked

was

India, which

worshippers.

lost

army

India,

none

shore.

Shortlyafter

then

its

home.

at

to

burned

and

Barbad,

company

disastrous:

was

of

Syria,which

in

that

requiring notice, excepting perhaps

"^

in prepara-

quarters, but

other

in

to

that, Spain,

and

troubles

by

in

Africa

had

-'

the

the

that

note

from

to

got

and

in disaster

carrying out

expeditions

were

descent

ended

had

immense,

interestingto

reign, a

Caliphate

hand, the

other

It is

heavy

provide Kosphoms

to

Harun, who

spoil was

oi

moreover,

of

frontier

payment

on

and,

peace,

the

incredible.^

slain

the

defiles.

the

on

obliged,

was

to

return

in

entangled
number

Irene,
conclude

to

ransom,

11-1

Harun,
the

the

younger

expedition

to

apparcm,

the

i6oa.ii.
and

Bosphorus,
in

charge

and

two

that

he

placed him, though

of all the Western

years

later

much

'

the

54)000

favourite

Greeks

in cold blood
"

"

He
(Jr

is called
"

in
of

his

slain; 5000
"

; 20,000

youth, jianm,

provinces includingAzerbijan,

proclaimed him, under

(the Upright^), second

still quite a

succession.

mother, and

taken

cattle

of
prisoners,

driven

off,and

the title oiRasJitd

But
was

whom
100,000

Harun
also

2090

slain.

simply the Omeyyad Sahib (ruler)of Spain.

Harun
Rashid.
Pronounced
ar
rightlydirected."

was
so

were

so

precuted
"exe-

i66

a.u.

MEIID

474

A.II.

fcrrcd

15S-

Father,

his

by

ItU".

Mchily's
"

loath.
160

22

A.M.

I Illy

7.S5

after

two

or

year

precedence

in

prosecuting

he

called

his

went

Ilady

on

time

the

at

and

demand,

in

campaign

Jorjan,

contumeliously

treated

second

the

resisted

naturally

messenger,

A.l".

him

intended

rival.
the

service

Mchdy.

that

of

ti)

of

followed

and

the

end

be

said

the

the

but

his

life

who

Herat

it

will

to

in

the

by

mote
pro-

brilliant
acts

many

in

even

approve.

unabated

maintained

remembered

be

as

would

the

Kheizran,

to

such

altogether

it

Mahometan
he

Mehdy.

stained

was

amiable,

and

of

usher

was

nor

rigid

whole

and

Kheizran
a

in

the

performing

character

the

Nation,

attachment

his

of

upon

cruelty,
as

soft

Naturally

favoured

forty-three,

aged

spot,

tumacious
con-

])oisoned

for

A. 1 1., Harun

169

was

welfare

such

private

eating

slave-girls

the

year

need

tyranny

his

on

from

way

his

reduce

to

army

panied
accom-

bier.

administration

His

era

ment

the

more

the

Attach-

of

the

over

Little

Character

buried

was

beginning

of

one

an

the

on

thereupon,

Mehdy

with

out

died

by

He

set

but

son,

pear

Bagdad.

to

liarun,

by

and

Ilady,

of

claim

his

waive

to

favour.

brother's

further, and

step

summoning

of

that

[ClIA

to

introduced

was

of

princess
as

favourite

daughter.

that
"

he

in
ride

died
the

and
is

hardly

which

the

could

; and

his

condolence

account

into

consistent
army

of

is

ruin, and
with

dressed

side.

that

his

out

accompanying

his

hunting

mystery
him

used

end

she

when

comforted

was

friends.

that, struck
the

even

attire, she

male

the

in

(the

sight

his

disconsolate

was

but

of

out

in

He

him

her

him

Yacuta

daughter

let

of

told

is also

It

young

not

so,

before

year

Another

game

by

out

bv

public

Harem.

his

on

he

"), that

when
to

doted

so

Ruby

youthful

his

into

slave-girl

only

by

the

that
knew

rushed

horse

lintel, he

plainly
on

was

after
killed.

surrounded

their

return

his
to

the

hounds
But

death,

Bagdad.

this
of

4;"^

in

""ii'y

AND

he

one

have

to

resembled

differed,for
hand

any

AI.

IIARUN

Though Hady

A. 1 1. iGii'

IfADY

his

he

[ciiAr.i.xin.

RASinn

I'\ither in most

would

allow

not

affairs of State.

in the

things,
Kheizran

Accustomed

rescnls
111111

intcrfcr-

that

^"'^

lad\'

"'^

influence
'j'"'-"*^.

had

with

like with

her

withdrew

her

her.^

been

her

crowds

to

son,

bade

escort, and

forbade

the

attempted

lier

the

scekmg

suitors

she

mind

her

"

of

when

Husband,
he

concerns,

own

courtiers

wait

to

The

the insult,
smarted
under
proud woman
watched
opportunityfor revenge.
His cruel
In his treatment
of the Manichaeans, Hady followed
treatment
the counsel
and
closcly at once
of heretics, too
example of his
Father.
these
Strange to say, there were
amongst
upon

and

the

heretics several

having sworn

his

to

their

take
with

son

How

one

may

charge, they

were

Mehdy

the whole

of

brood
have

to

erected,on
a

the
the

this

before his death

said

descent, whom
life of any

which

report, the

that
and

thousand

of
intensity

sins laid

Shortly

he would
branch

destroy

; and

palm-stakesto

heretics should
many
existence
of which
shows
the

own

Irac,is difficult

and

as

belief in
prevailing

of his

hope that of many

falselyaccused.'^

declared

Mehdy,

injunctionto put
ents
pestilent
heresy found adher-

Zendics, root

ordered

"

fatal

the faithful of Arabia

understand, and

to-

Hashimite
to

all to death.

amongst
to

of

never

house, left
them

be

he is
be

impaled,
"

anyrate the

at

his hatred

towards

the

sect.

Following his father also in another respect, Hady

formed the projectof settinghis brother aside,and protoTuper'sede
claiminghis young son Heir-apparent.He was supported
by all the court, excepting Yahya the Barmecide, who
succeeded
and again in dissuadinghim from so preonce
cipitate
iLidycn-

and

unwise

step.

Harun,

now

treated

with

retired into privatelife. At last,after much

indignit}%
of the creatures
the Caliph,at the instigation
vacillation,
^

doubtfuL
unnatural
^

is
attemptedto poisonher,hut the imputation
Weil thinks it was
fabricated to justify
the Queen Mother's
conduct towards Hady.
Ilashimitcs is said to have
the daughterof one of these condemned

lie is

Thus

even

said

confessed that she

the

Caliphdied of

was

to

have

with child by her

fright.

own

and
father,

when

carried before

A.P.

785-80!)]

him, who

around
claimed

his

Hady

was

there

he

version

the

further

which

Harun,

herself

of

was

; and

in
she

"

rankled

incident
had

the

unlucky

On

the

day

had

of

courtier

divers

the

crossed
search

to

about

the

cruelt"""

to

; and

humble

Harun
!

servant

his

on

"

accession

death.

to

Mamun

son

born, and

was

of Zobeida

son

Persian

the

over

slave-girl.As

the

bridge re-entering Bagdad,

in

for the

river

"

he

Mountain,"

a
'

ring worth

famous
his

Father.

some

time

pointed

Yahya
and

before

out

his great

golden pieces,given to him

this ring, he
Hady's demanding
ioo,000

On

the

flung it
spot, it

into

the

Tigris ;

discovered

was

of

"

taking precedence
a

Instance

Hady's son
bridge to
stay

"

was

Harun

of

later; the latter,as

Mansur,

mother

former, whose

put

d.

son

his pre-

was

"

breast, and

was7S6A.

vindictive
of

any

over

Ameer's

The

accession, his

of

granddaughter

the

passed

in his

littletime

Caliph

"'^"q'^'"'

stance
circum-

to

charge

of

and

early that

prone

in

side

other

"

thus

before, Harun

courtier

the

angrily ;

some

to

young

; but

jealousy,as

time

some

claim

as

or

Heir-apparent

answered

bade

it showed

hate

to

from

out

new

kind

some

obsequies,

his

drop

to

Tigris, the

the

Amin

of

retirement, hastened

funeral

Rashid,

When

decessors.

The

succession

opposition. Hady's

with

cruelty,if moved

until the

We

nearly twenty-fiveIlanm

now

his

the

without

called

called

him.

of her

more

Mother

connected

cross

little

death,

The

for

of

^^

His

in readiness

the

recognise

from

emerging

Caliph

though

sickened, his

death, Harun,

easily persuaded

was

is obscure.

and

169-

shortly after.

age,

saluted

Mosul

smother

A.li.

prison.

end

despatches

hear

Court, performed

the

he

We

into

near

imply complicity

his brother's

years

had
to

Hady.

died

On

he

oath, pro-

seat

slave-girlsto

she

would

of

death

his

that

His

the

Yahya

cast

when

Governors

various

the

of

take

country

died.

and
is that

certain

told

his

at

477

to

and

successor,

fell sick

induced
are

Son

HADY

forward

were

just then

ordinary

OF

DEATH

and

by

now

the

as

Recovers

!l^^
^"^"^
the

Tigris.

by
had
he

divers,to

delight.
the

threatened

Barmecide,
with

whom

death,

was

Hady
now

had

brought

imprisoned
to

Court,

The

Bar-

'"'-''^'^'^^-

478

Tiic

installed

and

A. 1 1. 169'

IfARUN

of

brother

Hai-

Vizier.

as

the

the
ability-;^

of the

men

left

l'\idhl and

sons,

the

;
"

of

of

These

fall of

indcliljle

stigma

an

and

the

house, the

Jafar,

unrivalled

Harun

were

i.xni.

former, foster-

statesman

favourite

privacy.

Barmecide

later, has

years

and

latter, the

of his

companion

two

power

Caliph,

[Chap,

RASIIin

His

unbounded

exercised

also

"

AI.

three

which,

leading

seventeen

tlic

on

boon

Caliph's

name,

Harun

llarun's

for his careful

is noted

^^j-j^^i^j,-, fiailyhe performed

rejgious
.

distributed

and

of his

the

court.

He

pilgrims.

when

both
(,Qyj.j.^

it is in

philosophers;
Harun

is likened

If

mony.

the

some

his

it

habits, he

Greeks, by
Dislikes

field.

to

Ricca.

Syria.

up

This

he

did

than

for

visited
In

the

See

he

court

had

Abbasside

without

his

parsi-

of tyrannous

just;
Bold

his

at

without

as

and

active

in

in

in

Ricca,
hold

the

resided

the

north

of

disloyal Syria
his

the whole

contracted

again

in

accession, he forsook

say) of

would

never

loving Bagdad
world.

But

aversion

an

in

there,

it

towards

and

seldom

it.

second

Kharejite
^

he

after

place

gresses
pro-

reign.

again appearing

ostensibly to
he

princely
this

early campaign against the

himself

years

other

likelier that

even

any

his

up

his

spite (as

better

Bagdad,

nine

set

in

seems

17"^"

or

and

check,

Rising at

followed

law, poets

of the

and

prosperous.

repeatedly

Eight

airf
Bagdad
retires

and

grand

was

wise

indigent

journeys,

the

on

Jafar,but

was

On

magnificent

flagrantinstances

cruelty,his government
doubt,

of

ruler

of

other

on

lustre

and

times.

part these

ablest

Abu

to

except

we

great

so

perhaps

was

He

race.

shed

have

by

and

doctors

and

and

first year

Mecca,

to

crowds

also

men,

the

largessesamongst

train

learned

by

Wise, and,

just.

of

host

his

in

Pilgrimage

on

and

munificent

surrounded

was

In

different

nine

ritual

prostrations,

pilgrimage

some

carried

alms.

in

scattered

people, and

that

wholc^

he

occasion

every

of the

hundred

one

the

performed

afterwards

it

repeated

Magnifi-

he

reign

dirhems

looo

observance

leader

above, p. 466.

relation of foster-mother

year

of this

stirred
The
is much

two

reign,a

the
mothers

esteemed

whole
suckled

serious

risingunder

province
each

in the East.

of

Mosul

other's babes.

The

785-800]

A.D.

IVAl!

WITH

Abu

insurrection.

into

potamia,

of

the

in the end

and

displeased with
in

Fresh

the

failure

brought

consequence

troops

of

Meso-

the

gained

Cahph

was

Horeira, that
and

Bagdad,

a.h.

169-

_^

despatched, Death

were

But

Abu

to

of

rebel, who

restored.

was

479

governor

the

by

City.

peace

GREEKS

Horeira, the

discomfited

was

possession

THE

so

he

there

noreini.

was

to

put

death.

security of

The
of

both

Harun,

the
the

on

the

Khizr

One

of his first acts

the

west,

side

of

of

Asia

to

create

hordes, and

under

was

Turkish

frontier

Syrian

Armenia

the

his

joined

forces,or

frontier,for which

opportunity.
at

; Crete

sea

admiral

taken

multitude

of

fortune

In

The

Moslems

and

Cyprus

captives

headed

were

achieved

were

thereafter

amid

great

obtained

far

as

the

on

An

the

Greeks

passes.
and

person,

Ancyra.

Moslems

years' truce.

one

home, great victories

were

Prisoners

advance

was

third

Caliph's

sending

sent
"

insulting epistle to

phorus, king
^

shall

The
soon

the head
^

This

of the Greeks,

firstnotice of
find them

Islam, Harun

Greek
had

Turkish

coming

of the Moslem
from

him

to

chief

the
to

son

several

in

sub; but

hundred

to

Caliph:

"From

"

Harun,

the

king

of the

throne,
NiceArabs.

We
placed in a militarycommand.
and
at
departments,
especially

the front in all

armies.

authorities,who
beheaded.

Moslem

state

i8i

of tribute,Irene

after,Nicephorus having succeeded

this

^^^^

that

on

writers do

refusingto
not

a.h.

recovered

prisoners.
Soon

Harun

payment

Irene, on

by Casim,

in

h"^'
lyr^^^

But
on

in the

force

and

4000

rejoicings;and
four

and

at

Ephesus

exchanged

sequently made
withdrawn

as

reverses,

large

distracted

Constantinople being

secured.

cold

Greek

Naval

frontier,a

were

sufferingfrom

loss and

severe

serious

were

the

the

on

easy

successful

and

raids

booty

vast

be

to

ment,

the

on

him

gave

began

the

In

Created

again

progress

attacked

were

almost

and

over

Ricca

at

'""'^'

its s^P^''^'^

as

waged

was

their

also

and

; there

A.H., Harun

i8i

residence

prisoner.^

varied

occasion,

his

towards

Tarsus

Harun

watched

'

govern-

War

Greeks, and

Asia

Greeks.

charge

new

by

'

"="

with

by the

general,^ with

'

year

either

early care

threatened

Minor

strongly fortified headquarters.

every

the

was

mention

embrace
him.

jgg^A^n
'

48o

Insullint;
of"

hath

Irene

"

lit:;.

HARCN

the

"

with

"

of whicli

AL

with

parted

["'ii,\r.

RASinn

the ca.stle,
and

pawn.

She

hath

thou

shouldest

paid thee

have

paid

contented

her.

to

herself

the

moneys,

i.xTir.

It

double
but

was

letter

"

woman's

"

taken,

Nice-

phorus,
1S7 A. II.
S03 A.I).
llarun's

reply.

of the

"

have

"

The

190
S06

A.H.
A

of

letter:

the

Harun

and

of such

Harun

was

foolish

elsewhere,

often

beaten.

as

was

once

step

tribute,were

and

again when
broke

Nicephorus
last,near
with

again

to

ear

; at

stirred

renewed

At

marched

reign,the Caliph

Ileraclea,before

as

boasting. Over

the

135,000

his
close
men,

I).

and

possessionof Heraclea,
Nicephorus to the contempt

took

and
\\as

A.H.

overrun

for

the

pieces

had

Greeks

once

the

the

be

and

elsewhere

the

hands,

in

not

was

religioushate.
of

dress

rigour

utmost

The

be

to

and

of

Caliph

cast

down,

equipage
the

upon

on

Harun,

"

distinctions

with

Tarsus, which

border-lands

the

in

loss

severe

of it all, the bitter end

end

inflame

to

was

inflicted

his

on

The

obnoxious

enforced

Syria;

its

Marash

all churches

caused
and

"

self
him-

Cyprus

off to

carried

prisoners

on

house.

Imperial

and

retrieve.

wars,

personal impost

advanced,
at

trouble

tribute,reduced

golden
Bishop alone, 2000
paid. But in the following year the

more

both

position to
all such

of

be

to

of

besides

of the

10,000

ransom

enemy

having

member

each

on

anew

and
191

and

thine

his word

as

far

as

engaged

Greeks.

for

not

good

peace,

Commander

the

by rebels, had

hampered

the end

of

wrote

unbelieving Mother.

see,

land

ink

and

Harun,

an

to

as

the

ignominious

treaty, and

of

eye

was

ravaged

Emperor,
an

"

hast

rcadin^jthe

pen

Nicephorus, dog

is for thine

And

so

I'^rom

"

thou

Harun

calling for

thy letter,son

read

started

of his

and

rage,

what

return

decide."

shall

sword
a

answer

and

Wherefore,

Faithful, to

hear."

the

phonis,

back

the

on
"

he

Disasters

the

or

letter fell into

"

of Nice-

weakness.

to

Christian

population.
Africa

Africa

opposition
of native

tribes,

basside

further and

continued

control.

defeat, Harthama,

After
able

an

various

further

drift from

to

fortune

of

Ab-

victory and

despatched with

general,was

178-81
A.H.

large force, and

but

short

throughout

experience
the

in

succeeded

land

convinced

were

so

beating
him

down

that

inveterate

opposition;

hostile
as

to

interests

leave

little

785-809]FIGHTING

A.D.

IN

of eventual

hope

attractive

SYRIA

success

field of

East, he

48

ARMENIA

and, anxious

the

AND

for the

now

a.h.

more

Thereafter

resigned.

as

already was

the

Idrisite

In

the

ancient

176

A.H.,

Arab

two

stocks

of

the

farther

in the

Tangier

at

South, broke

and

Harthama
retires

West.

Syrian jealousiesbetween

North

_!;

the

Aghlabite dynasty, though at first nominally subordinate

to Bagdad, became
eventually independent at Cairowan

the .Syria:

I'Vt-

into

out

'

feud, and

open

ferment

of

state

little concern,

Ten

disloyalSyrians.
to

fightagainst each

to

compose

their

the scene'of
himself

took

Tigris

In

the

campaign

is

notable

in

death

had

of

he

end

Caliph's

beautiful

the

the

brother

her

"

disguised in
Harun

army.

and

the

in

Greater

and

armour,

was

province

slain.

This

of

Leila

so

but

retired

the

general

alarmed

at

the

thanksgiving both

pilgrimage,visitingon

foot

177

a!h'.

the

the

commemorate

to

Armenia
-^'id

which

avenge

being recognised by

on

performed

whole

to

at Kharejite

ravaging

elegy

rebel,

Inear approach of this danger, that

victory,he

occurred

and

defeated

it

destroying
after

the

"

^^^~

walls, and

Mesopotamia,

on

Mosul,

was

until Harun

its

from

held

was

for

confusion

maidenly

years,

city,razed

Holwan,

to

forth

ridden

jof the

two

alarming outbreak

more

the

interfered

Harun

Kharejite leader, who,

in terror.

she

the

of

of

power

lat^r Mosul

difficultydissuaded
still

and

the

lasted

Caliph

they began again

Somewhat

Azerbijan, descended

crossing the

on

the

this time

differences.

with

under

Armenia

but

possession

altogether.
Nisibin

other

the

gave

afterwards

years

rebellion,which

again

was

weakened

simply

hghting,
176-7 a.h.

in continual

years

which

things,however,

it

as

for two

Damascus

kept

169-

Lesser

the

various

liuly stations.
Passing

outbreaks

various

over

is

of these

in

the

Kmpire,

there

lotice

the faithlessness
illustrating

as

one

the

on

north
of the
1

outskirts of the
which

deserves

Caliph. Yahya,

grandson Hasan, havmg

as
gained possession of Deilem, grew so mightily in power
of the Caspian, and
his kingdom
extend
o
to the borders
descendant

ttract

orld.
IS

to

of

the

Prophet

his brilliant court

once

of

Fadhl

the

Harun, jealous at

tinguished birth,sent

followers

from

all parts of

the

of

his

his influence

and

Barmecide, then

with

gover^

the"^'

Hasanite
prince

"

TT

Treacher-

of

Deilem,
'76 a.h.

48j
A. II. I(i9193.

HA

of Pci'sia and

nor

Yahya

Ha mil's

treachery
towards
Deileniile

into

Fadhl, and

with

R AS

I.

Jorjan,with

drawn

was

RUN

only by

the

Hashimite

of

shortly after

but

gifts;

discover

to

flaw

backed

power

by

an

in

; but

the

the

prison ;

document,
apparent,
175

A.H.

preferredin
other
the

Mamun,
182

next

A.H.

latter, surnamed

guardianship

of

given charge
to

ments

Mecca,

the

pilgrim-

munificent

186

A.H.

documents,

802

A.D.

at

age,

hung

gave

favour

of
189

A.H.

witnessed

with

his

Further

solemn

One

On

the

chief

and

the

Greek

succeed

of

to

munitions

faith is

of w'ar,

also

He
in

be

inscribed,

Mamun.

on

two

of state, to

frontier

to

the

caused

its eventual

later,when

Ha-

with

sons

Kaaba,

(a singular condition) that

and

from

might, but only

who

early age

an

these

the

the

Pilgrimage

ministers

in

age.

under

golden pieces,and

other

years

at

brilliant
of

of

years

countries

charge of
at

cretion
dis-

the

sovereignty.
journey

the

should

Trusted":
placed, "the
if they had only been true.
grand epithets,

in vshom
;

and

the

still,some

and

all the

ceremony

son,

declared

placed

was

of Amin,

Mamun,

all its treasure

1

by

youngest

East, he willed

Faithful"

million

later,his

years

tw^elve

now

Barmecide,

East.

Heir-

nominated

older, was

Caliph presented each

Mesopotamia

Casim,

the

by Zobeida,

son

Some

months

being

Khorasan

giftof

up
in

one

Jafar

of

Amin.

Alamun,^

farthest

madan

Harun's
arrange-

both

successor,

Yahya

cast

solemnly attested

the

birth,was

several

Abdallah,

son,

The

And

title of

the

under

apparent,

of his noble

virtue

former,

old, Harun's

five years

yet but

indefeasible.

shreds.

it into

tore

While

heir

for

having called

and

with

made

was
field,

Harun, nevertheless, supported by

into

tinguished
equally dis-

an

covenant

the

override

obsequious enougli

document

army

in due-

princcl}-

and

jealousy to

was

that

prospect
and

covenant,

his

Cazce

declared

Doctor
a

the

in

the

at

distinction

allowed

he

chief

The

conscience.

his

the

much

with

him

received

course

rival,confirmed

be witnessed

to

overjoyed

Harun,

by representativesof

but

law

the

house.

rid of his

being

of

Doctors

not

the

to

Bagdad under

at

treatment, the bond

of honourable

him.

oppose

submit

should

he

agreed that

Caliph a proposalfor presenting himself

covenant

to

gi'cat army

I.Mil.

tion
apparently friendlycommunica-

an

prince.

Amin

[('HAT.

HID

Amin

army,

fall to

the

to

with
the

lot

signifying"the

4^4
A.II.

IG!)-

but

too

193
'

sent

Anddeath,

eunuch

side

of

there, divided

Ilarun, happening
gave
And

fall of and

mecide

fiimily.

both

^vere

the

over

of the

into

cast

empire

from
Harun
the

praisesof

tales of

it had

of

conduct

their

at

annalists

the

and

Empire

public:
the

and

fact

general

"

"

and

into

murder.

shreds."

with

loss, and
Weil

in
has

of

minor
the

assigned,
as

the

to

self
him-

Harun

his

questioned by
Life

"

;
"

of

he
of

as

in the

before

been

Oleiya,

knew

garment

well

as

little doubt

Once

words

The

the

scandal

have

sister

these

memory

mankind.

the

leaves

with

is said

soul !

my

it,I would

to

tear

it

faithful

of

his

story given above.

painful episode

Ibrahim,

her

innermost

my

The

Another

the

accomplished

stayed

if but

of

end

lysed
para-

pages

dynasty,both

causes

mysterious silence.

beautiful
ha\'e

Jafar'sviolent

accuracy

kept

other

although

of

but

death; poets sang

upbringing

Princes, intensified the tragedy and

and

aged

shortly before

laud

the

to

all

member

an

popularity of the house,

rendered

brother

passed

fill their

distinguished

and

power,

services

the

Yahya,

confinement

grieved

most

and

Fadhl, )-et }'oung

in

Fadhl, and

the

grandeur,

Both

East,
down

be taken

of any

property

when

the

orders

princely generosity, and

of

one

as

his

the

and

Men

from

to

and

either

on

years,

Jafar,his father

found.

shock, died

himself.

three

remains

of

confiscate

man,

the

for

so

miserable

family,wherever

impaled

two,

prison at Ricca,

to

heart-broken

now

in

despatclicd

was

through Bagdad

pass

the death

On

burned.

^^

to

for the

command

body

It continued

bridge.

the

Ricca, shortly after, he

to

slay J afar,whose

to

[CiiAr.i.xiii.

RASiriD

liis return

On

true.

Bagdad, and

to

Al.

IIARUN

followed

was

friend of

by

murder

mourned

Jafar,who

private spoke bitterlyof

fullyinto

the

his

over

miserable

of
his
end.

the

to
question,and leaves little room
doubt
the outline as a whole.
The
eminentlyfitted to excite the
stor}'is one
Oriental imagination. Thus
Ibn Khallican, in his gossipingway,
tells us that j^
uncontrollable
for
her husband, persuaded his \
Abbasa, conceivingan
passion
mother
her son's com(who used to send a slave-girl
panion)
ever)' Friday night as
to

make

disguise,and
deception but
results.

very

gone

of her

use

Jafar,under
too

It may

be

late, and
a

for

influence

then

tale,but

instead.

once

the

even

was

of

overcome

so, it

She
wine

was

accordinglyin

sent

(nabidli),discovered

by

points to

terror

the

at

the

the

possible

popular belief,and

785-809]

A.D.

The

REBELLION

IN

THE

Caliph hearinsf of this, invited

havinc^plied him

alone, and
the

loss

of

to

convivial

bout

A.ll.

I6O-

193

with

wine, pretended

said, he would

he

Jafar,whom,

him

485

EAST

"

to

mourn

willingly^^^^^ "f

now

Rarme"

with

part
thus

half

his

kingdom
in

deceived, began

the

his

back

have

to

monarch,
apparently repentant
Whereupon
grief at his death.

and

him

cursing

as

"

cides.

himself

praise

Harun

of

to

Jafar

him

cast

shortly after had

traitor,and

in

Ibrahim

unbosom

to

cups

again.

him

out,
to

put

death.
We

turn

outskirts

with

relief to

notice

what

was

passing on

the

Empire.

The

East

was

fast

of

firmly consolidated
There

court.

who

Kharejite leader,
the

indeed,

was,

far

provinces as

marched

with

Mamun

the

again
he

from

person
retained

of

of

the

returned

then

East

of

out

by Bagdad

herself

the

way

easiest

pass
of

both

notices
the

matter

Alyite

an

had

of

been

in prose

long

another, and

and

verse

by in silence,

or

that

direction.

attribute

by Jafar'sconnivance

in the

arose

absent

in Samar-

in

told

Bagdad,

that

it

knot, abjured Islam

it
;

to

accord.
other

his

of

Ricca.

at

being

in
entirely

are

affairs

wealthy lady

dissolvingthe

of

offender

the

the

rebellion

serious

in

still

under

power

his court

to

position

who

"

settled

llanm

Rei, which

at

provinces in

origin.

strange

bethought

the

later

husband

cand, whose

other

and

little time

Some

he

"

his

north,

ancient

Caliphate,

Tabaristan, Deilem,
He

their

the

receiving duty

the

to

tyranny,

by splendid \^\^^
j^''

months

there

chiefs

Native

the

something

suzerainty

four

by

answer

rendered

court

stayed

to

who

Aly,

birthplace,and

his

as

the

to

Harun

secure.

outlying

after,the Caliph,

There,

summoned

and

Caliph

loved,

he

i8o"A!n."

last put down

years

Rei.

to

gamar-'"
cand,

and

authorities

Some
causes,

Rebellion

was

^"

^as,

escape

princelypalace exciting

jealousy; Yahya's enteringthe presence without authority; Alyite

tendencyof the family,etc.; but all are inadequate for the execution of Jafar
Harun's

and

downfall
Abbasa

is doubted.

of the

and

her

family.
child

are

also

said

to

have

been

and

at

under

the

and
at

was

interest

reports of his lieutenant's

charges against him,

giftsto

it

Some

Isa.

unfavourable

hearing

Persia

Persia

becoming

rebellion

serious

ravaged

ibn

Turkish

strong

Herat, but

as

Aly

governor,

the

under

the

made

away

with, but this

4^6
A. II. IGO''"

then

manictl

Rd"cllion

the

Moslem

,111,,

^he

cami.

her

paraded

and

raised

quitted Balkh,

and

all the

and

superseding him,
Harthama,

riarthama

Alv^ibn largeforce,and
Arrived

divorce

and

nito

prison.

after wandering

march

slew

the

Aly

ibn

Merve,

on

Rafi

which,

rapidly

beyond the Oxus.

Caliphof the tyranny'

with

the

this

double

orders

to

sent

witli

command,

the Government.

assume

first received

at

of

view

rebellion, he

his African

Harthama

Merve,

at

cast

the

so,

from

secret

on

on

country

subduing

returned

now

'^^

Said,

and

should

rebellion.

steal

reached

reports again

rapacity of Aly,

and

of

thither;

.set out

gained possession of
Meanwhile

should

Rafi

lest

Isa, alarmed

affront

Samarcand,

to

com-

"

his escape,

standard

the

Rafi

and

ass

country, returned

the

governor,

an

effected

he

Thence, however,

on

the

at

that

11

be

lad}',but

ixni.

firsthush.intl

The

onl)'ordered

faith,not

about

Rafi.

suitor, one

[Ciiai-.

RASITTD

Caliph, who, scandalised

the

plainedto

in Saniar-

AT.

IfARUN

Aly

gra"^

IQ2

.\. II.

his patent

ciously,but shortly after,showing

confiscated
it

the

seated

on

bare-backed

the

Ricca,
"

campaign

against
192-5A.H.

^^"^^

lost

the

threatened

and

looked

to

A.H.

808

A^n. also
his

have

way,

in which

after

some

the mountain

demur
range

to

from

he

the

into

out

He

Amin.

gress
profrcjm

by the
his royal

of the East,
"

march,

which

granted. Travelling slowly

Persia, Harun

one

lest

die

help of
the

to

would

dreading

should

the

on

on

journeyed

he

government
army

Things

set

A.H.

Mamun,

might, with

river,

Leaving Casim.

West,

; but

yond
be-

of that

himself

placed

was

Meanwhile

Persia.

purpose.

the

join the

Harun

of

of 192

end

it

disturbances
south

already sickened,
Amin

him

permission

and

behind

event

the

the

to

gaining

but

quelled.

of
to

the

of which

had

Mother, depose
asked

Syria

disgrace

day.

resolved

the
for

in

sent

provinces

Harun

Ricca

left Mamun
who

Aly himself,

was

country

towards

control

Father,

Caliph.

Samarcand

in

eastern

that

in charge

Bagdad,

IQ2

at

despatched

attackingRafi, and

rebellion

the

the

serious

so

residence

there
take^s^the
field,

in

him

the

rose

thither,and
his

no

before

Oxus,

tyrant, and

was

Kharejites,taking advantage
the

Harun

camel,

time

victory, besieged

several years

the

fate of rulers of the

common

Harthama

Har-

of

to the avaricious

camels

1500

on

wealth

vast

of command,

day

called

over

his

785-80f)]

A.D.

HIS

DEATH

physician aside, and, alone

unfoldinga

silken kerchief

the fatal disease

he

said, "that

"

named

"

hour

"

steed

"

will

infirmity."There
of

the

bereft of

the

words
and

rallyround

to

"

he

sent

and

when

reached

my

sons,

(and

by

the

in these
in

who

with

The

S/ay

was

Jiim

before

the

last,and

his end

; and

to

Early

birth,who

Amin,

him

four

only

the

of

son

received

the

the

Jew,

West

for

of
fostering

elephants,
effort

followed

was

also sent

to establish

Oxus

by
that
to

They

Harun

by

no

to

; but

neither

The

Chinese

had

death.

He

the

a. d.

seven

teen
four-

chroniclers,Harun

Embassy

Great,

from'^*^""

Chris-

two

"

with

An

emperor,
rulers

is this mentioned

Charles

for

splendid gifts,

result.

his

also

clock ; but

water

Chinese

writers call the

809

royal

and

Holy land, and

with

March"

Besides

sons

on

Caliph Gahtu.

the

embassy
no

doubt

the

trans-

by the

annalists.!
'

bier.

facilitiesmight be afforded

material

friendlyrelations

border

the

returned

the

his Dies, vi.

slave-girls.

native

and

ornaments,

by

slain

of

He

ten

were

Charles

sought

trade.

be

was

Zobeida

his

at

of

progeny

pilgrimage

rare

was

alive

were

embassy from
who

should

reigned three-and-

married

of
'^"'^"

breath

the

thirtyyears.

over

mentioned

not

an

tians and

the

it

over

had

Zobeida, there

daughters, all
Though

and

age,

nineteen, he

survived

wives, but

of

ig3A.H.

prisoner

more

wretch

prayed

sons

"

; End

where,

Shortly after,he breathed

of his younger

When

no

single word,

dismembered

monarch.

dying

one

twenty.

the

"

his dwelling

by
in

on

'^^^^'^'

worse.

Tus,

If I had

the Sickens

Merve

to

brought

was

in

^"^

close

dug

"

say

so

forty-sevenyears

was

of Rafi

near

said, but
"

his grave

brother

bound

were

army

mine

world,

fa

the

heffekl^^''

tive
plain-

the

"

portion of

care," llamn

to

Jorjan, where, becomine

J

^^

shuffling

thus

alone

those

169-

watching the

of weakness.

life,he had

Harun

left,he

to

himself, journeying slowly, reached

place.

"

of

even

in his hour

Mamun

on

have

adding

now

tree, A.H.

But

see

on,

of

loins,disclosed

something touching

"'

despairing of

"

me

support

he

his

"

mayest

great Monarch,

him

following year

is

girded

guardians), are

mount

now

shelter

it secret; for

thou

as

the

under.

their

decease,

they

that

keep

all and

my

under

laboured

thou

them
of

he

487

Moslem

488
A.II.

/fARUN

1 laruii

169-

his

and

son

RASHID

Mamun,

stand

[('ii.\r.
lxtii.

AL

history

in

out

the

as

103
'

Splendid
reign.

been

monarchs.

Abbasside

greatest

with

along

ranked

Marun
of

some

indeed

might
of

best

the

the

Omeyyad
^

had

dynasty,

that

cruelty
courtly

vault,
His

whole

surroundings
vast

b\'

"

treasures,

often

with

these

Accustomed

prosperous.

frequently joined
his

reign.

such

energy

No

the

over^

and

for

pilgrimage, for administration,

has

chiefly made

in the

of

era

from

all

which

this

flocked

the

his

many

lustre

on

after, displayed
whether

progresses
for

But

war.

the

"

and

and

law,

bore

centre

the

what

which,

to

and

learned,
well

as

with

met

arts,

all which

princely reception,

the

was

wise

history

and

music,

Court

His

rhetoric, poetry,

medicine,

life, he

shed

or

or

and

Caliphate illustrious,is that it ushered

letters.

parts,

martial

have

various

means.

just

was

field ; and

before

his

activity in

the

his

in

unscruinilous

Greeks,

either

Caliph,

millions

to

his

in

liberality,he

900

youth

in

troops

his

exceptions,

from

his

victories, especially

leaving

"

and

oppressive

Splendid
in

princely

"'

of treacherous

spots

career.^

and

administration,

dark

for the

his

stain

amassed

yet

been

it not

have

science,

as

genial

fruit

ample

at

and

in the

ceeding
suc-

reigns.Even

The

when

titious
roman"e'^^
when

glow
that

has

the
^

faded

Weil

is

and

race,

though

It is the
in

Poets

excessivelysevere

he

Barmecide

Savants

of

the

were

golden pieces,a
to

not

tragedy

excite

wonder

on

Harun,

He

makes
bad

so

that

has

as

given

adven-

an

but

even

realities

prosaic
and

of

admiration

Caliphate.
singularexception

"

him

the

out

others

many

him

so

his

to

greatest tyrant
both

before

unenviable

and

usual

of his
after.

pre-eminence

story.

having presented
steeds

really was

the

monarch's

cast

al Rashid

Harun

before
to

impartialjudgment.

Eastern
^

away

of this

has

romance

life of

remains

splendour

calm

Oriental
the

around

history, enough
at

of

witchery

ride

on.

every

branch

recipients of
a

sonnet

robe

of

entertained

were

his

in his

honour,

with

special bounty.

praise,he
ten

Greek

forthwith

princely liberality
;
For
gave

example,
him

and
slave-girls,

one

purse
of

but

Merwan
of 5000

his

own

CHAPTER

Amin

LXIV

Bagdad

at

193-198

his

In

unwise

Mamun

808-813

A.II.

of

division

Merve

at

A.D.

left

Harun

kincrdom,

the

Breach
1

fatal

that

legacy

Amin,

of

advantage
he

had

letters

Harun's
then

at

deputed

Father's
that

hid

kept

they

Merve,

was

both

return

at

from

messengers

distinct

breach

of

solemn

oath

On

their

too

gladly

return

by
had

conditions
the

distributing

thus

against

troops

year's

Father's

his

this

violent

had

appeal.

his

sion
acces-

which

army,
stolen

covenant

their

on

the

heed

the

to

taken

well

signalised

pay

to

war,

sent

all

to

Amin

of

of

against

homewards

their

this, Mamun

already

were

on

with

which

to

Bagdad,

to

of

hearing

a!d.'

allegiance

munitions

its

So8

contravention

expostulate

to

but

hurrying

way,

On

Merve

direct

with

army

of

accordance

in

second,

Mamun,

Mamun,

one,

oaths

AmTn and

with

Tus,

at

In

have
in

Father's

his

Immediately

event.

to

Bagdad.

of

the

had

empire,

camp

produced.

brothers,

the

to

once

the

until

of

the

to

bidden

But

will, ordered

seat

fruit.

bitter

bearing

anticipation

were

the

will.

the

agent

an

death,

to

sworn

in

In

Mamun.

be

to

long

Bagdad,

occupying

as

end,

not

was

he
from

away

Mamun.
relations

The
the

first

Fadhl

to

East

for
his

Mamun,

guidance

who
all

the

popular

was

now

4S9

as

man,

its
were

able

an

Barmecides,

and

classes

thus

were

by

This
of

protege

stable

brothers

guided

temporised.
and

secure

the

Mamun,

Sahl,

convert

fitted

Under

strained.

ibn

Persian

between

rule

from

adviser,
a

was

throughout

rightful
conciliated,

recent

well
the

Sovereign.
both

the

Manum's

^ttionTn
^^^^

East.

AMIN

490

A.H.

193-

Arabs

settled

AND

f('iiaim.xtv.

.^TAMUN

triballyin "^icat

numbers

in

around

and

'

108
'"

Miinnin

whom

Kast, with
11)11 Salil
1

niother

Turkish

him

commended

"

i"

ot

was

chiefs

forgiven. Mamun's

now
r

blood,

crsian

lortunate

affections of the

the

to

was

from
])rinces,

antl

relatKMi

that

of

Son

"

people,

rime
.

196
I

A.M.

,,'

our

"Abbasside

boot."

to

As

his Prime
from

assumed

he

widened,

of

one

the

Hamadan

ourselves, and

breach

Meanwhile

rasan.

Harthama

with

his

an

brother

after

Amin

Strained
between
and

on

^^^^^

^^ those

Ibn

Rabia,
Tus,

at

who

death.

In

Mamun

should

Amin

retaliated

fatal Step

with

of

for the

two

within

the

Hisdissi-

rounded

character

revelry

this

sacred

and

arrayed

in

Tigris

and
he

both

He

was

civil and

his
his

beauty
boon

had

five

persuaded
have

called Dzii

prayers.

military.

tion
men-

of

avenue

last Amin

took

the

Heir-apparent.

son

act, he

sent

them

tore

he

in

were

gondolas,

in

horse.
Minister

his

in

-girls,
and

society of

chief

For

his

the

shapes

two

time

empire

the

the

Sur-

slave

and

Besides
of

his Father

shreds.

passed

Of

Kaaba

the

to

all parts of the

companions.

"

all

own

from

Riasalcin,

cedence
pre-

Mamun

altogether deposed

women,

and

of

Brother

splendid jewelry,
his

and

solemnly suspended by
and

his

upon

should

name

Harun

vengeance

power,

At

Bagdad.

elephant, eagle, serpent,

^

the

dissipation. Songstresses

for their

there

at

P'adhl,

with

the

walls, and

eunuchs

gathered
himself

minister

Public

high-handed

documents,

by

to

the

another

was

dreaded

from

declaring

and

voluptuary led

place

his Son's

the succession, and

piece with

Vizier

come

in

Kho-

Samarcand,

weekly Service
by effectuallyclosing every

and

Amin,

Mamun

ever

the Persian

to

throughout

weak

took

he

by dropping

communication

from

he

ran

administration, threw

Chief

what

to

Mamun's

Amin

A.H.

been

consequence

of

was

His

proclaim that

to

of

hand

having

rule

pardoned.

was

him.

party

was

restored

benign

and

about

Caspian

long siege took

Mamun's

the other

military,whose

the

was

Fadhl

Caliph, making

civil and

peace

his mercy

on

title of

Thibet, from

to

Gulf^

himself

the

minister, both

Raft, hearing of

194-5

is

I).

A.

Amin

"he

sister, they said,

"

minister,
Ol

the

fourth of their tribute

Caliplio[

also

and

Merve,

"

fetes on
the

of

the

lion,

private

departments,"i.e.

A. II. 103

198.

Persian

l)rave founder

and

for

Bagdad.

on

armies

from

Tahir, who

ev

courses.

of

Rabia

ibn

Fadhl

crisis,but

the

pleasure,gave
the

maidens

pieces given

him

put Mamun's

two

Rebellion

Syria,

end

of

195

A.][.

and
on

"

have

the

miserable

not

sent

to

the

two

or

of

the

commanders

Hosein, the

son

of

conditioned

man

who

A.H.

A. D.

12

the

his arrival

at

the

was

ibn

Isa

of

to

midnight by /\min,
neither

wont

by night,but

morning.

appear
His

By daylight
whose

he

object, however,
had

raised

the

was

was

army

ill-

an

back

sent

the

he

would
to

malcontents

on

insolent
not

was

do

so

dethrone
of

his

denly
sud-

Officer

musician, it

that

One

Summoned

Bagdad.

jesternor

for

so

Syrian troops by
This

he

and

"

Khorasan.

his army

were

reigned

by Tahir,

slain
the

and

anarchy.

Aly

alienated

Yemen

Caliph's Syrian

he

that

Troops

the

reply that being

to

of

scene

and

west,

be done

could

Caliphate

misrule

as

Aly

in the

the

of

men

with

returned

Officer,

196

Syria

years

partialityfor

deposes

effectual

Capital,nothing

long

tcj

of

progress

against him.
so

him

Damascus

Dynasty

new

rival

of

Meanwhile

for the

between
jealousies,
up

his

house

the

such

made
a

of

ing
pretender,claim-

from

quell the rebellion,but

three

Nasr

contended

and

of

death, but he had

to

proposal.

once

founded

tribes,set

the

Syria.
at

in

presages

advised

gained possession of

field of Siffin,

Modhar

Amin,

in

sense

omens

even

Bagdad

at

sires that had

indeed

from

including the million

Some

at

surrounding country,

had

Ilosein,
a
Syrian

left

of

might

b\'

repeated defeat, he

under

his father.

sons

"

inforcements
re-

immersed

the fond

Mamun,

descent

the

the

at

of

in his person

Muavia,

to

auspicious

to

Chafing

danger threatened

new

heavy

Sus, and

Amni

rouse

the

to

ear

left to frown

still the virtue

to

him, and

by

and

voluptuous monarch,

the estate

confiscated

in

the

eunuchs.

and

he

of ilolwan

charge

Ahwaz

sought

around

creatures

but

against him,

left in

was

upon

readier

I lolwan

to

Capitalitself.

the

threatened

thence
Amin's

Merve,

advanced

now

Amin

by

Mamun

llarthama, despatched with

all.

them

defeated

march

his

On

sent

were

which

rxi\

Tahir-

of the

attack

the

advance.

successive

[Cii\r.

MAMUN

well chosen

was

ordered

now

wise

the

descent,

ide house,

Tahir's

AND

A MIX

49^

his

in the
Amin.

the

City,

only safetylay in anticipatingthe certain victory of

808-13]

A.D.

ADVANCE

Mamun.
the

OF

Hosein

then

them

in

the

crossed

CaHph's guards, seized

imprisoned

ARMY

MAMUN'S

of

one

river, and

him

both
the

493

dispersing A.M.

his mother

and

He

palaces.

and

then

pro-

193-

_1_^
Syrian
Officer

claimed
the

Mamun

Caliph.

as

Khorasanies,

with

gain

to

leading

dreaded

before

weak

him

But

hooted
of

and

Ibn

slain.

in this

the

crossed

but

he

Holwan

to

He

short

is

lowing
fol-

pursued by

was

from

way

Bui

gave

people
the

had

assisted

from

the

Court

retired

and

against

ihe

bridge,

fled.

was

Caliphate,prisoner,

Rabia, the Vizier,who

singular outbreak,

into close

the

it

so

prisoner

in

proceed

Caliph, overtaken

the

taken

was

reinstated

him, and

at

And

counter-force

Amin.

the

and

soldiery;

Mamun.

days

who

to

he

of

deposes

where-

money

only pardoned Hosein,

not

as

the

hated

Bagdad

no

or

few

now

command

new

moreover

advent

Amin,

monarch

Mamun.

order

in

heart

at

mob

against Hosein,

brought
The

the
the

that

pass

mustered

had

either

over

men

to

came

Hosein

But

city,

Hosein

and

And

slain.

went

hiding.

Meanwhile

Tahir

after Advance

Column

steadily advancing.

was

f T'h'

column

despatched against him

was

little power
of

east

Tahir

public
the

; and

and

Mecca,
the

gifts.
within

no

of

bribe

Bussorah

Capital

his

followers

desert, by money
vain.
^

by

Before

Zobeida, who

Amin

and

to

the
had

left Ricca
men

at

on

Anbar,

the
Aim

and

destroying
proceeding
always
splendid

year

of

the

to

Tdliir and

enemy

to

J/gfore'

them.

Jafar'sdeath,
in

was

state

The

sought
But

Tahir, ready

conducted

potamia
Meso-

suit.

Amin

those

Kufa,

and

followed

Mosul
remained.

of

in

Wasit.

Mamun

lavishlyamongst

close

denounced

with

captured

fight,and

to

to

governor

in

back

a.d.

Tigris by Medain, almost

the

accepted

alone

cast

his chief

The

Aly,

"

"^ \ ||_'

Holy cities,

by Mamun,

sent

and

Bagdad,

alternative,now
from

wretched

crossed

adhesion

; then

received

had

provinces S12

the

Amin

Kaaba

house, and

last Tahir

sight

seeing

in the

honourably

that

to

of

house

sacrilege of

suspended
was

their

Arabia, with

of the

iniquityand

Merve, he
At

all

in

sent

they

The

conquest.

allegianceto Mamun.

descendant

of

already
now

swore

documents

favourable

had

Tigris

Ahwaz

over

of

to

the

at

came

stay the tide

to

; but

Amin

by

met
to

to

all in Bagdad,
bom-

'jgg

^^ "

(193 A.H.)

Bagdad.

q^

A.II.

bard

193-

the

outside

the

Xhe

II.
^

the

A.u.

quarter

whoIc

Capital had

and

in

round

the

Greek

fire directed
caused

down

had

to

and

described
"

blood

millions

which

the

were

As

"

failed
his

melted

invading force.
City

year

the last
i9"a!h'.
Sept,

ported
the

by

now

final

storm.

thama, who

had

the

side, the

eastern

carried

on

finding his

every

tection.
pro-

hemmed

drawing

the

"

in,
and

tears

Palaces

beautiful
for

of

costing
into

City

been

fiftyyears

fell into

still to

silver

and

view

to

reduced

now

of

with

to

the

Har-

the

sword.

his

on

inactive

and

away

with

the

Tahir, sup-

long

too

cut

point

palace untenable, fled

of

most

throughout the

these, and

been

bridgeswere

for

generals,resolved

own

his.
that

men

over

when

want,

with

the

thus

on

; but

went

City was

distress

at

him

by

when

gain

to

of

hands

off into

drop

to

save

gone

wretched

concert

the

his treasury, and

gold and

in Tahir's

side

own

frightful;

them.

began

of Amin's
In

thus

as

had

Amin

Things had

most

citizens threw

of ruins.

anything

extremity of

of

streams

Hand-to-hand

the

as

day

world

of

the

all

children, heartrending,

populace held

197 A.H., and

while

quarters for his

; and

emptied

The
had

who

of

vessels

defence.

those

ashes

Amin

In vain

camp.

whole

after another

generals

broken,

were

advancing soldiers,Tahir

witnessed

heap

quarter

Tahir, the

the

and

the

which

against the engines of

poets of the

of

riches

one

City

life without.

of

women

who

river with

canals

supplies of food, was

left in

pouring, became
at

within

ground

those

the

the

distress of the inhabitants

by

from

the

on

the

advantage

the

prisons

missives

all

siege,which

the

of

by

The

street, and

suffering of

the

the

bank

in every

off from

cut

from

the

to

raze

east,

beyond description.

also

into

loss

gate.
down

sat

night. Catapults planted

shot

cast

on

The
and

day

great

stones

and

Anbar

of the river.

only by

either

on

transport, but

riot

walls

bank

not

protected it.

was

fightingwent

Distress

lying

the

terrible

prolonged

and

there

war,

the

throughout

were

year,

of

means

intersected

"

on

struggle was

all its

before

the other

sufferingsof Bagdad

l^stcd for

Bagdad,
A.

cit\'.planted his camp

The

Siege and

197

[Ciiai-.
i.xiv.

MAMUN

Ilarthama, similarlyapproaching from

__^

of

AND

AMIN

494

Mother

on

City

Amin,
and

808-13]

A. D.

children

SIEGE

the

into

for himself
his

Harem,

and

thither

brink

of the

of

crowds

495

citadel which

strong

the

on

BAGDAD

OF

river ; while

eunuchs

had

Mansur
the

built

A. II. 193-

of

inmates

'_

damsels, fled hither

and

Amintakes
rcfucfc

defended

by

off attack

tells

call him

the

the

"'on

"

liked.

"

stress

warbled

"

"

time,

'

upon

thee

! he

the

him

one

her

about

the

fate

"

Caliph,swearing angrily at her,

"

"

"

"

"

"

'

more

before

again ;
'

'

and

Amin,
all

hear

moon

It

was

would

and

and

the
a

river?'

imagination :

third

cried

the

thy face

see

hasted

pieces.
if

voice, as

me

she

as

That

in

away

pricelesscrystalgoblet

in

let

'

'

Out

end

We

all

is

solemn

'

! he

See

'

Hark

near.

of

verse

listened; it
and
still,

was

cried
!-

the
was

retired

we

citadel."

two

surrender, or
1

on

me,

the

across

but the strained

into the

that

'

she

so
'

began

Begone

'

damsel,

it broke

against

are

Coran, from

But

startled

she

said, as

Song-

'

nothing else?

monarchies.

of

The

didst thou

'

love,'she

moonlight, stumbled

the dim
set

'

ones

thou

he

Startingat
far away.

hast

it;

began with

bloodhounds.

used

to

chief

loved

'

any
of

songs

else ; and

on
:

the

the

She

the

here

drank

of

for

to

playing

sing something

sonnet

cried

sent

balmy

ye

two

or

the

balcony over-

both

we

him.

of

and

moonbeams

called

to

pack

in

Evening

sultryri^ver\an

from

bank,

said, 'Have

thou

no

his

still held

said, How

clear
he

who

'

song

"

the

days

issued

sat

we

"

'

"

in

citadel.

of its

relieve the

to

Amin

Amin

sing

on

tearful

as

done, he

her

ode

and

to

I had
bade

'

"

three

or

nobles

they brought

I sang

words, he bade

the

"

this

Then

when

When

well-known

"

few

and

!'^

which

and

of the

stream,

calm

after that

and

"

swift

water

wine?'

"'

I went,

"

river air ; how

'

two

the fresh air of the river

thither.

looking

"

for

was

at

shelter

here, under

evening,

autumn

an

breathe

to

one

that, about

us

of

closeness

"

citadel

The

planted engines

; and

prolonged

Ibrahim,

uncle

Palace

lives.

life.

miserable

by him,

their

faithful few, who

battlements, Amin

His

for

terror

keep

to

gates

in

courses

now

open

to

Amin

issuing forth by night,make

the third week

be

were

brightin

of the first month

the

evening,as

of the year

Ibrahim

tells us.

either

to

bold

dash

for

"

198

a.h.,

wlien

the

Amin's

fl-JifhT

49"5
A.II.

193""

Amin

AND

AMIN

S\ria.

in

enough
them

the

his

as

the

cliose

lie

[C'liAr.
iaiv.

MAMUN

latter; for

ro)'alstables, and
But

bodyguard.

there

yet horses

were

faithful

to

men

mount

Tahir, learning the

design,

surrenders.
,

threatened

they did
with

the

ho

he

promised

stood
be

to

Tdhir

not

the

and

Tahir;

posted
of

Amin

it bade

longer in

no

he

had

resolved

in reference

and

leave
the

wiping

rode

down

skiff to

put

Tahir's

death, It

sank

him

the

by

seizing

Sept.

off his clothes, swam

fright,he
night

he

hair
to

the

carried

was

slain

was

his

by

of

and

with

the

of

Bagdad

sent,

together

bade

the

emblems

them
when

casting

shivering
the

ing
followsoldiers.

the

ments,
battle-

of

royalty,

Mamun.
The

troops

and

people

arrows.

Persian
on

in

boatmen

and

Tahir

sons,

Harthama

and

where

he

cloak, he

Amin

of

by

two

shore,

Naked

party

remain

waited

stones

house,

the

on

followers,

his

the

head.

head, after being exposed

was

his

quickly

left

shore.
to

hearing

his

w^ith

with

his

Tahir,

thirst ; and

barely saved,

was

convey

compromise,

embarked,

hardly
boat

to

Harthama

he

given

could

by

away

him,

the

attacked

iqs'ah

with

had

they

Harthama

As

across.

embraced

but

people

Monarch

where

bank,

river

be

river.

embracing

fast-falling

hands

off;

So

once.

thama,
Ilar-

protect him

quench

to

tears

him

carry

kissing his
to

at

the

to

could

last it

to

Harthama

and

At

up

the

to

to.

Ilarthama

once

lonely palace. Deserted

water

that

the

across

Citadel

Ilarthama

should

at

whom

surrender

himself

prepared
camp

prospect

]^agdad.

royal robes

the unfortunate

even

to

of

easily

Tahir,

would

if

resolutely

only

was

he

gave

till he

wait

his

not

it

the

of

implied

conqueror

the

But

followingday.

to

have

would

his

to

all round

men

hands

-r

that

was

he

But

visit them

flightfor

of;

dread

in

however, fearing collusion

His

the

into

Harthama

so

of

would

monarch

banishment.

in

the

the fallen monarch

His

risks

Amm,

on

timid

his friend, that

was

waitmg

The

arranged that while Amin

the Sceptre,signet,and

was

surrender, he

to

objected,for this

Tahir

to

him

himself

resign

to

still

men

pleasure

Persian

and

chiei

exchange

to

and

refused

.,,

condign punishment.

ease

as

force

not

persuaded
of

repented

now

that

808-13]

A.D.

had

they

not

lavish

fought

annalist,

our

says

DEATH

them.

on

was

OF

AM

IN

because

Indeed

of

there

was

Amin

for

bravely

more

497

the

treasure

little

more

but

he

that

that,
used

A.H.

to

could

Aningloii0^'S

be

said

lasted

to

four

favour

years

him.

and

TT-

His

eight

troubled

months.

and

I'l-

"

inglorious

reign

193-

'

reign.

LXV

CHAPTER

Mamun

198-218

had

Mamun

Mamun

b^Fadhi^^^^
to

stay

198

A.H.

813

A.D.

at

at

life

his

the

east

as

fell

the

embraced

stabilityof
Bagdad,
Not

Hasan
brother

of

long

his two

with

they
by gifts,
of

head

;
"

Tahir,

^i^
Minor.

^"

the

late

followed

an

Arab

Caliph,
by

host

for

after

sent

Hasan

up

of

Arabs,

the

to

"

the

for

of

seized

to
on

to

avenge

of

Zobeida

days, pacified

ibn

of

local

murder

Sahl,

the

Persian
the

at

the

at

the

supersede

to

throughout

floodtide

arms

the

alienating as

step,

498

and

dogmas

continued

Viceroy

as

chieftain,faithful

took

he

prospect

few

order.

Fadhl,

in

taken,

Tahir

the

Vizier,

banishment

; but

unfortunate

feared

which

now

dangerous

Tahir

the

Mamun

his

been

had

arousing antagonism

and

First,Nasr,

Rebellion

to

brother

doubly

Provinces

affairs,till
of his

instance
him

returned

loving

Mamun

large.

at

upon

Mosul

to

Fadhl

trouble

Hence

Caliph, and
sons

of

just.

Merve, where

at

on

and

him,

west,

Capital, but

rose

except

we

"

Bagdad

populace

the contrary,

Alyite persuasion,

of the

Empire

after

the

holding

mastery

the

at

for the

favourite

their

the

throne.

his

and

and

troops

of

dogmas

only hateful

not

Tahirsup-

as

under

blindly

disliked

he

fatal mistake

the

made

much

about

influences

Singularlysusceptibleto

On

but
only illustrious,

flagrant cruelties,not

certain

nowhere

indulgences

reign, if

his

and

commendable,

was

We

brother's, nor

teaching of Islam.

the

with

Variance

A.D.

debauchee.

his

like

revelries

"^ ^"X

the

to
affinity

no

813-833

A. II.

it did
older

interest.

memory

his

the country

of

fall,and,
between

A. II. 198^'

"

A
rival
insurij^ciits.'

the

contiiniccl

rule there

to

himself

mitted

Ilariha-

Syria and
and

things

which

made

But

there
his

Harthama's
was

with

his

8i6

more

speedily and

Abu

Saraya.

and

presence,

and

body,

fresh
a!h'.

"

So

to

owed

success

fate of

and

unfortunate

^^
Beginning
of2oi

A. H.

Al

Kindy,

exemplar of
which

at

once

to

reproaches

for

him

him

of

his

to

lips

the

the

as

of

Coran,

from

of

the

retired

empire

great

for

part

West, caused

against

rose

Fadhl,

his brother

After

City,

three

took

days'

refuge

material

prevailed at Bagdad;
a

time

at

the

all kinds

Christian

was

burned

and

of bands

plunder and

tells us
apologist,

Kaaba,

this time.

mercy
of

in

Continual

Wasit.

to

tude,
ingrati-

months, but without

depositedin the
placeat

in the

Magian."

to

Brother.

troops

tool

committed

the contemporary

he says took

The

put

the

in

and

shortly

of cruel

whom

guard
body-

face

on

fought for
to

the

for many

City was

victim

not

rebellion

warning,

favourite

confusion

robbers, which

of

of

his faithless

eventually

Meanwhile

fliesresult.

son

driven

ensued

encounters

and

Bagdad.
him

and

Magian

had

his

thus

to

who

over

in

abused

and

Medain,

conceal

Apprised

his

perished,the

Harthama,

excitement

the

reached

he
prison, where
or
(as popularly believed)was
injuries,

fighting,Hasan

Hasan

off

him

Khorasan,

Hasan,
"

hurried

he

against

he

should

him, fiercelybuffeted

Africa

The

mind

before

year

with

deliver

and

captain

Mamun

unless

grasp,

music.

him

of
that

him, and

Caliph summoned

this great
from

200

As

Fadhl.

by

martial

to

Fadhl, anticipating

But

of the

of

direct

go

effectively
suppressing the
the loyal General
opened

upon

of his

death

Risingat

Bagdad.

covered

explanation
rushed

His death,

from
his

received

critical state

the

hiding

the end

near

xi.2ooA.ii.

died

of

he

to

errand, poisoned his Master's

^^^ arrival,the offended

make

to

government

first

resohed

was

to

Mamun

A.D.

sub-

returned

There

the

up

speedily slip from

errand, he entered
^

eventually

rebellion

which, fearing lest the Vizier

Merve
Received

take

Mamun

warn

earlyreturn

It

who

up,

pardoned.

was

this

to

he

Vizier

would

an

him.

Caliph

Arabia.

West

and

visitingthe Viceroy.

the

Merve,

the

time, but

set

even

'^

from

orders

for

haxinc: subdued

without

Nelirwan

was
C";ili])li

Mamun

to

Ilarthama
IT^tV-v^""^
to
ney
Mervc.

[CiTAiM.xv.

MAMUN

500

that

in the

Othman's

tion
conflagra-

Apology, S.P.C.K., p. 75.

813-33]

A.D.

A LY-

the

But

excess.

RID

HEIR-APPARENT

HA

class

better

of

501

Citizens

last banded

at

A.H.

198-

'_

themselves
them

together,and

in check

wisdom

and

Mansur,

son

; while

He

declined, but

the

name

of
of

weary

months'

their allowances

thrown

again

infatuation
This

the

on

Aly, surnamed
ant

Ridlia
who

Aly,

twenty-two
claimed

At

earlier

an

Aly

and

Abbas

now

an

was

when

the

Thus

succession

idle

Abbasside

and

thunderbolt

aimed

choose
^

is,

Ibn

"

; and

the

national

from

his

out

this

order, which

the

Capital.

The

existence

very

in his

Athir.

chosen

stead.
as

such

their

Mamun

Mansur
from

amongst

It

other

folly.

Empire

that

next

in

as

mark
from

end

of
to

fell like
were

feared

felt the

court

Dynasty.

blow
All

Caliph and
longer opposed
as

no

the

a.d.

of

command

Shie-ites

of

depose

brother

at

each

the

received

^^7

moment,

changed

was

Towards

green.

houses

publiclyto

more

dress

the

one

Aly-ridha

^^201!

West.

suicidal

the

Heir-

of

successful.

of

throughout

the Abbassides

the

the

present

one

to

pro-

means

in the

been
the

was

Shie-ite

carry

another

Thai

act

sworn

in rebellion, ready to

rose

likeliest

arrayed against

were

!i"'ridha

descend-

and, though

between

at

of Maimm

Caliph

doubt, persuaded

the

was

there,and
at

people

Caliph himself,

Vizier, no

and

Throne

to

upon

hated

the

this

forth
be

to

Hasan

proclaim

as

dream

went

black

year,

Merve

to

coalition

departure,the

new

to

amnesty,

the

Alyite insurrection

factions

the

to

year,

the

pleasing i),a

might possibly have

allegiance was
this

that

the

to

edict

^oia.h.

in

came

"

well

The

implacable, the

the

adoption by

than

period, a

two

in strife

the

older

Master

end

an

troops, and

summoned

Heir-apparent.

putting

the

Bagdad

^'

throne.

their

(" the

was

years

his subservient

re-

part of Mamun.

less than

no

of

published an

the

to

pay

the

government

close
at

their r'eace

for

stipendiaryroll. Things
this footing,when
the Capital was
on
confusion,by an act of inconceivable

into

was

of

the

leaders

according to

settlingdown

were

and

Towards

the

'_

of affairs. Bagdad,

head

offered

was

conduct

to

struggle,the

six

the

at

Hasan, the Viceroy, who

promising

the

agreed

rabble, held

respected

men,

placed
Caliph Mehdy,

Mamun.

the

with

terms

chief

two

probity,were
of the

the

outnumbering

ants."
Prophet'sdescend-

Bagdad
''^^o'^s.

A.H.

198-

''18

Z.

'.

the

measure

instead

and

of

Ibrahim, brother

Caliph,

shortlyafter

202A.il.

Si 7

A.i".

^\^^

moonlight
Mchdy

by

held

for

retire
rebellion"^
202-3A.H.

two

gain

appointed

his

He

It is

name.

already

Tigris.

met

the

was

in

the

son

of
song,

for the difficult

strength
which

and

and

Caliph;

with

difficulty

years.

fightingwas
those

and

its

brother

to

the
ing
think-

Hasan,

proclivities,

Shie-ite
of

again

between

Usurper.

with

its governor

this

on

renewed

of the

Kufa

over

as

obliged

viceroy,was
and

Imperial troops
to

in

have

assumed,

now

Wasit,

to

the

year,

in music,
slave-girl
; proficient

Mamun's

Hasan,

Bagdad

sahited

was

we

the

reigning sovereign,

as

altogether lacked
he

I'^ridax- of

fealtytaken

whom

by

poetry, he

Mamun

of

African

an

last

Mansur,

oath

scene

positionwhich
he

of

the

the

on

for

Ibrahim

same

and

so

pra\'er

Ibrahim

II

[CiiAiM-xv.

MAMUN

502

Aly-ridha

and

it is

of the caprice of that fickle city,and

the
significant
coalition,that, while
ready to
hopelessness of the new
receive

him

this

in

was

Alamun's

Mamun's

opened,
202

A.D.

A.H.

^""^

^^^

Things
the

was

Merve.

at

last

held

him

to

bad

be

to

slipping from

his hands

righted the

into

Syria.

the

resentment

advised

body
of

the

years

insurrection

Empire.

due

the

had

storm,

leading
at

men,

to

once

his

Master

his

now
own

himself

the

that

people

bewitched
the

empire

Vizier's

brother,

who

thrust

was

adoption

the

Alyites

might

neglected

guaranteed against
the

Bagdad,

This, they added,

Mamun,
to

that
or

Vizier, confirmed

return

before.
was

of

half-witted

tell

Caliph

ruin, v/hile Tahir,

in the

the

of Harthama,

"

the
;

the

startling

his

since
warn

first to

The

truth

the

Hasan,

to

vessel

Mamun's

safety for
errand

West

to

and

and

Aly-ridha

worse

now

either

Ibrahim

hurr\'ing the

to

him

between

fresh

was

say,

from

opened.

ventured

hiding

was

that

He

turmoil,

Mamun

While

elsewhere.

as

were

from

on

gone

before.

year

have

two

at

eyes

had

of Irac

was

of

truth, strange

his Vizier

and

there

on

state

change took place

representativeof

Persian

fightingwent

so

West

the

as

hear

would

purely Alyite leader, they

of him

nothing
and

as

but

was

facts, and
the

as

subservience

loyal

the

listened

convinced

only

to

that
to

him
the

Fadhl

813-33]

A.D.

his

and

who

the

murdered

assassins

what

condolence

of

letter

that

promise

Mamun

ten

take
he

of

years

with

of

one

gave

ridha, who

his

was

his
also

alliance

In his progress
while

at

of grapes,

on

had
for

this another

and

buried

Mamun
startled

was

rested

; and

him

this

by

not

of

^f^rch
ix.202A.H.

Aly-

ing
cement-

Aly-ridha

was

the

at

favour

just mentioned,

shown

hand, Aly

obstacles

in

Hasan

he

time

way,

knot

solved.
the

lamented
to

Aly against whose

nothing

the

loyalty. Though
answer,

with

the
some

advance
of

success.

the

rapidly

of

it ;

deed,
in-

disappearance

the

Bagdad
had

in

saying

been

with

Caliph

so

but

an

began

to

Meanwhile,

letter
the

at

that

bitter

against returning
Mamun

be

insuperable

two

so, while

Aly,

met

grapes

and,

to

as

was

their

monious
uncere-

be

vassed
can-

Ibrahim,

bv

of

^^j
20^^^']^

surfeit August

the

their

by

they

left

cause

dark

of

for

marriages
On
impeachment.

And

death

place.Death

(itmay

believe

were

citizens

now

this

autumn

annalist

not

and

accession

was

in the

deceased, and

the

Mamun's

wrote

there

does

Fadhl

and

was

took

forth that the

Our

against the

the other

Gordian

to

make

event

death, following so

the report went

poisoned by Mamun.
decency's sake) says he

gone,

a.d.

Murder

the side of his father.

by

been

same

818

second

ly-ridhadied suddenly of

There

that of Fadhl

the

to

were

con-

to

presiding

unexpected

Mamun

westward,

Tus.

world

the

and

age,

of

p^"-

time,

same

appearance

office

high

done

did

the

of

for viii. 202

child then

marriage

brother

for

out

Pilgrimage.

Shortly after

The

the

to

in

all outward

to

him.

with

nominated

annual

thus

by

ceremony

of

fifty-four
years

now

Aly-ridha'sson,

to

daughters

Sets

'_

office.

vacant

Hasan

to

About

eight years.

"i

brother, and

the

to

bridal

A. 11. 198-

with

Hasan

daughter Buran,
the

own

They

to

his

attachment

his
but

age

of

death

had

they

sent

was

offered

Caliph.

succeed

his

for another

place

the

should

showed

further

the

to

informers,
was

that

their heads

on

he

tractinga marriage
of

of

command

by

the

reward

asserted

nevertheless, and

executed

the

these

but

Court

his

Sarrakhs, Fadhl,

at

arainst

bath.

his

in

did

they

Arrived

Capital.

503

for

orders

srave

his displeasure

vented

had

found

teachina:,

Shie-ite

BAGDAD

TO

RETURNS

UN

towards

march

the

MAM

A.H.

198-

"his weak

218.

the

Flii^hiof

[Cm.

MAMUN

504
harsh

aiul

{"i\\'friends

athninistration,
His

remaining.

against

the

holding

his court, fell into their

CaHph's

and

even
alicnatinj^

was

made

no

he

had

been

During the

winter

troops
where

Medain,

head

Ibraliiin,
xii. 203
A.M.

May
819

from

months, things went

the

A.n.

captains of

chief men,
about

end

of

city. Ibrahim
of close

of, but

was

abroad

at

He

birth

and

attire

cried

Mamun;

mercy

; and

bridal

ceremony

for

him,

of

you

While

by the

of the

lost

was

last,

sight

police,walking

object

an

of

the

for

disguise.

the

admired.

On

ridicule

in
!"

"

the

was

she

celebrated

of

Bravo
Caliph.
He
appealed

it

Buran, and

of

time

for
the

intercession

made

royal clemency

in

being recited

before

its

brethren

; the

Lord,

day

At

in female

night

thou, Ibrahim?"

this

you

Capital,the

bribe, but that only revealed

court

his

to

as

ignoble reign

an

he

exclaimed

greatly pleased, and

Joseph
on

eight years

carried

with

and

gained possession of the

For

granted,

was

was

reproach
don

is it

is much

Mamun

words

the

Ibrahim

which

poem

Mamun

it

him.

to

them.

to

over

hiding,after

ring as
was

"

went

into

hour

he

the

upon

apprehended

untimely

an

woman's

"

last

in

him

with

worse

these

year,

offered his costh'

his

"

the

years.

at

to

closed

escaped

two

on

bad

after another,

one

the

Mamun

hands.

"
"

There

shall

in

the

be

no

merciful,par-

most

"

the

Capital was

recalled

being

its

to

allegiance,

enters

Bagdad,
ii.204A.i[,

August
819 A.D.

Mamun

advanced

complete
he

members

month, and

of the
out

came

of order

restoration

remained

from

before
week

journeyed

his entry.

at

him

welcome

Ricca.

So

and

advancing,

At

chiefs

Tahir
he

to

secure

Jorjan

whither

Nehrwan,

Royal house, captains,and

bid

to

he

slowly,halting as

the

of State

tation,
also, by invi-

entered

Bagdad

early in

204
at

having

invited

first favour

dresses

of

the

edict

the first dressed

people

to.

The

A.H.

his Court

preferredby
The

conspicuous for

for green,

accordingly. Mamun,
known

make

to

Tahir

that

was

in that
of

colour

Mamun,

the absence

upon

after

of

the

and

so

the

however,

their requests, the

black

Caliph graciouslyacceded,

honour
advent

still held

his

might
and

be

verted
re-

bestowed

Courtiers.

deed,
In-

long rebellion,was

measure.
singleretaliatory

813-33]

A.D.

Fadhl

ibn

DEATH

Rabia,

Vizier

Isa,

of

influence

Abdallah,
Ricca.

him

hand

Mamun

signs

with

two

the

guidance.

The

the

to

with

tidingsof

had

been

as

At
from

of

its

it

Tahir

his opportune

dealing. Still

if

ever

fully
success-

showed

Service,
the

he

tomed
accus-

petition for

vague

post (an office everywhere

the

duty) immediately reported the alarm- His death,

Court; and the next
day's despatch, g"^^""^
found

being
his

fidelity,
panied
accom-

feared,

in

charge, is

ruling

place

some

his

poison

weekly

the

anxiety by Mamun,

of

dead

in

The

'oed.

his

obscure,
foul

remained

of Tahir

name

cumstances
cir-

suspicion of

the
justifies

singular,the

more

expected

singular and

Viceroyalty are
decease

the

brought

great, that, imputation of disloyaltynotwithstanding,

so

the

Viceroyaltyof

Tahir
a

is famous

in which
social
life,

not

the

his

to

son

east

only
of

patron

generous

addressed

of

After

Tahir,

Master

such

ing incident

as

loyalty.

a. 11.

Vizier

eunuch

administer

to

204-5

aversion
the

great

so

j,-,p\^;f

his

east, where

the

confidential

orders

from

to

of

an

suspiciousof

him

at

aims,

him

on

Tdhii-

son

him

ambitious

conceived

of

his

and

reminding

if

substitutingfor

charged with

and

that

Caliph's name

prayer,

this

on

succeed

to

it, prevailed

Why,

secret

years,

198-

re-admitted

Bagdad,

Viceroyalty

insubordination.

dropped

awaited

of

told

are

A.li.

all their

was,

Tahir's

now

appoint

to

swerve

of

Mamun

needed.

We

should
for

now

Mamun

presence

aware

consented

him
he

were

of

governor

for the

was

clear.

not

thrown

and

forgiving.

suspiciousof

death,

death,

both

of

attitude

and

Tahir,

propose

strong

cause,

said) his

sad

him.

to

opposite

whether

is also

Brother's
to

Amin's

equally distinguished,left

But

(as

505

since

ever

had

appointed

was

TAHIR

who

whole

generous

Tahir

or

the

The

occasion,

hiding

Ibrahim,

into

favour.

to

in

OF

as

in

continued

soldier

learning

and

and

being appointed

on

embodied

are

was

instructions

on

his

ruler, but also

poetry.

all the

is justlyregarded a model,
political,
perfectwriting,but of culture and precept. As

it,that

and

empire.

spread

all

over

the

he

had

letter

Mesopotamia,

to

and

Caliph so greatlyadmired

family.

duties
not

such

of

only
the

copies multiplied

Tahir,

we

have

seen,

Tahir's
'^''^'^

^'^'

5o6
A.ll.

198-

21S.

Tahiride

familyhold
governof

ment

Khorasan.

from

called

was

"

righthands
said

of him

he had

also but

hand

should

Talha

\'izicr to

and

waged

leaving,he
fashion
End

rebellion,
2IO

A.H.

of the

Nasr

of

Nasr's

his

the

carried

lah,

his

had

been

Nasr

of rebels.

the

to

in

his

into

Bagdad

the

to

under

for the

reason

was

for

rare

Ibrahim

him

himself

have

we

with

seen,

was

the

The

penaltyin the Coran

occupying eleven

Athir,
"

processioncarrying
treated

leader
for

singular

with

in

exposed
three

of

relative

the
then

days,

treated.

resort

The

of these
to

arrested

such

Caliph

have

may

conspirators;
inhuman

about

but

it

practices.

this time,

but, as

freelypardoned.

In

same

sition,
depo-

Mamun

against

Ayesha,

sun

his

since

companions put to death.

public,the first instance of one

in

also

the

Ibn

the

brated
cele-

was

of his

execution
to

as

seized and
had

so

ever

diversion

years'

Caliph;

the

to

the

on

party of malcontents,

Ibrahim

by

several

being

ously,
vigor-

five

loyal subject

burning

impaled

was

Royal blood

had

Ibn

with

Abdal-

more

after

on

purpose

But

him

himself

bridge of boats

Palace

of

as

create

who

body

lavish

the

was

Syria,had of

whence,

submit

approached. Headed
Royal house, they were

scourged, and

million

three

impregnable fortress

an

to

cruelty by Mamun,

His

in

father, attacked

hiding

sought

court

On

Asia.

time, still in rebellion

great rejoicings. But

by sundering
treatment

such

this

Minor, from

return

now

Cruel

to

up

induced

was

with
who

of

Oxus

the

Central

purse

500,000

Tahir, when

him

Asia

of

efficient

day.

drove

siege, he
and

his

sent

and

loyal

in

was

lah,
Abdul-

he

operations languidlyagainst him.

and

he

deputed crossed

so

too

eye

son,

time

same

of

Talha

secretary

succeeding

borders

the

campaign

from

frontier.

on

on

Vizier

Alyite was,

the Western

an

ai)pointed his

Mamun

west,
At

eldest

His

establishment

received

pieces,and

hand.^

the

successful

hast

The

administration.

thou

two

hostile poet

lose
in

the

to

see

that

so

eye,

much," signifyini^that

succeed.

to

one

"

too

being engaged
brother

field, lie of the

the

Ambidexter,

thou

"
"

who

brigand

dcxtcrit}-in

his

little and

"

[CllAT.I.XV.

MAMUN

year

Buran,

now

eighteen

years

of

age,

robber}'. His letter is given at length by

pages of the printededition.
for

5o8
A.II.

Abdallah

198-

-tl^

A.H.' ^^

20I

Si6a.i).

havinL,^reduced
of

beginning
of the

terror

century, and

the

provinces of

northern

other

followed

was

towards

One

Azerbijan.

Imperial forces, which

pieces in
to

Unsuc-

outbreak

an

called
The

Moslem

Babek

army
left for

was

What

Asia

^^\\\ ^^^^

made

^Q^A

^^

is nowhere

they had
of

the

A.M.,

led

affianced
to

in

settle

likewise

Minor, and

again disturbed
At

Mamun

^^
mences

foundation

the close

of his

Tarsus, returning

Greeks.

oiTyana

To

hold

-.

citadel.

"

the

foundations
miles

70
^

Hence

mentioned

that

be, early in the

the

daughter

Emperor

Theo-

to

of

son

to

whom

campaigns

had
them

accorded
in

Egypt,

Aly-

he

the
of

invasion

third

year

thence

followed

There

confines

from

Mohammed,

before, and

and

the

on

and

Tarsus,

the

three

been

which

two

Asia
was

in

commanded

Mamun.

by

person

all

now

may

expedition

an

before,

was

war

have

reign,

]3abek

years

second

his

done

never

was

Greece,

with

received

Medina.

at

of

years

new

against

marriage

thirteen

there^*^^
succeeding years
216-217

he

way

with

Viceroy.

may

from

out

campaign

the
him

that

engaged

him

with

arms

reason

cause

set

successful

leave

The

they sought
the attack,
to

as

had

why

nor

Greeks.

Mamun

he

entirely to

remained

later

the

which

However

ridha,gave
been

in

common

Armenia.

philus. On

Further

Mamun,

made

215

alone.

now

the

Nisabur, he

at

he

time

which
sent

then

routed

he

crossing

where
also

explained

with

waged

of

He

difficult country

cut

now

being

in person,

March

Abdallah

Khorasan,

He

mystics.

were

occurring just

to

away

years

CaHphate.

the

through

passes

enemw

the

another

after

hardly the opportunity

for

A.H.

held

sometimes

mountain

the

pursue

^^^

atucked

the

for twenty

the Eastern

and

by multitudes,

arose

transmigration,incestuous

of

tenets

freebooter

was

lxv.

employed

now

famous

This

professed strange doctrines, as

marriage,^and

214

was
l"-g"'pt

liabck.

against the brigand

in the

Babek's

[Chap.

MAMUN

by

Kindy

his

the

still in the

was

last

better

campaign
in

check, he had

grand militarysettlement
The
Tarsus.
plan was

a
as

Persian

term

the scourge

Khurramies,
of the

or

vicinity

against the
at

of

called from
Al

from

them
of

north

Mamun
life,

laid

begun
lyana,
out

He
\*oluptuaric.s.

empire. Apology,

p.

46.

by
is

813-33]

.\.n.

Mamun

HETERODOXY

himself.

OF

The

MAMUN

walls, three

509
circum-

in

leagues

A.H.

198-

9-10

ference, were

by

of the

quarters
his

emulating
close

in the

of

these

bountiful

was

love

no

for the

with

them
he

slow

he

Damascus

shed

tears

In

"

Islam

and
which

Motazelites.

discussions

He

in his

relation
itself.

to

court

no

the

had

regard

to

Persians,

Great

Mosque

of

the

with

Prophet

and

reverence,

In

of

; and

But

doctrines

of

or

claims

he avowed

his conversion
have

him

time

same

of

nature

been

at

had

doctrines

the

only

lections
predi-

schools, and

abstract

such

the

free-thinking

the

at

his
any

of

Persian

of the

all the

Christians

to

the

himself

could

of826A!D.'

Thus

Muavia

even

t'es,

indeed

entertained, inclined

on

these

imposed by

Deity, and

Kindy

like Mamun's.

ban

comparative

divines

the

of

the

"

surrounded

presence

from

matters

some

allowed.^

and

evolved

mention

the

the

Alyite proclivities.
p^JcHvi-

singularly wide.

Companions

was

prejudices Mamun's

rare) combination

abolished

on

off the

was

means

was

In the end

E.g. the Apology

Motazelilc

he

asked

in

his

reign there

canvass

theologians

Man's

But

loyalty
dis-

eyes

them

all the time

he

zealously to

with

praises,

and

shook

favourable

the

liberty of discussion

last

his

misdeeds

the

his

Mamun

residing^^^^^^

families
sang

their

never

Mamun

Omeyyad

Gospel

trait

regarded

At

to

with

he
previousl)-,

years

the

remarkable

when

he

intolerance.

and

predecessors on
of

pressed

of his

liberalityof

few

who

rescriptfrom

(though by

free-thought
the

chief

and

Dynasty.

Persia, nor

in

later years

the

did, at

extravagance.

Syria ;

point of fact,Mamun

remarkable

he

it

as

upon.

acquired
In

of

shown

was

seal, which

his

to

recounting

his

towards

the

to

wherewith

in

ardour,

repeatedly visited Damascus,

he

even

favour

martial

coming,

Syrian poets

people

the

not

was

the

to

and

all Tyana

of Mamun.

expeditions

also

there, and

This

pacificlife,is

character

guarded

returning,left

Caliph, on

Harun,

princely donations

gave

for he

of

otherwise

an

the

be

to

gathered from

were

the work.

on

that

even

and

carry

changeful

On
and

to

gates, each

Artificers

empire

Abbas

son

the

fortress.

strong

four

pierced by

"^

the
to

as

head
God-

certain

possibleunder

opposed

A. 11. 15"S- tenets

218.

I lolerodox

views
Co

of

Will

the

faith.

in

though

Coran,

the

that

and

Orthodox

the

to

I*"ecdom

held

he

\('ir.\r. i.xv,

.]/.;.i/r.v

lO

.Xmoni^rstthese

of

place

Tredestination

"created,"

inspired,was

in

on

place of the hitherto undisputed

ran,

Freewill,

eternal."

and

He

also

declared

was

the

chiefest

that

tenet

it is

"

uncreate

his

belief that, after

of

mankind

Imamatc,

or

the

etc.,

Prophet, Aly

A.H.

212

built

is also

dogma

leadership vested
of

house

the

infallible

of

with
intolerar

such

also

it

began

an

emanation

to

impose

With

the

to

and

leading Doctors,

Coran

of

besetting the
the

growth
years

Coran

being
resolve

penalties, on
in Asia

Bagdad

to

his
he

Minor,

the

summon

them

tested

having

itself

unfortunate

campaign

the governor

to

other

advancing

and

pains

be

might

cramj^ed

or

of

taught that,

respect of the

his last

on

mandate

by

view

subjects.-'When
sent

in

time, led

this

be

difficulties

reason

Mamun

in

some

to

spiritual

member

The

guidance.

easily evaded.^
of

conviction

in

tradition,there

and

offended

as

society,thus

the

\-iews^

time

to

of divine

sources

Orthodox,

Enforces

time

Hence

Aly.

divine

and
explained allegorically,

was

his

from

the Coran

apart from

the

up

which

on

that

on

vital

and

cruelty,
833

A.

their

doctrine, to report

2i8a.

held

repeatedly,most

i|

Some

ibn

(founder of

ordered

of

threats,even
others

but

the

on

'

It

was

for

limited

the Orthodox.

Hanbalite

confess
of

return

to

The

{Suras xxi.
Coran
have

'

these

; and

the

Caliph

from

of

told

are

under

wine

of

twenty
escort

the

his death.

for example, the use

of
justify,
which
latter,by
conjugalcontract

v.

therefore

and

in the Arabic
been

W'e

was

and

to

wars

Such

temporary

be entered

can

into

of the Shiyas ; but is justlyreprobatedby

period,is stilla tenet
As regardswine, though we
nowhere
hear of Mamun's
being

thing:

Ahmed

was

sent

is

and

process

were

received

tion,
inquisi-

school),who

of

handed
was
given to its indulgence,it certainly
his marriage with Buran
other
occasions
and
are
;
this
One
of his arguments was
syllogism;
Coran

this

whom

among

Caliph's camp.

tidings were

thus

marriage (Muta).

to

the

way

easy

the

death, against two

Tarsus

at

quailed under
the

the

to

refused

who

await

stood

chains

in

At

firm,

confessed.
Hanbal

him.

to

answers

made'

xli.

v.

the Coran

2)

tongue," etc.
or

ordained, but

"Yes,"
not

made

in

mentioned
God

is created.
have

"We

round

created
Also

or

golden beakers
by Weil.
all

such

ordained

things;
passages

for thee

repliedthe defendant,

created."

"it

at

the
as

the
may

813-33]

A.D.

cruel

SPLENDID

HIS

dims

intolerance

REIGN

the

5
of

lustre

Mamun's

I I

later

A.H.

198218.

years.
For

his

reign

ushering in, as
and

palmy

of

verse

every

and

grammarians,

of

tradition, such

historians,as

Wackidi,-

Shafie

and

own

learning,but

and

in

the

for

ransacked

of

the

Nor

the

Labid

West

Ibn

in

Jew,
spread

his

the

Omar

were

of

Founders

out

two

Hanifa

Abu

died

famous

the

creed.

the

the

on

Malik

and

between

taught
to

the

breast.
See

in Arabia.

the
to

four,
"

Our

to

Indian

judgment
1891.

with

pray

matters

the

The

There

softly,and

Amen

say

ears,

mainly

of

one

and

Moslem

reproducthe

Orthodox

tradition

by

Testament
been

have

Central

had

up

to
was

an

shoot
off-

Asia.

Secretary,who

those

of law.

great schools

{d. 178), the former

Shafieite
is

wrote

before

the

in

forbidden

legs apart,
much

For

or

to

The

other

followed

two

by

the

prevailsin the East,

divergence in doctrine

school

material

no

of ritual.

are
fellow-subjects

of the

the

the

questionof the Coran.

of the four

{d. 150)

Hanbalite

his

labour

the

to

likelyto

and

A.H.

biography,was

Turks, the latter by the Africans.

and

207

were

thus

and

doctrines

India

The

vast

taught that the Old

more

their

philosophers,

reign of

teachingof

and

tongue

Levant,

to

the

the

Greece.

with

confined

of

Arabic

accessible

It is

of

worthy
trust-

for

only

into Arabic

Motazelite

lectors
col-

Jews

Greek

under

the

most

the

These,

Mahomet,

Zoroastrian

Inquisition
justmentioned
"*

the

passage
the

traces

Zendic

and

Ibn

master

later

bewitched

of the Buddhist

from

of

made

was

Alhir

al

who

Mohammed

literature

their efforts

were

created, and

the

of

logists
philo-

Doctors

not

in

translated

Curiouslyenough,

Motawakkil,

Court

geometricians.

erudition, were

of

Minor, and

manuscripts

historians, and

learning

and

of

Moreover

both

versed

as

Syria, Asia

of

the

and

Besides

Lhe

and

his

Bokhari, and

owe

Hanbal.-'
at

language

Monasteries

we

At

science

also

age

great

Prophet

welcome

were

whom

Ibn

of

men

the

Caliph

along.

went

the

was

as

to

the

philosophers.

it

of the

biography

world.

he

as

literature.

recitingan

on

found

munificently entertained

were

Christians

Develop-

poetry, and

to

who,

stanzas,

letters,poets, physicians and

and

addicted

amazement

hundred

readily "capping"

as

one,

"^
of literature,science, '"V^"'

days

himself

was

poet with

original piece

law,

glorious

scienceand

struck

Court

question

He

philosophy.

once

the

did,

it

'

"

without

was

example, the

adoration
fold

exercised

Privy Council, reported in The

to

their
on

Hanifites

raise the
hands

across

are

hands
the

these trivial points.

Times, February 23,

MAM

1 J

A.H.

198-

218.

Science

works

(if ancient

tion
also

of

An

of

study

all,of Medicine

above

but
practical,

less

and

their

with

and

science

and

just;

but

of

to

a.strology
learned

shrouded

the

in

again acquainted
of Grecian

forgotten patrimony

undoubtedly

was

the

upon

whole

ruler

at

and
Repeated change in views
and
due
was
religious,
sentiment, both political
partly to
Persian
partly to a yielding nature
training and affinity,
of Fadhl,
which
him
made
unduly subject,as in the case

just

once

to

mild.

and

personal

influence.

capricious violence,
those

of

Dulaf,

of

fall

Ramadan,

so

which

of

not

he

to

offended

glory,

Mamun,
had

the

shortly

must

after
as

however,

the

nobilityfrom

but

tion
depreciato

death.
his

and

of grace

on

the

judgment

our

poet.^

tells the

"every Arab

Abu

his

first of the
in

blind

Caliph, who

to

beautiful
the

as

affect

the effect that

to

act

an

Mamun

his

pality
princi-

surrendered,

of the

was

the

poet cruellyput

grand-nephew
borrow

Abu

retired

so

if aimed

as

is extolled

cannot,

omit.

high repute.
unwilling after

composed

poet

as

was

and

Mamun,

cruel

as

chief of

family held

Amin,

of

acts

predecessors. One

was

criminalitytowards

heartless

which

"lists

he

reception

According

verse

his

himself

Dulaf

his

where

irritated

himself, that

Caliph's part,
of

his

I should

Arab,

blind

just

are

of

noble

of

acquitted of

panegyric,lauding his friend

Arabs, which
standing.

honourable

which

memory

before
A

home.

notwith-

Abu

of

side

the

bow

caprice
and crueltyextravagant
of

be

cannot

some

the

and

brave

to

Persian

He

singular inhumanity

taken

Having
his

stain

w^hich

instance

Certain

then

became

Ages,

paid

was

of these

labours

Europe,

of

philosophy.

Mamun

Mamun's

of

proper

own

attention

the

through

was

Middle

of the

darkness

much

walks

History, and,

popular,branches

more

nations

the

that

men

liant
reignbril-

It

alchemy.

while

and

Travel

of

the

on

successful

other

In

geometry.

books

have

literature,we
the

and

astronomy

reared

fcjr the

and
literature.

Lxv.

the)'extended

Observatory,
materials

furnished

Tadmor,

directions

some

oric^inalresearch.

to

plain

in

[CnAP.

UN

For

story, the

enteringthe

Dulaf," which

Mamun

blind poet excused

be a slightupon himself.
The
the obnoxious
he regarded the Caliph as altogether
by saying that of course
beyond
Mamun
of
then
said
he
would
him
for
execute
not
comparison.
range

thought to
verse

the

that verse,

but

for another

verse,

in which

he

ascribed

divine

attributes

to

A.D.

813-33]

the

rest,

death

the cruel

of

treatment

Harthama

and

lastly his

and

barbarous
his

of

of

Ayesha,

Ibn

bitter

leniency

as

and

whole,

is

moderation
of

one

in

the

of

of

length
the

to

the

towards

incline

the

verdict

Caliphate which, taken

brilliant

most

still

much

so

the

198-

fate of

victims

attitude

must

the

owed

considering

balance

have

as

towards

magnanimous

the

Bagdad,

he

imputations A.H.

we

well

as

of whom

But

dark

Aly-ridha,

intolerance

both

513

the

and

to

his

UN

Fadhl

Tahir,

and

of

MAM

of account

Inquisition.

reign

rebels

OF

leaving out

even

the

to

as

DEATH

in

the

historyof

Islam.
Mamun
overtook
the

him

It

his brother
in
"

the

"

were

with

draughts

also

all three

arose,

Mamun's

last

findinghis

of

under

his

as

mortal, whereupon his tongue

The

Mamun.

is

narrator

Weil

given

not

he

title of
to

holds

in the

son

it to

be

of

annals

the

make

to

heard

fruit.

Two

gathered from

icy

cut

was

his

It

and

Then
and

the
who

of Motawakkil,

Abu

brother

funeral

out

they
was

and

rescriptdrawn

Motassim.^

own

As

water.

gained rapidly;

had

the

them,

burning fever.

fever

near,

the

instructions

death.

with

Provinces, proclaiming

successor,

limpid

was

very

fresh

delicious

The

be

to

mule

feet.

story,

of
partook plentifully

the

illness.

of dates

that

dates,

struck

were

end

all the

minute

choicest

brought. They

tree,

for

the

of

the

these

are

dish

their

tells

limbs

then

Just

burden

who

with

sat

stream,

laved

gave
direct-

grave,

reversed

up
Ishac

he

poet died

miserable

the

policy of
well-grounded "historical fact"; but it is
day ; and one would be glad to question it as,
a

the least, greatly exaggerated.

at

I should

also

was
"

he called

cause

is no

further
^

"

He

out

I find
to

under

that

mention

yet in Merve,

the

him

entry
'

"

thou

explanationgiven.
maketh
his refugein

who

the
"

the

year

200

Mamun

Caliph of

A.H.,

i.e. while

in this year
the

Almighty."

Death

of

against vii^'ais'

he

and

mountain

they

is but

want

we

with

full of

which

death

campaign

companion

perfect!"

approaching

of

refreshing to the

that

moment

baskets

of

the

to

bank

when

age,

day,

autumn

the

on

flood

he

All

"waves.

"the

Ishac

how

see

hot

cool

said

come,

was

Abu

clear

Come,"

Tarsus, in his third

near

Greeks.

of

eight-and-fortyyears

was

slew

Unbelievers."

JMamun

Yahya,
''

be-

There

a.h.

833

a.d.

A.M.

\\v^

198

[(!iiAr.

MAMUN

514

that

should

none

it

at

hi.s

CalHng

mourn.

or

wcop

"

i,.\v.

218.

he

Brother,

for

admonitions

enforce
of

the
Coran

the

back

to

Tarsus,

Irac.

having
during

of

the

sjDecially

East.

right
and

enjoined

religious

life

teaching

which

other

So

reigned
which

of

he

held

Mcrve

to

as

and

and
besides

years,
at

administration,

Islam,

away,

other

with

alon"^

held

he

Mamun

twenty

just

and

doctrines

passed

him,

upon

the

to

origin
hasten

buried

was

the

the

to

five

government

at

ceding,
pre-

A.H.

But

218-

[CiiA?.i.xvi.

MOTASSIM

threatened

trouble

still greater

the

City

in the

ooo

;.

soldierythat with daily-increasingnum-

of Turkish

swarms

Incrcasingbcrs

planted in

were

and

it.

around

of iMcm-

Thousands

rihaldrv of
,

//M'jTMvcrc

Turkish

formed
B'^!f"i
^'

yearly imported

the

bodyguard,

such

the

Caliph's favour, rose

displayed

Arab

the

were

the

from

the

pillarsof

of

system,
the

disturbance

of

Egypt,

and

its

curse

their

Capital

horse, galloping

outlying

the

kept
jeopardy ; and
streets,

affrays

and

Motassim

accost

Ishac

"

The
but

words
"

"

Leads

"

"

planted

inrof""Samira,
Samira.

miles
the

A
in

is

the

up

The

he

Samira

to

thenceforth

of these

the hand

being engaged

arms

after his

been
and

the

building of

was

sixty
retired

made

the

foreignlevies.^
in

accession, made
"

his

to

again rode

never

led

truder,
in-

relieved,but the Caliph fell

was

of uialak,
participle

past

Motassim

''

to

own

many
peace

quarters,
with

the

signifyingpurchased slaves,

Turkestan.

Samira, properly Sarr-viaii-raa,"whoever

it with

them."

Abu

insolence

imperialbarracks, some
the Caliph
Tigris. Thither

under

ever

of the eyes, from

saw

to

ungainly

an

their

incident

Bagdad

Moslem

from
chiefly

This

troops, and

]\Iotassim,soon
^

"

"

palaces and

of his Court.

The

escape."

no

Bagdad.
its

from

midst, and

our

with

than

began

style,

as

sequence.
con-

"

higher

more

him

the

Sheikh

Arab

the

constant

were

city, a

upon

in

Caliph stayed them, and listened

of foreigners,"
he said,
horde
have

Turkish

seat

set

Turkish

wildly about

murders

simple

the

to

the

in

'

the

escort

rapine there

abroad

to

in

this

d}'nasty.

The

children

the

Riding through

of

evils

present confined

and

of

chronic

Mameluke

licence

women

file,

and

deserts,instead

cantonments.

unbridled

in

Thus

rank

The

in the

for the

were

"

gaining

command.
as

army

presence,

well

revolt.

and

borne

the

Caliphate, became

the

culminating hereafter

"

and

soldiery,captains as

heretofore

element

swelled

chief

rapidly to

c^

JNorth-east.

remainder

rapidly displaced ; and, retiringto

as

-nt

militar\- talent

and

as

the

the

Harun

passed on to
began to rebuild

beauty of its situation ;

Turks

had
Ricca
it.

settled

begun
and

to

or

saw
as

at
there, rejoiced

build it when

settled

he

was

it

or
Delight
rejoiced,"

said, ^'whoever
wittily

Bagdad being
first left Bagdad.

well

rid of

But when

there,the placefell into ruins tillMotassim

833-47]

A.D.

Greeks
the

BABEK'S

and

arranged

troubles

tribe

that

named

517

DEFEAT

of

exchanre

an

threatened, there

Zatts, supposed

prisoners.^ Amons^

have

to

232

first the

was

been

A. 11. 218-

strange

r'eace with

immigrants
''

Emperor,

from

the

They

Indian

brought

several

whence

they

attacked

ruler

independent
The

rebel

Bagdad

in

occasioned

continued

the

A;^erbijan,and

and

Greece.

in

northern

They
into

pursued

countenance

now

sent

his

columns

even

Caspian, the Caliph

before

not

and

two

where

by

refuge.
children,

were

Babek

by

l)yJohn
-

vast

embassy

to

they should
at

have
this

come

across

time, does

not

not

They

may

whom

had

he

to Taken

over

taken
and

their

families.

which

had

been

amassed

and

then

from

them

out

for

set

and

by

the

noticed

by

have

been

Persia from
appear.

made

to

is mentioned

but it is

historyis obscure.

holds
strong-

his escape

restored

years,

He

with

captives, women

freebooter

Bagdad

the Grammarian

Their

and

all these

famous

the

Moslem

treasures

officers.

his

carrying
An

the

during

rewarded

of

and

was

Ardebil,

common

effected

captured

prince,with

recovered

seized

himself

the

it

But

after another, the

; he
was

Armenian

an

Thousands

Afshin

he

force.

treachery (too

taken

were

Armenia,

Afshin

of

acts

his

to

Turkish

fighting beyond

leaders),that, one

of Babek
into

hard

the

towards

of his ablest

one

the

his

Samira,

brother

east, and

his

in

headed

annalists.

Buddhist

sect

222^a'h
837

richly

Byzantine writers,
Arab

a.h.

freebooter

the

haunts

well-ordered

of

years

Turkish

these

large and

without

not

Afshin,

sent

21S

slaughter,and

great

inaccessible

escape

multitudes

flocked

territory. Against
into

'^"*^

sway

of Armenia

Vast

with

anxiety Baljek's

most

faith and

his

attacked

were

219-220

nearl}'

now

south, and

Hamadan.

as

adopted

retired

generals,with

Alyite

long held

who

Babek,
the

Grecian

himself, who

the

cause

there

Persia

standard.

to

famous

far

as

"'^.^jj

Khorasan,

in

Tahir,

had

He

spread

terror

An

of

there.

who

was

ibn

Inroad

there

and

Minor,

anxiety

some

Bagdad,

to

Greeks.'-'

the

dispersed by

boat

by

;\sia

to

Mesopotamia. 218 a.h.

general, who^^^^'^-"-

Arab

them

suppressed by Abdallah

was

at

of

exiled

were

also

pretender
but

thousands

and

lower

ravaged

flightby Ojeif,an

to

put

were

who

border,

; but

fallen upon

why

potamia
Meso-

a.d.

^i8

A. 11. -JIS232.

Bahck

[('if.\r.
i.xvT.

.l/OTASS/Jf

The

train.
been

for

now

twenty

this

had

brigaiul prince,wlio

the

years

roll of

endless

whose

of

loni^ career

lord

Moslem

of

and

outrages

Azerbijan, and

of

generals

taken

prisoner, beaten

armies

and

struck

terror

into

royal

ovation

for

the

Caliph

with

in

state

kept

under

chief

Cazee,

the

his

Son

with

every

in

went

by his

round

sent

impaled
be

treated
and

The

with

War

in

who

Caliph,

palace, the

the

Babek's

own

then

limbs, and

his

sever

paraded

then

was

his

Shaitan

the

upon

was

with

himself

to

his still quivering trunk.

The

head

the

cities of

and

the

body

Khorasan,

palace. Babek's
like

his

Babek

commanded

war,

honour

approached,went

"

to

him,

of

honour.

Samira,

to

Royal household,

gaze

him

into

the

near

Bagdad,

of

dress

the

to

back

fall upon

to

plunge the knife

to

called

men

fresh

Motassim

disguise

they

as

near

of

thither

march

the

made

the cortege
and

generation

whole

drew

mark

city. Brought

executioner

was

and

he

day

every

with

guard,

surrounded

executed.

As

when

Khorasan,"

over

cruelly

Afshin.

and

in

for

people's mind,^

him

sent

him

bring

of

the

splendid gifts;

forth

And

destroyed, had

manner

Emperor

as

there

body

brother

sight

hung

for

city of

the

river bank.

the

by

up

reserved

was

Theophilus, taking advantage

of

the

the

Emperor,
V.

223

A. H

Moslem
the

Greeks

said

are

have

to

whom

against Babek, with

being engaged

arms

made

cause,

common

had

March

838

A.D.

meanwhile

been

ravaging

fire and

carrying

territory. The
SJiame
he

! reached

forthwith

for

It

the

was

Syria. Passing
in

army
^

three

Babek

is said

slain 255,000
the

advocate,

"Tell

Babek

46.

to

have

taken

captive Hashimite

lady,

the

on

to

Ready

for
A.H.

233

when

there

Tarsus, he

the

on

war

me,

defeated

he

3300

men,

now,

of the

wherein

whose

.^1

hath

disaster

marched

marshalled

his

captains,

prisoners. Comparing

women

Kindy

the difference

insurrection

Faithful,and

7600

army,

est
grand-

generals in these twenty years,

six famous
and

voice; and

her

heard

preparations
spring of

heart

Caliph's ear.

if he

as

of Mahomet's

ravages

Khurramy,

the Commander

Syrian

the

divisions,led mainly by Turkish

men,

this with

Minor, and

Asia

of

into

of

cry

of

south

even

exclaimed, starting up
scale.

p.

bitter

Motassim

on

commenced

and

sword

the

to

asks

the

caused
mankind

such
at

Mahometan

thy Prophet
griefto our lord
large."'Apology,

lieth between

SIEGE

833-47]

A.D.

Which

"

against the Emperor,

advanced

and

5^9

AMORIUM

OF

virginA.H.

is the

218-

23''

?" he asked, resolved

of the Greeks

fortress

by

geance
"

feat surpassing all before.

"

Peninsula

the

across

ordered

to

"

city

walls

the

and

the

if terms

But

the

when

of

set

families

highest bidder.

to

the

flames, and

shortly after
The

column

by

insolent

their

fellows.

persuaded

the

first he

to

should
to

Turkish

plunder

be

the

by

even

spoil and

committed
There

was

the relations

character.
pacific

however, damped

reign

untimely

an

commanded

now

on

to

by Conspiracy

to

the

roused

was

Turkish

the

himself

then

for

in

Throne

the

to

generals,
and

which

his

the

Turks,

was

the

and

delayed

distribution

slaying the Caliph

Ashnas,

confusion

An

at

other

plot,joined by

of the

some

cf||p^!

self
distinguished him-

had

The

fall,and

signal

put up

were

was,

his

all

conspired against Motassim,

favourites,Afshin
the

with

of

aspire

to

The

time

bearing towards

renounced.

leaders, and

spoilwas
two

Abbas

had

till Amorium

was

Emperor,

lavished

thus, he

Goaded

and

Arab

favours

the

remained

Burned

destroyed.

rest

and

the

against

city,

severities

ransom,

prisoners,and
a

fresh

flames.

the

chief,who

campaign,

Zatt

jealousy by

for

hand.

Cathedral, which
the

in

heavy

nearly brought

which

the

of

render,
sur-

The

last

the

the

in

; and

Motassim

Ojeif,the Arab

centre

to

tion
consterna-

left a desolation.

became
of

in

saw

with

for

that

exchange

an

happiness

in

and

All

Amorium

Emperor

attempt

end.

offered

graciously received,

perished

carrying away

the

the

point,
general,

overreached.

was

aside

set

were

to

with

when

side,

his

refuge

all

fire, and

on

goods worth

the

were

defenceless

was

treated

took

Multitudes

war.

chief

an

he

that

late

too

easilycaptured,was

was

He

riding by

Vendu,

attack, and

thus

half-way

garrison,relying on the parley, held their

faithless Caliph meanwhile
signalled a

the

and

to

city,and

the

given.

were

1 r

columns

the

stormed

be

to

from

issued

Vendu,

named

engines

about

were

than

more

thither

so

in a pitched
Theophilus,defeated
After
its fate.
days of
fifty-five

to

siege,a renegade led

Amorium.

and

converge,

battle, left the

of
Amoria," ^'cge

was
1

Amorium,

famous

they said, the

It

"

_I1

ven-

-'

his

mark

to

of the

and

his

attempt

accomplish

the

[CiiAr.i.x\

.VOTASS/.ir

A.H.

218"2:i-2.

Barbarous

traitorous

design,

rushed

upon

them.

The

the

con-

of

made

was

starved

thus

him

with

Thus,

all

the

disastrous

the

hands

into

begin to
supersede

ousting

the

and

his

the

Turks

which

yet alive.
chief
had

conspiracy

leaders

fate.

same

while

spirators
conover
more-

Caliph altogether
of

captains,and

Arab

the

him

He

drink,

dug, into

was

throwing

self,
him-

to

the

met

upon

The

Turkish

alienated

water

of
the

whole.

penalties,the

destroyed.

Among

Arabian

pit filled in

effect of

of

well

Syria,a

signal pains

were

Turkish

into

the

cast, and

was

Ojeif

death, and

to

another, carried

For
he

Afshin, who, withholding

to

over

talk

Abbas

the

him

to

the

disbelieved

conspiracy,till

boldl)-

dispersed

light by

Caliph

wine, confessed

plied with

hand, and

to

The

widespread

so

in

prematurely

confederates.

drunken

some

spirators.
existence

who

by Motassim,

sword

plunderers

plot came

execution
of

crushed

was

I.

from

gradually

all

chief

there

themselves

mands.
com-

but

was

ofticers.

little love

lust of power,

made

treachery and

violence, in which

for life nor

the

Samira, became
the

generals or
Afshin

Afshin's

misdeeds,
224

A.H.

his

of

coast

ibn

fall.

Turkish

native

the

Maziar,

the

to

suppress

Abdallah
taken
with

that

hope

the

might

sent

Afshin, accused

Afshin.

of

The
In

shores, but

him

himself

to

he

abetting the

of

Kho-

exposed
his

coveted

arrested

to

escape

and

cast

with

Maziar,

force
But

who,

there, confronted
rebellion.

also

Caliph now

attempted

was
failing,

against

Abdallah.

defeat
and

Samira;

of the

sent

supplant

help

of

also

he

be

misappropriation were

attitude

alarm

to

had

the

secretly encouraged Maziar,

so

without

chief

he

because

spoil,and

rising,and

captive,was

Misdeeds

him.

he

able

was

Babek's

rebelled

and

acknowledged

Abdallah

therefore

He

government.

fall,

remained

militaryoutrage.

Caspian,
the

now

hated

appropriation of

in

the

Tahir,

Afshin

rasan.

A.H.

to

soon

the

were

prince of Tabaristan, withholding tribute, ravaged

Abdallah

His

was

intrigue,

of their

puppets
of

most

Court

the

as

of

respect neither

was

suffered

miserable

helplessvictims

himself

south-east

225

the

theatre

there

long

as

hatred, greed and

the

who

they

Caliphs themselves, who,

at

but

East

And

right.

and

lose ; envy

loyalty to

or

charged against

changed towards
the Caspian
to
into

prison.

833-47]

A.P.

court

for

of

constituted

was

other

FALL

Courtiers.

treachery

OF

AFSHIN

the

chief

But, strange

say, the

to

embezzlement.

nor

the

Cazee,

Vizier, and

charge

He

A.H.

218-

neither

was

1.
Afshin

for

arraigned

was

2 1

tried

holdmg

Magian

Princes

from

and

doctrmes,

lor covert

were

summoned

scarred

backs,

Soghd

hostihty

Islam.

to

in

witnesses.

as

enemy
''^"^

Two

the
"

"

temple

"

out

all

And

"
"

this

he

of the

"

"

to

follow

each

letter couched

Moslem
old

and

race

"

for

"

the

"I

their

faith.

Magian

Afshin,

Afshin

The

conviction

no

died.

His

burned.

of

body

to

excited

the

cruelly that

hung
books

Magians

he

of the rite.

was

The

to

of

of

not

it

his

the

day.

under

the

to

jewelledbook

was

of

conquests
in

the

the

the

evidence,
sent

long

not

Caliph, he
and

then

His
~"

idols,jewelled

house

accept

Maziar

stated

but

any

The

personal

likelyMagian

the
tales

scourged

was

infliction.^

circumcised, and

said

written

heresy, but

of

the

to

was

public derision
in

whole

doth

by

sent

ready

first

written

the

prison, where,

found

was

sank

he

up

the

wrote,"

the

charge
fruit

is

wisdom

return

brother

Abdallah

of

so,

book,"

had

urging

advance

his

and

evidence.

against

spread abroad

rumours

mind

acknowledged

for omission

dish

Magian

Moslem

regarding

heresy

brother

my

to

that

ran

is the

Cazee, doubting

the

casting

wherein

Magian

on

as

chief
on

was

Strange

figures,and

Buddhist.

and

handcuffed

back

after,partaking

He

what

Caliph by artifice,even
to

based

as

imputations Afshin

Other

and
religion,

For

"

expediency's sake,

came

also

and

of

scourged."

It is

"

responsible;but doubtless

not

am

regionsbeyond."

so

morals

deposed that Afshin's

in opprobrious terms

last Maziar

At

thine,

father,wherein

of my

worthless,

were

be

to

High?"

Most

after

religion;

of

of

site

treaty

them

book

last I left alone."

the

used,

the

the

own

treaty, I caused

good

"

Now

conducted

the

on

Islam.

forward.

intendants

ground,

his

golden jewelled

Easterns

contended

"

shrine.

inherited

replied,

it

the

to

the

"

built

They

the

against

"

Vizier, who

Afshin

razed

brought

were

the

from

of the

blasphemy

"

Soghd.

free

breakers

as

asked

answered

they

idol

were

"

in

which

the

"

these ?

Yes,"

Mosque

a
"

"

thou

trial.

or

with

rags,

Knowest

"

Magian

men

as

or

trial
reasons

possibly

death.

A.II.

"Ji'^-

of

At'shiii

his

"

throws

court,

accorded

Motassim

MotassimV

lip!,,-nine

died

he
disposition,

J;^n-

Of
his

later

the

And

char-

restored

(H'er

entirelyto
As

off.

palfrey of
he

of

property

decrepid
a

with

the

A.

II

of

old

j^^^^

estates, he
"

arraign
beaten

to
"

one

weak

In his last

had

and

of

tumbled

reflect

he

by the

and

"See

Wathic,

and

fine

He

administration.

been

related

him,

to

from

sums

example

their

Grand-

my

Secretaries, and

others, despoiled

Wassif, nothing

father's

his

immediately proceeded

their

what

who,

ance.
greater intoler-

his

vast

days, comparing Mamun's

leaned.

the

distress

did

son

even

having

What

"

threatened

"

with

recovered

for me."

set

of his courtiers:

he

has

from

summoned

arbitraryin

Barmecides

Ministers

; Itach

this,

Motassim

had

ass

his

by

indeed

and

exclaimed,

his

the

actions
was

mire,
quag-

Gibbon

inherited
slave-girl,

Greek

Rashid

one

creature

whom

of

hath

father

he

descended

laden

these

succeeded

was

story of the

^^^^

of

into

lives,and

relieve

his

not

"

and
proclivities,

rapacit).

with

barian
bar-

that the

told

Amorium,

to

of

again. On

Caliph

same

went

could

point of honour,

robe

who

Persian

The

"To

his

born

His

of

pleasure,when

was

influx

are

its burden

The

though

He

we

he

Ikit

having fallen

with

"

possibleto

successors

kindness

his

which

On

of death

his

the

looked

he

yet

flourishingcity, 200,000

man,

most

Had

politic.

in

leaned

he

was

courted

destruction

dirtied

Motassim

Wathic

227

yoke

millions.

ditch.

into

angel
succeeds

fatal

up

the

liis horse, and

a

and

him

with

sacrificed

had

body

Turks,

following reflection:

the

the

husbandman

poor

it

kindly

phate.
of the Cali-

whom

on

support,

to

proof

helped

contrasted

for

whose

toleration

the whole

on

stay the decline

to

captains

vigour
the

Magian

the

bitterlycomplained.^

chiefs

have

throw

nothing

he

which

and

and

Cah'ph

far East.

Turkish

days,

races,

actor.

hold

but
arbitrary,

an

did

Arab

able

to

the

i.wi.

long after, having reigned nearly

not

With

years.

,,

in the

them,

to

the

showing

as

worship still retained,

and

[Cum-.

.\rOTASSrM

interesting light upon

well

as

doctrines

SrCCF.F.ns

ll'AT/r/C

522

able

Afshin

officers with

hath

in them."

come

Vet

to.

these

having

them

his

of

own,

Ashnas,
were

to

the

vast

he said
a

poor

men

on

A. 1 1. 218

hated

"""

Ahincd

It

g(ncrninciit.

Moslem

tion of the

intolerant
The

whose

flags and

conspiratorsfell to drinking, and

The

soon.

sent

Samira, where

to

court, not, however,

but

of

the

Caliph.

with

heresy.

"

vision?"

"

hath

in

the

"

him

"

think

what

ful !

"

"

all

"

Give

Ahmed,

"

famous

into

to

expiate

sword

of

at

Bagdad
head
Supra,

38.

apostasy, is famous

antiquity.

fell

by
a

haply,he

leave

that

guard,

of Ahmed,
p.

;
"

the

This
in

Ye

was

rest

song,

as

of

from

have

heard
Court

blood

"

is lawthe

said,

Nay, nay,"
thus

in

plunged
the

up

with

this

he

was

accursed

body

head,

was

sent

to

inscription,
"

Polytlieist.

despoiledin

marvellous

blow

their swords

The

and

his

(the

mortal

Quarter

exclaimed

corpse.

and

sword, of which

asked

Cazee, who

him

gave

Babek,
set

argue

"

western

"

but

calling for Samsat

mangled
of

alone, while

the

the Heathen

Arab

the

chief

And

to

swerve

is crazed."

me

Prophet

assembled

thirst therewith

Thereupon,

Samira
under

of

Madikerib^),he

he

not

the

to

Cazee

sins."

my

then

"

"

God,"

he said

began

me

Day of Judg-

Majesty! Veril}-his

repent

Caliph ;

he

Prophet."

excepting Ibn Daud,

him, and

hung

The

had

beatific

the

That

I may

Wathic

satisfyour

the neck.

upon

"

sacred

thy

the

blood

The

ye ?

space

shouted

Martyr-

the

yourselves,"said

rest,
"

of

the

"

; and

Then

asked

of

the

that

at

command
"

it is create

about

full moon.''

thou

Dost

"

word

This

"

Lord

yo7tr

was

rising,

Goran

is the

what

Wathic

teaching

cried, "By
"

see

too

before

him

Na)',but

It

"

Caliph.

Yea, verily."

clear

night

mart}'rdom, and

"

And

"

the

see

ye

"

point.

Ahmed.
"

shall

figure,"answered

the

as

the

God," repliedAhmed

of

the burial.

the

continued

even

of

two

forth

the

coveted

Caliph.

Ye

great

treasonable

of

word

for he

calmly.

told us,

ment,

"

it is the

angry

Ahmed

repeated

of

charge

sayest thou

body for

his

rejoined the

"

That

"

when

issued

threatening

Calii)harraigned

the

on

heavenly ardour,

anointed

"

the

What

"

him

prematurely disclosed, Ahmed

thus

plot

around

drums,

by

denuncia-

unmeasured

already fixed for

was

with

others

amongst

Caliph gathered

day

demonstration

headed

was

Ahmed,

saint,named

with'*^ following.
lieresy.

[Chaim.xvi.

IVJTIIIC

S-4

temper,

the

war

and

of

the

extreme

833-47]

A.D.

HIS

Towards

the

of

prisoners

two

camps

be

for

take,

his

however,

been

and

men

of

bigotry

Wathic

confessed

women,

prisoners,

prevailed,

inconceivable,
as

Wathic
of

result

none

the

for

the

^3i

a.h.

were

favourite

two

given

of

more

and

above.

given

Mecca

overheated
his

and

tyranny

Medina.

praise

short

of

reign
enjoyed

It
than

which

of

Death

remedy

benefactions,

substantial
cruel

to

insuf-

an

The

which

oven,

and

generosity

some

bigotry

an

with

living.

credit

only

poor

seized

was

dissipated
in

The

was

by

the

such

exposure

death.

years

against
have

the

was

especially

the

following,

thirst,

caused

Moslems,

\
Exchange

beyond

river

218-

The

Emperor.
of

side

A.H.

Court.

year

prescribed

either

almost
but

the

the

six

even

ransom

of

ferable

here

the

exchange

an

was

and

5000

over

there

reign

on

intolerance

in

dogmas

of

but

an

received

In

were

525

Caliph

formed

There
freed

his

the

were

with

of

between

Tarsus.
to

close

DEATH

this

would

to

examples

set

2-2

a.h.

^47

a.d.

CHAPTER

LXVII

MOTAWAKKTI,

Motassim,"

Moia-

"With

wakkil,

Abbassides,

232

the

writes

A.IJ.

"the

Gibbon,

glorv of his family

of

eighth

and

the

expired."

nation

A.H.

S47A.1).

The

of

glory

paled before
of

the

the

In

the

so

with

done

of

and

; and

so

The

sceptre

his

prison, and

Caliphs are

no

Motawakkil,

"

or

He

slaves.

equals.

to

fall,
arrest

the

longer

couple

the

puttcthhis

man

their proper

by

of faith

or

trust

names.

626

trust

in

royal

Wathic's

had

Wathic's

under

cated.
confis-

Empire

subjected

was

but

by

Almighty

(in the Lord)."

into

cast

was

names,

in the

his

showing
months

of

contumely,

throughout

have

great for his small

long

unfortunate

known

would

bo}-,the

Vizier, who

with

property

that

the

him

attribute

signifyingsome

the future

The

and

Motawakkil,
not

was

turn.

months

For

title

masters'

courtiers

all too

instead

Caliph

new

treated

had

moned
sum-

abject

its decline

being yet

were

chose

they

hardly passed, before

reign

had

Peace."

as

their

the

but

son,

vindictive

and

and

outrage

impotent struggle

an

glory

extortion, perfidy

and

to

on

Wathic,

his

to

turban, robes

cruel

hurried

the

they

well

tyranny

there

death

the

brother.^

the

already

course.

homage

frame

rivals

City of

scholars, as
of

Caliphate

downward
On

the

"

to

apt

and

had

"

under

setting

East

school

here

only

the

rapacity

Turkish

bloodshed, they quickly became

And

cruelly

Arabian

barbarians, whom

same

were

Turkish

"

fast

was

the

of their

rise

the

house

the

and

and

Nation

of these
from

Royal

the

Family

violence

His

847-861

A.H.

232-247

And

their royal
;
so

as

here,

with

all

847-(;i]

A.D.

the

to

while

MOTAWAKKinS

refined
he

he

invented

made

which

Officers

state

in

specimen

the

Vizier, had

eleven

million

and

Court

Amurian

also

and

of

wine,

far

so

he

placed

was

which

and

the

that

Bagdad,
royal
to
as

he

the

and

Turks,

Caliph's

and

forth

had

also

Motawakkil's
The

to

the

dared

into
with

reign
heresies

marked

was

of

upon

"

Mamun

till the

by
were

him

Bagdad
Samira,

lingered
and

His

at

for

last,

secretary

Caliph's death.
the

235

Bagdad,"

; for

he

his escort

all at

were

of thirst.

in durance

with

than

prison,

artifice Histreach-

presenting

door

of

through |]g""j^

him

heavy chains,

drink, died

kept

of

thus

friends

an

meet

Mecca,

through

returned

to

to

robe

but

elsewhere

not

Cast

he

to

towns

was

pretence

Itakh's

weighted
water

were

orthodoxy.

he

court.

months,

sons

went

it been

with

the

It

As

Had
"

all

guard.

closed

the

forgotten,and

proceed

escort

pass.

assembly,

victim,

being denied
and

pilgrim

on

fall upon

be

to

of

of

morning, coming

Advised

,f.\',,

night, Itakh,

to

might

Fall of

mandant
com-

now

one

as

Next

in

renown

companion

cups

himself

gifts,and,
"

of

the

upon

against Babek,

boon

affair

to

Governor

the

the

fine of

the

light

general

and

command

his

entered.

hated

some

off

Hashimite

cried

the

the

pilgrims were

robe

been

like fate with

campaign

life.

the

over

given

him

put

had

too

lurid

their

forgot

apparently forgiven.

honour,

to

the

over

his

himself, he begged
was

for

lay

rapacity;

preceding Caliph, was

brawl

threaten

and

spikes
Various

cruel

shared

Itakh,

bodyguard,

In

in

have

casts

in

the

the

Motawakkil.

Caliph

picture

war,

of

steeped

he

who

cruelty,

pieces.

Caliph's life.

favourite

agony

purchased pardon by

not

dark

Another

the

he

would

with

his

torture

sufferer

the

suffice.

of

and

Caliphs

01

lined

must

victims

were

in respect, and

wanting

it

Thus

speciallythe Commander-in-chief,

and

of

narrow

it,and

impossible.
a

that

A. 1 1. 232-

The
trial,

the

/"

within

as

for

(instrument

himself) so

This

died.

days, and
other

shift

awake

left alone

was

strengthened
press

forced
difficulty

with

was

he

last

Thus

barbarous

the Vizier

by

At

slept.

-11

527

being unceasingly kept

night.

into

put

was

have

and

of

torture

would

slept a day

CRUELTY

return

abjured

to
; and

a.d.

S-^

[('iiAr.

MOTAWAKKJL

i.xvn.

the Motazelite
their turn
suffer
to
professors had now
A.ll._2.32reasserted
Z 1
was
persecution. The eternityof the Coran
;

*^^*L^^and

discuss

to

even

the

reiiiinini;throughout

fessor,
dox'-'^'^
and

there, the

innumerable
ih^nk'eis
2J7A.H.

back

head

now

discarded
who

The

body

with

due

Among

held

noble

and

preceding reigns. He
famil}-cast into confinement,
incredible

of

ants

few

Motawakkil
with

his

of

Aly

bare-headed

dared

the

the

ribald

dear
at

own

So

son.-

that
hostility
the

he

to

he

Omeyyad
for

and
indeed

had

the

the

See
The

annalist

the

the

with
and

his

lands

freedom

for the
but

the

lavished.

indecent

they

in

front,

around,

sang

in

laughter
of that

Aly's son

from

his

carry

his

of

Abu

one

; and

corn

On

Caliphs

razed

pilgrims who

any

Kerbala.

of

with

which

Hosein
with

so^\"n

read

And

heart, alienated

imprisonment

we

memory

reproaches

and

of

pany
com-

contumely.

Motawakkil

of

over

In

the

treated

Moslem

first three

and

of late been

Caliph of Islam}

with

tomb

speaking opprobriously
'

and

Abu

descend-

joined

did

shrine

the

dynasty,

the

met

far

honoured

under

pillow stuffed

to

with

visit

C'azee

profane contempt

sacred

threatened

ventured

he

scene,

and

large

he

Ibn

teaching also.

with

one,

ground, ploughed

ev^en

hand,

and

learned

against the

Caliph, while

the

enjoying

his followers

to

the

bald
pot-bellied

most

was

their

with

buffoon,

Such

rest.

had

companions

before

Motawakkil,
the

favour

them, and

boon

touch

for the

golden pieces :

reaction

Prophet's son-in-law

dance

Behold

the

such

hated

but

their wealth

million

; while

suffered

purchased

sons

was

whom

Aly, on

and

Bagdad

to

burial

deposed

was

con-

after,still a prisoner.

years

violent

Equally
^^'

the

of sixteen

sum

father died
And

of

One

for

office of chief

the

the

Ahmed,

they might

who

three

confiscated.

if

others

the

faith,was

had

of

proscribed

solemnity

pressed round,

saintly relics.

its creation

rejoined,prepared

crowds

the

Daud,

question of

Empire.

brought

was

persecutes

the

and

beaten

Bekr,

the

other

even

the
death

to

Omar,

and

above, p. 303.
must
profanebuftbonerj'

adds,

"

This

was

his father's life."' But

of the

one

that

have

no

doubt

produced profound sensation

which

causes

is

an

Muntassir
justified

after-thought.

in

for the

taking

S47-01] LA

A.D.

He

Ayesha.
Arab

WS

AGAINST

was

thus

under

the

the

return

and

Christians, long fallen

the A.li.

232''

stringency, and

new

Coloured
those

riding confined
knobs

of their

their

their

upon

be

to

and

with

; the

they

children

forbidden

Moslem

erected

any

street.

hand

in hand

his

among

eldest, and

Eastern

He

to

or

be

molished
de-

or
festivals,

intolerance

treasuries

; and

the

name

thus

in

the

stamped
the

to

successor

Throne.
With
need

such

Ruler, and

wonder

not

relaxed.

that

Abroad,
In

the
at

as

Sejestan

the

demoralised

so

bonds

of order

were

home, rebellion

more

Saffaride

Court,

everywhere
or

adventurers

and

fleet which

Upper

tribute
^

due

from

^\. Cliristian

returned
burned

to

his

34

with

the

ancestral

their law.

tribes,which

gold mines,
embraced

faith, refusingto

This, however,

held

time

some

pagan

apothecarywho

(242 A.H.).

accordance

by

Egypt

for

would

and

began

to

Islam,

but

recant

was

be

held

by

Alexandria
withheld

spread

terror

to

Moslems

the
over

after several

put

^affandes.

less prevailed.

family. Azerbijanrebelled,and was

supplant the Taharide
Lower
reduced.
attacked
with difficulty
Egypt was
by
Byzantine

Rise of

we

years

death,
to

be

and
in

of

2?J'a'^h

possession

was

as

the

gradually

placed

his

provinces Division

Muntassir

But

was

coinage,indicatinghim

the

upon

Mutazz.

to

his favourite.

and

schools

orthodoxy,^

the

mint

must

State ; their

did

extent

sons,

latter became
of the

such

with

of

their

at

level with the

Moslem

divided
reign Motawakkil
to
giving the Western

in his

Early

To

to

as

moreover

recentlybuilt

paraded

''^"""

stirrups

which

offices

taught in

Cross

no

from

Churches

and

in

be

to

masters
;

march

debarred

were

235-39

their

figureof Satan
be

'

of

upon

wooden

door-posts of their houses, on

imposed a specialtax ; tombs must
;

reimposcd

restrictions

the

ground

against^'

yellow veils abroad

wear

asses,

saddles

Severe

Jews and

marks

sewn

slaves,with

women

mules

to

with

stripesmust

laws

desuetude

into

utmost

flowing girdles;

by

loved

sumptuary

now

and

garments

the

orthodoxy,

to

reigns preceding,were

degradation.

was

thorough Syrian, and

tolerant

the

with

on

5 29

'^

against Jews

be

CHRISTIANS

race.

With

and

"-

JEWS

A.n.

2:V2^'^''

Outbreak

land.

the

southern

carried

was

honour

between

road

H.

him

with

honoured

to

Christian

captives,refusingIslam,
which

Armenia,

in the

of

of their

patriciansto Samira,

which

hated

the

officer

scattered

piecesor

under

heavy campaign
30,000

revenge,

of

the

of

advanced

then

He

Black

sea.

thence

to

2aT\\\ "^

to

enemies.

The

thousands

Empress

their

are

by

Christian

were

left for

number

thus
while

been

the

troops

shores

of

to

signal

sold

into

prince

himself

perished

cut

cold.

the

Tiflis,where

50,000

some

outbreak, in

numbers

was

on

overbearing

elder,"took

great

pendent
inde-

as

destroyed by
in

the

flames.

the

Caspian and the

from
sent
princes were

Moslem

Greeks
said

faith.

troops

carried

off

have

been

to

and

In

to

death

so

900
the

by

the

then

to

spared

next

and

not

empress

few

by

death
who

their

by

alone
the

years,

given

by
at

the

embraced

women

mentioned

is

scene

prisoners,that

many

men

the

was

and

put

those

only

Some

ransom.-

put

border

Minor, the

This, told by the Byzantine writers,is

Weil, ii. 362.
The

object

death.
had

perish in

to

of

men

faith.^

the

Theodora,

the

see

the

to

his

and

the

Armenian

of Asia

side

first

raids

to

Caliph'scourt, who, refusingto accept Islam,

the

the

On

the

to

Certain

fell martyrs
Asia

and

naphtha,

still held

serious

City,built of wood,

The

pilgrim

heathen

Babek

established

had

line

ruler.

and

advanced

then

Omeyyad

streams

slain

were

slavery. Bogha

slain

"

the

treacherouslysent

led to

Bogha

put

court,

hills to

the

in

see

with

war

was

the

w^ere

general,who

Moslem

conduct

special

important trust,

an

Moslem

the

with

terms,

stone, the

idol of

an

and

friendly terms

Armenia,

shocked

Baba

Aly

much

with

of

tribe

His

It is strange

daily worship.

In

charge

were

coast.

to

received

in

put

tolerated

Bogha's

237-8 A.

faith, and

admitted

was

Mecca.

by carrying with

Samira
of his

and

Kgypt

fetish

their

Caliph, and

the

by

he

where

Samira,

to

Suakin
without

not

Baba,

leader, Aly

day)

the

from

sea

to

sent

were

own

our

(jucllcd,but

was

The

in

(as

provisions by

bloodshed.

A.ii.

troops

ravages,

districts, which

with

supphcd

these

check

To

the

insurrection
riic
"jrypt''^'
-41

[riiAr.i,xvii.

}rLyrA]VAKKii.

530

our

Greeks
annahst

12,000.

Bar

A.M.

Giliph's
^'

of

of Xiijah, chief

2:3-2- casc

'""**"

1 le made

prevailed.
of

them

bade

the

had

he

that

time

same

he

the Vizier
of hand

and

made

the claim.

half

These

the

to

confiscated

and

the
the

just equalled
famous

entire

Ibn

Sikkit,

employed in the
himself, happening to enter
Tahir, and

present, the Caliph asked

"

Sikkit ?

Ibn

Making
bade

carried

his
X.

son'

247A.H.

861

A.n.

Turkish

ference

year

Public

so

resolved

could
'

The

iii.61.

Motawakkil

Which

"

thou

dost

Hasan

or

sons,

Princes

young

of

house

were

prefer,

Hosein

and

"

his

on

body,

he

and

was

as

by

have

we

became

and

and

worse

unable

he
to

peared
ap-

preside
take

to

; and

worse

pre-

Muntassir

in pomp

brother

the

on

His

indignitieswhenever
when

son

conferred

seen,

marked,

more

to

sent

prayer,

eldest

superior favour.

of

year

his

his

night

one

carousal, the Caliph,overpowered with wine, abused

Muntassir
and

the

Court, but Motawakkil,

place. Things
after

the

his home.

only subjected

not

the

to

already,

became

at
at

two

second, marks

the

Mutazz,

expired,

family which

in

tutor

Caliph, gradually estranged from

Muntassir, had

was

while

guard trample

dying

out

The

Assassin-

the

he

pretence of preferringthe former, Motawakkil

no

his

even

they willed.

as

capacityby

same

him,

these my

"

get

they had to pay.^ Intemperate

The
kept up to the end.
Aly was

of

grammarian

of

note

accordingh-

which

under

property

to

was

punish

the

the apparent

at

who

to

torture

to

debt

of the house

hatred

debtors

two

him

subjected

Delighted

Xajah,

the

under

showed

equally enraged
of

Caliph

after
altogether.There-

it

his Master, and

to

millions.

two

when

error

withdrew

malversation

over

in

Turk

sought,

tell the

to

arrears

the

debtors

acknowledging

now

went

admitting

deceit

Vizier, the

demand

much, the Caliph was

so

pieces. Obeidallah

persuaded Xajah

the

made

of what

sample

officers for

two

on

note

of wine, and

influence

demand

million

him

give

is

exchequer,

Motawakkil's

help, as

whose

the

four

at

revenue

At

[('iiai-. ta-vti.

MOTAU'AKKir.

532

the

more

torture

grossly
on

that

putting

an

end

easilybe done,
appHed

to

Najah

is

could

he

too

as

bear

his

to

to

be

no

longer,

father's life.

Motawakkil

gross

it

had

repeated.

Ibn

This

alienated
Khallican,

847-61]

A.D.

VVassif
and

the

the

and

gained

who

The

report

who
that

Motawakkil
for

of

the

Assassina-

the

spirators
con-

senseless

the

his

By
also

was

been

crime

found

course

'.

surnamed

other

had

232-

already

swords.

him

to

gone

Bogha

upon

A.H.

So

guards

and

their
left

whom

which

tale

"

in

and

father

his

estates,

own.

less,"

the

vSomeisat),

never

favourite,

death,

to

for

with

him

spread

this

"

rushed

name,

Turk

was

by

at

despatched

favourite

command

the

by

Bogha

his

drunk

well

(acting

barbarous

and

Monarch

side,

in

their
of

closed

been

Musa

was

of

put

had

Winebibber,"

elder,

had

Muntassir,

by

confiscated

favourites

new

he

when

gates

over

the

to

over

night,

5 33

leaders,

Turkish

them

made

sleep,

"

other

and

during

ASSASSINATION

HTS

little

slain.

sinated
assas-

they

had

credence

anywhere.

years

for

amends

indulsfence.

Caliph's

the
of

patronage
for

the

by

given

Praise

Poets

life

annalists

return

and
of

men

cruel

to

this

to

Orthodoxy

of

learning,

tyranny,

reign
and
makes

bigotry,

of

fifteen

Orthodox

iHL^e^,^^
'

generous
but
and

=1^"^

sorry
self-

f'issi-

CHAPTER

MUNTASSIR

LXVIII

AND

THREE

FOLLOWING

A.H.

861-870

247-256

Muntassir, AlDED
861

All'

the

by
much

"^^

that

the

trmviplicthin
half

succeeded

the

pious title,

throne.

Lord,
or

year,

and

the

removed

Hasan

and

save

of

them
his

their
from

son

ban

death,

862

a.d! against

the

the

from

loved

but

Early

of

Aly,

the

tombs

of

connived

in their

him

the

in

the

at

tail
disen-

to

place appoint

on

of

also

campaign

following
death,

the

fearing

Vi/Jer, jealous

natural

lauded

is

Muntassir

send

to

he

party,

on

of

pangs

house

to

having

The

Muntassir

whether

the

Turkish

for

the

He
his

prolong

to

crime,

succession, and

Greeks.

Caliph died,

him

Father, prevailed

Wassif, persuaded

His

The

Heir-apparent.

as

avail

his

with"

not

pilgrimage

on

brothers

his

he

Father,

Hosein.

of

revenge

murder

his

unlike

His

did

"

parricide. Notwithstanding

because,

AD.

faction, Muntassir

difficultyto

reign above
a

Turkish

CaLIPILS

the

year

poisoned, is

or

uncertain.^

On

Mustain

Turkl

'

clave

Muntassir's

his

nor

elected
^

his

select

to

his

death,
successor

brothers,
in

his

stead

for

the

mother,

Greek

slave-girl.The

chiefs

Turkish

they would

reason

another

lie is the firstof tlie Abbassides

kept secret,

the

of

none

just

grandson

held

stated

of

is known

; it

earlier

their
Caliphsdesire'cl

534

the}-

so

Motassim,

tomb

con-

Mutazz,

whose

for fear of desecration.

was

and

made

tombs

to

l)y
be

8C.1-70]

A.D.

saluted

him

Arabs
the

BAGDAD

under

and

the

western

the

They
and

11111

and

prison,

after

had

depended
hands.

of
in

that

both

the

lives,for
the

at his

which

the

in

his

of

act

pleasure,and

hands

the

would

his

the

home

and
and

as

second

break
out-

put

of

The

abroad, had

The

office

presented

were

commands.

by

Crete.

to

rule

their

seized

patronage

them

saved

was

banished

his fellows

then,

and

property

entire

were

have

mercy

held

so

following

Christians

corps

in

with

their

Bagdad
^

Turks

On

by

Empire,
into

passed

the

of Turcomans.

In

the

at

succeed, and

to

himself

the

brother, threatened

interposed

soldiery,and

fact, both

other

of

Vizier

provincialgovernments

to

into

passed

in durance.

favour, the

Vizier,Atamish,

new

longer

no

of
Tahir, governor
submit, and the succession

city to

protection,kept

Turkish

Caliphate

had

grandson

Moayyad

death, but

to

the

Bagdad

and

^amira.
soldiery,

peaceably acknowledged throughout

their

Disorder

fell,succumbed.

many

choice, but

Mutazz, and

way

loose

armoury,

Berber

and

which

troops, resigned their title

by

^^^'

and

treasury

Turkish

learn

to

Bagdad, persuaded

the

broke

247-

a.h.

Bagdad, displeased at

the

fight,in

Mohammed,

land.

the

Suddenly

courtly assembly,

the

by

Arabian

thereafter

Mustain.^

from

plundered

yet

on

5 35

at

round

Bagdad

was

the

attacked

were

title of

troops

choice, attacked

DISORDER

IN

This

Armenia

and

Asia

leaders, were
The

table will

Moslem

campaign

singularly unfortunate.

was

wild.

the

year,

cut

Minor,

ancient

for

cry

whole

Two

strong,

3000

some

pieces. The

to

against Disasters

tidings drove

Holy

war

rang

:
explainthe relationship
"

I.

Motassim

(brother of Mamun).

Mohammed.

2.

Wathic.

5. Mustain.

|
7.

4. Muntassir.

3. Motawakkil.

"Mohtady.

6. Mutazz.

S. Motamid.

Moayyad.

Mowaffac.

I
9. Motadhid.
I
*

"

,^

10.

Muktafy.

'i\"inoran
Armenia,

a!i).
"5^

536
\. 11.247-

[('hai\i.xviii.

MUSTAIN

through

the

brought

disaster

It

streets.

the

was

had

that

Turks

godless

2r)C.

^,'-\''"set
1 loly war

'^

their

at

pleasure
'

and'riotat
'^^'

others

"

in uproar

rosc

burned.
could

But

the

who

flocked

But

the Turks

fallen

had

After

this

and

the

revenue

Attacked

in

^'

for
Vizier

of

on

the

days

Samira, who

Meanwhile,

Disturb-

things

threw

theempire, of the

Prophet, who

864

rival in

as

retainers.

vain

to

itself into

the

back

beat

of

arms

fly,or

being

rounded
sur-

death.

One

the

tyrant

by

their mercy

at

reserve.

elsewhere.

prospering

not

were

ing
squander-

and

caprice of

Mustain

kept

conspired

of

to

put

Samira.

at

after

and

and

the

at

Mutazz

Kufa
rhroiLhout
2 CO

Caliph

another

in

attempted

seized

was

riot and

Wassif

accused

was

leaders

The

gaols again
and

the

did

was

Caliph's mother
the

infidel.

things,nor
There

Bogha

Vizier, who

his cousin

having

the

the

succeeded

courtiers

of

Palace, he

two

its rulers ; it

to

engaged.

themselves.

protection from

secure

of these

down,

put

the

bridges

fight against the

to

none

breaking

was

the

provinces around,

the

from

far otherwise

among

against Atamish

"

for

were

out

plundering

-^

and

crusading spiritwas, however, strong

cared

They

City

cries the

longer dictate

no

free lances

as

such

broken

were

large levies

draw

to

Caliph.

Outrages

could

Bagdad

Cah'phs, and

their

With

up.
'

gaols

only riot. The

enough

faith,murdered

the

on

Yahya,

descendant

the imperial troops

; but

at

AH

a!d." last

fell in battle.

then

sent

their
"

"

excitement

Prophet
blood

box,

the

that

crowds

"

that

and

Tahiride

hitherto

decay before

into

side

Sejestan,and

with
or

There
some

The

the

latter,now

his

on

armoury.

be

so

placed

was

enemies

on

Shie-ite

in

East,

the

In

Alyite aspirants

and

flesh

own

support,

founding

the

would

removed,

its Saffaride

intense

so

nominally dependent
real

vast

on

the

falling
on

that

the
of

dynast}'

elephantssent to Bagdad by llie Tahiride prince,

stillto have
seems
prevailed,
Kabul, where idolatry
development of Buddhism.

is mention

idols taken

perhaps some

"

the

still

But

What

"

cried,

to

dynasty,

Samira, and

spot, and

had

in

rapidly

Tabaristan.^

head

at

purpose.

the

outrage

guarded

Caliphate, and
of

similar

they

this

the

exposed

was

thronged

as

to

say

"

head

for

Bagdad

to

the

were

His

of two
at

8G1-70]

A.D.

that
an

RETIRES

for half

survived
had

army

To

TO

be

to

advanced

century,

Irac, and

upon

protection of

for the

sent

537

BAGDAD

247-

256

frontier.

that

Alyite pretender, with

the south, another

A.ii.

'_

following Disturb-

in

ances

of

freebooters, ravaged

Arabia,

the

plundered

,_

Kaaba,

Arabia.

from
the Holy cities,slev/ over
a
heavy ransom
after
thousand
keeping the Peninsula
pilgrims, and
throughout the year (251) in terror and distress, retired
exacted

its close

at

and

Ispahan,

and

rebellion
For

Bagdad

less

"

"

with

T-"

himself

the

for

bred

and

Samira

him

to

in

descended

by boat,

Bagdad.

him

captains, entreating
them

reproached
"

and

it.

gave
to

all?"
"

Samira

words

which

Wilt
?

"

But

his

troops

not

this

and

confinement, saluted

weeks, his brother

Khorasanies,
which
defence

and

meanwhile

Abu
2000

had

him

he

with

us

pardon,

by entrenchments,

"

return

not, and

would

on

received

returning to Samira,

with

50,000
down

preparing
of

of
The

blow.

from

bringing forth Mutazz

as
Caliph. Within

stores

hard

heat

the

sides, in

Berbers, bore
been

boys

and

two

Ahmed,

of

for

speakers

masse,

ask

2000

"

feet

Turkish

en

He

not

ye

families,

Caliph

minds, and

their

Samira.

then," they said,

the

of

to

portionsfor

the

in their

rose

his

at

others,

boot, with

between

of the

insult rankled
the

thou

followed
one

fell

They

to

danger,

party

Did

"

for your

wives

wretched

and

to

"

houses

you

tually
even-

troops in

the

return

to

A. H.

a.d.

with

impending

him

ingratitude:

girls,and

4000

"them

for

I gave

and

me
"

after

sent

"55

that

concert

Turkish

Bogha, Wassif,

with

Turks

The

the

and

his tyrants

escape

in

quarrel,as usual,

The

rebellion ; and

and

Beginning
of 251

received

estate

an

this the

On

death.

^a^dad"

out

...

imprison Baghir, and

and

anger

leaders, fell

life,proceeded in

his

Mustain

the

"

Caliph, who, hearing

the

to

; and

hand

at

Turkish

murder.

seize

to

rose

Caliph,to

anarchy

see

siege. Bogha

about

Turk,

danger

two

put

we

now

^1

Baghir's party sought

other

was

another

chief

Motawakkil's

riot

the

of

two

end

the

horrors

Baghir, another

reward

quarter,

rife.

Wassif, the

and

Palestine, in Hims

and

fact, in every

in

Mustain

for

Mosul

In

Jedda.

to

as

Turks

upon
best

naphtha,

and

Bagdad,

it could
and

few

for

engines

Turks

elect

q^^^^
marcli
^^'^^^

on

'

SS^
217-

A.II.

'"**

while

And
the

planted

the

at

details the

"

of

horrors

the

year,

all around

the

and

Lxvni.

which

harrowing chapter

i.s a

Capital. Victory

throughout^}.|j^|- Persia
Inc

It

gates.

the country

^^'Jth its

city

[Chat.

MUSTAIN

the

"

embroiled

was
now

was

"

suffered

and

this side, now

on

provinces

sallies,

and

siege

the

in

mostly

were

on

vcsr

251

A.H.

865

A.D.

of

interest

Mustain

j.g^j l^^lp^i-j-jygj

^Q

Mustain's

chief

of

defence

Governor

out

the

It

had

them

nerved

could

"

faith

the

in

stand
from

were

Arabs,
the

against

the

for

Ricca

ignominiousl}' defeated,

What

"

sent

truth, the

not

sent

of Arabs

Jisc

.^'^

angelicaid

longer for

tribute

In

way.

having been

and

disorganised that

so

were

column

exclaimed,

Prophet
no

was

Bagdad

the

the

on

support,

hordes.

Turkish

all

j^jifj suppliesand

intercepted

mostly

but

The

bygone days

that
be

It would

victory.

to

faith

the

"

truth.

had

taunt

they fought,

zvit/i-

uozu

to follow the weary

accounts
given us month
unprofitable
the Capital. The
around
of fightingin and
by month
chiefs
the
Turks
began gradually to gain ground, and

Mustain

around
End

of

251

A.H.

at

suspected

and

abdicates,

Beginning
A.H.

he,

driven

their

Tahiride

to

abdicate

who

in

; the

having
the

assured

best
to

terms,

and

252

family
of

do

A.H.

from

s.

homage

took
He

to

the

also

sent

but

latter with

of

his

Mustain

they

for
to

ratified the

early days
mother

been

had

and

them

sent

the

in

Bagdad

until

he had

what

done

Governor

Mustain,

Caliph, who

new

to

not

between

bloodshed,

of

possession

Samira,

had

further

stop

divided

and

stripped

everything they possessed.

Mutazz,

Mutazz

to

he

that

important

signed, the

courtiers

at

have

to

be

live

Wassif,

and

Turks, the

the

and

to

was

Bogha

were

to

conditions

them

and

was

and

ministers

the

Samira

of

treasure

The

share.

received

promises

and

He

income

by him,

garrison of Bagdad

double

treachery all

and

threats

Mutazz.

sufficient

stood
faithfully

governments
the

of

favour

the

rebels ;

the

"'

with

had

by plots

by alternate

Mustain

'

hitherto

governor,

leaning towards

of

Citizens

The

failingcause.

extremities

to

^round, induced

Medina

buccee

the

desert

Caliph's loyal supporter,

Mustain

of 252

last

to

thus

placed

.^^^ ^ pupil of his Turkish

upon

the

masters.

throne, proved
He

was

but

too

surrounded

They returned

A. 11. 247-

f^

in the

Riots in

the

and

both

with

Samira

at the

and

the troops.

the

palace at

Mutazz

to

for

himself, he himself
for

not

the

them."

mob

and

Mosque,

there

so

adjoining bazaar,
fell out
that

Wassif
to

he
The
and

and

and

while

having

254

To

Persians,

to

observed

prayers

to

that

nor
put down, the Gover-

as

fought

fire to

set

off.

rebels

till it

an

Nor

Turks

The

arranged

was

in the chief
representative
all joined together,Turks,
for their pay.

Palace

the

storm

Caliph'schief advisers, sought

to

them,

cried, as

it's all

"
"

their

represent

pieces,stuck

his head

have."

we

Caliph,

the

to

case

Wassif, and

soldieryfell on

the savage

went,

him

sand

of

promised

cut

newed
re-

in the

named

Caliph be

less outrageous.
and

was

Here, take this,"the former

"

handful

he

the

now

for

needed

tumult

the

keep the

year
to

The

pay.

were

bridges, and

to

each

Next

them.

other

murdered,

have

Bogha,

appease
cast

Westerns,

State.

Africans, and

A.H.

Wassif

the

should

they

offices of

Palace

stormed,
253

with

their

guards

the

Samira

at

for

no

order

in

the outbreaks

were

of

Capitalsurrounded

at the

let the

were

one

to

them; if for the Caliph,he

the insurrection

burn

to

dered
squan-

advance; but he, prompted

an

pay

to

were

riot,

little left wherewith

Thereupon

refused

Friday. Before
had

might

after

soon

revenues

if the

"

Bogha,

succeeded

Riot

clamorous

Bagdad,

wrote

cared

The

; and

became

day,

Caliph.

city guards

by the Turks, repliedthat

"

the

Bagdad.

The

Samira

to

Court, and
profligate

pay

Governor

of

of the

prime favourite
at

faniihcs

their

vicissitudes

strange

Saniira.

"

[('HA1'.
I.XVIII.

MUTAZZ

540

chimney.

upon

'

A.H.

the

offices of the

the

ruled

moment

He

came.

transfer

court

independent
seized
and

at

and

Ahmed

Babkial

ihn

pointed^o
government
Egypt-

at

the

his

slain.

His

where

head

was

time,

His

jealous
fled

Bogha

exhibited

the Westerns

Mutazz

would

he

be

but

sented
repre-

only
at

to
more

rivals

both

vented

shortly

too,

induce

to

where

foreigners.

treachery ; and

as

it to

Bagdad,

to

the

of

Bagdad,

burning

But

supreme.

for

]3ogha,who

succeeded

sought the following year

his

this

deceased

to

be

Samira

their hate

by

ashes.

succeeded
of

Bogha.

Egypt, which,

Court, he

administered

He
like

invested

was

Turks

other

through

deputy

with

the

promoted
; and

for

A.D.8(il-70]
the

he

post

Tulun, the
founder
of the

TULUNIDE

DYNASTY

appointed

times, both
the

in

captured
brought

of

the central power.

the

of war,

and

promoted

him

art

slave

young

Turkish

where

to

became

gradually growing
of

yoke

the

Mamun,

at

as

the

the

to

school

of

excelling both

in

of

tain
Mus-

peace.

him

gave

of the Tulunide

deputy

he

and

court

in

his

in power,

^""'^^^y-

become

to

to

arts

as

"^

to

father,a Mameluk,

mother

him

sent

247-

^^'

Mustain, and

post of honour, and

now

the

ibn a.H.

rise of slaves

thus

Caliph

story is typicalTuiunidc

slaves

bred

the

by

wife, who

to

His

in letters and

Babkial

princes.
the

favoured

was

of

presented

was

the

among

54

local governors

military profession. Ahmed,

Samira,

death

in respect of the sudden

Ferghana,

up

the

dynasty. Ahmed's

tendency

independent of

FAlYPT

representative Ahmed

in

of the Tulunide

office,and

his

as

concerned

one

IN

Egypt,

to

last threw

at

decrepid Caliphate,and

became

aside

its independent

ruler.

The
at

policy of

home.

Mutazz

was

Tahiride

The

crooked

as

dynasty
"'

Yacub

pressed by
of

designs
Bagdad.

Aly,

independence,
the

title at

the

contest

of

made

the

the

in rebellion

forces

were

made

prisoner.

immediately
Little

by

the

And

even

from

Bagdad,

the

be

need

withheld, Salih

personal

secretaries

ministers
^

So

of

son

of

called,the

Greeks,

of

said
end.

did

Wassif.

departments,
founder

court

of

aimed

at

but

the

the
arms

the

Minor

the

of the Generals

Moslem

being

adjacent provinces

revenue

withheld.

was

Mutazz.

army's

pay

dwindling Military
"^"^ ^""^
having been
.

their behalf, seized

and

and

having been

claim

surrounding
Kharejite,who held it

the

on

Mutazz

with

one

The

his

other, hoping by

Nowhere

Asia

of

had

conferred

both

In

years.

also

w^eaken

Mosul,

the
precipitated

revenue

to

who

the

Mutazz

the

on

by Mosawwir,

around

more

and

success.

beaten

from

Fars, who

prevailed.

for many

validate

to

of

his

demanded
a

was

successful.

Sejestan,

request.

ensue

end

seized

was

like

one

must

meet

country,

the

the

on

of

and

of

Foreign
""^
P^^^^^y
sorely
-^

was

government

governor

that

Mutazz

its

it

as

-^

Saffaride^

the

once

in

Saffaride

of

grant

in its decay

"'

Kerman,

annexing

the

sought

the

abroad

brazier

brother,
the

the
with

money

(saffar)
by trade.

pay.

54^?
A.ll.

-247-

Mutazz
seized and

embezzled
but

to

death.

concealed

by

the

besought

deaf

ministers

could

anything

be

this

in

by

heartless

creature,

J^ogha,
with

brutal

inhumanity.

Followed

they

seated

themselves

the

Caliph

say

as

to

excuse

an

them

of

choice

The

Mohtady,

the

his

their
869^.0.

But

ends.
as

the

Turks
a

have

might

shut

was

regards number
upper

hand.
our

says

declined
^

Cabih

wretch."

Mohtady

annalist,
the

fell

as

the

as

we

of

room

days
his

the

cousin

likelyto
Firm

man.

him, he held
the

late.

"

The

to

wide

say

Mutazz.

to

tuous
virhis

Arabs, he

had

down."

upside

serve

and

Caliphate. But,

should

summer
mid-

in

on

one

before

the

kicked

slave-girl. Retired

offer,thinking it unjust

"horrid,"' "bad'";

to

of twenty- four.

Grecian

too

all

was

for

sent

and

up

supported by

came

"

troop,

outside, they

discipline,foreigners

and

design

called

after three

so

now

those

life to

restored

clubs
robes

early age

Earlier, and

purpose.

own

with

concert

the

out

of

.son

physic, he

torn

and

mistook

they

compared

Musa

scorching heat

the

by

the

now,

gate, and

with

him

unassuming, they regarded him

and

to

suspecting treachery,called

water

of Wathic

son

treasures,

clamorous

taken

thence, he
or

by

had

by

in

Caliph died, at

wretched

A.H.

food

without

vast

Iler

beauty.^

carried

Palace

beat

him

Taken

sun.

255

not

there

seated

left him

Mohtady

; and

dragging

; then

alone

He

Entering, they

in.

him

at

out.

come

Cabiha,

ill-gottenlucre,replied

and

depose Mutazz,

Babkial,

the

content.

extremities, resolved, in

to

with

to

her

to

advance

be

Salih, and

her.

unior-

otherwise

but

for her
for

the

mother

his

her

clinging to

but
r

Returning

present

to

nor

places. Appealed

secret

driven

now

thus

would

the

gained

nothing by

had

she

for

had

in

her

hoarded

that

if he

by Motawakkil

influence

and

arts

ol

them.

from

that

Caliph

i)rivate
secretary,

1 lie accounts

extremity, sent
her

sobriquet given

his

answer

no

The

,^-1

extracted

would

being

put in irons.

were

seized,but neither

were

pieces,they

Mutazz,

There

entreaty.

Caliph, they agreed

50,000

succeeds,

his

to

tunate

the

them.

\V\\\v.i.xviii.

DF.ATIf

release

insurgents to

were

TO

treasury, they

empty

an

they

PUT

or

put

MUTA/.Z

At

both
now

as

the

world,"
first he
But

by contraries,"the

the
little

A.

1).

8(51-70]

the

Samira

burden

did

brother

and

the

Court

soon

in

rose

the

late

panacea

thus

Caliph's

the

the

stayed,

day

oath

de-

247-

^'^^'

all

so

His

younger

succeed.

Money

pacified the

"

taken.

was

transformation, unwonted

saw

of

and

his A.H.

tumult, and

people'sfavourite,should

"

543

bear

longer

no

Ahmed,

the

riot

REIGN

him, resigned into

Bagdad

Abu

Samira

people

could

he

homage.

that

manded

from

VIRTUOUS

Caliph, brought before

deposed
hands

MOHTADY'S

for

The

many

singing girlsand musicians

expelled ; beasts in the
turned adrift; justice
menageries slaughtered,and hounds
done
and
court
daily in open
; wine
proscribed ;
games
day

;
"

and

the

set

pious Omar

model

Mutazz's

On

stripping of
fattened

their

having
of

thousand

to

in vilest terms,
of

tyranny

Mohtady
"

"

retainers
need
A

"

have

myself

few

months

she

wretched

Wathic's
was

size

and
As

son

and

she

were

disgorge.

Two

vault

side
outfessed
con-

pieces of gold.

emeralds, pearls,
while

she

grudged

the

herself

paltry fifty

in return

officers

him

cursed

of

Tahiride

death, IMustain had

by

Mutazz

life of these Abbasside

in

taken

but

her

to

Bagdad, where

princesses.

have

another

wife, and

on

on

she died.

at

Riot and

recently Bagdad'"

by

entered

no

riot

attended

being

me,"

little."

especiallythose

family,were
not

that

occurred

for

slave-girlsand

thousands

brothers, and

names

As

"
"

whose

on

The

tortured, affected

Cabiha,

to

governors,

tordon^

left,Salih upbraided her

she

and

had

as

traced, and
of

in Salih's

secretaries

fled to

beauty

after, there

Persian

confined

to

million

treasures
;

The

store

time

no

courtiers

was

hundreds

for

the East, whose

On

it

no

but

of the

over

mother^

spend

appointed

She

fate of

to

The

had

Referring

deeply.

Bagdad.
from

his

as

painfulpictureof courtly Samira.

Salih, and

said, "I

he

her

save

Cabiha

with

all these

with

having

lash

by

Mecca.

to

the

the

Bagdad

at

untold

banished

for

him

Wassif, lost

of

treasure.

all seized, and

rubies

was

her

of

Caliphate.

recent

forced

with

Samira

and

Aziz, before

such

infliction.

the

under

was

al

son

wealth

the
and

imprisoned,

It

Caliph, in fact, had

new

of Abd

son

fall,Salih

under

to

The

exemplar.

and

died

household.

frugal

escorts

the

civil

his assassination,
Such

was

the

255

a.h.

A.l[.i"^7

li.st,
they

Bagdad.

pressedby

Khorasan,

driven

to

pay

the

by

Citizens,

cry of

the

by

much

fighting,they were
from

their prey,

Negroes,

the wretched
Musa

Musa's

-Mohtadv,
255

A.

It'.

been

to

sent

leave,and

the

country

Musa

to

the

against

had

assumed

and

return

the

the

for the defence

lustingfor
There

he

the

bench

him

off

Mohtady

would

the

on

Thence, by

an

with

after

on

followed.

his

of

with

tidings
tains,
cap-

him, against

them

to

Samira.

seated

was

on

carried
altercation,

thus

the

the

usual

with

by

to

his

returned

to

offered

followers

that

in

urged
news

Musa's

Reasoned

affront

had

On

had

horses, when

given
and

; and

Caliph, who

and

Musa

up

followed

with

attendant's

scandalous

set

remained

spoil,forced

the

the

assurance

be reckoned
now

went.

outrage

after

soon

Then

return

plunder

person,

loyalty,on

Salih,

to

the

and

riot

Sovereign's
their

of

one

their

like vultures

Cabiha

of Salih

dispensing justice,and

on

of

scene

in

straightto

went

they

as

and

Musa

so

of Rei.

share

command,

Mohtady's

taking

previous reign,

; but

and

extortion

and

excesses

thou-

threateningattitude.

son

the camp,

reached

of the

the.sc

drew

Alyite dynasty

her

save

his death
army

; and

Khorasanies, Persians,

troops conspiring against Mutazz,

the

with

City. After

to

brought misery

Bogha, under

war

which

Deilem,

Soleiman

the unfortunate

and

taliated
re-

City of Peace."
of

son

Native

increased

was

Mesopotamia,

over

all

"

"

danger

freebooters

and

Turks

Berbers,

or

the

to

was

troops, who

accompanied

ravaged

whether

"

fund, he

eastern

side,foreignlevies,attracted

every

; and

Bagdad

belonging

The

forced

by Nehrwan,

back

Thus

on

had

plunder to

"sands

of

Eastern

outrage.

spreading themselves

way

attack

and

of that

misappropriation and, joined

great following of soldiers

now

to

the

general who

Persian

that

against the

rose

robbery

in

by

resented

These

garrison.

off the

from

adjustment

obliged to fly from

governor

carried

his escort

and

i.wm.

head

Soleiman,

his enemies

nominated

now

was

predecessorhaving

his

.separate fund, and

the treasury of Merve.

house, hard

from

paid

were

from

made
Riot in

[('MAT.

MOIfTADY

544

crimes

of

Salih

justicedone.
his

deserted

by

unknown

hand, he

friends,fled
sent

the

into

Caliph

hiding.
a

letter.

861-70]

A.D.

FALL

offeringsubmission
in favour

being
his

them

sword

but

hand, ready^
He

approach.

;.
Salih
i. 256

firstthat

the

a. n.

^^'^"
869

knew

he

knew

They
bravelymet

Mohtady

protested that

he

247-

A.H.

him.

thrust through
^

to

Mohtady

that

with

conniving

was

'

should

restitution.
assumed

dethronement;

in

545

and

of this,the Turks

his

on

SALIH

trial

to

hiding-place,and

resolved

OF

A.D.

of

nothing

Salih's retreat, and

after

morrow

the

traitorous
the

by
to

promised public inquisitionon the

Meanwhile, the people learning
prayers.

proceedings of
which

perilin

respect and

the

their

save

rebel
the
to

reform

the

danger

still

the

that

Things

on

went

again
of Bagdad.
arose

empty,
party
the

for

Musa's

as

in

now

and

and

exposed

of

pay

Caliph

told

Mosul

of

came,

sent,

only

but caused
wrote

return

to

one

Babkial

to
to

Samira
to

35

exacted

Musa

to

to

compass

be

make
; while

the

over

at

death

dis-

\\^lriK.u

Musa's

mur-

Jan.

the

Such

"

is

brothers
of

sums

the

the
of

army

same

Musa.

was

Bogha, the

embezzled

with

all

Babkial,

was

insurrection.

stooped
and

to

send,

when

they

from

well.
to

time
But

fidy.
per-

to

party

cry

treasury

revenue

into

cast

the

Mohtady

garrison'^jffl^cu

elder
had

"

when

the

Turkish

the

slain and

And

with

Turkish

himself

great

Turks),

Mosawwir's

with

suffered

or

of safe-conduct

not

the

who,

Musa,

engaged at
Driven
to
desperation,Mohtady

now

promise

that

sons

fled to

These

He

the

them

"

head,

months,

from

brothers,

was

and

Master."

for several

thus

all

account.

to

over

his

for the

opposition to Mohtady,

revenues.

the

success

delivered

mob,

slayethhis

arrears

The

of

of

to

fortunatelyhe

proclamation (strangesentiment
the fate of him

also

without

continued,

him

slew

retainers,who

to

payment

Musa

Caliph,when

covered, pursued by

Lord

designs

for

provide

justice,and

to

the

to

the

the

foreign troops, touched

by
who
his
best
Mohtady,
promised

government,

Salih

with

scribed
in-

was

of the

round

dues, bring Salih

for

confound

throughout

which

on

intercession

and

band

appeal,rallied

with

and

touched

so

they had learned

Bagdad, sheets

pious Caliph

Turks.

Search

of

call for prayer

were

in,that they scattered

was

lanes

and

streets

Sovereign whom

love

the Turks,

them,

Then

Babkial
he

he
and

wrote

Babkial,

to
on

546
A. 1 1. 247-

whose

and
loyalt}'

256.

Defeated

by

fCiiAr.I,XVIII.

MO//TADV

to

they

both

of Musa.

side

the

over

friciidsliip
Molilad}- liad counted,

resolved

to

shown

Having

return

at

letter,
there

insur-

gents.
bide

their

On

for

time

their

putting

end

an

arrival, however,

rallied

round

him,

them

amongst
Turks.

The
of

attack

rebels

IMohtady

Iiabkial,and

day

was

the

Here

of

"

rescue

the

Passing
the

Put

to

256

would

he

so

for

refuge

bodyguard's house.

Thence,

carried

to

of

to

him

put
end.

the

palace

Then,

He

give the

to

; but

this

seated

from

blows

where,
that
which

was

few

there

laud

}-ieldedat

his

Mohammed,

funeral.

no

with
had

met

his

they

having

fallen in the

fashion

of the

his

of

Over

He

and

thousand

was

grave,
swords

posed
de-

body,
aged

was

The

year.
had

like,we

excellent

his

upon

ment,
confine-

his

on

piety ;

sons,

tion,
satisfac-

Witnesses

use

released

into

than

Bogha's

fight.

Turcomans,

most

their

tumultuously
him

the

for the

not

were

violence

less

was

Mohtady

their

to

his

pressure

would

predecessors.

perfidywith
the

of

justice to

died.

of

reigned

among
one

fell

vain.

mule, he

he

removed

marks

justice and

last and

placed Mohtady

did

da}'s after, he

were

buried

thirty-eight,and
annalists

kicks, and

and
a

that

if he

they

sentence,

in

prepared

fealt}'.Having thus,

justifiedthe
him, with

the

them, which
of

their oath

and

response.

in which

paper

the

hoping that
was

of

appearance

rest

Musa

on

refused, and

had

guaranteed

too

other

to

general, and

the

Commander

the

work, the conspiratorsproduced

But

shouted,

no

open

to

slay

haste

was

the

to

the

to

its gates,

Turkish

abdicate.

to

treachery towards

Turkish

him

ranks.

Mohtady

There

to

order

faithful:

the

"

threw

help

fled

A.li.

June
870 A.l).

Caliphate !

prison,he

inmates

And

death, vii.

the

\"ain

Salih's

number,

the

but

late

deserted

In
of

Commander

the

rebel

Turks

lost heart.

rest

is the

the

the

soldiers

Westerns

double

faithless

The

and
of

into

fight for

to

thousand

which, he gave

on

Six

thousand
on,

came

bravely

Arabs

one

his head

cast

gone.

side, and
"

also

were

anticipatingtheir

Mohtady,

mostly

Caliph's life.

the

to

design,seized Babkial, and resolved

the right,
or
perish in tlie attempt.

the

Samira, and

to

once

him

went

he

have

might

of his

not

race.

found

dead
rtide

after

the

were

shivered.

54?
him

A. II. '2::^^-moncd
~^"

such, he

out

set

and
tiv^e,

endless

standard.

to

taught by

"

Zenj
that

Over

and

and

their

by
this

and

fleets

drawn

the

city

their

The

take

to

field.

the

against them, but

carried

on

"

perversionof

curious

Believers

promise

the ways

of

their souls

Lord,

believers,having been

subject

to

slaver)-.

but

here

thus

ix.

(or their

Paradise"'; meant

of the

by

by storm,

last, alarmed

at

the

the

"

"The

selves)and

own

tude,
multi-

the

by

Mowaffac

vigorously

war

only partial success,

113

v.

time
similar

Lord

hath

fortune

purchased
by the
fightin

their substance

Prophet as an incitement to
as
teaching that the persons
therebyredeemed

and

"

time

to

travestied

purchased,are

of

kind

every

destroyed, and

was

elsewhere.

Sura

Ahwaz.

lessly
proclamation, merci-

it

and

from

from

as

Emboldened

to

from

"

two

Imperialtroops,

being obliged to suspend operations

pressing dangers

A. II.

next

capital,summoned

first with

at

citizens

Caliph

the

He

the

mosque

The

to

far

as

"

delta of the

rivers.

treacherous

plunder.

in 255

was

Bussorah, took

Great

fire.

on

approach

near

of

in the

last announced,

at

was

together by
set

both

days subjected the

massacred.

It

Karoon
back

dominated

they attacked

Quarter

outrage.

the

beat

again they

success,

for three

of

slaves,

in thousands

the whole

across

his

dregs of Africa,

slavish

the

cap-

perverted
that

lust

field in force ; and

the

the banks

over

the

was

flocked

their

in

vassing
can-

followed

wonder

of the insurrection.

name

Euphrates,and

by

also

they spread them_selves

years

banner

his

on

Bedouins

first took

they

to

he

Bussorah

at

all that

their masters,

"

the

After

raised

slavery.^ Little

of

Ethiopian,"

means

hence

and

rapine

inscribed

insult

to

and

Khabith,

to

spoil and

text

him

he

soon

outlaw, that

an

Reprobate.

little success,

as
first,

; but

rebellion,proclaimed libertyto

the knell

mean

is, the

as

and

terror

the

At

Aly.

spiritualassumptions

that

with

of

standard

of

real colours

Khabith,

till his

so

leader,a Persian,

The

descendant

his

in Arabia
the

do

to

life.

all around.

certain

up

called

was

of Motamid's

as

plainly showed

so

continued

reins, and

close

the

himself

gave

the

Thcncc-

Mecca.

at

":^ovcrnmciit

for fifteen years

.\.i).

his

Zcnj insurrection,just noticed, spread

-'Ts'a outrage
869

held

near

The

iiisur-

from

he

forward
death

Zcnj

[CiiAr.Lxix.

MOTAMID

no

of all

longer

870-92]

A.T1.

INSURRECTION

ZENJITE
and

549

other

generals. Year after year, even A.H. 256^

under defeat,great bodies of the Zenjitesinvaded
Irac,
Khuzistan, and Bahrein, whether as marauding hordes or Zenjite

attended

Musa

'

...

...

regular line,strikingterror

who

fled to

Bagdad
capturedas a

Wasit
Thus

for ten
and

last
his

foes, concentrated
and

driven

of Khuzistan

but there

they continued

by strong
them.

fortresses

contest, which

The

years

more,

enemy

was

deep

tide

now

gradually

were

canals

surrounding

stilldragged its lengthfor five

detail.

Even

after the

their other

from

for

fortress still resisted

The

position,
guarded

secure

wearisome

is told with
driven

the

external

in the lower delta ;

cooped up
a

ing
suffer-

immediate

own

They

swarm.

to hold

and

his

Motadhid.

son

and

kept in

was

relieved from

forces under

servile

out

land

Mowaffac,

of his

that

againstthe

turned

for their devastating

operations.

centre

At

rebellion,

-11

helplessvillagers,
265 a.h.
was
sacked, and S78a.i".

Ahwaz

refuge.

the miserable

years

alarm.

command,

for

1111

the

into

the chief
strongholds,
whole
years the regular

three

in consequence
siege,intermitted for a season
of Mowaffac
Defeat and
being wounded.
Finding the cause
the rebels began to go over
in great numbers
to [^e
hopeless,
;/"";
offered leader,
Mowaffac, who received them kindly,and even
he insolently
the arch-offender pardon, which
rejected.
883 a. d.

approaches of

last the Citadel

At

and
fell,

from

returned

captivitywere
overtaken in his flight,
was
before

up

multitudes

the

for

to

heaven

cursed

Reprobate.^

delivered

women

their homes.

and
slain,

as

Khabith,

his head

held

was

force,they fell prostrate,giving

assembled

thanks

to

of

being

last delivered from

at

the

for our
outlyingprovincesof the East have now
The
traditional dominance
historybut a secondary interest.
of the court
at
Bagdad still imparted weight,if
The

The

inordinate length of the story and

deep wound this savage and

Bagdad. In 267

fortresseswere
we

another

that the

citadel.

Zenjwere

A.H.,
to

5000

to

tendencyto magnifyshow

the country surrounding

released from one
of the

women

be distributed to their homes

the Kufa

belonging
captives
givenat
to

Mowafifac's force is

the

such
Reprobate,

what

inflicted on

enemy

six times that number.

of slaves that flocked

Wasit

to

told that 20,000

are

from

sent

inveterate

With

after
shortly
taken
were
villages

50,000, and

all allowance

numbers

are

we

are

for the

told
mass

fabulous.
clearly

A. II. 2r.i""'

nothing;'more,
was

provinces,
261

A.

S74

.\. I ".

II.

ing

in the

(Mily
^

mentioned

family,

which

aspired

to

held

the

261

268

the

became

A.H.,

provinces

of

to

Not

pilgrims returning eastward,

had

he

that

hastened

retaliate

provinces

western

make,

he

Mowafifac, he
his

mules

into his Persian

who, beaten

escaped
installed

as

defeat, in

scornful
"

265

"

A.H.

while

reply

that

not

which

again

held

western

it

as

lay

on

to

ing
Rejectready

neither

the

as

Persia.

ye

The

to

back
rulers

there

was

Zenjite

the

after

offer met
! I

Yacub,

deathbed, the

old

sword

this

worship

worship

grand

of

prisoner,

passed, and

Caliph

loss

join Yacub

The

do

by

met

Tahiride

that

to

the

on

was

Bagdad

note

ears

driven

Unbelievers

ye

his

the

Yacub

when,

him

at

Bagdad.

years

by

sent

parts of
he

kept by

Some

Caliph

in their

spoil,and

been

"

the

Capital,passed

Bagdad

last of the

on

various

itself.

the

The

worship

ye

worship."^

was

received

"

which

message
the

Say

"

the

alarmed,

field,offered

attack

Saffaride,

only

not

Bagdad

welcomed

}-eL in the

fresh

vast

It is curious

governor.

Reprobate,
his

had

East,

great slaughter,the

with

defeat, and

his

to

with

provinces.

by Yacub,

on

close

who

Khorasan.

Tigris below

routed

was

10,000

camp,

the

ever,
how-

assembled

demand,

Caliph, now

the

now

the

asked

advance
on

and

East, his ambition

he

from

an

already

was

with

proclaimed

Persia, but

crossed

and

Wasit,

by

which

concessions
to

of

and

Yacub

deposed

to

Yacub,

the

in the

the

noble

adventurer

an

in

coveting Ears,
at

enemy
a

"

movements,

content

secured

offended

Motamid,

But

new

power

great

little.

danger.
and

still retained

house,

distant

by

liokhn''' cliief

Khorasan,

Khujistany,

family had

his

westward,

for it.

office in
These

Caliph

hereafter

are

but

Cas])ian ;
Samanide

rose

Caliphate

cause

turned

the
the

of

and

scene,

Alyite dynasty

ancient

career

to

affected

of

the

Tahirides, beaten

The

in

and

in Isairdad, ;ind
,

independence.

and
from

there.

them

against

arose

the

south-east

districts

the

faride,

from

it

pubHc services,except-

The

cnniit\-.

resident

as

office

municipal

the Saf-

of open

Saffarides, retire

the

from

for in tlie

prayed

case

Hostilities

an)' title den'vetl

to

everywhere

"

Statoofihc

[(!i[,\p.
i.xix.

MOTAMin

550

that

friendly
who

still

warrior

by

his

870-92]

A.D.

side,and

TULUNIDE

in his

Starting up
"

"

"

"

"

with

crust

to

thy Master.

quit

of

thcc, and

of

thee

with

but

us

the

after

farthest

from

bounds

well

as

Moslem

him

the

favour,and
fell,as
now

We

turn

have

we

gradually

assumed

works

of

objects of

of

dignity of Egypt
Alyite and
like

with

other

of

and

Mosque
learning

had

for

while

pretenders,whom
Ibrahim

At

aspirationseastwards.

of the Tulunide's
view

of

with

his

Musa's

large resources
army,

in want

the

g]^,

254

A.U.,
the

over

The

his

this

him

to

under

in

the
in

a-"-

the

were

is still

name

while

the

financial

home

subdued

868-7^

public

maintained

fightat

254-70

revenues,

promoted,

army

'"

had

whole

flourished

charities

he

he

end

in

bearing

to

in

Tulunide

against
and

then

ruler

Aghlabite
had
Sicily,

of

turned

point,Mowaffac, jealous 262

independent attitude,sent

again reducing

again

expended

Cairowan, who, after signal conquests

his

Sejestan.

unduly increasing the

against

success

field,drove
to

before.

powerful

without

denounced

Tulun, appointed

power

was

subjection.

Musa, with
The

the

Egyptian

easilyrepelled the invasion, while

and

jJ^^j^^^

for its supremacy.

Fostat

done

Saffaride

antagonists who

ibn

]:)agdad,were

Cairo

to

in

ruler,the land

never

and

seeking

But

fought

Ahmed

able

to

Court

Ahmed

and

years

and

Amr

various

east

of

find

buildings,canals, and

his care,

magnificent

the

where

it had

passing

ornament

pressure.

and

as

home

at

East

we

independent

wise

his government
instead

before

the

to

relieved

in the

before.

as

ing,
succeed-

now

the Saffarides

reign

Governor

seen

country.

the

crust)

Some

possessions back

of

Egypt,

to

pressure,

^'acuh's

am

revenge

himself

Mowatfac,

^^
'"

the

son,

Sind.

256-

nought""'^

is

honour, in the

meeting Amr

western

in the

up

for

die,I

my

Amr, his

and

external

see,

take

A.ll.

Speak

"

live,there

every

dynasty, had

close

shall

sprang

died.

"

If I

hate, submitted

acknowledged

we

frugal meal.

(pointingto

of Khorasan

as

all his

Towards

if I

content

He

pulpits,and

from

the

me

sword, that I may

father's

the Tahiride

restore

as

of

things changed again

domestic

551

death.

unto

confirmed, with

was

EGYPT

relish for his

sick

am

thou
this

the

dropped
to

simple fare."

Caliph, and

as

beaten, retire

or

this

onions

IN

couch, he repliedto the Envoy,

thus

betwixt

RULE

discontent, mutinied

at

Ricca,

a.h.

A. 11. 2ri6-

after

and

279.
Ahmed

campaign
in

Asia

Minor

this time, the

forced

Byzantine

Caliph's domestic

the

advances

Asia

in

Iiim to

his

retrace

taking advantage

court,

troubles,

Minor.

1)

allowed

govemors,

enemy's

hands.

leave

to

carry

Mowaffac

had

him

with

serious

making

was

unfortunate

Tarsus,

his

charge

at

home,

passed

at

once

in

its

hands.

Syria

he

he

took

his

farther

Khomaria

treasure.

kingdom
back

beaten

of

his

hand

own

led him

had

hundred

of

been

pursuing

and

extending

made

The

The

text.

son

effect

inflict

truant

exaggerated.

under

the

much

the Mameluke

son

was

miserable
But

even

I have

commanded

cut

living trunks.
worse
thingswere

dynasty.

to

may
in

store

with

his

by

so

father's

folly.^

Syria

off both
One

who

had

Ahmed,

punishment

ventuied

not
to

of

is, however,

his evil counsellors

on

able
miser-

inflicted

son

for his

from
The

seized

beaten

begun

pathos.

was

was

as, with

Memluk

rule

found

to

the advisers

on

himself

course

Tulunide

altogether;and

legs,leavingthem
are

victorious

the

is told with

scene

his
the

mar

the

Lulu,

his

wept

freed

with

Fostat, a

to

in
son

Barca

to

He

Ahmed,

Ahmed

arms

his

Barca.

upbraided him

he

that

westward

then

was

which

compassion,

Meanwhile

He

astray.

But

him

warring

condign punishment

after
stripes,

bowels

of

command

all before

heard

back

carried

return

his

youth sought

; but

own

upon

to

turning

against

victories.

retired

by the Aghlabites on

spectacle. By
with his

he

foolish

the

his father's troops, and

by

and

capital and

There

obliged

carrying

Mosul,

on

left the

all the
new

While

Harran.

had

Syria,

advance

advanced

their

pursue

of

his
out

and

in

opportunity,

came

Antioch,

to

hold

advance

who

received, and

ill

Greeks

his

the

opposed

governors
and

was

the

maintained

eastward

the

the

Khomaria

son

seized

Syria, which

Damascus

There

his

regarded

committed

brother, now

gladly

Greeks, but

the

Caliph,who

Placing

Ahmed
into

left

his

than

the

long sought for

against

arms

fall into

to

had

the offer. The

easilydefeating

to

A.H

his

into

Lulu

Tulun

Egyptian

favour

more

Tarsus.

ibn

scorned

him, he took

fortress of

the
Ahmed

campaign

but

268

of inaction

Irac.

About
of

months

and

Syria,
S77

long

i.xix.

\va)' to
ibn

[Cnw.

MOTAMID

5 5-

Master,

to

Mosul,

which

Ahmed

barbarous

as

to

translate it into the

their hands

hope

and

that these

for wretched

their

things
Egypt

870-!)2] DEATH

A.T".

when

unexpected

an

still in mortal

being

suffered

The

11

without

Egypt,

where

the
the

calculated

plot, caused

towards

Mosul, and

his

ignominiously to

his chief

his

acknov/ledged the Caliphate.

Ahmed's

; for the

Pilgrimage
Mecca

the

Tulunide

the

assembled

the

defection
Mowaffac

There

he
in

bringing

(they were.
Egypt

Lulu
with

of
instability
of

to

but

close

public

the

him

Father's
years,

the

at

great

between

and

much

who

all,was

went

it

had

sixteen

ally
materia

his vast

freed
years

few

riches

beggar

of the

him.
in

Not

Egypt,

the

was

to

for

Death

y^|j"|^^

his xi.270A.11.

several

rule in

battles,left the

of
'^"

and

successor

followed

Caliphate,for
began.

force.

But

Syria also, died,

many

over

whole

adds) just reward

unworthy

after

before

apt example

an

struggle

the

as

in

an

Mesopotamia, which,
things pretty

"

ruled

name.

him

the master

by Khomaria,

annual

aided

of

(our annalist

period

still
was

service

Zenj rebellion.

the

having

to

represent him

his

and

arms,

open

times, and

a. ir.

Public

that

however, than

with

attendant

one

considerable

succeeded

of

Worse,

with

ingratitudetowards

and

the

returned
asserted,his only fault),

long after,Ahmed

and

to

after.Lulu, despoiled by Mowaffac

years

to

received

was

the

at

Wasit, carrying

at

flight269

'"

chains, sent

Lulu, his general in Syria,who

of

his

unsuccessful

sent

Motamid

Imperial troops supported

here, too, in the Holy house,

and

multitude.

not

foiled,vented

presidency
he

'^"""

the

by

denounced

was

had

Mosques

Equally

officer whom

pilgrims;

Persian

in

from

the

"^^

apprised j-euim

in

thus

to

fly to Egypt,

by obliging Motamid

the

assume

discomfited

was

by the

to

to

attempt

seized

name

all

in

protege

he

who,

followers

retaliated

to go

r,

the

throne, and

But

Ahmed,

Samira.

Mowaffac

; and

anathematise

at

be

chagrin by dropping Mowaffac's

prayers

only

the Caliph

vassal, would

Mowaffac
to

The

his invites

to

the

256-

^^^"

saw

was

faithful

brother.

Motamid
with

having;

at

enjoyment of

vigilance of

the

back

his

domineering

the

on

here

sovereignty,

Tulunide,

substantial

his

victory over

Ahmed

"

of

power

A.M.

Zenjites,the empire
helplessincapacity of his

the

Movvaffac

the

ambitious

him

to

secure

the

553

occurred.

Caliph, chafinsr

-1

shadow

TULUN

affairs

with

from
The

IBN

of

combat

Motamid.

opportunity.

AHMED

turn

everywhere

brother

of

OF

Syria
state

271

a.h.

A.ll.

I he

Mosul

2:.G-

~"

and

harassed

'

pro-

of

encroachment
the

seized

was

after

by

of much

that

the

into

driven

the

Lulu.

the

In

had

now

element

an

force

headed
such

to

for

prayer

remained

City

Prophet

the

in
were

tide

lost

as

of

by

Byzantine
who

Tarsus,
ball

from

general

in the

In

court.

fields

series of

Arab

an

Greeks

the

Arabs,

the

seized

seen

though opposed

years,

the

to

turned, and

governor

have

we

of which

one

carried

life,shot

his

and

Kaiser, Basil,

Caliphate,made

of the

with

sided

victories,in

Tulunide

reign,the

succeeding

who

captive,and

taken

later years

won

were

end,

ever,
how-

walls

of

town

engaged

in

cam-

the

besieging.

was

in

Early
and

carried

real

ruler.

at

Mowaffac,

This

his

to

near

Brother's

but

own,
;

and

displeased;

and

he

elephantiasis,

command,

had

the
had

favourite

government
been

having placed

the
of

own

under

cumb
suc-

the

When

transmit
son

the

Motad-

Capital. On

one

of

Syria, instead

appointed, his
him

send

to

to

river

he

prison.

to

resolved

at

sought

the

across

even

his

the

long been

entirely did

so

just nominated,

prince was
which

had

fled

authority he possessed,to
claiming

occasion,

He

Samira.

his

but

with

previously,Motamid

years
of

seized

was

therefore, fell sick, he

substantial

another

litter to

drew

had

he

favourite

North,

Vizier

Mowaffac
as,

hid.

Some

appoint

when

the

on

while

278, Mowaffac,

A.H.

^ts'au'
P^^S^^ towards

to

by

of the

of this

Syrian border,

other

obtained

A.i).

be

to

the

of the distractions

Paulicians

the

of

defeated

was

ventured

none

Kufa

l^mpire.

again subjected
; and

earlyyears

the

on

fortress

was

ceased

descendants

unworthy

time

out.

inroads

by

the

city, however,

was

weeks

four

for

now

attacked

was

of Mahomet

taking advantage
the

S91

Medina

for

Mosque

During

Hostilities

this

fighting;

the

latterlyby

pretenders,who

pre-eminence, and

till these

terror

he

these

\o\v^

Alyite risingscontinued

disturb

reign to

of

anxiety.

outrage

Illness

whole
one

its

l^ut

by .Alyiterebels, and

also

by

insurrections, and

Egyptian generals, was

heavy

some

fallen from

Asia

districts,having; been
sLirroundintj^

Caliphate,

the

throughout

in

its

by Kharcjitc

regained by

Greeks

[OiiAP.T.xix.

MOTAMID

5 54

Father

arrest, the

was

City

CHAPTER

LXX

MOTADIIID

A.D.

already in possession of supreme

power,
A." continued as Caliph ably to administer the Government.
Egypt returned to her allegiance; for Khomaria, tempted

Moiadhid,

MOTADHID,

the

by

honour,

Caliph

with

tribute.

He

Eg)pt.

his

The

who,

assassinated

suffered

in

even

beajts Amr

accredited

sends

power

'^*88
A

^""^^

to

far

after

few

months'

^^^

bad

fade

to

East,

But

limits
of

decay

of

the

of

himself

disorder

who

of

or

his

under

reign,

also

was

succeeded,

glad

to

there

Irac.

title

their

get

little virtual

was

The

rulers,

The

view.

our

still

yearly

worse.

from

were

Bagdad.
the

to

the

to

in circumstances

Harun,

son,

from

go

from

beyond
"^

into

begins

the

chief

fell

of

promise

country

another

and

things

Khorasan

Khorasan.

him

and

marriage

shortlyafter murdered
the
to
morality either

was

son,

young

in

daughter

dower,

great

Court.

his

gave

little creditable

Samanide

Saffaride,whose

rule

house
now

was

confined

to

Sejestan ;

Leith, taken

Bagdad
A.H.

was

far

as

powerful family
^

The

Supra,

same

whose

of

sign

swallowed

Rei

Abu

the

and

even

Dulaf^

praises,
sung

by

p. 512.
556

the

by

time

some

long

Caliph

reached
that

had

hitherto

blind

poel,

so

prison,he
death-

dominant

the

within

to

sent

his

on

by

him

in

Motadhid

up

ibn

latter,Amr

was

Alyite dynasty, so

also

of

of the

Chief

Samanide,

authority of

immediate
as

the

tacit

The

Tabaristan,

only

the

where, after remaining

bed, executed.

The

and

prisoner by

last,by the

at

was

2S7

892-907

A.H.

279-295

892

MUKTAFY

AND

in

Samanide.
eastward
limit
been

the
more

irritated Mamun.

892-907]

A.D.

less

or

MO

the

Muktafy
continued

Cahph's

still to

campaign

Mosul

the

Motadhid

largess

sent

was

Tabaristan, he
would

He

indeed,

went,

in the

Public

of

mention

them

in the

also

was

not

was

cruel

surpassed by

the

tampering with
being scorched

body impaled

clothed

in

about

Bagdad

which

Kharejites denounced

crying aloud,
"

"

The

the unbelievers

of

Kharejites

these

After

as
a

prosperous

Muktafy,

and

succeeded

time, he
a

you

the

to
at

favourite

once

of

reign
his

the

of

much

people

silk

"

found

and, after
the

and

paraded

was

of

(the wearing
then
Lord's
And

crucified,
alone, let

yet another

alive," so

nearly ten
by

In
to

example,

Kharejite leader
hands,

are

our

says

sheep."

of

son

Throne.
returned

his

"skinned
skin

For

stake

yet be the
so

was

would

"

annalist,
died;

never

rage

hid
Motad-

of which

sinful)and

as

rule shall

; and

down, beheaded,

robe

religious

afterwards

to

by treachery into

their

all favourable

book.

some

but

bound

of

and

predecessors.

was

just.

this treatment

great bridge. The

the

fell

clubs

punishments,
pardon,

done

so

volume

his abusive

fire,taken

with
on

Mosul, who

at

at

army,

not

forbade

scandalised

to

be

anathematised

the

of his

those

Zenj rebel, admitted

even

at

in his

Motadhid's

was

predecessors

was

them

pulpit,and

Caliph withdrew

the

end

had

the

He

it should
he

have

in debate

gatherings.Bagdad

his

that
race

to

as

He

from

rehearsed

misdeeds

long

a
Aly, that when
heavy i,.ation?
by the Alyite prince of

Omeyyad

prayers.

from

Imperial generals,

displeased,as

far

so

Mesopo-

of

only bade

the

In

bands, partly

energetic ruler.

them

; but

Towards

openly.

and

279-

]^

long engaged

were

A.li.

Persia

Bagdad.

Bedouin

and

not

was

of

by

order.

house

to

been

have

rebel

to

the

towards

son

of

west

Kharejites,still rampant
end
this region,which
had

brave

the

Court

Egyptian

restored

was

tolerant

so

the

rivalrybetween

for the time

was

the
his

disturbed, partly by

been

by

In

reduced

however,

that

so

and

the

against

5 57

now,

son,

Caliph

Amid.

to

was

acknowledge

the

Mesopotamia,
in

it

independent ;

DHID

TA

command

the
from

years,

Turkish
of

Capital,where
his

Motadhid
slave

Ricca
he

at

.Muktafy,

girl,"^^
the

became

generosity,and

for

''^"""

55S
A. II. TtS^-

father's

aboHsliiuL;"his
Bac^dad.

rciijn of

threatened

was

prisons,the

subterranean

his

Durinj^

Empire

Carma-

FCiiAr. i,xx.

MUKTAFY

nearly

\-arious

by

of

terror

years

the

dane^ers

which

he

that

from

the

seven

tliians.

and

bravel)^ met
Carmathians,

Egypt

following chapter.

the

903

A.D.

beating back

In

Syria

over

of

reign,and

and

from

aid

ibn

seeing the

the

onl}-transferred
it to

the

Harun

292

A.H.

and

left Harun

out

among

tumult,
the

to

force, and

Notwithstanding

his great

he

him

prison,and

into
he
A.H.

beaten,
Mosul

Mosul,
A.H.

afresh

up

were

293-4

Kurds

in

(founder of
on

rebel

and

from

of

house

that

Bagdad,
^

and
Arabs

The

with

of
had

that

of the Beni

twenty

vast

the
to

years

ceased.
treasures
cast

was

Eostat
to

its

and

they

allegiance.

attack.

The

in

great
at

was

Hamadan
draw

tains
cap-

but

retreats

the

famil}-

for reinforcements

help pursued

Taiihlib clan.

spoil

Egypt,

to

serious

hill

invading

banished

government

chief

^),who

the

part of the

at

their
The

Nineveh.
hands

the

returned

of

scene

thus

Egypt

dynasty

finallyrestored

the

to

attempt

Mohammed

back.

fell

all their property,

some

government

Egypt

again

on

the

keeping

down

came

reveal

dynasty again

was

multitudes
time

old

the

of

the

last

the

Egypt,

to

again

arrow.

and

him,

to

over

in

the

fleet from

These

services,and

from

tortured

suspected

was

of
set

with

brought

of

Bagdad,

to

went

family, with

Tulunide

transported

were

an

restore

approached

ravaged by

was

works

grand

The

by

not

advanced

Mohammed

Harun,

killed

was

ment,
govern-

and
itself,

forces.

and

Caliphate

the

destroyed.

As

general,

country,

object

same

diminished

with

his

Egypt

the

this

Caliph, but

leading captains

themselves,

the

quell

the

with

command

Tulunide

of

the

reduce

Nile.

the

of

most

restored

293

; while

Caliph

the

disorder

to

under

spread
received

Caliph

army,

of

state

allegianceto

army

entered

Cairo,

killed,

his

powerful

Tarsus

the

up
made

which

Afterwards

Soleiman.

consequent

sprung
will be

hordes

Carmat

Egyptian

helpless

now

and

the

had

mention

besieged Damascus,

Mohammed

with

the savage

was

which

of which

in

phate,
substaiitial
A.H.

fanatics

during

stored
re-

290

of

race

the

to

the Cali-

late

Chief

overcame.

the

Kurds

892-1)07]

A.D.

into

IVAR

and

Azerbijan,

ruler of

WITH

countless

about

was

hordes

of

Kurds, he

which

sent

read

was

more

take

with

advantage

285

A.H.

sailors

of

the

Bagdad,
with

fleet

But

there

prisoner. Still
Moslem

fleet of

pleasure,both

by

captive.

War

away
Ten

golden

devastation

while,

and
the

on

Greek, and

end

changed

more

Muktafy

could

than

his

throne

acts

him

to

at

to

the

and

the

days

the

shores

292

a.

11.

294

a.h.

opposite

either

on

renegade

fighting,till

banner

in

side

the
ex-

of

the

of

.So

our

of

of

son

mounted

before

the

authorities,though

by

the
one

can

who

in

future

Khorasan,

his

hand.

own

left

and

the
with

account

some

arose

been.

Samanide

proceeding

Caliphate,

Ismailians,

Caliphate

the

thirty-three,

But,

seven

it had

death
his

and

the

of Motassim

of

age

six

find

and

succession

materially influenced
^

swept

men,

coast

between

the

on

was,

sequel

given

of

round

brother.

minor

be

coasts

fortune.

various

the

jiort.

numbers

vast

fleet under

prisoners

reign

early

melancholy

should

their

Moslem

the

the

burn

to

the

10,000

ravaged

look

since

last

forward
died

by

further

and

spite

ravage

with

up

Moslem

followed

stormy

prince,to recognise
and

governor

in

carrying

followed

to

In

ransomed.

or

of

sea

negroes,

made

was

secure

One

by

There

Thus, after
years,

able

kept

hand,

manned

peace

anchor

at

captivity along

other

Byzantium.

and

each

the

ssVsXh'.

to

Tarsus

of Tarsus

governor

were

was

crosses,

and

with

3000

also.

reverses

fiftyvessels
land

fire, and

Egyptian rebels, to

worse,

Greeks

the

slow

Caliphate.

on

Greeks,

Tulunide

the

consequence

were

the

the

set

was

prevailed War

not

were

of

exigencies

Byzantine

Caliph, induced

time

against

to

hostilities

who

Greeks,

the

decapitated.^

taken

the

""

such

in

aid

help

by

pulpits there, but

reigns,

two

closely besieged by

was

He

render
for

A. ii. 279-

attacked

placed

to

all the

from

these

less

or

In

and

appeal

urgent

Samanide

time

same

able

being

an

out

Throughout

the

the

The

result.

small

at

of

5 59

order.

Turcomans,

danger, that, instead

the

GREEKS

last restored

at

Khorasan

THE

about

this

history of Islam.

hardly beHcvc

it.

Death
-j

of

"^q^^'^j

9"?

a-d-

CHAPTER

ISMAILIANS,

Alyilc

Ever

CaRMATHIANS,

the

since

LXXI

tragedy

of

FATIMIDES

AND

the

the

Kerbala,

Moslem

world

fanaticism,

exposed,

was

in

favour

its

mystic

decline
in

as

of

the

the

The

\"anous

Shie-ism,

sentiment,

the

advantage
Alyite

were

to

assume

now

of

based

and

the

on

schisms

virtue

land

in

formation

the

line

the

time
of

in

such

supersede

the

rendered

hardly

have

respect

his

in direct

and

the

of

of

that

descent

from

coming.

The
is the

of

tenets

both

changes

recognised

Mehdy,"

his

that
the

Guide

"

or

Al)'.

body,

his

it

thus

500

Leader

gration
transmi-

was

secrecy,

leader's

held, might

was

allegorically

were

and

Prophet

divine

tiously
cau-

novice
of

superstition spread
"

over

Mehdy,^

oath

dogma

system

the

The

which
of

the

in

under

Mehdy,

and

Re-S^n,

Divinity

the

all

doctringi_as_the

of

and

which

to

multiplied

divine

soul

twelve

to

quietly

the

and

Aly,

number

was

doctrines,

the

sweeping

own.

the

developed,

held

recondite

immanence

Coran,

and

faith

by

teaching

; and

strange

"

universe

henceforward,
The

being

such

esoteric

Some

Schools

mystic

embracing

souls,

became

'

the

the

devotee.

so

that

seven,

early expectation

initiated
and

authority.

ascribed.

which

of
of

to

was

taught,

and

The

concrete

this

at

of

sanctity

divine

line; others

singular
the

it of

in

the

pretenders.

risings.

sects.

survival

the

prevailing
to

of

with

while

disorder

frequency

sects

numerous

all

were

and

fanaticism

form.

permanent

mystic

abroad

the

ready

growing

thus

of

Persian

stimulated

offered

the

Aly.

Caliphate,

consequence,

feelings

of

outbursts

to

seen,

house

tendencies,

of

Hence

have

we

ritual

himself

evolved
with
of

were

would
as

in

any

marvellous
the

day,

as

being

Lxxi.]

Chap.

rapidity
shores

the

multitudes

In the

of this

weld

to

the

in

Seventh

is named

of Ismail.

of

gained
lands.

faith,they parted.

by

from

the other
"

Spotted,"
"

former

The

had

he

name;

who

divine

It

was

under

Mehdy,
the

faith

reign of Motadhid,
in

canvass

and

in

Irac

and

surrounding

after him

the sectaries

adjustthe

to

two

then

sons,

fancied

spread rapine

and

the

to

"

his

upon
terror

attempt

an

common

Irac, Zakaruya

called

mark

divine

in

in

arose

one

"

of

tenets

Sheikh,"
face
the

over

the
land. Their

Damascus

storm

'

he

ever

the

in
"

that

The

pulpits of
for to

Modathir,
alarm

Muktafy

was

sent

The

Ricca.

at

the

the

; and

come

say, he

with
an

him

was
as

also

prayed for
"the
Mehdy
was

Bagdad that,as we
Egyptian general Mohammed,

and

thence

accompanying the
were
totallybeaten,
followers

some

there,they
sent

to
Sura

were

cousin

epithet of Mahomet.^

at

great

'

-^6

pillagingwhere-

province

Veiled,"

"the

Discovered

Ricca, and

wretched
"

Carmats

cousin

his

desert.

so

to

yet, strange

host, himself

the fanatic

with

; and

went

was

named

and

ravaged Syria,murdering

the latter

Carma*^^^"^-

leader

killed

was

signed
de-

system

Ismailians,

arose

appeared while the Zenjites

offered to join the Reprobate with

unable

; but

swords

100,000

and

He

and
yet in the field,

were

A.H., there

patronymic

the

and

Carmat,

was

name

cruel

more

the

"

his

From

During

called Carmathians.

are

Aly

this

His

its

doing God

propagated

persuasion opened
great following both there

was

Governments,

they were

century

from

the Isinailian.

leader

it

men

Zenj.

Third

school, who

by

Still worse,

rapine

of the

succession

son

and

held

religionsinto a universal faith.

last religionof the world,
and

seventh

Mohammed

all

of

southern

doubt

no

by designing

believe

those

than

was

overthrow

plunder

the

along

thereby.

to

latter half of the

enthusiast

the

the

led

of

even

It

power

were

scenes

outrageous

to

of

reaching
in

and

East,

faith ; but

simple

votaries

service

be

whole

56

CARMATHIANS

Mediterranean.

in

the

deluded

an

AND

stalking-horsefor

and

the

over

of

made

ISMAILIANS

have
to

army
the

as
"

escaping
carried

to

seen,

attack
far

"

Spotted
into

the

the

Caliph

Bagdad, where, paraded

Ixxiv.

as

on

^^^^'^'^'^^^
290-1

A.H.

902-3

a. d.

562
Their

feat
de-

and

the

ment.

with

legs and

their
a

death

was

other

these

marvels

One

Marvellous

here

Beaten

it

en-

thusiasts.
and
or

that

in

the

were

low

from

acted

suddenly

mused

and

Men

their

from

been
vast

Renewed

292

A.H.

and

masses

the

outbreak,

spiritualforce

some

spoils,of

rebellion.

And

another

so

Imperial

arms

renewed

with

karuya,who
revealed

Mehdy
forth

to

and

and

would
end

one

Muktafy,

to

kind

every

who

against them.
hiding.
294

A.H.

deluded
'

He

He

his

him

the

on

war,

thousands
from

to

was

for years
to

wrote

now

had

had

the

the

rise
the
of

licence.

sent

his

Just

throng

that
of

carried

were

before.

subterranean

heavenly

his

the

"

outrages

"

They

Zaing,
dwell-

messenger

and

sons,

for

as

that the
to

were

go

Kufa, where

Thereupon

Syria,

subjected to fire and sword,

best

received
and

when

such

together

Urgent appeal

then

have

hardly passed

in

the
But

must

well

join them.^

other,was

in

plunder.

of sacrifice enter

day

and

followed

there

Egypt

often

too

dangers, as

in

death

})retender

enlisted

hold

to

point of appearing.

on

was

and

kind

lain hid

people

in expectation,

were

barbarity than

greater

even

heresy.

leaders

longer

the

being engaged

noxious

and

rapine

had

of

There

this

The

for the

year

was

shouts

Lord

whether

behind

them

nerve

head

everywhere

no

of

aims

was

suffice.

this

motives,

who,

he

there, scattering havoc

hearts

after

then

the

is the

were

corrupt

unworthy

after

"

his
fire,

this may

Mehdy.

by marauding Bedouins
Imperial forces, lusted
apart

but

reappears

coming
and

the

pole, amidst

tenacity of

in its track.

outrage

on

kind,

the

at

Mohammed

off;

of the

Akbar, Great

of the

scenes

For

cut

were

agonies

raised aloft

multitude, Al/ah

of

all beheaded

were

off.

cut

hands

in the

when

off and

were

tenacityof

and,

spectacle to

return

I.XXI.

Spotted,"
exquisite cruelty. Scourged with

of

stripes,his

scorched

the

been

had

arms

reserved

hundred

struck

captives,they

Carmat

more

made

were

prison till the

in

Kept

city.

[C IIAl'.

AM)

camels, they

and

elephant

an

terrible

punish-

fSMAI/./AXS

Generals

Zakaruya
with
veiled

without

emerged

divine
upon

was

honours

made

to

success

from

his
the

by

their shoulders

from the Mehdy Siira

quoted as a command
appointed the feast-dayfor his meeting with Pharaoh.

xx.

55, where

as

Moses

564
chief

Renewed
outbreak,
307

A.

Soleiman

favour

of the

below)

on

Bussorah,

make

to

ruler

Fatimide

pil-

and

few

in

diversion

Africa

in

again by
scene

312-13
A.H.

approach

(of whom

more

sold

with

spoil and

for

Soleiman

Ahwaz,

inscribed

victory

fanatics,nerved

threaten

occasion

A.H.

last

The

Holy

regard
slain

were

itself

was

hills

only
city

shown

to

given
the

robbed

Fatimide

stay

the

hitherto

the sacred

of its

Soleiman
It had

favour

unto

heirs (of the

been

and

this text

those

as

who

kingdom).

to

"

weak

Sura

We

in the

xxviii. 4.

to

even

and

for above

him

Mecca.

to

little

so

of

the

crown

carried

was

twenty

from

the

Kaaba

The

which

the

into

bodies

Zemzem.

of

were

at

outrages

Stone,

one

four years.

or

places, that
well

on

withdrew

plunder

to

Hejer, and

its legend ;
are

horrid

ravages

of service
to

host

interfered

now

again

terror

for three

fanatic

Black

the

over

over

and

Rapine

restored

not

returned

and

precious things,and

the

prince

scandal
had

sacred

of

promise

Quarter,and

land

up

followers

his

affrighted inhabitants

eastern

their

ment
govern-

generals,and

The

the

renew

into

the

waving

over

best

beyond.

was

to

cast

The

the

unhappy

Hejer, and

to

by

to

sacrilegedespoiled of
off

his

Bussorah.

as

divine

back

and

stormed,

demand

to

pursued

was

city was

banner^

beat

to

defeat,
sufifering

; but

7000

The

white

led

fate of the

plundered,slain,

treatment

Irac.

his

river

the

to

the

Arabia

like

Capital itself.

the

the

insolence

them

the

across

At

to

and

Caliph's armies

thus

the

treated

companies

of

Kufa

they

again

being refused, spread

on

retired

whom

were

; thousands

caravan

the

Mesopotamia

fled

before

and

till the

not

was

captives

successive

to

then

had

of

the

caravans

days subjected

six

over

Pilgrim

One

close

It

rapine.
of

attack

captive.

scattered

and

City
it the

made

days

seventeen

multitudes

cruelty as

unfortunate

that

Bagdad, that the Carmats

The

savage

brutal

and

Kufa

from

taken

or

stormed.

of troops

of

object

and

blood,

slaves.

as

for

Bussorah.

sacked

and

surprised

fire,and

witli

laden

he

after

night,

grimageof

stormed

thereupon

years

caravans,

317

induced

was

[CiiAr.i.xxi.

OUTRAGES

II.

Attack
and

CARMATiriAN

the

years.

West

Carmats,

to

which

against the Caliphate.

we

(the Most

land, and

hear

little

High)

desire

make

them

more

to

show

leaders

of
Our
and

Chap.

THE

Lxxi.J

him.

FA

But the Carmats

they again

TIM

$6$-

IDES

still survived.

attacked

the

Some

years

wards
after-

Pilgrims,and

plundered
they fell into dissensions; but they 325
must
retained
of Syria,for in 360
a strong hold
long have
find them joiningin a leaguewith the Caliph to
A.H. we
oust
the Fatimides from that province; and the Fatimides
were
obligedto appease them by a yearlytribute. Some
fifteen or twenty years later they are again mentioned
in
connection
with the strugglesthat were
prolonged for
in Asia
Minor
and
many
years
Egypt ; and, strangely
who
ruled in Multan
Carmat
a
enough, it was
when, in
396 A.H., it was taken by Mahmud.
Kufa.

After

this

It will be convenient
the
of

Ismailites from

Egypt.

spread

in

new

Southern

Sanaa.

This

claimed

envoy

to

the

success

to

notice

to

which

the

sprang
transcendental

Arabia,

that their leader

power

who

The

here

and

gained

induced

its votaries

of Originof

dynasty [^^I^^Jj
widelyasty,

was

in
grew
and
possessionof Yemen

one,

shores

branch

Fatimide

doctrine

be the descendant
Northern

another

a.m.

of

Abdallah.

There, following
up the
this emissary played a
missionaries,

so

Mohammed
of

Alhabib,

Ismail,to

Africa

named

send

an

Abu

of

previous
unexampled
and
romantic
found
He
the Berbers
success.
so
ready
for the call,
that he drew vast crowds
after him, by their
help defeated the Aghlab dynasty,and after much fighting
gained possessionof their Capital and kingdom. He
preached the impending advent of the Mehdy, and to
the expectation so raised summoned
meet
Obeidallah,
son

of his deceased

of this

Mehdy

master

Mohammed.

canvass

role of

The

adventures

in his

flight
through Egypt, and wanderings
merchant
with a caravan
form
as
a
to Tripoli,
quite a
of themselves.
the
romance
Suspected by
Aghlabites,
he was
tillreleased by
into prison,
and so remained
cast
the victorious Abu
Abdallah, who for a time professedto
be in doubt whether
Obeidallah
the veritable Mehdy
were
At last,however, he placed him on the Throne, 297
or
not.
^"^
and
himself
reaped the not unfrequent fruit of disinterested labours in the foundingof a dynasty ; for he
assassinated by command
of the Monarch
who
owed
was

a.h.
'^"'''

^66
I'.uimitk-

to

his

liim

but

throne

'b'l'^^'y- intluence.

had

became

Prophet's daughter Fatima,

of

which

kingdom

held
of

districts
306-9A.H.

358

A.ll.

969

A.D.

the

the

Fatimide

the

dominions

bordering

Caliphate

Caliph
tofore
here-

the

nearer

Mediter-

the

on

the

from

Aghlabite dynasty, and

the

by

both

embraced

his

ful,
Faith-

of the

allegeddescent

of his

in virtue

Mohammed,

LXXI.

of

jealous

become

now

Commander
title,

the

Assuming

[C HAI'.

AND

DRUSES

to
gain Egypt
repeated attempts
Muctadir's
mander
comwas
also, but
repulsed by Munis,
both
Some
there.
later, however,
fiftyyears
were
Egypt
conquered by his followers,
Syria and

He

ranean.

the

and

made

caliphate. A
and

Bagdad

firm

of

literaryduel

then

opened

Aly

and

dynasty rested.
its

after

which

the

The

heated

debate

times, the

modern

Egyptian

the

long
still

balance

the

in

in

Renewed

ceased.

question hangs

from

descent

maintained

was

had

politicalmoment

Fostat

between

of

claims

on

Fatima,

the

Obeidallah's

purity of

the

on

Anti-

Fatimide

laid

foundations

unsolved.
When

Druses,

Fatimide

the

circa
400

1009

A.H.
A.D

Ismailite

faith

the

away,

Egypt by Saladin, who

from

banished

was

passed

had

dynasty

branch
profession. Another
of the superstition,
however, still curiouslysurvives, that
This
established,
strange sect was
namely of the Druses.
in his

strictlyorthodox

was

"

early in
whom

Fifth century,

the
the

Druses

were

the

Deity.

of

retired

they

for

they still look

impious Fatimide, Hakim,

carnation
encouraged to worship as an inby

the

his

by

Egypt

divine

Caliph, the

their

of

return

cessor,
suc-

where

heights of Lebanon,

the

to

the

from

Driven

Hakim.
About

Assassins.

the

established

was

title of

the

of the
^

East,

Hashishin,

and

They

pronounced Assissin,

both

in character

derivation,namely,

were

for the

for

earned

long the

terror

fanatical ends

the

drug

commonly
that

name

Hashish

of the East
of

or

to

Assassin.
thus

they

which

also

as

use

hired

Curiously
from

arose
were

princes

unenviable

an

for the treacherous

their sect, and

the

check

in

themselves

the

to

under

fanatic, which,

Persian

Assassins,^ long held

enough, they answered

another

by

faith

the

of

offset

another

time

same

quite

addicted.

of the

dagger,

assassins.

The

Lxxi.]

Chap.

fame

in

the

the

of

now

of

days

invasion

and

567

ASSASSJNS

the

the

retired

They

but

Mongols,

inoffensive

an

Crusaders.
still
the

in

sect

survive

on

small

and

Lebanon

elsewhere.

Assassins
this

day

sect

century

also

of

(Hashshisln)

they

are

exist

they

to

in
have

be

Persia,
become

Syria

found

in
and

have
the

even

inoffensive.

entirely

never

Lebanon.
in

disappeared.

Some
Zanzibar

Eiu.

Britt.

Even

representatives
but

since

vol.

xvi.

the

p.

594.

of
thirteenth

at

the

LXXII

CHAPTER

MUCTADIR,

CAIIIR,

A.II.

295-329

We

Renewed

return

the

to

of

story

RADIIY

AND

A.D.

907-940

tlie

Caliphate,

decadence

The

of the

Caliphate.

its

stand

downward

remains

of

there

the

remainder

will

Muktafy,

being

Muctadir,
A.

907

A.D.

being

be

had

intrigue

the

attractive

shame.

and

instructive,

or

told.

briefly

confined

months

several

for

Caliph

minor,

of

years
"

Mighty

hands
His
II.

the

his

of

five-and-twenty

Viziers,

rising

one

of

the

the

on

Few

murdered

by conspirators
the

by

his

throne.

in

There

Moslems

the
had

But

and

part

on

City,
been

is

fall, or

was

war

the

Greeks

the

side

the

and

now

in

of

on

Muctadir,

misnomer

the

assassination,

the

first

his

followers

for

some

the

in

Vizier
of

son

Moslems,

of
of
was

Mutazz

stood

obtaining

no

slain.
years

with

the

record

constant

the

for

favourites.

their

Pretender,

Asia,

568

of

commander-in-chief,

Munis,

with

the

placed

who

of

the

thirteen

voluptuary,

before

elapsed

boyish Sovereign

support

most

weeks

sad

and

Court,

of

but

title

weak

years' reign

another.

upon

but

The

Mutazz,

subservience

the

Lord,"

the

was

of

of

son

Though

assumed

boy

he

women

cessor.
suc-

whom

brother

minor

thorough

more

help

manhood

and

his

to

as

bed,
sick-

his

to

busy

his

appointment.

this
the

by

in

even

favoured,

for

age,

time

some

lay between

himself

carried

for

been

choice

Vizier, hoping

A.

either

nothing

ungrateful

and

cruelty,

misfortune,

stay

There

end.

an

weary

to

II.

The

296

to

reigns

three

came

tell, but

weakness,

And

last

at

to

now

last

the

during

progress
little

history

295

made

heavy
of

the

between
loss
whom

for

the

great

907-940]

A.D.

numbers

and
with

began

the

so

"

the

be

to

of

sent

ambassadors

two
.

the

and

Moslem

received

deputed
of

to

120,000

All

this

people,

golden pieces for

the

only

and

at

similar

teeth

that

he

cared

days

and

to

for

of

in

these

of

in

it in the

subjected
courtiers

to

of

conspirators found
and

by Munis,

his

wretched

that

they

again placed

was

between

became

and

traditional

are

so

"

colours
there

is

move

as

the wind

fancyin the

his retinue fell from

into every

kind

of

bad

in

kept

scene

gold,and

ances,
fin-

into

and

city guards

with.
arose

driven

rest

Munis,

from

thwarted

of the

reception,

gold,gorgeous carpets,thousands
The
lous
descriptionalso of a marvel-

blows, while the

birds

that

in

' '

The

pp.

grandeur and
35-45.

excess.

leaves

pipe and sing."

proportionas the
See

li.

318

worsted,

of various
Of

course

Ruler

virtue into depravityand vice,the surroundings would

of wanton

so

confiscation

grandeur

birds of silver.

tale,but it also shows

Jounial, January 1897,

the

safety

The

latter

that

to

curtains of

eunuchs, pages, elephants,lions,etc.

branches

the

Disorders

lives,the

demands,

the

of tlie marvellous

accounts

of its surrounding;
fairy-tales

tree, with

rival

infantry ;

of

outbreak

the

pay

forced

Throne.

this

massacred, and

them

City. Things
There

and

to

time

leading '^'^'^^'^^

The
was

been

after

prayers.

supported by

the

upon

their

by

cavalry

of

most

of

the

had

in the

as

but, after

not

were

left

was

quarrel, stimulated

the

he

that, spite of ruthless

state

Cahir

Muctadir, who

so

resumption, nothing

were

loss of thousands

always straitened, fell

was

his

Uttering

second

deposition.

brother

plunder, and

rioting and

troops

of

indignity

in favour

Caliph's

musicians.

having conspired against him,

abdicate
of

the

Asia

things,but, instead

later, Muctadir

years

a.h.

The

City.

at the Imam,
reproaches,they threw stones
the Caliph in the Public
Friday service he named

twelve

sum

prestige of Islam, passed

and
slave-girls

305

9I7a.d.

captives.

such

Some

"Infidels"

the

was

him

the

the

in Persia, cast

none

the

restore

nights with

of

success

losses

freedom

armistice,

Munis

with

carried

disorder

the

to

the

at

angry

seeking

restored.^

peace
and

added

^^"ght

was

pacify the border,

Minor

of

and

with

Greeks,

lor who

embassy

graciously

War

arranging

The

prisoners.

'_

Bagdad

to

295-

329

hordes

armistice,

an

securing

Byzantine frontier,A.H.

by Bulgarian

01

ransom

threatened

Zoe

View

The

prisoners.

Empress
.

the

taken

were

however,

569

MUCTADIR

Asiatic

and
rise

Societys

a.h.

A.H.

295-

by

^^"21^"i^J
Mucuuiii's

,20

Vizier of the

the

with

last

Muctadir

at

answered

the

in all attempts

day

followers

his

took

his

up

Munis

invited

call.

[Chaim.xxii.

DEATH

MUCTADIR'S

570

But

residence

to

Bagdad,

to

near

the

dreaded

his

change

friend,to

go

forth

with

from

issued

Muctadir

city gate.
The
long reign

^^^ Empire
tion'^onhe

Muctadir.

and

Caliph'sfaithful supporter,
of

instead
his

secondary

his

of

palace,and

this

moment

ebb.

though

so,

there

East

the

Caliphate,even

the

tool of

mere

time

and

ever

were

abjectand

and

no

also
a

even

they

Carmathians

court,

of

into

out

dethroned,

wonder

whom

that

had

their

Bagdad, Muctadir,

venal

officers

loyal Officer

the

Thus,

rebellion.

had

last slain

the

for

called

his

prestige which

the

regained

of

tempting prize for attack from

people

The

abroad.

longer

the

vigorous populationthat might defend, and

themselves.
Contending in wild
govern,

at

demoralised.

were

could

the

over

Hanbalites

Tabari,

redden

Bagdad

the

streets

interpretationof

risingin tumult

denounce

him

as

over

was

with
a

no

blood,

as

text, and
the

remains

heretic,and

refuse

mediate
im-

home,

at

contempt

his

the

that

lost,and

was

most

descent,

strange

at

the

at

was

for

and
he

again the object

became

other

twice

predecessors
Throne

could

Greeks

the

In

and

breaking

anon

support, it is

line,

Hamadan

terrible

down.

put

and

reduced,

opposing

lost,and

virtuallyclaimed

who

depraved

by Turkish

part

the

of

were

was

foreignguards, which, commanded

of

mercy

brought

losses

Africa

so,

home, the

nearer

for the

been

had

by those

; and

independence

had

Caliph

External

even

the

in
Yet
pleasure on the helplessborder.
still was
kept up a formal recognition of

at

the

now

And

slain outside

was

miserable

lowest

the

to

raids

make

of

his

as

guards against him.

Egypt nearly. Mosul, under chiefs of

had
thrown
off its dependence, and

in

him

welcoming

to

Prophet's mantle, girt about with the sword

Ficar, and holding the Royal sceptre, the wretched

Dzul

Caliphate

mind,

drew

he

the

in

clad

Wretched

of the

return

loyally

favourites, who

his

persuaded by

was

who

Caliph, as

A.H.

Mosul.

at

return,

foolish

the

reform, retired,

at

centre

times

factions,

they fought
with

now,

of

the

his

the

great

remains

RADII

57-

A. II. 295-

about

led

seen

and

wretched

sandals;

wooden

mendicant

sad

"

The

Kadhy,

years'reign of Radhy

seven

but

followed, was
his

piety,he became

of

the

the

tool of the

mere

day.

It would

be

of his

Court,

the

or

provinces still remaining

the

hands

After

in

and

had

another
of

hands

the

with

raise their

to

his aid

horde.

in

Bajkam,

But

The

authority of

the

and

intermittent

after

revolt

two

Cruelties

all

his

his

^f

Deilem, with

Vizier

had

his

A.H.

called

his

to
A.H.

intriguing,his
him

supplant

tions
machina-

tongue

and

attacked

year

City
in

his

hand

off; and

cut

the

gained advantage

army,

"

"

for

seized

hurry back,
before.
now

owed

these
the

and

the

Caliph

his

leave
was

defence

the

drafted

now

the

at

This

at

his

head
into

to

of

the

his

disappeared
the plenitude
next

Mosul,
absence
of
the

and
Ibn

body of
Caliph's

obliged Bajkam

independent

Hamadanites

only

from

train,he

his

in

in

to

rose

in

But

hiding

were

Raic

prince

him.

over

Ibn

died

designed

Raic

hastening

Bajkam

Capital.

Indeed, it
the

force.

Hamadanite

Raic, emerging from

Carmats,

Bajkam,

in

he

Ibn

Bajkam,

room

Taking

power.

of

which

on

the

hiding;
of

A.H.

One

credible.

out, whereof

cut

jealous

entered

camp,

into

328

Turkish

'

still

prison. Becoming

327

enable

Raic

intolerable.

hardly

joined
con-

began

became
are

so

who

Umra,

326

held

To

intrigues and

perpetrated

^^^j^^|^g|^j ^l^g ^^^^

fell into

was

the

years

City.

enemies,

name

around, Ibn

from

band

the

disgrace,Radhy
that

the
into

ruler,Ibn Raic, who

cruel

trigues
in-

Capital fell

precincts of

the

in

chief

of this wretched

Bajkam,

The

of government

heads

for

ul Omra

Caliph'sin the publicprayers.

with the provincialgovernors,

the

to

the

imprisoned by

absconded

reins

combat

to

been

able but

an

absolutelythe
him

had

Ameer

uncertain

an

hardly beyond

Vizier

one

around

professedservants.

extended

way,

Praised

unprofitableto detail the

even
treachery by which

few

of his

of Muctadir, who

son

of misfortune.

succession

Caliph, indeed, excepting

Ameer

God," and

of

grace

type of the fallen Caliphate.

meet

ul

the

by

"

his

to

lxxii.

beggar's dress
high-sounding

in

contrast

title,CdJiir billaJii^Victorious

^" Vi,"

[Chap,

them

that

northern

the

to
as

Caliphate

border,

which

!)07-fl40]

A.P.

otherwise
Ibn

OUTBURSTS

would

Raic,

have

the

on

been

receiving pardon,

and

Northern

of

the

Ikhshidite

Bagdad

the

to

the

tendered

of

governor

of

Like

inroad.

295-

A.H.

submission,
of

he

had

to

tend
con-

founder

and

Egypt

this

ruled

Syria

others, appointed from

Egypt,

and

independent sovereign,

of Grecian

for these

But

dynasty.

charge

mercy

573

given the government

was

Toghej,

the

Bajkam,

Mesopotamia.

Ibn

BAGDAD

329

of

approach

and

with

at

IN

Ikhshidite

Syp^t^^
"^

officer had

set

there, himself

as

up

his 321-50

and

A.H

for

successors,

Ibn
and

Raic

new

the

"

Turkish

in

Bagdad.

in

the

rulers

the

on

service, the

their

Ears,

of

Caliphate,they passed

the

threatened

even

took

now

progress,

gaining advantage
of the

absence

threatened

time,

to

during

outburst

of

had

this

the

ernors
govand

the

fanaticism

and

327-8

a.h.

in his

Buyides

reign,we

at

point of

captains,who

so

of

hurry back

to

their conquests

consolidate

Regarding Bagdad
heated

And

Bagdad.

of

the

such

Ispahan

on

934

A.n.

Alyide

outlying

was

of his

one

the

possession

to

?22'a

the

on

Bajkam, alarmed
he

them, when

over

of

last from

the

field,and

the

now

and

on

Wasit.

treachery of

because

of the

with

coming

Shiraz, and

left for

conflict

in

There

Buyeh,

leader

took

Rise of the

adventurers

and

westward,

arms

be

to

of

and

at

other

East,

was

side,and

Freed

like

tempted

in the

sons

Samanides

shore.

Caspian

were

one

the

Ikhshidite,

years

Deilem,

on

between

sons,

turned

their

hill-countryof

wars

few

Buyides

now

the

appeared

in

The

horde, engaged

other, in the

day,

which

ing
fight-

some

north.

in the

meanwhile

"

with

terms

to

come

had

house,

Buyide

prince

to

After

century.^

his command

enemy

supreme
a

able

was

retained

so

of

quarter

were

all around.

chieflytold

are

intolerance

that

Fanaticism
p

ijaguad.

Hanbalites, supported by popular

still prevailed. The

things with

carried

private dwellings,they

into
strict

conformity

the

kind
'

with

details
of

IkJishid

service under

in

of trade

the

and

title of the

Motassim,

and

was

their

Eorcing

way

overthrew

pieces musical

inquisition. Thus
was

hand.

everything not in
tenets, emptied vessels of wine

their

found, broke

wherever
into

high

timent,
sen-

commerce,
a

instruments, pried
and

set

professor of

princesof Ferghana,
grandfatherof Ibn

one

Toghej.

the
of

in fact

up

Shie-ite
whom

took

creed, for holding transmigration,was

A. II. 29o-

alive.

burned
all)'

for

affirming

that

he

?f "j'lcommonly
940

the

A. 1).

divines

and

counsel

largess

the

among

severity of

cruel

of successions

Africa

And

and

and

Radhy
been

Decay

Radhy

"

to

his

of

are

high

order.

Kufa,

mosque

of all

of

danger

ever

since

or

the
to

State, and,

of

apt

so

seen,

material

transfer
disturb
in

his

was

by

point

of

here

gone

and

in revolt.

little!

poetry

Weil

has
and

writes,

greatness, and

and

;
"

sentiments

indeed

his

own

illustration."
no

longer

court

its factious

either

source

Gradually decaying
to

Bagdad,

outbreaks

fact,is seldom

potamia
Meso-

sentiment

below

support.

of the

was

whose

human

Successor,
an

little left

religiousfeeling,and

deep

things

for

by Carmats

them,"

"In

of

taken

Wasit

in

semblance

there, how

both

of
instability

have

we

as

to

and

was

sanctioning

Syria

and

the

appearance,

held

Caliphs

remains,

tale of

the

the

The

surroundings, offer

power

Capital;

last of

of the

sense

of which

the

this,he

East

; Arabia

Bussorah

gives expression

the transitoriness

of

all

the

of

take

or

temper

Great

The

sophers
philo-

to

empty,
in

less.

even

even

the

the

was

preserved.

"

of

but

there

cadence,

Kufa.

but

; and

independent

chieftains ;

was

Radhy's

"

the

at

the

at

distribute

to

outward

also,with great part

Mosul

native

What

abroad,

Egypt

"

executive

day,

"

home.

at

"

be

"

Courtly ceremonial, he might still be

Caliph. But beyond the shadow, there was

the

'^-'

the

in

certain

To

is

Caliphs;
with

last

yet, with

might

He

orations

the

the

weekly presidency
it

real

interpose

or

of another.

formal, though

in the

State

And

officers.

the

in

"

of

mob.

discuss
of

no

fly Bagdad

to

angry

the

to

of

notwithstanding

deliver

to

questions

needy,

dependant

mere

indeed,

P"^

affairs

the

on

Coran,

assemblies
the

handled

thirty three.

last of

the

tells us,

service, hold

Friday

the

of

age

as

Annalist

last,our

the

of

spoken

the

and,

pieces by

the

at

of

eventii-

badly

was

recantation, had

in

torn

died

Radhy

also

readings

written

and

impaled

doctor

themselves

in

be

should

famous
various

some

submitted

lest he
of

moment

apparent

Death

[riiAP.i.xxn.

RADirV

574

mentioned

it had

the

lost

affairs
now.

CHAPTER

LXXIII

MUTTAKY

death

ul

Ameer
in

engaged

chieftain,who

of

since

that

Bajkam,

Secretary, who

the

first

whose

and
honour

routed

where

he

party,

and

Kurds.

marauding
of
the

Turks, and
and

Wasit

Fresh

disturbances

ruling

for

so

the

a
a

intolerable

few
Deilem
that

going

breaking
weeks

Kurtekin,

assumed

His

Raic, then

Caliph's call,hastened

as

he

fly,and

chief.
Ibn

out,

to

to

the

575

his

rank.

hunting

band

was

governor

ul

him

Omra.

obliged

after

succeeded

by

however,
of

Capital,and
But

of Death of
the ^"'^J''^^'"-

fell out

enabled

Ameer
was

of

Wasit,

to

troops

tyranny,

control.

supreme

of

dress

of

Baridy,

Bagdad

enter

and

on

Deilem
to

over

who

vacant

Capital became

The

anarchy.

choice

days

hands

wretched

Alyite

Muttaky,

out

the

at

of

returning

went

his

Bagdad
The

banner

Radhy's

well

as

some

before

death

of

to

confirmation

court,

The

renewed

retake

Kurtekin,

his

his

met

send

but

Caliphate

successor.

been

needless

held

ruler

threatening
the

men

^^^^"jj"

Persian

Vizier, but,

even

had

chief

it had
to

Baridy,

now

now

despatching

elect

to

was

Bajkam,

to

Bajkam

act

of

Radhy's Muttaky,

independent

as

Caliph's brother

office after

of

receiving tidings

assembled

deceased

the

was

office

moment

on

descent,

the

on

assumed

to

and

with

of Abbasside

with

up

himself

death, contented

scene

himself

little

such

Of

become,

fell

set

time

against Baridy,
the

already

A.D.

the

at

was

held

adjacent province,

an

Medain.

as

Omra,

campaign

had

like others, had

941-946

A.H.

329-334

Bajkam,

MUSTAKFY

AND

was

Syria, at
expelling

Baridy

had

576
829-

A.ll.

Kiios

j3o

which

lo

Muttaky
him

restore

selfish ; and

to

the

so,

regarding

And

thus

year,

the

it

to

came

after

and

home
sho"rrule
at

Bagdad, victories
to

their

rule

with

Caliph in

foreign mercenaries, rank

for

long

Arabian

chiefs ; and

Tuzun,

^^\t'!!' in
943

against

own

less than

A.D.

to

Mosul

for

was

during
Muttaky

Caliph

the

Hamadan

'"

Rkca!^enabled
944
^^

'

him

and

Tuzun

prince

for

residence
had

so

at

tend
con-

The

for

respect

Arab

soldiery,
their

hold
And

had

to

so

return

"

fled

been

the

in

Bagdad
fresh

to

broke

proceedings

which

out

him

to

triumph,

quit the Capital;

again

help. Troops

to

and

placed

appeal

to

in response

sent

Mosul

being

and

thence

to

between

restored

took

up

his

fugitivein the city which

wretched

Tuzun,^ having

chiefs, Muttaky

Hamadan

Ricca,

often

to

forces.

But

obliged

; he

escape

the

thing

leaders, had

and

Turkish

Omra.

conspiracy

and

'

able

nowhere

entered

obliged Tuzun

danger,
to

their

chieftains

Shortly after, peace

Nizibin.

AD-

in

ul

Ameer

absence

the

splendid

as

general called

Bussorah,

at

enemy

his

train,

there.

field,the

Hamadan

his

'

Turkish

saluted

against his

the

ud

different

well

as

aside, could

cast

well-organised

year,
-'

Baridy

beaten
and

the

in the

Nasir

at

dominated

file

the

were

longer

subservience

even

and

discountenanced

it

no

that

and

off

cast

years

chiefs

brethren, and

elements

of

it in state.

Hamadan

were

ment
govern-

close

the

the

the

they

Bagdad.

with

Arabs

wild

the

Syrian

title of

Arab

Bagdad.

at

purely

were

towards

before

Greeks, they found

the

over

to

the

powerful

amongst

his

to

campaign

in their way,

as

Barid\',entered

driving out

him

by

chief, with

Bagdad

on

however

But

Hamadan

that

pass

Hamadanite

Dowla, advanced

Raic

on

there

ends

their ambition

turned

their own,

to

Ibn

their

having added

him, and

assassinated

But

flywith

to

organised

Capital.

Bagdad,

welcomed

handsomely

was

I.XXTIT.

chainingover

and

attacked

again

princes, who

Hamadan

the

of Wasit,

i)ersuaded the Caliph

Raic

Ibn

Mosul.

A.ii.

mercenaries

Turkish

the

'

repossessed himself

meanwhile

'

"

[r MAT.

MUTTAKY

proud

of

Court

his

illustrious

ancestors.

There, under

the

surveillance
^

By Weil,

Turun.

of

Hamadan

prince,

941-G]

A.D.

DEPOSED

AND

BLINDED

Muttaky,

who

from

Capital,bethought

his

former

had

of

governor

to, the

splendid presents
with

beware

to

him
of

princeshad
than

both,
hands

of

all,he

had

his

day,
his

as

the

at

Hamadan

asylum,

an

title to the

tested
con-

Muttaky, distrusting
Deposed

so

with

about

with

vultures

them.

The

tribute due

For

beginning
their prey,

over

in his train, marched

the

withheld, and

Capital as

Caliph'sMustakfy.

Mustakfy,

columns

Buyide

Caliph

the

discomfited

title of

the

from

Wasit

to

out

Mosul

died, and

succeeded

was

generals. Bagdad

distress.

the

markets, and

the

Abu

by

fell into

now

Supplies stayed by

longer reached

'

enemies

334

Jafar,one

fearful

state

all round

no

reduced

people were

of

to

Pillageand rapine rife,

the mob
driven
were
by starvation to plunder the shops
fled the city for
of their remaining stores.
Multitudes
from want
l^ussorah
or
elsewhere, dying in great numbers
Abu
and
weakness
Jafar at last, finding
by the way.
dogs

eat

himself
ud
to

and

unable

Dowla
vacate

ITamadanite
hand
with

cats

with
the
37

to

in

and

control

the

were

Russians

Ikhshidites

affairs,
besought

his favour
arms

offal.

even

Mosul

from

a.h.

Tuzun, again carrying

treasury in straits,

against the Hamadanites

Caliph with him, marched
Soon
but, friendlyrelations re-established,he returned.
of his

333

being

the

after,Tuzun

a-"-

^^'^

Caliphate,and

blinded

the

333

Spite of

service.

the

fj"j,^jgj

the

oaths

sacred

most

from

installed

Tuzun

the

the

faithful

him

in

if
offering,

even

the
at

in

supreme
the

by

time

same

the

nor

gain

to

and

true

The
sufficetJi.

hover

Tuzun,

he

with

swore

successor,

the Lord
to

who

after

same

ivhom

and

neither

deposed
sightdestroyed.

brother

him

Egypt, warning

render

soon

The

its ruler.

object in offeringthe Caliph

Tuzun,

329-

^^

Ikhshidite, his

himself, the warning notwithstanding,into

that he would

now

to

But

refugee A.H.

Appealed Visited
the Caliph, and
offeringdiie.
homage, besought him to

humble

Tuzun.

the

of

now

by possessionof his person

province of Syria. And
threw

it

with

to

other

him

hastened

months

many

Egypt, and

Ikhshidite

return

been

now

577

the

would

he

engaged

Azerbijan,and
then

come,

But

command.

moment

Syria. Just

aid of Nasir

on

the

on

the

the
one

other

governor

of

a-"-

578
Wasit

A. II. 3-2P334.

surrendered

and

that

citadel

marched

joining him

the

Huyide

[C IIAP.

MUSTAKFY

City. Abu

to the chief of the

I^agdad.

on

Jafar and

I'crror

the

Buyides,
in

reigned

fled into

Caliph

I,.\XUI.

hiding; but

Sultan

relieved

assumes

rule of

of

the

approaching

conqueror

off to

both

Hagdad,
Rabi

ii.,

334

A.

945

A.D.

11.

Turkish

Mosul,

with

the

of peace.

Dowla

He

expressed himself ready

also

he

could

of

Mosul

he

It
as

might

At

cause.

at

if meant

blinded,

A. L).

chief

city,as
feast.

the

Sultan, having
from

embassy
himself
two

the

Three

by

weeks

the

his

Deilemite

Caliph'shand, who
hold, and

dragged

him

fate

of dethroned

now

survived

in

been

Caliph

and

the

walls
out

by

darkness)

the

his

offence

The

organised

have

been

an

tainment
enter-

at

Turks

still

in

remaining

Caliph'scause.
with

unconcerned

as

without

warning,

the

reception of

for

the

the

to

over

Caliph's palace,
in

forward

when
an

seated

waiting. Suddenly
offered

and

turban

Sultan's

his

round

palace

deprived

was
a

Caliph's palace
had

may

to

shake

year.

was

The

of

tyrant

had

the

hateful

and

the

(common
Cahir
He

sight.

City

plundered

neck, they

where

Caliphs,for Muttaky
he

from

return

ing
it,suspecting nothing. Catch-

gave

for little over

remained.

v/ho

it to

feared

Dowla

and

his retinue

throwing

as

to

at

chiefs rushed

recited

Caliph'sharem

arranged

side, with

now

fact he gave

In
ud

the

to

of the

followed

East

Sultan,

Caliph tendered,

There

himself

excused

ud

lady

gain them

to

the

Jumad ii.,
A. II.

the

the

and

title of

new

Muizz

took

Sultan

of the Deilemites

vain

thus, Mui/.z

coinage,and

invite.

the

surrounding

of the Turks, whose

time

terms

embrace

to

the

prayers.

all in vain.

any

Secretary

abject submission
to Mustakfy's,was

the Public

anyrate, the

in

the

the

upon

leaders

Mustakfy

all

The

addition

the

Mustakfy
deposed

334

in

was

given by

946

in

creature

under

an

"

stamped

sovereign

Caliph

else ?

name,

in all round.
the

received,

make

to

Invited

command.

he

his command

that

and

him

title to

overrun.

supreme

Sultan, whose
by

had

before

on

his

Bagdad,

the

how

sent

confirm

and

entered

as

"

marched

Caliph then

Buyidc

which

assumed

The

reappeared.

the

escape

and

city

chief

Conqueror,
districts

the

evacuated

to

the
expressions of satisfaction,

outward

whom

garrison, which

rose

in

till but

had

tumult,

the

lady's tongue

entertainment.

still

bare
cut

I
CHAPTER

The

Buyide

LXXIV

Dynasty.

Cadh^,

334-447
A.H.

Caliphs

and

Caim

Mutie,

946-1055

A.n.

334-447

Buyide

The

a.d.

The

Buyides had every advantage on their

trained
along by a brave Deilemite following,
shore

east

of the

in the

Caspian

the

Alyite dynasty and

they spread rapidlyover
and

at

last,

as

we

and

them

of

Hamadan

Buyides maintained
But

and

by

troops

well

the

on

Caspian

populace

of

faith.

The

ending

in outbursts

City

thus

was

eventually paved

of the

Seljuk

The

material

were

fightingat

often
a

east

races,

of

dad,
Bag-

triumph

the

likely to

oppose

Mosul,

which

without

check.

And

Bagdad

were

over

the

so

hundred

one

by family quarrels,
the Deilcm

For

race.

imbibed

had
the

those
rulers

Alyite

trines
docunder

soldiery,as well

devoted

continuallyrent
between

fall of the

the

to

by

the

as

Orthodox
dissensions

two

Buyides

factions,
and

entry

conquerors.

Buyide reign was

they

all

at

the Turkish

the

between

the rivalries of Turkish

in

from

of violence

which

in

of the

shore

Bagdad,

entered

weakened

was

; while

they served

the

held

their Masters

as

the

of

their hold of

their rule

the south-

on

soldiery,misrule, anarchy,

the Shie-ite tendencies

as

whom

the

be

to

by

house

could
difficulty

years.

it was

only adversary

the

was

much

licence

The

want.

as

seen,

Borne

Samanide

and

provinces

have

distracted
Capitalitself,

captains,wild

the

side.

protractedwarfare

Saffar

the

Taie,

position of the Caliphs throughout

at

its lowest

carried

distance

in

from

ebb.

their
the

the

Abject dependants,
Master's

Capital.

train

So

while

inclined,

A.P.

940-1055]

moreover,
to

the

Shie-ite

alarm

the

for

the

of

scion

but

fear

all around.

world

other

wherever

but

Egypt,
and

hand, claimed

the

on

occasion

one

dominance
spiritual
the

balance

Sunnies.

fame, held always

his

and

splendid

announced

gratefuland

glowing

now

of

the

almost

day

seldom
here.
we

shall

hear

them

The

next

Obedient
Between

Bagdad,

to

him

wretched

neither
new

to

did

the

had

Caliphs,

of

were

Bagdad

in

annalists

our

events
political

the

had

Caliphs

need

mention

no

occasions

which

on

fall.

Mustakfy
gain

He

was

was

while

was

had

shorn

his

were

of

token
set

But

voice
out

the
in

for his

of respect and

up, such

Hosein's

he
his

over

subserviency to

pittance doled

of every

anniversary

'

tributed
con-

blinded.

longer allowed
mere

'

custody that

his

eyesight

by

no

made

Sultan
under

his

much

945-73

entered

Buyides

this occurred, and

When

dignity. Shie-ite observances

the

the

Mutie,

office. 334-63

the

ing
retirement, and, establish-

Caliphate, the
it

or

enmity existed, which

When

his

to

Mutie

Court, by his sinister influence

new

; and

support, the office

on

the

aspired

bitter

hiding.

nominating the Vizier.

mourning

eastern

empire

the

few

long

Mustakfy

the

Mutie

Rulers.

of

Muctadir, called

of

son

his cousin's

succeeded

Turcomans

pulpits of
pages

the

excepted,

The

Indian

therefore

which

forth from

came

to

the

and

at

in

only

not

towards

the

The

only

Lord,

retire into

himself

cousin

notice

the

he

Caliphs,on

spoken of.

him
to

faith prevailed,

Mahmud

guidance of which
and

it^

pulpitsof Syria also,

Bagdad. In the East the

the

terms.

of

the

in

from

Caliph,

to

led him

the

concern,

We

Caliphate

Fatimide

entirelyoccupied with

in

any

The

great

victories

accordingly

are

of

Orthodox

friendlyattitude

Position

the

Orthodoxy.

The

.^

in under

varied,but,Persia and Deilem

clearlyfavoured

staunch

were

of

even

11. 334-

rebellion, not

spiritualsupremacy

Shie-ites contested

as

Buyide prince,A.

still recognised throughout

excepting always Spain.

the

of
For

spiritualside,was

Moslem

first

only prevented from

of Aly by
the house

was

safety,and

own

its

he

58

BAGDAD

Dowla, the

Cah'phate a

his

on

ud

AT

faith,that

capital alone,

Bagdad,

RULE

Muizz

was

raising to
the

BUYIDE

as

death,

public
and

re-

(^

5^2
A.II.

nai'"

Mutic

THE

nUYinr.

of

joicingon that
Aly's favour.^

the

On

I'rophct'ssupposed
occasion

one

the various

post upon

[Chai-.i.xmv.

DYNAST)-

they

testimony

in

far

to

went

so

Mosques, sheets inscribed

as

with

male-

abdicates.
r

,..

diction

i,--i-i

of the

favourite
the

and

early Caliphs,and
The

spouse.

occurred

City was exasperated by

down
by the infuriated mob.

from

time

Caliph, who had held

suffered from
paralysis,was

now

favour

of Taie

his

'

office

forced

of whom

by contending factions, Fatimide, Turkish,

next

the

which

fightingamong

coveted
In

Cadir,

the

the

by

A.H.'^

^^'^

991-103

for

designs

in

themselves.

Taie

of

and

After

gaining his property

parties

holding

and

deposed

was

Carma-

into

splitup

was

torn

v/as

into

cast

which

was

Buyide ruler.

place of

"^

view

nothing, Syria

to

Buyide house

eighteen years,

durance, with

hear

thian ; while

office

and

and
personally,

973-91

the

of

one

abdicate

to

of his official life,

we

to

Such

thirty years,

;^^~

fell

insult,

after

and

son.

During the Caliphate of Taie,

Taie,

time

to

the

them,

Ayesha, Mahomet
the

placardstorn

outbursts

of

even

the

Muctadir,

deposed Caliph,his
chosen.

was

the

upon

cousin

from

Banished

Caliphate,he

Cadir, grand-

was

the

Capital

recalled

now

and

A.D,

appointed
was

destined

was

during

office he

his

had

for

hold

to

threatening
broke

the

to

than

more

Caliphate that

the

West

long desired, and

; and

but

for

family upon
kingdom, paralysed by internecine
swallowed
is
in

hardly anything
establishingan
^

Namely,
coming home
at

the

i8th
from

the
and

pool Khum,
Aly, he said,
"

Friend.

"

oppose
discontent
mowla

The

Lord

him."
of

when,

orthodox

arose,

dissensions

death, the

war,

would

doctor

as

Buyide

have

been

Cadir

Of

Turcomans.

that

there

succeeded

he

judge,

Supreme

Ilijj. The received tradition is that on that day,

Farewell
pilgrimage,Mahomet
gatheredhis followers
them
addressed
their various obligations.Referring
on
"Whosoever

had

and

both
signifies

as

his

It

years.

Ghaznie

told, excepting that

be with

Aly

many,

of it in this latter

the

he

Dzul

to
"

of

by hordes

up

score

of

Mahmud

the

in

out

two

which

sense.

will choose

me,

that support

him, and

appointed to command
their
murmuring this was
stop

justbeen
to

"friend

Caliph at Kufa,

loveth

them

"

and

"

master,"'and

Aly himself referred

he

was

to

contendingwith

Aly also for his

forsake them
in Yemen,
said.

the Shie-ites make

the

words

Muavia.

as

that
to

word

The
the

in his

the

most

favour,

94G-1055]

A.D.

while

the

ENTRY

Buyide

Leader,"

"

OF

determine

to

eighty-seven

with

content

was

and

age,

Shie-ite

for

cases

of

years

583

SELJUKS

that

Nackib,
He

sect.

succeeded

was

a.h.

or

334-

died

by

his

day

Caim,

and

^^^~

son.

During

the

in

the

passed
bloodshed

first half

of

Cairn's

unfortunate

Frequently

ruler

though

often

Buyide,

obliged
the

hordes

Armenia.
at

At

variance

with

siri accused

the

then
to

authority,

Public

prayers

having

"

to

the

Capital,

people.

sworn

Buyide,

where

he

few
be

Melik
was

days
true

but

him

Melik

by

the

made

to

his

both

Just

pilgrimage
assuring
his

to

Capital.

The

Caliph

self
him-

On

leave.

only

received

Rahim,

exile.

the

this

the

in

the

Caliph

the

Beg

self,
him-

Caliph,

entry

by

; 447

populace

after, Toghril

not

Rahim,
well

supplant

The

the

geijuks,

to

in

Entry

Basi-

Seljuks

force, and

visit

recited

was

to

give

to

name

; and

to

at

were

subservience

all

averse

were

glad

too

Conqueror's

great

and

views

of

the

intended

heavy

permission

Buyides

only

was

pacific

also

to

was

throes

last

captain

away
of

cover

with

Irac

the

prince,

him

It

Bagdad.

seeking

Buyide

sent

under

begged

and

Turks

also

of

Caliph

the

the

and

Syria

Deilemite

of

with

Beg,

overran

overtures

'

while
Mean-

Capital.

officers

chief

'

kings," being

anti-Caliph.

Egyptian

entered

Mecca,

in

Basisiri

accused

Beg,

was

making

Basisiri, and

Toghril

upon

The

Caliph's entreaty,

the

eye

1031-1075
'

without

Toghril

east,

The

of

his

the

City

of

Vizier

by the

against

rose

an

another.

Vizier

Caliph

the

one

the

the

cast

left

was

King

and

from

fanaticism.

and

while

arose

he

when

moment

violence

at

last

"

from

safety

issuing

City

styled

house

Seljuk

countless

for

fly

to

the

tumult
still embittered

factions

opposing

by religious hate.
; the

without

Capital

the

between

long reign, hardly

into

chiefs

but
the
and

a.h.

CHAPTER

Bagdad

under

TOGHRIL

Bagdad,

^^'^^

447A.il.

arainst
.^

1055

A.D.

Beg

before
lo'"^g

^^^

his wild
.

into

in

was

haste

of the

The

Deilemite

soldiers

Irac, they rallied round

mide
to

in

cause

rout

the

City. So ended
the
Caliphate,and

decay for

of

the

during which

449

A.H.

the

Caliph

city of

his

Turkish

Nisibin

and

Mosul.

the

Caliph with
"

as

hordes,

East

to

45o^A.H. levies,entered
IO5S

him

of

called

Persia, Basisiri,at

Bagdad

and

the

the

Bagdad,

to

rid the

honour, and
But

to

by

met

was

West."

the

enough

campaign

back

Fati-

at

in

year

on

of

the

Alarmed

out

Quitting

strong

besought

set

followingyear, Toghril being

his brother

rested

and

of

Bagdad.

joined

waxed

dresses

and

ment
govern-

for

Returning victorious,he

crowns

of the

Emperor

had

Seljuk forces.
in vain

the

disbanded.

soon

tidings,Toghril, after having

Rahim

misfortune

once

who

populace

Melik
,

it

Buyide rule,a century

Basisiri,who

Syria, and

column

hands

own

of
at

were

his

in

assuming

of the

castinsf

and

Bagdad,

riot

for

excuse

A.D.

leave

to

found, in

troops,

and

prison,

1055-1180

no

he

Seljuks

the

A.H.

447-575

Toshril

LXXV

saluted
in the

by the revolt of
of his

head
the

proclaimed

Syrian

Caliphate

of

A.D.

the

Fatimide

Toghril
to

the

was

ruler
taken

contempt

of

the

rival

robes
were

sent

to

Caliph.
and

the
own

The

right,was
emblems

turban, ancient

Cairo, with

thus

populace, was

forced
of the

in

584

an

hanged.
to

swear

Abbasside

jewels,and

Cairn's formal

Vizier

Grand

The

Egypt.

prisoner, and, exposed

Caim, abjuring his

to

of

of

ox-hide
Even

fealty
phate,
Cali-

royal pulpit,

renunciation

of the

1055-1180] BAGDAD

A.D.

The

and

approached;
honour
of

Bagdad

himself

weak

Arslan,

and

Melik

and
was

the

with

marriage

of

dreamed

the

Sultan

Caliph

of

death

the

hear

we

in

him

showed

the

by

of

the

from

his

the

once

of

Caliph'sinterference
and

refrain

to

Melik

Sultan

retire

was

infant

affairs of

Bussorah
the

shortly after,made

Shah

and

coming
himself, be-

in the
to

in

son,

Caliph
her

him

io75-94

Fati-

with

the

\^^^

the

lady, dissatisfied,retired
the

recog-

daughter

birth

the

at

Muctady,

spiritualjurisdiction

gave
on

Sultan

was

dream

And

Alp

Seljuk conquest.

recovered

throne.

Ispahan.

of

little

after

years

Death

the

again

the

jealous of
state, desired

and

a-h.

restored

But

of

court

common

The

it

Caliphate

range

Sultan

combining
on

fruitless.
the

the

to

But

two

the

again

The

Abbassides.

it 453-5

grandson.

Holy cities,now

acknowledged

grasp,
the

to

the

extending

the

with

honoured

reign

hand

extended

Cairn, but

and

died

his

in

obtained

prolonged Caliphate

by

whose

usurper

the

only

not

of

Caliph, was

new

for

447-

'^'^'

marriage feast.

the

He

succeeded

Shah, during

Arabia,

his

long. A.H.

continued

Sultan

learning.

aimless.

throughout

mide

sued

followed,

and

peace,

throughout

Muctady,
nised

who

spiritualdominion

of commerce,

entry the
He

securitylong unknown,

Cairn, who

of

reign which

the

wide

his

first refused, the

At

last

to

Toghril Beg again

office.

Seljuk monarch,

Arslan's

far and

arts

his

not

was

as

after

year

end, but died shortly after

Alp

of

the

daughter.

in the

to

585

SELJUKS

fell away

reassumed

Cairn

with

his

just

THE

usurpation

of Basisiri

supporters

fled, and

hateful

the

But

dignity.^

UNDER

; but

command

inoperative.
twenty
whether

his

succeeded

Mustazhir

there

years'incumbency
in the

history

father.

stirringtimes

were

fanatical

of the

five-and-

his

During
strife at

home,

yet

;
or

Mustazhir,

"

of 1094-1118
A. D.

startlingCrusade

the
the-

Caliph's
rule

whose

the

century
^

The

is

name

of

A.H., the
robes, etc.,

stillin Cairo.

Towards

Christian
sent

back

arms

The

noticed.

intestine

by

Islam,

were

ever

Syrian lands,

in the

Christians

hardly

weakened

was

interests

of the

broil,cared

the

spread

by Saladin, but

close
all
the

over

of

Seljuk,
little for
the

fifth

Syria.

pulpitis said

to

A
be

5S6
A. 1 1. 147'*'"'"

497

A.ii.

(jjjpt^jpof

MUSTA/.iriR

bootless

attcmj)!

Crusaders,
a

attacked

1099

"a.I),

by

deadly blow

upon

Islam

the
that

SO

consternation

but

few

and

revenge,
the

in the

of

there
Franks.

Dubeisand

this

time

of the
the
side

much

terrible

and

now

the

and

and

Sultan

to

Caliph

with

Caliph

that

But

the

all.

was

led

was

of the

the

afterwards

rebel

and

12,000

make
men,

him

and

Turkish

to

flight.

dash

and

upon

the

Sultan

After

the

now

interest

in

raid

of

Prefect

young

Zenky,

Dubeis,

in their
a

; in the

Maziad

the

but

famous

Buranky,

Crusaders

the

by

Beni

of

in Irac

Risings

according to

incited

startled

are

Crusaders.

the other

Caliph

put

field.

Aksonker
of

we

in

war

preceding Caliph,once

in the

One

foe
on

the

of

were

Bussorah, he joined the

to

the

the

hear.

to

ears

of

itself;and

to

son

rife.

Sultan

Irac ; when

them

against

war

service.

day, joined a rebel brother

Aleppo,
A.H.

joined

time, engaged by intestine

unscrupulous general Dubeis,

attacked

519

this

at

at

^'jj interest

A.H.

the

down

were

hereafter

518

and

pulpit

seeking independence

upon

and

Bagdad,

throne

East, left Bagdad

of the

faith.

the

shouted

Scljuks

one

Fatimide

Caliph had

nor

Holy

this cry, stormed

more

on

the

for

with

occupied

little for the

to

out

mission

insurgents,with

by finding Mustarshid,

A.H.

cried

hands

went.

The

^j^J^g the

jg

broke

mosque,

refuge

Sultan

the

Fridays

army

Mustar-

neither

pieces,and

No

for

populace,

But

two

Great

exiles,driven

kindling

infidel

were

by

was

the

Prophet'sheavenly

cared

moreover

A.ll.,

by

elsewhere, the

success

cut

492

land

from

of the

scene

was

and

sad story,

the

recover

it then

force

of its inhabitants.

provinces,which

as

the

by

to

the

eastern

dominated

Crowds

in

and

troubles,and

own

Land,

For

Omar,

whatever

flight. But
their

men

300,000

year

the

throughout

proclaiming

rousing
of

Mosque

failed

about

went

the

the

In

cruel treatment

capture of Jerusalem, and

Preachers

but

escaped.

spread

was

an

i.xxv.

eircuit,and

eastern

Tokat, scattered

to

near

enemy

with

by Raimond,

Bagdad

by

Jerusaiom, x.o pieces,

made

even

fall upon

to

inflict

so

was

[('mai'.

MUSTARSIIID

AND

dad
Bag-

plundering

attempt

upon

brother

of

the

capital;

but

the

anticipatingtheir movements,

put

flight.
year

or

two

later, the

Prefect

of

the

cit}-.

5 88

worsted

was

for

Syria

but

and

months.
in

the

partly at

instance

made

of the

east, he

unable

was

after Mustarshid's

pardoned
Left

in the

absence, he

was

found

To

of the

blame
to

the

remove

had

he held

the

murdered,

he

his

father's

and

name

Father's
at

heavy

are

temptation

Caliph.
the

him

put

praisedby their
;^and the Caliph,
of

(for him

arms

to

Caliphate

built up the

employ.
another

steps, made

the

an

threw

had

To

independence.

insulted

he

death,

supposed, by

better fitted

was

Palace

in the Sultan's

Dubeis, and
Dubeis

army

quit his

love for the

no

mean

no

attempt

demand

to

came

till

taken

was

himself, the Sultan

the

Rashid, following his

equallyunfortunate

to

is

as

had

enemy,

from

peaceful arts

troops,

royal tent, however,

poets of

his hand

the Sultan's

not

dangerous anachronism),might have

by

in the

campaign against

his

promising

on

Mustarshid
as

in

by

suspicion from

contemporaries

to

prayers,

Crusaders

the

attacked

Assassins, who

Both

death.

public

against

He

Caliph'sold

the

on

the Governor

again by troubles

but, deserted

more.

emissary

enemy,

persuaded Seljuk,a disloyal

himself.

Hamadan

prisoner,and

the

death.

Masud

Sultan

any

the

Seljuk family,to join him

of the

near

much

long after,Mustarshid

Not

the

do

of

tions
opera-

Damascus,

to

whom

Caliph,to

Recalled

to

siege

who

out
with-

but

resumed

bravery

in

Caliph,

there

now

laid

the

concession

some

relinquishthe attempt.

scion

He

A. II.

529

the

him

besieged

induced, partly by

was

had

three

[Cii.\r.
i.x.w.

SELJUKS

fly before

to

and

Mosul,

to

success

in

obliged

and

him

pursued

T//E

UNDER

nAGDAD

Sultan's

largess,incited

avenge

envoy

the

but

mob

who
to

plunder his Palace, and then, supported by Zenky, who

of Dubeis, set
was
equallyhostile because of the murder
up

rival

hastened
not

well

the

to

defended

the

attack

of

success,
a
^

rebellious

the

outside

venture

by
but

at

the

council

was

is mentioned

to

The

war.

capital,and

as

Sultan, Masud,
the

walls, laid siege

river

last the

escaped

Dubeis

levied

and

Sultan

and

Caliph

Mosul.

held,
with

its

the

to

Caliph dared
it.

Bagdad,

canals, long

and

The

resisted

Zenky, despairing
Sultan's

power

Caliph deposed, and

distinction in the

iMocaindt

Hariri.

stored,
re-

his

1055-1180]

A.D.

of

uncle, son
fled

Mustazhir, appointed in his stead.

Ispahan, where

to

Assassin's
The

afforded
of

only

he

disunion

the

force, he

his

throughout
able

was

attack.

But

he

Irac.

against Bagdad

in the

East.

favour

by

of

son

the

in

the

At

for

help

the

Sultan

and

of their

is

enemies

in

the

notice.

Of

the

that

than

of

praised by

One
mother
their

to

of

drowned

others, and

551

a.h.

take
saved

rising
into

to

552

a.h.

of

one

Crusade

from

miade

was

friend

and

appeal

urgent

popular tumult,

to

20,000

Frank

But

men.

of

the

Caliph,
kindled

ever

Crusade.

annalists

minor

to

virtuous, able

as

five -and

of

-twenty

expeditions against

force

with

strong

less in-

for

an

"^

^"dhy,
Caliphs:

courtly surround-

and

wished
over

many

younger
Ameers

plunge

got scent,

son

and

at

scene

occasional

into

the elevation
of whom

son

to

her

a.h.

the

new

the

rebel mother

women,

in

of Musianjid.
she

side, and

Caliph

however, of the plot,and

attacked
following,

placed the

or

ephemeral import.^ Meanwhile

daggers to
He

more

sufficient

characteristic

occupy

Vizier

Muktafy's wives
She gained

mail, with

the

enthusiasm

the

many

succeed.

visited his father's remains.

in

the

support

serious

both

Caliphate

local and

but

armed
slave-girls

himself

various

Caliph to
was
only

Seljuks, nor

our

his

tending
ex-

but none
deserving any special
vicinity,
two
next
Caliphs there is little else to say Musianjid

notice, however,

I may

of

obtaining high distinction

was

against

^"^",~'^^

not

organised

an

himself

Caliphate

the

with
dependent position,
ings,and supported by a

"*

but

from

more

where, yielding

they continued

campaign of

quell a

pressed,he

conducted

he

years,

the

Caliph despatched

During

brave.

the

thereupon himself
he

warrior

Ameers,

effort

Muktafy
and

the

of

Capital
enough to

betrothed

this

hard

neither

breast

head

forced

Zenky

Bagdad,

further

into

the

however, again received

generous

time

to

the
the

to

was,

During

and

one

yet

Seljuk Muktafy,

and

Seljuk, who

the

brave

nor

of

Sultan, who

Sultan

Muktafy

daughters.

the

contests

quarter, where

raging furiously,and

in

and

At

the

eastern

of

by the recall

foe.

to

ill-advised

was

marched

victim

defend

to

of

as

'^'^'

another

authority in Bagdad,

rebellion

his

A. II. 447-

fell

Caliph,Muktafy, opportunity

new

maintaining
it

refuge

Rashid

dagger.
continued

house

589

MUKTAFY

wounded

prison.

was

had
as

he

arming
some,

BAGDAD

590

A.

II.

447-

Nurudin

''^'''

of

of

Calipii.iic,
567

Egypt.

lasted

That

lor

A.H.

A.

Crusaders

two

though

'

the

arms

Fatimides

extinguished,

having
Iheir

three-quarters.

himself

orthodox

an

lxxv.

victorious

against

last

at

and

centuries

their

but

was

[Ciiai-.

SE/JUKS

pushing

D}Miasty

Saladin,

'
1

T/fE

were

the

against

qucror,
I

Saladin

and

only

not

End

UNDER

con-

Moslem,

^^

h.

dared

not

at

midst

of

of

Shie-ite

do

the

so

and

all

and

still

people
sect.

thus

the

prevailed,

not

again

first

the

its

dependencies.

the

proclaim
devoted

But

he

spiritual
only

to

in

soon

the

himself
of

but

and

tenets

found

supremacy

Syria,

faith

Sunnite

the

in

the

practice
able

Abbassides

throughout

Egypt

to

CHAPTER

The

Caliph

LXXVI

Nash^,

575-640

We

reach

now

ancient
an

role

the

held

only
into

to

Ambitious

further

conquest
first

his

and

power,

this, he

fomented
of

time,

of

of

^^~

not

his

into

cruel

fits

Faith,"

he

at

jealousy

^^

"80-1225

sway

Persia

policy,

and

the

on

looked

home,

he

be

put

to

as

In

Seljuks.
Vizier

his

up

took

the
of

the
For

own.

from

part,

the

his

time

Sultan's

Relations

^1,^,^^
qjRharizm,

house,

palace

of

of

the

his

by

loyalty,
a

stupid

Turk,

Caliph,

prevailed
to

patent
of

want

that

be

rid

he

held

by

sent

of

rule

the

hostile

an

the

obnoxious

be

to

on

the

by

the

the

and

tact, the

of

nised
recog-

conferred

attacked

between
of

Caliph

heretofore
Nasir

head

Takash,

East,

Thereafter

them.

truce,

the

Persia,

conqueror

the

to

leaving

The

Bagdad.

at

of

ruler

token

routed

hollow
The

the

churlish

the
and

of

instigation

them,

field.

the

despatched

was

his

at

defeated

and

upon

race,

provinces

But

Takash,

forces,

supreme

to

honour.

years.

of

certain

Caliph

best

and

branches

Seljuk

front

in

now

troops

build

crush

to

was

years

ruins

Shah,

monarch

exposed

irritated

its

on

Kharizm

last

fallen

his

earlier

rebellion,

the

Toghril,

at

and

Nasir,

a.h.

attacked

of

the

its

flicker

extended

foreign

in

his

discontented

last, the

At

of

object

grand

Seljuk

of

Viziers

two

but

the

to

death.
The

to

his

selfish

of

hand,

one

Caliphate
but

was

Defender

strength,

in

tLe

it

"

the

on

other.

caused

in

Capital

a.d.

restore

nations

Nasir,

Mesopotamia

the

to

flame.

expiring

to

the

among

Grandson

and

ii80-i242

a.ii.

attempt

an

Son

his

hand
dress

Vizier

Caliph's

relations,
two

so

for

many

governor

or

591

a.h.

THE

59:

assassinated

him

having

who

retaHated

Shah
died

on

stuck

at

by having

the

acts, the

the

of

court

this

at

but

the

not

The

liagdad.

Vizier, who
the

and

and

vexation

war,

IsmaiHtes,

of Nasir's

body

his

showed

CaHph

the

Irritated

Kharizm.

at

up

of

against him, exhumed,

campaign

lev)'open

not

Alyite tenets,

in favour

now

dared

emissary

an

their

dropped

dagger, were

he

by

[Cii.'

NASIR

Shah's, against whom

of the
had

CALIPH

head

hostile

other

by treating with

the
from the East under
indignitythe pilgrimswho came
Kharizm
he was
flag. But beyond such poor
revenge,
whose
powerlessfor any open enmity against a Potentate
rule stretched

from

unopposed

the

Jaxartcs

the

to

Persian

Gulf.
Mohammed

aimed

now

rule of the
house

of

Aly,

faith, and

Nasir

Nasir

in

cause,

but

of

Nasir

the

for

alarm

him

the

about

was

help

to the

been

all too

of

was

by

after found

Irac, and

Eastern

opportune
to

his

of Central

Asia

his hordes

put

the

to

set

flightthe

Kharizm

the

sent

Kharizm

lay

an

and
bassy
em-

an

It would

have
had

Shah,
at

for

his mercy,

early winter, he

The

evil fruit.

in motion

this,

appealing

Bagdad

diplomacy bearing
were

Faith

horde

Khorasan.

On

progress

court,

inclemency of
to

return

the

scion

Jenghiz Khan,

to

his

pagan

late,for Mohammed,

the

forced

Defender of
of

throne.

Mohammed's
of

assurance

the worthier

Master's

appeal

an

arms

instal

to

his

upon

Pagan head

already taken
when,

the

"

this

P'ollowing up

haughtily rejected,with

him

struck

name

plead his

against the pious reclamations

to

his

phate,
Cali-

to

chief,to check

risingMongol

the

to

the

distinguished envoy

house

bethought

of

Bagdad.

Conqueror

worthier

public and

resistless

ingly
accord-

enemy

Aly

upon

sent
was

of

empire.

his

turned

he

in

of the Eastern

act, Mohammed

and

descendant

well.

as

Kharizm,

at

assassin

an

as

prayed

was

coinage

anti-Caliph of the

an

doctors, assembled

nominated

who

that

not

paralyse his spiritualpower

to

deposed

the

exasperated at these proceedings,

simply to crush the temporal

Caliph, but by settingup

of learned

council

on

of Takash,

son

Caliph
The

soon

steppes

by Jenghiz Khan,
Shah, who

died

and
an

1180-1242]

A.D.

exile
for

in

island

an

the

hosts

Turning
and

shall

see)

native

wilds

the

to

hard

been

had

well

617

find that

we

the

by/

Crusaders,

field.

dissensions

he

of

"

There

of

is little

the

now

with
the

ended

and

severe

on

ii^o-9.5

who

sons,

cus,
Damas-

recover

idle

play

upon

Prophet's death

had

an

himself

Caliph

is

Nasir, that

Besides

his

is described

he

There

from

Caliphate.

been

having

as

Nasir's

occa-

uninterruptedlyIrak Araby

oppressive ruler.

in which

in

the

"

to

tell of Nasir.

to

more

the Gulf, of which

to

^
^^J^^

Aly." ^

conquests, he held

Tekrit

Crusaders

little alone,

it against

use

Saladin's

of

one

family sought

"

Defender

sional

Aly,

the

defender; whilst

is the

To

promised help,but it
Aly," he said,
;

name

no

to

men

''^'^^^
"

AD

in the

in the

naphtha, with

a.h.

Saladin, Nasir

mvaders

the

of

store

575-

^^

left these

urgently appealed for help to Nasir who, caring for

himself
beyond his own
aggrandisement, contented
sending

A. H.

alone.

pressed
r

'

"

it had

if he

Holy Land,

again, when

593

But

Caspian.

we

in their

now

KHAN

JENGHIZ

of the

Caliph (as

Mongol
over

INVITES

ever,
instances,how-

are

when

appealed to, he interposed in favour

of the weaker
doubt, from the
party," though partly,no
fear of too
powerful antagonists. His long reign of
is chiefly marked
and
forty-seven years
by ambitious
unscrupulous dealings with the Tartar
chiefs, and
by
his

hazardous

invocation

brought

soon

day,

there

flourished

his

the

; schools

the

and

poor,

to

end.

an

were

works

other

so

in his

But

Bagdad ; learning
patronised ; while

at

peace

libraries

and

hordes, which

Mongol

Dynasty

own

comparative

was

refuges for

of

of

public interest,

encouraged.

were

His
next

and

son

eighteen years

that

they
dragged on

"

there

course,

It

inroads.
'

The

The
Vizier

Athir.

;8

in

Mongols
of

lliis

the heirs

on

was

fhefwo*"

Saladin

The

Cali-

622^0'
'''"""

1225-1242

frequent

prince

of

/ahir and

still succeeding

"

itself little with

came

beyond

Crusades

themselves.

"^

kept

was

The

while

bitterly among

phate, however, concerned

Syria.

Nasir, during the

is little said of them

virtuous.

and

their weary

contending

were

; but

mild

were

succeeded

grandson

alarm

one

I)rotl)er

the

by

occasion
of

tnir

the
as

in

wars

Tartar
near

Annalist,

Ihn

as

al

a.m.

THE

594

A.

II.

:',:^-

Iloluaii

Khanikiii,

and

NASI

CALIPH

and

another

on

[Ciiai-.

to

even

i.xxvi.

Samira,

so

^'"
'

terrified

that

the

their

defences

off,

passed
the

lull

inhabitants
in

and

before

order.

peace
the

of

But
still

fatal

the

reigned
storm.

Bagdad
danger
in

the

hastened

for

City.

to

the

put

moment

It

was

but

59^
A. II. 'MO^'^^'

F.ND

for

his

interest

government,

might

shield

the

it

all too

late.

Meanwhile,

Ilolagu's

sueh

afar

the Wesi

^^'^^

653. \.H.

provinces of the West.

'\ years

hateful

the

Caliph.

Ismailian
the

this

from

time
the

accused

each

far

the

as

mob

him

rise

to

even

his

at

of

thirteen

of

of

of

surmised
strife

unceasing

who

already named,
The

treason.

Secretary

went

with

against the Caliph himself, and,

have

to

his

hand

his

only

not

recited

name

the

designs on

be

may

theatre

from

response

overthrow

the

ministers

back, force

blameless, but

fair

join in crushing

no

Bagdad

the

being

other

the

the

now

free for his

Conqueror

hostile

two

with

met

state

its

been

Jiut

Mongol

irruptionon

all to

following year,

The

fate.

the

prey,

had

Syria, which

in

impending

fatal

invited

call

left the

west.

between

so

the

power

farther

at

In

the

of

Holagu proclaimed a campaign

The

race.

its

Mustassim

against the Ismailians, and

the

Ayubitc,

from

for

the throne, when

on

estabhshmcnt

tiger watching its

from

preparing

the

the

as

Caliphate

as

[('n.\r.
taxvii.

CAT.IPIfATR

lu'lp towards

to

stable

was

THE

OF

declare

to

Public

in the

prayers.
w^ho

Just then, Holagu,

Mis

threatening embassy

Bao-dad,

655

Mustassim

'^""-

the

for

bade

commanded

repair in

the

leave

to

The

to

raze

that,

to

learn

ready

to

hasten

Prophet; and
with

Envoy

immediate
The

while

"

lo

send

the

defence

and
the

was

of

on

the

till afterwards.

sole response

asked

equal

to

the

for his

was

elevated

He
to

was

be

recognition,
repliedthat

duty, he would

send

them

one.

his Vizier

of

what

the

by

of

Ameers

of

the

city,sent

reply.

An

Holagu.

his

Vizier, had

opposed to female
Sultan of Egypt, and
if the

had.

he

multitudes

the

soft

and

ready

was

Vicegerent

otherwise

an

forthwith

must

dismantle

to

; and

Bagdad

done, he

reply descanted

presents

occasion, the Queen

when

of

possession

fore,
there-

Now,

send

which

declining

advance

else

helpless Caliph, persuaded

declined

one

for

mankind.

will, he

or

secure

in

Caliph

campaign against

defences

his

Court,

in

in the

of

the

purpose

Mustassim

foolish

an

his

to

person

aid

to

enemies

him

officers for the

chief

he

having failed

Ismailians, as
he

to

sent
restingat Hamadan,
Bagdad. First, he upbraided
was

could

rulers.

the
find

On

Caliph,
no

man

A.T).

1242-1258]

marshalled

already
letter

defiance

of

populace forced
the

to

597

submission, when

of

embassy

an

excited

and

Secretary

BAGDAD

ENTERS

HOLAGU

instead

him

the

''

send

to

ofCiiy

remindincj him

Conqueror,

A. 1 1. 6^0-

seized iiiid

fate,and

Saffarides'

the
the

"City
the

upon

safetyof

of the

hordes, from
There

weakling

yearly tribute

for

routed
survivors

the

to

to

the

seek

for

had

safety

already stormed

their

all

with

but

Mustassim

beginning

to

the

of

the

chief

go

and

the

he

inhabitants

received
were

sons

warned

from

to

the

Holagu
for the

sent

but, 4th

quit

to

by

his

with

did, the

jj^""jj^
^

and

sons

outward

remanded
the

of

forA.n.

remained
he

to

put

were

Nothing

his

the Vizier

They went,

safe -conduct,

were

a.u.

sent

Secretary

his

and

i. 656

bank,

Caliph

wrung

month, followed

second

They
leading Citizens.
The
Caliph and
courtesy.
;

the

himself, which

forth

the

tent

be

few

the

eastern

deputed

hostilities.

followers.

Mongols

inhabitants.

Caliph

of

notwithstanding promise
death,

could

to

City. Shortly -[^'^^

^_j_,_

the

he

his

Heaven

the

the

vain

In

of

case

pursued

down

to

looked

he

of

A.H.

of

that

of

cessation

the

for

656

in vain

the

of

City.

offers

in like

part of the city when

Commander-in-chief
arrange

for

fated

anon

x^nbar, and

All

terms.

was

conqueror

of

quarter

for mercy

last,

At

sent

hand

the

o}:)posite
quarter.

plead

to

sons

saved

himself, marching

after, Holagu
attacked

had

even

now

wildly sought
and

^^^^^'^[

his Tartar

the

another

sacked,

effect

were

made

upon

Ever
as

held

western

fears

astrologers.

at

first month

which

column

without

whose

expected

the

In

interpose.

not

moment

one

his enemy.

to

predecessors,and

his

at

ready fortune, such

some

was

he
enterprise,

the

its defence

for

gather troops

dared

side, converge

every

the

had

his

quelled, by

now

attack

who

warning

superstitiousMongol,

excited, and
satisfied

The

peace."

of

others

of

to

City, which

given up to plunder. The wretched Caliph,

the
forced to witness
following in the Tyrant's suite, was
there
point out his hidden
sacking of his palace,and
with

treasures

days

many

end

be

then

would

to

tassim,

the
now

of

golden ingots
rapine

and

of

untold

weight.

conflagration,Holagu

pillage,and took
in the Mongol's

the
way,

City
was

for

put

his
to

own.

death

After

put

an

Musin the

Last

of the

p^J^f^^
death.

59'^

040-

A.II.

OF

/^^V/)

middle

of

second

the

[riiAi-.

CAI.irnATE

THF.

month,

656

members
i4ili

ii.

of

And

so,

I'^thFok

centuries

i::5S.\.n.

j-]-,g
end.

Abbassidc

house

the

suffering
before

it

had

dynasty

on

fate
itself

came

whom

could

hands

similar

to

on

violent

be

which

that

to

inflicted

all

with

A.ll.,

'^'

iwvn.

the
laid.
five

Omeyyads,

the
and

untimely

CHAPTER

The

LXXVIII

CALiniATE

so-called

under

Egypt

OF

659-926

The

Caliphate,

disappeared,

and

1261-1520

a.h.

long

in

hopeless

there

Mamelukes

the

a.ix

had

decrepitude,

remained

possibility

no

now

Mustansir,

of

its

of

mock-

re-

f^'^^syp'"
I'i'i

-r,

vival.

But

shadow

Caliphs,

having

spectre

as

throne,

as

it

in

Caliph,
and

the

meet

of

receiving
the

to

Even

the

of
in

installed

and

Ameers,
from

read

conferring
him

upon

the

Then,

procession
the

Palace;
all
"

people

pulpit

the

duty

which
sound

of

the
the

rest

trumpet
its

way

Caliph
on

for

warring

foot.

and

shouts

through
following

the
the

pomp

had

to

and

the

Mustansir
with

white

steed,

was

by

Beibars,

to

there

ended,

by

the

title, and
the

his

girt

faith,

devolved

now

in

law,

this,

patent

sovereign

Mustansir

wended

"

of

the

his

At

apparel,

function

pompous

the

forth

fealty

which

went

on

sworn

from

Cairo.

gorgeous

mounted

and

Beibars

on

in

up

ing
spiritual blessout

after

the

descent

to

of

mere

to

Christians

Book

setting him

and

Soon

and

office,

the

obligations
with

State

Court

the

hands.

robed

the

hands

Jews

train, bearing
their

of

Sought

his

Abbasside

design

659
'

accession

brought

was

him.

sword

of

Sultanate.

with

Caliph-nominate,
the

scion

his

race

substance
his

at

"

the

the

Sultan

in

Evangel,

conceived

Abbasside

the

in

that

the

approach,

follow

Syria,

Egypt,

after

Shortly

hearing

and

in

without

name

were.

title

hiding,

to

the

Beibars,

survived

survived

of

joy,

was

Caliph,

impressing
and

other

upon

him.

the

Royal
back

streets

Sultan

his

on

to

back,
horse-

Caliph,
a.h.
^'"'

6oo

A.il.

MAMF.LL'K'r.

65P-

II'
llisat-

tempi

few

later,Bcibar.s

niontlis

so-called

Caliph

this

to

end

in

[("ir.w.
t.xxviit.

DYNASTY

and

Bagdad,
with

Damascus,

rcsolvctl

him

accompanied

an

There,

arm)'.

liis

reinstate

to

for

however,

on
i-,T

Bagdad,

the

ii-r

Mosul

with

force
66o^\'if.
A.i).

Line

of

the

upon

suffered

diminished

expedition,

The

field.

Mongol

So

his

Protege

to

the

ended

of

governor

chiefly of

Bagdad

the

met

left him

Caliph, and

Mustansir,

his

pursue

following,composed

Hit, defeated

at

I'-

the

jonied

of

clans.

Bcdouin

--ii

have

to

were

Sultan

enterprise,the
march

from
a
possible danger to himself
the
Caliphate; and
withdrawing from
so,

resuscitated

1262

who

chicis,

l^eibars

warned

Killed ill

his

dead

title of the

high

Heavenly Conqueror notwithstanding.

The

followingyear,

Beibars

secured

another

of

scion

nominal
"

Caliphs,
661-926

1263-1520
'^"^^"

"

Abbasside
Qj^

and

descent,

"

installed

altogether different

aj^

priestlyattendant

Public

formal

prayers.

lodged,
and

title to

more

occupied

i-

but

Caliph,

as

now

of

"

or

each

at

the

as

succession

of

creature

under

might

we

his

also

throne, and

the

and

say

the

lead

to

Court, he

the

in

tion
benedic-

was

citadel,

surveillance, in the

quite dependent,

/-"

him

Court,

mere

less

or

"

footing, that, namely,

his

at

high Ecclesiastic,to give

and

servile,

main

place.
Their

succession

The

posi-

of such

Egyptian

tion and

functions,

taincd

the

unbroKcn

of the

the

day, throughout
for two

which

centuries

hear

devolved

his

church.

sparse
read

The

reigning
and
of

with

which

in

pra\-ers,
the

title

rare,
a

his conquests,

or

by
his

Sovereign,or

enthrone

the

name

Monarch.
and

carried

in

we

pronounced

after

it may

be

him

this, the

to

of another

deposed

and

it

as

notices

train
be

to

the

public

part unimportant.

with

hear

of

it were,

was

Sultan's

we

Sultan, and

new
as

far

so

the

in the

in

long period

presided at

for the most

one

bloodshed

and

also

Beyond

perchance
anon

each

sanction,

Caliph

his

Caliph

the

enemy

to

the

of

half forms

Caliphs, excepting

them

upon

validate
Moslem

these

ot

dynasty

and

nomination

the

most

little of

the

line, on

same

main-

was

painful episodes of tyranny

history of the world.
During this

the

we

the

in

of

Sultan

Mamelukes,

of

Caliphs

,'

.,,,.,

that
are

Here

witness

taken

captiv^e
imprisoned by

exiled

for inter-

]2";i-1520] OVERTHROWN

A.D.

the

in

fering
throne.

affairs

But

the

Sultanate

but

for

the

against
in the

Mongols
of

Caliph,in

the

In

for

prayed

the

of

mission

of

Doctor

his Indian

subjects in

in

we

or

neglect,

these

throughout
of

servant

But

new

the

now

Toghluk,

him,

hneage

to

whether

instruct

in honour

so-called
than

for

and

Caliph,
tool

the

and

day.
which

East,

the

in

rose

was

Rise of the
^'"'^"

dynasty, that namely of the

that overspread the West,
hordes

Mameluke

the

Osmanlies.^

Like

these, in the

seventh

the steppes

of

of

from

the

other

years,

power

crush

to

soon

260

Ruler

the

find

deputation

son

But,

Hegira, the

the

received

investiture

seldom

heading

or

from

Mohammed

faith.

employed

for deliverance

Abbasside

the

is

war

ing
hold-

of

other

of

century
Asia

of Central

659-

'"^''

to

Christians, each

Sultan,

of

patent

holy

he

A.II.

office,and

his

peace,

eighth century

bearing precious gifts,from

who

again

praying

the

of

the

elevated

preaching

and

Jews,

with

company

is

mediating

and
scriptures,

plague.

himself

virtue

he

of

Moslems,

aloft their

in

Osmanlies

or

fittingtask

more

procession
the

Now

year.

conspiring against

or

Cah'ph

however,

; not,

half

find

we

once,

State,

of

6o

OSMANLIES

BY

the

Hegira,
the

beyond

"^"'^'

from

issued

In the

Caspian.

of Asia
the conquest
Minor,
eighth century they achieved
and
eventually crossing the Bosphorus, planted the
crescent

the

on

After

the

Byzantium.

A.H.,

022

the

on

the

on

to

field

fateful

Syria, the

of

plains

place

finallygave

arms

year

of

long struggle

Mameluke

walls

the

Merj Dabik,

of

In

Osmanly.

the

Who

but

of

one

had

the

whose

offers of

plain of
who

So

Aleppo,
the

Tumanbeg,
endeavoured

to

called from

settled in Asia

Othman
Minor

his

troops

the

the

(pronounced in

The

On

Selim

on

courteously

Egyptian

advance

rejected
were

him

by

was

last

Caliph Mutawakkil,

train, waited

last of

resist

field.

the

on

the

but

and

were

peace

Ridaniah

the

Kansuvveh,

left

was

Kansuweh's

in
at

vainly

'

Damascus

followed

conqueror

received.

defeat, and

Mamelukes,

the

fled to

remnants

who

suffered

troops

of

dynasty,

his

the

enemy,

Egyptian

finallydefeated, about
the West

Osiuan),

in the latter half of the seventh

son

of

century,

Ertogral,

a.h.

^^IJame-'^
l"l"es,
Q22

Egyptian

con

1515

a.d.

602

\.il.

r.r.o-

'^"''"

of 923

the close

ing

the

with

influence

chiefs,of whom

by
sought, and
Thus

to

came

himself

to

end

been

with

months

Egyptians

There

in

to

the

Soleiman,
to

set

his trust

in

fortress of
him

Capital,where

the

Egypt,

he

as

gradually

this he
Two

or

three

Selim's

for

lived

time

successor,

him

allowed

ment
confine-

into

cast

was

Kuliat.

Saba

he

held

was

misappropriationof property

liberty,and

at

but

to

wakkil
Muta-

carried

unworthy life.

of the

later,convicted

committed

esteem

luke
Mame-

returned

first he

at

even

then

other

and
Caliph in high honour
forfeited by a gracelessand
years

Cairo, abandoning

in

He

him.

Mameluke

hateful

and

ashamed.

with

and
Constantinople,
also

had

protection he

of which
dissipation,

of

have

dark

the

eight

course

might

trayed
be-

the Nile, was

across

chief, whose

an

rested

Selim

rule,

Osmanly

to

death.

to

put

and

Mameluke

the

save

his

tumult

fell victims

fled

had

Bedouin

to

Cairo,

used

the

stay

thousands

some

Sultan, who

The

to

city, and

the

in

rapine raging
hate.

Conqueror

follow-

into

Mutawakkil

There

iii.

i,\x\

of the

days

triumphal entry

his train.

Caliph in

the

with

first

the

on

his

made

Sch'm

}'car,

and

A.n.;

[("iivp.

CALTPirs

MAMRI.rk'F.

OF

LAST

on

return

to
a

miserable

pittance. Shortly after, he resigned his rights into the

of the Osmanly
hands
monarch, and retired into Egypt.
of him
but that he joined a risingthere
We
hear no
more
A.H., and

929

of the Abbasside

shadow
Claim

Osmanly
Sultans

In

of

to

the title.

in the year

died

virtue

of

Caliphate.

make

pretension
world, but

sovereignty of the Moslem

by

other

bar, the Tartar

make
some

the

the
very

claim

blood

which

untenable.

stock, the claim

would

Caliphate ended

with

by the

Osmanly Caliphate,a

be

but

the

only

the

to

the

Caliphate
political,
power
Were

if their
traced

there

no

was

pedigree by

up to Coreishite

The

anachronism.

fond

fall of

Mamelukes
dream.

be
a

title,the

flows in their veins would

Even

fiction could
flattering

resuscitation

to

the

held

his

not

well as
as
spiritual,
of the Prophet.
Successors

itself, that is,to

"

of

cession

Mutawakkil's

Sultans

Osmanly

the last

ended

Thus

945.

Bagdad.
a

The

illusory

lifeless show

; the

604

But

L^cncc

so, the

even

the

Arab,

and

tlcnioralisation

to

was

civil and

both

rank
forces
the

"

heretofore

ersia.

The

influence

Asia

Carmat,

of

the

on

the

"

help of Greece,
and

sophy,

immediate

line.

the

formed

successors,

and

of

influence

countries

in which

Arabs

still those
its four
to

devoted

the

to

great Doctors.

diverge, it

has

been,

Orthodox

faith

there
in

its

delivered

by

the

shows

with

the

itself in

Revivals

Prophet.
the

protest against forms

the

"ways
amongst

sacred
of

the

the

text

and

outbursts

; in

Lord";

to

and

Wahabies)

been

the
the

Alyite
which

first

as

corresponding

quickened

letter of

the

spirit
Coran

superstitionsinconsistent
of

zeal

generally,in

towards

of

faith

by

inclination

namely

the

follow

Orthodox,

implicitreturn

The

forth

set

as

that

"

of

settled,and

direction

simplicity of

the

on

Amongst

course.

in the

stand

favour

prevailed,are

has

doctrine,but of the Kharejite schism,

takes

stantial,
sub-

philosophy.
most

not

his

Omeyyad

in

strongly

sentiment

Where

the

more

the

mostly spread and

Arab

consequently

the

transcendental

to

and

Mamun

grandeur of
also

tended

science, i)hilo-

overshadowed

was

and

of

era

Nation.

other, with

glory of

the

the

and

the

on

the

lustrous

doctrine

where

Peace,"

of

Shie-ite

love

intelspiritual,

it enervated

art, which

Persian

as

follow

their innate

to

affected

it introduced

less

of

plunder.

hand,

City

though

that

those

"

Caliphate,to

appealing

Persia

one

the

from

or

ready, instead

^j-i^ philosophical development

ig(^j_yjj]^

demoralise

Orthodox.

Desert

pillarof

rapine,lawlessness, and

While,

Shie-ites

the

to

and

or

of

Imperial

the

and

the Arabs,

so

hands

and vigour uncontaminated

simplicity

prop

outlaw, Zenj

any

And

West.

retired

the

laxity

Arabs, too, in

tribes of Central

the

their

by city life,

rule disbanded

from

yet maintained

Innuence

as

of the

Berbers

the

the

into

The

adventurers.

Persian

recruited

of

corrective

world.
the Moslem
creeping over
all was
changed. Chief commands,

now

file,
were

and

in
life,indijj^enous

of desert

extent

iudul-

xolupluous

military,fell rapidly

and

Turkish

love

some

the Abbassides

Under

livin";and

fall,to luxurious

befiM-c their

of

\('n\v.i.xxix.

RFJ'IF.W

the

to
a

"

fight in

the

tendency (as

ancient

tenets

of

Lxxix.]

Chap.

Kharejite theocracy.
the

hand,

mystical devotion, Soofee

the

the
of

the

the

in

of

close

contact

their

orthodoxy,

Muavia,

Public

service.^
of

progress

recently,when

Thus

of

head

the

of

Soonnics

remnants

those

are

of

Mamun

as

the

of abuse.

term
3

P.

2S6.

to

aimed

was

who

the

as

an

the

far

any

help

have

been

hold

slacken
force.

at

Persians

down

appears

by
the

tradition.

Shieas

the

of

the

sympathy

or

blotted

out

Shie-ite

the

mostly

Mosques

Curious, also, that

the

Persians
and

purification,
pollutedby
this day curse

of

matters

and

p. 503.

by

They also recognise

Baths

faith.

deny.
in

poisonerof Aly-ridha,his son-in-law,

See above,

Bosphorus,

banner

scorns

the

by the Sitiinal,or precedent,established

handed

Caliphs,which

infidel.

as

Soonnie

The

perhaps of their ancient

presence

daily

aggressive

rallyround
might

Islam

went,

bigotry of

The

the

tended

its

blow

Aly

in

Aly,
has

when

jealousyof

the title of the first three

-

time

and

practiceof Mahomet,

the

the

hate

altogether.

Europe

In other

of

Shieas

from

of other

impatient

the

so

the two.

least

side

and, indeed,

Crescent;

the

this

to

ij^g^t^g

dividing Soonnie

abate

empire on
Persia, through

creed, declined

Soonnie

of

influence."

at

deadly

Bitter

Osmanlies,

Moslem

sectarians

the

less

cursed

and

Islam,

broad

Persia, following in the

hopeless schism

The

also

intolerant

as

now

Muavia

and

is

sentiment

bitter

as

cursed

the

shadowed
over-

enlightened nations,

outer

to

ancient

the

is

Shiea

and

always

The

with

Caliphs, is

amenable

more

respects, too,
and

has

tolerance.

faith ; while

the

Motazelite

creeds, and

immigration

soil,especially

there

Persia
of

from

the

generally

the

Soonnie

respect

of

virtue

divergence
wake

and

Turkey

notwithstanding
in

India,

In

strictlyorthodox

the

portant
im-

Shiea.^

Between

are,

othor

only

were

native

their
were

Hindustan

throughout
the

from

the

blood,

encouraged

They

cities,who

Holy

distinction

Turkish

of Arabs

crowds

from
so

faith.

Sunnie

of vast

the

of

Emperors, being

fane
pro-

or

faith.

Shiea

the

to

and

the

in

Imamate

remains

other

wild

; and

divine

Persia

Deity.

the

on

in

out

Motazelite

the

devoted

nation

Shieas,

breaks

or

of

extravagancies
of

the

Among

revival

spirit of

emanation

605

REVIEW

use

are

to

his

name

as

6o6

Shic-ite

;iik1 the

in his

y^reat Caliphs, Omar

Islam

that

The

Islam

have
of

birth.

Islam

of

the

social

life,or

sense

of

of

free and

was

the

of

germ

confined

nancy,

disappeared.
is the

check

absolute

with

by

the

be

by

the

Nor

tions.social

life.

unity

to

the

virtue

doubtful

really more

subject

of

slavery

is

in

sapped

concubinage
effect

readily

surround

the

only
it may

or

conditions

the

concubinage

family
As

tie ; the

than

the

of the

vigour

female

indulgence

an

the

on

the

on

slavery
master

wretched
domestic

much

kindly influences

it,still the
grasp
slave

the

itself liable

to

influence

may

broken;

be

of

still

are

these

By

time

IIowe\cr

withering

owmer

in

abandon

deprecated
by

its

sentiment,

the Throne

Its

institution.

fixes
on

; and

scripture.

lands

any

succession.

ameliorated

Moslem

herself.

of the

be

The

Coran, expounded

Islam.

weakened

to

the

servile

blight of

not

his

change

at

will

Moslem

alternating

nation.

and

contested

or

the

household

classes

the upper

exemplar

of the

by

any

and

the

recognised by
is

the

been

curse

of

purity and
of

soldiery.

Polygamy

the

ever

of Moslem

of

enforced

there

its dcjmi-

monarch

is the law

such

to

controlling

autocratic

uprising,of

has

institu-

thing

and, with

lawless

finding

approach

or

and

despot

learned, and

of

type

and

secular

the

fail

that, as

race,

proper

apparently,

The

licence

the

the

upon

the Arab

to

the

this

nearest

; but

we

purify the

in

we

The

of Islam

was

Islam

and

popular government

liberal institutions.

power,

the

Hence

it

place,keep

spiritualand

the
body politic,

brotherhood

times

that

Christian, is

and

direct

and

it

in the bands

PVeedom,

unknown

is

word,

the

to

as

mankind.

elevate

in the

anywhere

Domestic

humanity,

owes

even

the

time

varying

hopelessly confounded.

rule

he

substantiallythe

faith, unlike

itself to

march

the

because

at

is

Moslem

adapt

to

with

are

whom

to

marvellously, nay,

to-day

Coran, the

powerless
pace

Bekr,

LXXIX.

of tliosc

i^ravos

throu"^houtthis history. Swathed

seen

the

Abu

thus

spread

the

spitson

tiirr.

and

the

survived

stationary

[CHAr.

REVIEW

licence
with
than

of

servile
aging
dam-

more
on

which

the

slave

lxxix.]

Chap,

less

Hardly
the

evil

is the

and

will

word

mere

household

every

affect the

like
of

tone

force, it

in

put

weaken

the

the

be

law,

mankind

the

grace

influence

gatherings.
of

The

admitted

in the

at

and

much
The

the

in social life. The

her.

to

drear

Islam

of

is

purifying
their social

of

use

to

on

wine.

aggravate

it may

intemperance,

gladly be

though with

"

in this

aspect of

interdict

tended

of ; but

speak

and

moderate

doubt

no

her

threshold,

the

to

veil,

able
unreason-

Harem's

as

the

even

have

historywe

seen)

spectaclein Mahometan

noticed

lands

at

law

(the

advanced

prejudice was

be

cannot

times

usury

; the

arts

some

with

tend

and

in

doubted.

of peace
extent

were

an

and

success.

keep

Commerce
were

lation
specuat

; national

with

philosophy
it

such

of
liberality

intercourse

But

that,

of great
and

cultivated

and

the

respects

era

lessened, and

literature,science,
marvellous

to

It is still true

Cordova,

by

change,

some

notwithstanding)

promoted, by travel
while

they

question

attempt

or

effect

to

prevailed.

of

to

That

and

should

they rest,

backward,

Bagdad,

Damascus,

prosperity has

or

in the charter

up

faith that

abatement

of Immo-

integralpart

an

bound

which

longer.
in

form

are

reformed

no

barbarous, state,

prosecuted

this

by

The

exclusion

austerityof

differ

may

They

selection

nations

peoples;

But

Hence
the

authority on

rationalistic

sentiment

from

woman

cheerless

just
A

times

domestic

commended.

its existence.

at

such

the

"

of

Moslem

Veil, and

^ex,

absence

Islam.

be

dignity and

the

gravity we

teaching of

would

the

of

and

institutions

divine

lower

to

brightness

the

the

over

if seldom

the

classes,

be

to

Divorce.

it must

Damocles,

large,beyond

and
life,

and

upper

Hanging

exclude

as

function

Opinion

that

divorce, at

potential influence,to

the

frequent exception (as

too

as

with

prohibition has

gloom

of

and

Coran

chance,

double

the

bond

little loss

outdoor

games

sword

of their presence.

Moslem

husband.

fail,as

cannot

legitimateplace and

loses

the

is it otherwise

indeed,

of the

of

power

woman.

injunctions of

may,

one-sided

societyat large ; for, even

marriage

of
self-respect
Nor

607

REVIEW

was

other
were

all short-

/si!^\^/

6o8

[Cii/
M'.

RRVIF.IV

civilisation,not

lived, because
It
superficial.

veil, lay
the

life. The

domestic

leaven

to

family,was
canker-

poly"^amy, divorce, servile concubinage,

of

worm

failed

the

penetrating

the

at

of

influence

And

root.

l.XXIX.

and

under

society, withering

these, relapsed into

semi

the

barbarism

again.
I low

this work

Throughout

far

^"*^

isresponsible for the

low.

or

in this

i'l the latter half

history.

ij-, labyrinths of

purlieus of
vice.

due

bloodshed

spite of

the

of

that

is in

It is

by

tribute
like

the

ye
"

in wait

often

faith, it

"

"

"

My

peoples

what

they

of the
drenched

Sea, and

multitudes

"

into

Maker's

of

their

My

from

the
of

men

"

to

their

Master's
would
not

Tribes

fightin

the ways

effect,the world

Medii:erranean
and

of

kingdom
case.

lie

battlefield,fulfilling

the

its immediate

and

world, then

is

law

to

nations

propagation

this

now

by

even

If Christian
in

pay

it is

Wheresoever

"

"

rushed

as

and

Idolaters," is the

divine,

of

but

their

they

Heathen

the

ambush."

; and

Moslem

captive,besiege them,

were

until

"

the

sword

partial
im-

described.

the

different is the Moslem's

Far

in blood

that

humbled

are

the

religious warfare.

Master

holds

kingdom

and

in

even

doubt

for

contravention

direct

for ages

Lord";

all this is

and

just

room

and

attacks

the

drawn

believed

no

Christian

them

fight;

hence."

is

and

in every

My

servants

from

and

If

to

mate
retrospect is legiti-

institutions

his

Moslem

take

in

was

of

causes,

dark

Fight against

the
;

is here

tree

force itself upon

to

the

and

he

that

for them

too

"

them

of

Jew

"

which

far the

other

intolerance

hand,

end.

find

word,

and

the

command

bitter

have

laws

command

the

with

command
"

of

of

respect

fights against

much

the

direct

om"

words, what

to

respect, indeed, there

one

painful way
and
iniquit}',
through

how

scarcelyfail

can

result

duty, especially

But, this difficultynotwithstanding,

reader, that

"

what

in

profligacy,treachery, and

fruit ; in other

creed.

the conclusion

In

of

be difficult to say

creed, and

the

gladly, whether

thread

to

and

sink

the

Courts

It may

to

volume,

willi virtue

met

also been

it has

of the

judged by the

be

But

often

them

acknowledged

nobility,and

places high

have

we

women

to

the

taken

was

Caspian
captive,

Lxxix.]

Chap.

such

and

as

has

come

"

the

held

Crescent

in

shall

For

the

now

perish

the close connection

this cannot
but

609

IV

Yet

with

word,

with

the

but

nevertheless

sensible

of the

affect
the

this,how

true

that

take

they

sword."

At

last

the

Cross.

the

all
All

"
"

political
ascendency

witnesses

year

other

before

wanes

VIE

slavery.

Saviour's

the

sword

Every

RE

of the faith is doomed.

of subsidence.

degree

\\ith
spiritual

the

Decline

In

of

^^at^g'^^

civil power,

the

prestige of the religionitself;

religionmaintains, and will no doubt

to
maintain,
long continue
singularly unimpaired by

hold

its

decline

the

the

upon
of

its

people
political

supremacy.
As
of

Islam,

change.
such

the

regards
there
Such

is it also

advance

in

has
as

at

we

the

stationary,so

it will remain.

39

been

neither

found

it in the

present day.

civilisation,
freedom,

science, and
thus

social,and
spiritual,

arts, but

the
far

as

the

ciogmatic aspect

progress

days

of the

Christian
and

Islam

lessons

nor

material

The

stationT

Caliphate,

nations

may

morality, in philosophy,
stands
of the

still. And

historyavail,

Mos-

6l2

INDEX

coniniand

Abu
at Waciisa,
mands
Sarh, 207 and note, 215 and note,
70, 71 ; comlevy for tlieaid of .\tothaiina, 2\6s,/,/.,
238.
Abu
80 ; presidesover
to
Soiian,75, 167, 197, 310.
a
jiiliirimage
Mecca, 82; illness,death, and burial, Abu Talha, 200, 206.
his successor,
Abu
Talib, Aly'sfather,327, 395 note,
83-85 ; appointsOmar
and
83, 84 ; character, disposition,
420 note, 421, 429.
habits,85-SS ; called "the Sighing," Abul Aas, 333 note.
86 ; inscription
Abbas
his seal of State, Abul
on
("Saffah"), 395 note i,
of
the secret
87 ; faith in Mahomet
428 and note 2, 430 s"/(/. Caliph,
his strength,88 ; 143, 156, 163, 196,
thirsty
439; 440 S(/(/.; death, 446 ; his bloodchriracter,
316,
197, 200,
201,
203, 204, 304,
447.
Abul Aur, 105, 106.
528,
a

"

Abu

Catada, 26, 27.

Abyssinia,wreck

Abu

Cays, admiral, 217.

Abu

Dulaf, 512 and note, 556.

188 ; 433Acaba, Gulf of, 166.

Abu

Dzarr,

Abu

Hamza, 423, 424.

Ilanifa,465 and note 2, 468

Abu

nofe

511

223-225.
iio/c 2,

3.

Abu

Hodzeifa, 31, 227.

Abu

Iloreira, 479.

Abu

Ishac, 451.
Aim
J afar, 428, 439,
note
I, 446, 447;

and

445

442,

441,

Caliph, 448;

of naval

expeditiont",

Ackil, 299.
Apraba, 30.
Aden, 39, 40, 4', 124, 455Adi, chief of the Tai, 22, 53.
Adi, a Christian of Hira, 58.
Adzraat, 72.
Afghanistan, yio note, 351.
Africa, Arab prestige
in, 47 ; 214;

his

in, 214

S(]., 313

of Abu
Muslim, 450 stj. ;
defeats
Ibrahim, 459 ;
452
S(j"j.;
founds
Bagdad, 459 sqcj. ; deposes
Isa from Kufa, 463 ; 465 ; death and

Afshin, 517, 519, 520, 521.

Aghlal),464.

character,467, 468.

Ahmed,

Jafar. one

Tuzun's

of

generals,

of Omar,

Lulu, assassin

200,

Abu

198,

Musa,
190

118

and

to

Bussorah, 191

at

Kufa, 232

the

umpires

Bussorah, 189,

of
to
;

Kufa, but

returns

deposed,220;

252, 261, 262

at

222

of

one

Siffin,279

Ain
Ain

Tamar,

Aja, 323.

Ajnadein, 144
Aksonker

449-451Abu
Nasr, 452, 454.
Abu-nesa
(Munuza), 408 and note
Abu
Obeid, 89, 90 ; attacks the

Al

the

( Heliopolis),
171.
61, 63.
; battle

of, 145.

Akhtal, poet, 358.

reached
over-

178, 296, 336, 341, 350,

493, 547, 548, 549, 564.

177,

492,
Shems

by Amru,
285 ; retires to
Mecca, 285 ; 298 Jiote.
Abu
Muslim, 421, 427, 428, 429, 436,
442, 444,
445 notes, 446, 447, 448,

91 ; killed at

saint, 524, 528.

flanbal, 510, 511.
ibn Tulun, 539 and note 2, 541,
Moslem

ibn

Ahwaz,
458,

note.

governor

transferred

Al
Al

Buranky, 5S6.

Khizr, 118.

Kindy, "Apology"' of, 153

185 note, 244 note, 514.

Sunh, 85.
Ala, military leader, 17
Mondzir's

I.

sians,
Perof

"battle

Bridge,"92, 119, 336.

Obeida, 3, 4, 8, 68, 70, 75, 77
chief commander
as
supersedes Khalid
the

Abu

424,

551, 552, 553-

199,

209.

Mihjan,

Abu

Ahmed

Ahmed

577, 578Abu

s(],].,

368 and note i, 372, 389, 407,

435, 464, 480, 565, 570, 574.

treatment

Abu

quests
con-

353

court,

35 ;

note,

Resident
reduces

provinceof Bahrein, 35, 36;

al

the

177, 178,

256.
Albera, 424.

Aleppo, 51, 140,

472, 586, 601.

152,

274,

341,

3S4,

in the west,
at

the

104

100
Alexandria, 151, 169 and w^?/'^;capitu; loi
; clemency
lation
of Damascus,
of, 172; 175, 176, 214, 217,
capitulation
103,
sieges
at
Fihl, 106 ; 107, 108 ; be507.,529-

Hims,
151,
him

139,
Khalid

the plague, 166

Abu
Abu

142,

140;

Rabia, 207.
Salma, 430,

440, 445" 447Abu

Saraya,499.

145,

arraigned before

152
for malversation, 154;
;

; 197,

dies from

205.

438, 439

and

note

2,

Algezira,369 and note 3.

Ali
Bey, his descriptionof
mosque,

146

Omar's

note.

Allis,battle of, 55, 56 ; 93.

claim
phate,
to the CaliAly, his traditionary
and
note
2
18,
63
note,
;. 14,
5
86, 87, 130, 167, 197, 199, 2CO, 205
j5^(/.,2ii;223, 229;

upbraidsOthman.

613

INDEX

-liT); 237
declines

to

si](].; elected Caliph,248 ;

punish the regicides,249,

appoints new

250;
letter

251

governors,

Muavia,

proclaims
ches
campaign against Muavia, 253 ; marto

251

againstthe

rebel

sorah, 257, 261, 262;

the Camel,"
264, 265

of

the

of

seat

consents

sqq. ;

"battle

279

Medina

302,

of

Kufa, 280 ; the Kharejitesrebel

against him, 282 ; his receptionof
to

arbitrators'

the

Kharejites, 290
expedition, 292

286

judgment,
286 ;

Muavia,

curses

defeats

collapse of

loses

293

214

superseded in

216, 270,

271

army

for

Egypt

Muavia,

445,

444,

447,

Anbasa, 408.
Ancyra, 472, 479.
Anis, 349.
Ansar,"

Antioch,

of

men

Medina,

and

note,

470.

31, 200,

151, 152, 354, 552.

of Al Kindy, 153 note,

140,

note, 244 note.

quellsKhirrit's rebellion,
295
Apostasy, perpetualdiscredit
repels Syrians,298 ; concludes

185

296

Muavia,

treaty with

302,
303 and
his

303

299, 300 ;
wives
and

note

dren,
chil-

character, 304

cursed, 307, 30S, 312, 382,

name

321 )iotc ; his chair, 338; 395

note, 396, 420, 437, 439, 510, 528,

566, 582
Aly, governor of Pars, 541.
Al}-,son of Saladin, 593.
Aly, uncle of Abu Jafar,453.
Aly Asghar (son of Hosein), 326, 327.
Aly Baba, 530.
Aly ibn Isa, 485, 486, 491.
Aly-ridha, 501, 502, 503, 513, 605 )!olc
note.

2,

III

Ainccr

0/iira, 571, 572, 576.

Amghisia, sacking of, 57.

Amid, 557.
Amida,
154.
Amin, 477, 482, 486 ; his breach with
488 ; deposes Mamun,
490 ;
Mamun,
dissipatedcharacter, 491 ; deposed,
492 ; slain, 496.
panions,"
Abul
Amir
Tufeil, last of the "Com391

Ammar,

note

2,

2.

207

202,

191,

267

note

and

276

275,

note, 236,
note

his

death, 277.
Amr
(son of Hosein), 327.
of Yacub
(Saffaride),
551.
Amr, son
ibn Leith, 556.
Amr
Arab
ibn
Madekeril), poet and
Amr
chief, 38, 39,
ibn

Sad,

117.
and

III,

324

note,

325,

murder,

342

338.
ibn

Said, 341

his

attached

to, 46.

sinated,
assas-

410;

and

293 ;

597-

294,

Amr

mands
com-

309.

puts

Amr

against Aly, 274

down

sq. ;

his firm

note;

of the umpires,
appointed one
overreaches
Aly'sumpire,285 ;

"Apology"

Bussorah,

Egypt, 173

and

vVmuria, 214.
Anbar, 61, 63, 440,

"

the

Syrian

Egypt,
in

rebellion

; 197,

215

conquers

Syria, 274
Siffin,276 :
arbitration,279 ; retires

to

of

173

the

invades

battle

the

at

mosque,

Egypt,

transfers

from

government

Kufa, 268

to

sqq.

government

his

rule, 187

;
a

Bus-

at

army
at the

his

note, 357.

Amru,
13, 17, 36, 66, 68, 69, 70, 75,
106, 107, 139, 144, 145, 146, 153.
165, 166, 169; invades Egypt, 170
Alexandria,
on
172 ;
sij. ; marches

Arabia,

insurrection

throughout,

12

expeditions
apostasy of, 17;
against the apostates in, 17 sqq. ;
restoration of peace
in, 41, 43 ; expulsion

sqq. ;

and

of Christians

Jews from,

297, 523, 537, 574, 585157,

Arabs
: 12
; their relapse into apostasy,
Mahomet's
to
submission
17, 19;

158;

19
successor,
sqq.
their reclamation
to

after

sullenness

Islam, 43

tribal

kindles
jealousies,44 ; foreign war
their loyalty to Islam, 44, 45 ; they
the aristocracyof Islam, 46,
become
160; slaves set free by Omar, 46;
their ascendency afterwards
mented
suppleand Persians, 47 ;
by Turks
73
the

the

their

settlements

Kufa,

134

and

in

Arabs

Christian

sqq.,

Greek
at

148

army,
Bussorah

; share

and
revenues,
spoilsof war
161
159,
; registration,

159
exodus

in

158,
;

vast

Arabia, 162 ; famine,

hostility
against the Coreish,
164;
off by the Abbascast
210
229
;
sq.,
sides, 436 ; lose pre-eminence,468.
Arafat, Mount, 226, 345.
Arbitration at Siffin,
279 sq.
Arcam,

from

314.

Ardebil, 517.
Ardshir, king

of

Persia, 55.

Arish, 170.
Aries, 408.

Armenia, 152, 214, 313, 314, 353, 354,

368, 378, 406, 416, 464, 479, 517,
530,.535Armorium,
519commander,
Artabun, Greek
171.

23, 118.

Asad, the Beni,

21,

Asad, 395,

403, 404.

400,

144,

145,

6i4

INDEX

Baghir,537.
Cays, chief of the Heni
his Ireaciiery,
40 : spared Bahli, 388 note

ihn

Ashatli

Kinda, 39

IJekr, 41, 86: married

sister of Abu
Bel"r, 41 ; ill,

by

Abu

to

154,

177, 549, 563.

19, 35,

Bajila,the Beni, 1 1 8.
Bajkam, 572, 573, 575.

Ashnas, 519.
Ashras, 400.
Ashtar, 230,
note

general, 54, 55, 91,

93, "'9-

Bahrein, 17,

279.

2.

I'crsian

Halunan,

I, 277,

231, 232, 269, 274 and

278, 279, 280 ; his death,

Balanja, 389.
Balis, 274

note

Balkh, 1S4,

293Asia Minor,

140,

1S7,

152,

214,

353,

Asini, his valour

Cadcsiya,118,

362, 363, 403,

313,

447.

404,

368, 37S, 405, 466, 472, 479, 508,

518, 530- 535. 541, 552. 565. 601.

2.

212,

Barada, the, 420.

Barbad.

473.

Barca, 175, 215, 313, 355, 552.

2.
121
Barcelona, 371.
; 128, 267 note
Asim, 403.
Baridy,575, 576.
of Abu
Bckr's wives, 84, Barmecides, the, 362 and
Asma, one
note, 404,
86.
447, 478, 483 -Wm
522.
Asma, Ayesha'ssister,267 note i, 345,
Barmek, jihysician,
362, 404, 447.
Basil,kaiser,554.
346.
Assassins
(fanatic sect), 566 and 7!ote, Basisiri,
583 .u/t/.
567, 588, 589.
Baltal,405 and note 2, 406.
Battle of the Camel," 263-266.
Aslorga, 371.
Battle of the Chains," 53
Asturias,390.
\'eiled Prophet," 12, 38.
Aswad, the
Bedouins, their fickleness, 13 ; attack
with
on
Atamish, vizier,535, 536.
Medina, 14, 15 ; rivalry
city
Arabs
at
Aus, the Beni, 4, 7, 44.
Yemama,
b}31 ; attached
fear to the Caliph, 43 ; their tribal
Avignon, 408, 409.
Islam
bv
to
Ayesha (Mahomet's favourite wife), I,
jealousies,
44 ; united
of
the
of
rapine,
2, 8, 86, 159 note
;
i, 196, 200,
44,
prospect
45
203,
at

119,

"

"

"

244

; seel"s

to

death

the

revenge

of

Othman,
255 ; stirs up sedition at
Mecca, 255 ; accompanies the rebel
in its march
Bussorah,
army
upon

256-260
Camel,"
then

to

the

at

264

retires

Medina,

anecdotes

about

"

battle

of

Mecca

to

note, 311 tiote, 314,

293
529, 582.

344

sij. ; 141,

the
and

267 ; death, and

her, 267 and 7iote 2
note

Mesopotamia,
jealous of

2.

51,

55,

152,

153;

Coreish, 138, 202, 210

281, 282; in Spain, 424;

the

548, 562.
Bedr, 117, 202, 219, 221.
Bedr, men
of, 67, 159.
Bedr, Abd al Rahman's
servant, 463.
Beibars, 599, 601.
Beisan, 105, 106 and fiote, 107, 108,
144.

Ayla, 66, 165, 166.

Azd, the Beni, 363, 403.
Azerbijan, 184, 185, 213,
423, 465, 473, 508, 517,

Bekr, the Beni, 29, 49, 54, 55, 96, ill,

333
222,

529,

416,
559,

577-.
Azrackites,the, 347, 350.

Berbers, 313, 354,

2

Baalbek,
139, 298, 418.
Babek, brigand, 508 and 7iote, 517,
518 and note, 524.
Babkial, 540, 542, 545, 546.
Babylon, 51, 52; battle of, 79, 80;

^'N-

Belbeis, 170, 174.

Belcaa, the, 68, 99, 428.
Belik, river,274 7iote i.
and

355,

3, 383, 407

368 and

.uj"j., 424,

notes

464,

475, 565-

Bethlehem, 147.
Beyrut, 108.
Bilal, muedzzin

of

the

Prophet, 155,

168, 197.

Birs Nimrud
(Tower of Babel), 52.
Bitah, 30.
Biyas,366.
457Baghdad, 97, 126, 149; immoralityin, Black Sea, 214.
196 note, 458 ; founding of the new
Bogha, "the less," 533, 537.
elder," 523, 530, 536,
city of, 459-461 ; 467, 468 note 2, Bogha, "the
sieged, 5^38,
470, 474, 475, 478, 486, 491 ; be539, 540.
Bokhara, 313, 362, 363, 366 7iote i,
494 ; 500, 504, 523, 527, 535
""N-" 543 W7-,
400, 444, 472 ; princeof, 356.
549, 5^6, 569, 571,
Bokhari, the, 511.
573, 577 sfj^/.,596.

125, 126.

Backie, ^ledina

burying-ground,200,

615

INDEX

Bokhary, 331
298,

Medina

on

and

299

Carthage,215,

note.

Bosor, his raid

and

Mecca,

note.

Bosphorus,the,

379, 473, 601.

141,

Bostra, 51, 62, 68, 108.

Boweib, 94 ; battle of, 95, 96.
Bozakha, :6 ; battle of, 22.
Brahminabad,
366 and note 2.
Bridge, battle of the, 92.

406, 490, 520.

Catif, 35, 49.
Caucasus, 416, 420.
Cays (son of Sad ibn Obada), governor
of

Bulgarians,569.
Buran, daughter of Hasan

ibn

Sahl, 503,

of

Persia, 90,

Egypt,

269,

251,

270,

292,

293,

307.

504, 505, 506.

Buran, queen

355.

Casim, Hosein's nephew, 326.

third son,
Casim, Harun's
479, 4S2,
486.
Caspian Sea, 182, 213, 214, 368, 377,

Cays, Arab chief, 38, 39.

Cays, the Beni, 333, 338,

109.

339, 353.

Cazee, office of, 192.

Ceuta, 369.
Busir, 433.
Bussorah, its founding, 134, 135 ; crown
Chaldcea, apostasy in, 44 ; campaign
lands and
endowments
fluence in, 48 sqq. ; 99, loi ; land settlement
of, 137; inthe future of Islam, 137,
in, 136 ; 162, 165, 183.
on
138 ; school of, 138; growth of Charles the Great, 487.
sedition at, 138 ; 148
faction and
China, 366, 487.
162, 165, 177, 178, 179, 183, 185, Chosroes, the, 48. 49, 53, 59 note,
188, 191, 192, 202, 204, 211
69, 126, 129, 180, 181, 417 note,
tion
; deposiof Abu
460.
Musa, 220;
229,
251 ;
march
of rebels upon,
256-260 ; the Christians,12, 48, 55; of Ilira, 57, 59

Burgundy,

"battle
new

409.

of the

"

Camel

at, 261-266

appointed,267

governor

and

288,

taken

by
courage
the battle of Wacusa,
with

Moslems,

churches
of the

in

63;

75;

puts

120;

to

121

in

of

phants,
ele-

113

Cadir, Caliph,582, 5S3.

CKsarea,
144,
145, 151 ; its fall, 153
and

note, 169.

Cahir, 569; Caliph, 571, 572.

Cahtaba, 429, 430, 447.
Cairn, Caliph, 583 sqq.
Cairo, 173, 372, 551, 558, 599. 602.
Cairovvan, 313, 354, 355' 369, 372,
of

Candahar,

Companions, origin
number

killed
the

of

the

Nativity,

at

of

term,

Vemama,

Syrian

18 ;

7 ;

32 ;
gent
; continber
num-

67

army,

in Sad's army,
112
; their rivalry
the Bedouins, 160 ; 189, 202,

271, 390,

391-

II, 218 note.

Constantine, afterwards

195, 606.

Constans

408.
561.

Carcassone,

558, 561

57",
.?"/'/",

572,

note

2,

144.

emperor,

405

453.

Constantinople,
49,

582.
Carmel, Mount,
Carmona,
371.

147

Concubinage, influence of,

313.

Carmat,
Carmathians,

from

Cilicia, 141.
Circassians, 406.
Codeis, 112, 116.
Codhaa, the Beni, 11, 17.
Coinage, Mussulman, 354 and note.
of the Faithful," title of,
"Commander
firstassumed
by Omar, 203.

with

ing
dwell-

peninsula,153 ;
Najran, 157 ; 382,
against,529; 535,

147.

)2otc,

435Canals in Chaldai-a, 136, 162.

their disabilities,

of St. John at Damascus,

loi
;
into a mosque,
104 ; inscription,
105 ; 382.
of the
Resurrection, 147 ; of

in

title,4 and

141

turned

407, 464, 4S1, 551-

Caliph, meaning

149 ;
the Arabian

Constantine,
of,

277.

17-124,

Church

Church
battle

bishops

,585.

at Hira, 62,
Cadesiya, 119;

131, 132, 151, 152,

112,

105

their

73 ; fighting

prohibitedfrom

511 ; enactments

flighta herd

; 122,

231, 262.
Cadesia, 231.
Cadesiya, 107,

at

and

95, 96 ; their
after the fall

94,
Damascus

city,104,

61, 62;
73 ;

monks

at

removed

arrives

Tamar,

Syrian Arabs,
roused

289, 295, 296, 310, 311, 336;

by Ibn al Ashath, 351 ; slaughter by
Hajjaj in, 352; 386, 423, 440, 441,
458, 461 and uolt-, 493, 499,
444,
548, 564, 574, 5S6.
Buyeh, 573.
Buyide dynasty, 578, 580 sqq.
Cabiha,
542, 543, 544.
Cacaa, left in command

Ain

7iote; at

among

141, 142,
602.

169, 214,

314, 378, 383, 479,

Copts, the,

170, 171,

174, 175.

6i6

INDEX

C'oraii, the
l.ima, 29

counlerfcilcd

hoislcd

27S

34 ; universal
to

146

Mosei-

Kharejite leader, 421, 422,

Dhahhak,
423-

readers,"
Dhirar, puts Malik
commanded,
empire
77, 106.
lusion Dihcans, 52, 60.
recited in battle, 116, 117; alin battle, 31,

lances

45;

1)V

and
tlagstafls

on

note

"

tlallah ibn
instruction

"

to

death, 27

76,

growth of, 194-196.

heavenlyjourney, Dissipation,

Mahomet's
;

not

"

collection
Masud's

in,

"

of, 163

; Ab-

Dongola, 173.
Druses, the, 566.
of, Dubeis, general, 586, 588.

reading,"192

192 ;
281

recension

Duma,
II, 50, 61 ; stormed
by Khalid,
62; 194, 284, 317.
Dura, plainof, 51, 125.
515, 524, 528, 606.
Cordova, 370, 435, 463, 607.
Dzobian, the Beni, 14, 16.
Coreish, the, 3, 13, 20, 24, 57, 68, 138, Dzul Cassa, 14, 15, 16, 17.
160, 190, 202, 207, 210, 211, 220 S(J(J., Dzul Kelaa, 65, 66, 102, 139.
Dzulficar," the Prophet'ssword, 457,
I, 229
22^ note
Sijq., 250, 264, 266,
note,
271, 279, 281, 284, 319 and
570.

280,

; 245,
heterodox
views
222

of

3S2,

Mamun,

391 ;

510 ;

"

393-

Coreitza, the Beni, 365 and note i.

Coteiba, 353, 361, 362 stjcj.; rebellion
and

Crete, 479, 507, 535.

Crusaders, 586, 587, 589, 593.
Ctesiphon (Medain), 49, 51, 126, 460.
Cumis, 421.

Cyprus, occupation of, 217,

479, 480.

Daba, battle of, 37.

Dabic, 379, 380.
Dadweih,
38.
desert of, alleged miraculous
Dahna,
lake in, 36.
Dair
Saman, 385.
Damascus,
51, 68, loi ; invested by
army,

Eden
of Islam, the," 104.
Edessa, 139, 579.
Egypt, 144, 145 ; conquest of, \6gsqi/.
;
quered
215, 229, 232, 251, 252, 269; confor Muavia,
by Amru
293 ;
332, 334,'
507, 508, 529, 540, 551,
558, 566, 570, 574, 599.
"

death, 376, 377.

Moslem

EiiKO, the, 371.

Ecija,370.

102

storming

and

Elephants
116 and

Elwand,
Emessa

in

battle, 79,

7iote, 1x8,

01,

183.
{see Hims).

Ephesus, 479.
Equalityof l3elievers,
142,

159, 160.

Ertogral, 601 t/ote.

Erzerum, 354.

of, 103, 104 ; church of

Esdraelon, plainof, 105, 107.
capitulation
St. John the Baptist,104, 105 ; 108, Eudo, count, 408.
138, 140, 144, 149, 153, 165, 168; Euphrates, the, 49, 50, 51, 52,
drunkenness
in, 194 ; 236 ; the capital
125, 133, 141, 162, 274,
114,
of the Moslem
387, 430, 441, 548.
empire, 307 ; 332 ;
of
emblems
Othman's
murder
posed
exExecutions, barbarity of, 348 note.
in

the

established
413,

414,

418,

419,

by Abdallah,

432;
509, 523. 531. 552,
Daniel, tomVj of, 179.
Darin, island of, 36.
J

252 ;

mosque,

at, 354

and
420,
441,

; 374,
425 ; taken

492,

587, 588.

'aud, 398, 439.

Dauphine, 409.
"

of Tears," 256.
Sea, 65, 68, 144.
Deccan, the, 405.

Day

Dead

Deibul, 366.
Deilem, 378, 455, 481, 485, 544, 572.
Delta of the Euphrates, 49, 51 sq., 91,
97182.
Demavend,
Derbend, 406.
Dewatt

of Omar,

112,

324,

mint

note

481,

95,

92,

121.

Fadak, 381.
of \'ahga ibn Khalid, 465,
Fadhl, son
466, 478, 481, 482, 483, 484.
Fadhl ibn Rabia, 490, 492, 493, 505.
ibn Sahl, 489, 490,
Fadhl
498, 500,
501, 503, 512, 513.

Famine, 164.
Farazdac, poet, 323, 358, 379 and note.
Ears, 185, 2X2,
296, 297, 340, 350,
386, 458, 541, 55o" 573Faryab, 364 note 2.
and wife
Fatima, daughter of Mahomet
6
of Aly, 5 ; her
205,
sons,
; 197,
303, 304, 456 and note 2.
Fatima, Hosein's daughter, 326.
Fatimides, the, 564 sq"/., 58 x, 582, 584,
590.

162, 193.

Dhabba, 189, 190.

Dhahhak, 333, 334.

Fellaheen, 52, 55, 60.

Ferghana, 362, 364, 366, 3S8, 404,

54X.

444,

INDEX

6i 7

Feroze, 3S, 41.

his age, 347 ; 348
si/i/.; his remorse,
tribe,389.
//a/c
2
360 ; death, 361 and
; 362,
Field of idols,"bailie of, 407.
386, 460 /!0U\
Fihl (Pella), 105, 106; battle of,
107, [ Jrlakam, 333 /lo/t:.
Hakim
144.
(Fatimide), 566.
Firadl),battle of, 64.
llama, 140.
Firuzan, Persian general, 1S2 ; proverb ! Hamadan,
182, 183 ; fire-templeat,
concerning,1S3, 184.
184; 429, 452, 4O5, 482, 490, 512,
P^ostat,173, 174, 176, 236, 249, 433,
517, 588, 596.
552, 55", 566.
Hamza, 33, 197.
France, 390, 408.
Hani, 323.
Fujaa burned alive for treachery,42.
Hanlfa, the Beni, 29, 30, 32, 33, 63 /m/e.
Hanifite, the (son of Aly), 63 ;to/e.
Galicia, 370, 371.
Hanifites,511 fwte 3.
Galilee, Lake of, 69.
of
Haphsa, Omar's daughter and one
"Garden
of Death," 32, ^;^,
Mahomet's
wives, 8, 163, 222, 256.
43, 163.
"Garden
of
the
world"
(Chaldcean Harai)i, the, at Jerusalem, 146 uole ;
Delta), 52, loi.
at
Mecca, 188.
of the world"
"Garden
mascus),
Harb, 333 note.
(plainof DalOI.
Harith, 403, 404, 416, 426, 427.
Gaza, 144, 145.
Harora, 282, 287.
Gerona, 371.
Harran, 416, 418, 419, 425, 42S, 430,
(ihassan, the Beni, 51, 62, 142.
432, 434, 441, 44^, 552, 587Ghatafan, the Beni, 21.
Harthama, 480, 486, 490, 492, 494,
/!o/i: 2,
Ghazies, 276 and
278, 352,
496, 499, 500, 513.
406.
Harun
(Rashid), 465, 466, 471 note,
Ghazni, 212 and /lo/c;313.
472 sijij.; accession to the Caliphate,
Ghizeh, 173.
life
477 ; his cruelty, 477 ; religious
and
Gibraltar, 369 and //o/c 2, 372.
character, 47S ; letter to NiceGilan, 37S.
phorus, 480; faithlessness,
481, 482,
Gilboa, 105.
Amln
485 ; his son
appointed heirGilead, 99, 100.
apparent, 482 ; death, 487 ; reception
of embassy
from
Granada, 370.
Charles
the
Greek
fire,494.
Great, 487 ; splendour of his reign,
Greeks
at Wacusa,
: 68
; troops massed
488 ; 603.
defeated
69 ;
by the Moslems, 75Harun, son of Khomaria, 556, 558.
at
Hasan
ibn Sahl, 498 sqq.
Damascus,
yj ; surrender
103 ;
routed at Fihl, 107 ; losses in northern
of Aly and
Hasan,
son
grandson of
Syria, and retirement of Heraclius
Mahomet, 6, 261, 299, 303 and note ;
succeeds
to
Constantinople, 139-141 ; their
Aly in the Caliphate,306
and
note
rising in northern
Syria, 151 s^/i/.;
; alidicates, 307 ; death,
in Egypt, i6g stji/.; hostilities with
308; 316, 317, 322, 327, 328 and
Moslems
in 647 a.d., 214 ; Muavia's
note, 336, 400 note
I, 404 ; character
al
and death, 410, 411 ; 455, 534.
operations, 313, 314; 343; Abd
Melik's
hostilities against them, 353 ; Hashim
ibn Otba,
107,
119,
121, 126,
359, 379, 405, 425, 472, 479, 4^0,
131, 277508, 517, 530, 541, 552, 554, 559,
206, 207, 210,
Hashimites, 160, 200,
569, 579211, 419, 421, 434, 443, 476.
of Carthage, 215,
Hashimiya, 459.
Gregory, governor
216.
Hassan, 355.
Hatim
Guadalete, the, 369.
Tay, 53, 312.
Hauran, the, 69, 72, 144, 166, 441.
Habib, 364.
Hawazin, the Beni, 1 10.
^
of Sind, 367.
Habib, governor
Hebron, 68.
and
/lo/e.
Ilabiba, slave-girl,
Hegira, the, era of, 193.
392
Hadhramaut, 37, 38, 39.
Hejaz, the, 165, 174, 223, 226, 301,
Flady, 465, 471, 473, 474; accession
312.
the Caliphate,
ment
to
Hejer, pnjvinceof, 35, 564.
475 ; cruel treatof heretics, 476 ; death, 477.
Heraclea, 480.
Heraclius, emperor,
48, 49, 68, 69,
Hafir, 53, 55, 59 no/d.
his farewell
Hajjaj, 162, 328 /w/r, 330 //o/e, 340,
102, 104, 106, 139, 140;
retirement
to Constantito Syria,and
tyrant of
344 no/c 2, 345 ; the worst
Fezara
"

6i8

f.VDEX

noplc,

141

oxcliange of giftsbe-

his wife and

twcfii

the wife of

143 ; 1S7, 318 no/e.

and
212
tiotc, 312,

142,

Herat,

Omar,

335,

356, 421, 427, 464, 4S5.

Heretics, treatment
of, 471,

472,

lim

353,

476,

524.
I lermon,

Iloiteira,
421 S(/(/.,428, 430, 431,
438, 441 s"j"j., 443 and note i, 447,
456.

Ibn

Il)n

Honeif, 258, 259, 260.

Isliac,historian,62.

Ibn

J()l)eir,
360.

Ibn

Kelhir, 445 and

note

2, 450.

Ibn

Khallican, 484 note.

Hims, 69, 102, 106, 133; its capitulation, \\m Khazim, 334, 335, 346, 356.
Ibn Khozeima, 454, 464.
154,
140;
149,
151,
152,
Ibn
Masud, 191, 192, 218, 222,
165, 222, 231, 414, 418, 419, 420,
99.

423, 531. 537,

587-

Himvars, the, 65, 66,

225.
Ibn 5luavia,
420,

139.

102,

Hind, wife of Abu

Sofian, 167, 197.
Hira, 50, 52 ; besieged by Khalid, 57

421,

Ibn
;

its

Muljam, assassin
Ibn Omar, 415, 420.

429.
of Aly, 302,

capitulation,57, 58 ; remains
service of
Christian,59 and nofe ;
victory at, 59, 60 ; 63, 64 ; 79, 90,

Ibn

Raic, 572, 573, 575, 576.

Ibn

Sauda

ihircl lime,

Itm

' '

"

113,

114;

.125; 344,
Hisham,
39

1
"

333

for the

taken
420,

393, 401

"0^^

Caliph,

I; 4"^3" 4 '2, 414,

441, 603.
Hit, fortress of, 133, 6cx).
Hobab, 3, 4.
Hodeibia, 159, 279.
Hodzeifa, military leader, 17 ; reduces
Oman, 37 ; 222.
Holagii, 596, 597.
Hohvan, 127, 131, 132, 137, 177, 182,
183, 421, 449, 481, 492, 594.
Homeima, 427, 428.
Honein, battle of, 24, 189.
Horeish, 334, 335.
Homiuz, satrap of the Delta, 52, 79, 117.
Hormuzan,
178, 179, 180; embraces
at
Islam, 181 ; murdered
Medina,
209.

Horr, Arab chief,324.

of Aly and
Hosein, son
grandson of
Mahomet, 6, 303 and iiole, 322 sgq. ;
killed at Kerbala, 326 ; 336, 337,
528, 534, 581.
of Aly ibn Isa, 492,
Hosein, son
493,
503, 507Ibn

of

Bussorah,
go\"ernor
212, 221, 229, 230, 233, 251, 256.
Ibn Abbas, 201,
244,
250, 258, 269,
282, 322.
Ibn
al Ashath,
rebels
against Hajjaj,
351 ; takes Bussorah, 351 ; defeated,
Ratbil, who
352 ; takes refuge with
afterwards beheads
him, 352.
Ibn Athir, v, 348 note, 355 fiote,367,
466 t20te I, 469 note I, 506 note, 511
note

Aamir,

I.

Ibn Ayesha, 506, 513.

Ibn

Cahtaba, 429, 430, 442.

Casim
ibn Casim),
(see Mohammed
Ibn Daud,
528.
524,
Ibn Hanbal, 511, 515, 571 vote.

Ibn

303.

(Saba), 229 and tiote.

Sikkit, 532.
Toghej, 573.
Zobeir, 256, 267, 285, 318, 319,

Ibn

Ibn

422.

note, 367, 383

223,

Caliphate, 329 ;
322 ; affects the
and
attacks
Medina
5lecca, 330,
331
and

332

sqij. ;

Mecca

besieged at

killed, 345, 346.

Ibraham

ibn

al

Ashlar, 337

sqq.

434

note.

the Aghlabile, 551.

of Abdallah, 455,
son

Ibrahim,

Ibrahim,

456,

458, 459Ibrahim, Amin's

uncle, 495 ; saluted

502 ; 503, 504, 506, 507.
Ibrahim, friend of (afar (Barmecide),

CaHph,

484, 485Ibrahim

(son of

Abbas-

Mohammed,

side

pretender), 415, 427 ; death,

428, 431, 436, 438.
Ibrahim, son ofWelidI, t,t,^note, 417 ;
the government
of Damascus,
assumes
418 ; death, 419.
Idris, 475.

dynasty,573 and
militaryleader, 17

Ikhshidite

Ikrima,

iiote,^yj.
; suffers

Mahia,
lady who

30 ; his victory
marries
a
37 ; 39, 40;
been
to
betrothed
had

Mahomet,

41

Yemama,

at

reverse

at

the

operations on

Syrian frontier,65, 66, 68, 75, 76

his death

at

Wacfisa, 77.

Imamship, the
560, 605.

divine, 305, 437,

510,

India, 366-368, 405, 444, 473, 605.

Indus, the, 312, 313, 366, 405.

throughout Arabia
death, 12 sqq.
50, 81, 84, 89, 94, 107

Insurrection

on

Mahomet's

Irac, 49,

appointedcommander
land

settlement

223, et passim.
Irac Araby, 51 and

in,

in, 136, 137

Sad
134 5

no;
;

163,

note, 177, 593.

Irene, queen, 473, 479, 480.

Isa, 446 note, 447, 448, 450, 451, 457,

458, 459, 462 and note, 463.

"520

I.YD

ibii Said, posted on

at
; defeated

Khalid

29S, 299, 302, 306,

329, 338, 340, 343,
348, 350, 387, 388, 415, 422 ; taken
by llin Cahtal)a, 430; taken by Abu
Salma, 438 ; 458, 461 and note, 493,
499, 536, 554; stormed, 564; 565,

Syrian
Marj, 66 ;

ilio

iVontier, 65
221

EX

//('/"".

of Vezid, 333, 334. 341.

Klialid, son
Khalid, the Barmecide,
362 and iio/c,
447, 460, 462 ;w/t',465, 473.
Khalid (Yemenite), governor
of Kufa,
395. 396, 397. 404. 412,
413- 460
note.

Khanikin,

594.

Kharejites, hostile to Aly, 281, 282;

their creed, 287, 350 ; their outrages,
slain
at
numbers
note ;
289 and
Xehrwan,

their

290;

291,

290,
no/e, 329,

296, 297;
332,

335,

308, 319

301,

336, 340,

347,
421,

409,

423,

427"

463, 475,

419,

478"

485, 486, 523, 554, 557.

Kharizm, 592.
Khawarnac,

of, 59 note; palace

pastures

of, 113, 125, 343.

465, 473

of

4, 7, 44.

Hady

and

Ilarun,

S(J(J.

Khirrit, rebellion of,296, 297.

Khizrs, the, 213, 389, 406, 464, 479.

Khojend, 366, 3S8.

Khomaria, 552, 553, 556,
90, 132, 180, 185, 312, 334,
335. 346, 356, 362 -w.
377, 384,
388, 403, 415, 426, 437, 444, 454
s-/"j.,461, 464, 467, 482, 520, 544,
550, 556.

Khorasan,

Khotial, 404.
Khovvarizm, 212,
*'

365, 366

note

I.

Khozeina," 390.

Khujistany,550.
Khulm, 364.
Khuzistan, 134, 179, 183, 192, 549.
Kilab, the Beni, 304 note.
Kinda, the Beni, 39, 154, 279.

(Chalcis),140, 143, 152, 154,

418, 422, 441.
Kiphjaks,the, 389.
Kirkesia, 133, 137. 139, 337, 341, 343,
411,

Labii),
"

the

Jew, 511

Kirmany, 416, 426,

427, 428.

Kish, 363, 364 note 2, 366 note i.

Koseila, 354, 355.
Kotheir, poet, 358.
Knhhet
al Sakhra, the, 146 note.
Kufa, 52, 94, 125; its founding, 135 ;
lands of, 137 ; its influence on
crown
the future of Islam, 137, 138 ; school
of sedition, 138;
of, 138; hotbed
148, 157, 162, 163, 178 sqq., 183,
185, 188, 190 si](]., 202, 204, 211,
discontent

227-232
of

; 261

note

i.

Lady's Castle,the," 53.

Land,
137Land

dynasty, 57, 59 note.

of, in Irac, 136,

settlement

of

68.
Blessing,"

Laodicaja, 140, 466.

Letjanon, 99, 566, 567.
of
to
Leila, widow
Malik, wedded
Khalid, 27 ; her life saved by Mojaa,
Leila, sister of Kharejilerebel, 481.
Leo
the Isaurian,379, 405.
Levant, the, 214, 216, 217.
Little Zab, the, 430.
Lugo, 372 and note.
of. 531, 552, 554.
Lulu, town
Lulu
(freedMemluk), 552, 553.
Lydda, 145.

Lyons, 409.
Maab, 108.
Madekerili, Amr
ibn, 38, 39, ill, 117.
Mahfuza, 367, 405.
Mahmud,
565, 581, 5S2.
Mahomet
death, i ; burial, 4 ; his
:
children,6 ; his receptionof Moseilama's ambassador, 29 ; dying legacy,
44 ; his heavenly journey, 146 and
7iote ;
Najran, 157 ;
treaty with
made

at,

219,

becomes

government,

221,

the

223,

Moslem

268 ; 280, 282,

his

to

and

widows

tion
concubines, 159 and note; declaraof equality amongst
Believers,
1
by
59 ; 204 ; loss of his signet-ring
Othman, 227 ; 257, 267 notes i and 2,
his

279, 314;

pulpitand

316, 321, 327, 344

422.

seat

574-

allowances

Kinnisrin

213;

322,

31 ; story of, 194.

Khazraj,the Beni, 3,
Kheibar, 5, 20, 158.
Klieizran, mother

295,

310,

Kurds, the, 189, 296, 361, 465, 523,

558, 575, 587Kurlckin, 575.

"

3S2, 396, 407,

444,

293,

307,

frequentrisings,Lakhmite

349,

429,

292,

note

391 7iote I, 394, 511 note

6c8.

Mahra,

staff,315;
2,
i,

346, 385,

582

note,

17, 37.

Majorca, 368.
Malaga, 370.
Malatia, 453.
Malik
ibn Anas,
note

458, 468

note

2, 511

3.

Noweira, chief of the Beni

prisoner to
; brought a
Khalid, 26 ; put to death, 27 ; his
widow^
marries
Khalid, 27 ; character
and poetictalent, 28 ; 156.

Malik

ibn

YerVjoa, 25

Mameluke

dynasty,599

sijq.

621

INDEX

note, 477, 482, 483, 485, Mehdy, 433, 446, 454, 455, 457, 458,
244
with
461 ; appointed heir-apparent, 462 ;
486, 488 ; breach
Amiii, 489 ;
CaHph of the East, 490 ; 493, 49S ;
465, 466 ; accession to the Caliphate,
proclaims Aly-ridha heir-apparent, 469 ; his cruelty, 470 S(/(/.; suppression
of heresy, 471, 472 ; 473 ;
Bagdad, 504 ; marriage
501 ; enters
with
the
death and character, 474 ; 476.
Buran,
507 ; commences
foundation
of 'lyana, 508 ; heterodox
Mehmud,
Sultan, 587.
of Caliph Vezid, 320.
features of his reign, Meisun, mother
views, 510;
Mekran,
366.
511. 7/.; death, 513; 541, 604, 605
Melik
note
Rahim, 583, 584.
2.
Melik
Shah, Sultan, 585.
ManichKans,
471, 472, 476.
Membaj, 274 note 1.
Mansur, 501, S02.
Mansur
theVictorious,"name assumed
Membij, 141.
note
Memluks,
note, 516 and
by Abu Jafar,448.
i,
249
Mansurah,
366 note 2, 405.
599 -WMemphis, 173.
Manuel, Greek admiral, 175.
Merida, 371.
Marash, 141, 480.
Merj Dabik, battle of, 601.
Mardin, 423.
Merj Rahit, 333, 334, 339.
Mareb, 40.
Merve, ly^N 184, 212, 213, 335, 351,
Marj Soffar,engagement at, 66.
356, 362, 364, 377, 384, 388, 403,
Martel, Charles, 408, 409.
428, 486, 491, 498,
6, 170, 197.
427,
415, 421,
Mary, the slave-girl,

Maniun,

"

Mascala,
Maslama,

502, 544.
cousin

297.
359 note, 379, 383, 387,

388, Merwan,

of Vezid

brother

Masrur,

III, 414.

Sultan, 588.

Masud,

Masudy,

7Wte

224
the

Mnziad,

1.

Beni, 5S6.

37, 68, 160, 215,

223 ; pilgrimage to, 47, 64, 83, no,
146 note, 168, 187, 212, 226,
142,
stirs up
sedition at,
234 ; Ayesha
13,

i,

raid

298;

on.

and the Kaaba

bombarded,

:\Iedain, 49, 51, 54, 59, 61, 90, 93, 97,

108, 113; invested and captured by
taken, 129 and

460, 504,
of

state

notes

288,

420,

spoil
449,

death

partiesat, 6, 7

at, i si/t/.;
attacked by

tribes, 13, 14 ; saved by

history in
Bekr, 15 ; domestic
of the Caliphate, 47 ;
first year

disaffected
Abu
the

no;

Syria at, 67

of troops for

review

in, 164; volcanic

famine

85,
fires

226 ; sedition
; the mosque,
near,
of governors
at,
in, 233 ; conference
who
236 ; attacked by conspirators,

188

Othman,

murder
as

the

239-246;

capitalof

Islam,

doned
aban-

268;

316, 317, 31S ;

attacked and sacked, 330 ; 359, 360,
cut
374, 379- 456, 457 ; "late groves
Bosor's

down,

raid on,

459

475,

298

523. 554-

Sidonia, 369.
the, 108,
Mediterranean,

note

270,

elected

difficulties and

of his
defeat

reign,419

the battle of the

at

flight,431, 432

slain

at

character, 434 and 7!ote

Merwan,
poet, 488 7!ote 2.

rections
insur-

si/i/.; his
Zab, and

Bustr, 433

citizen of Medina,

Micdad,

453.

439,

109,

112,.

133

S(/(/.,

139; 151, 152, 182, 221, 273,

298, 335, 339, 416, 422, 437,
452, 475, 481, 482, 493, 517,
557, 564, 573, 574, 5S7, 59i-

274,
441,

544,

205, 207.

472.
226.

Mina,
Mint, royal,at Damascus, 354 and
Miracles, alleged,36, 315.
Mirzabans, 212.
Mirzuban, 178.
Moadz, 166.
Mothanna's

Moanna,

Moayyad,

215,

36S,

brother,

note.

m.

535.

Alobarca, 523.
Mocanna,
472.
Modathir, 561.
Modhar, the Beni, 264, 334,

400,

414,

416,418, 422, 427,428, 441, 463,492.

of BusMoghira ibn Shoba, governor
a
sorah, 178, 180; arraigned on
charge of adultery,188, 189 and note ;

appointed

Medina

507-

235,

234,

266,

Michael,

'575.

Mahomet's

Medina,

immense

the

127-130;

Othman,
245,

318;
destroyed, Mesopotamia, 30, 49, 51. 97,
127 ; Sad's operationsin,
360,
; 359,

besieged, 345
445, 467, 475, 478, 499, 564.
331 ; 344;

Sad,

//ote, 242,

20,

Bosor's

255;

240

Caliph,419;

Maziar, 520, 521.

Mecca,

of

318Caliph, 333 ; 334 ;

death, 334 ; 357, 3S2.
Merwan
I,
II, grandson (jf Merwan
note,
406 and
413, 416 ; saluted

389, 392, 406, 44V

193,

198,

31b,3ir,

governor
202,

318.

219,

of

Kufa,

233,

250,

191

309,

/.VVV:W

Mohajir.militaiyleader, 17,
40,

38, 39,

37,

Mohdkkem,

leader of the Beni

3-' 35Mohallal),

1 lanifa,

341,

343,

344,

356.

351,

394. 395. 415. 427Mohammed

ibn Alxlallah

Hasan), 442

"io/e

(grandson of
and

i, 455

"/o/e

I,

of

son

Bekr,

265, 270,

245,

244,

Abu

Mohammed,
Mohammed,

son

of

son

of

son

ibn
ibn

Mohammed

Aly-ridha,508.

Omar,

51

of

no/t'

2.

Soleinian, 558, 561,

grandson of Tahir,

Mohammed,
Mohammed,
Mohammed,
Mohammed

son

of

Takash,

son

of

Toghluk,

succeeds

his

to

535.

592.
601.

the

virtues, 543

death, 546

Mojaa, chief

Caliphate,
544,

545

Hanlfa, 30

547.

of

the

Beni

captured by Khalid, 30 ; ^^ ;
daughter married to Khalid, 34.

his

185.

Christian chief,35.
Mongols, 592, 593, 596, 597.
Morocco, 368.

Mosawvvir,
Moseilama,

97,

98;

his devices

for

33.

Mosque of Omar, 146 and )w/e.

Mosul, 51, 133, 137, 274, 298,
337, 338, 416, 422, 423, 430,
443. 465, 478, 481, 493. 523.
558. 570,
541, 545, 552 -W-,
576, 584, 588.

28.

335,
432,

96

at

93;

death,

skill,
military

and

dying message,

no;

si/"/.

{see

Abu

also

of Abu
Muavia, son
Sofian, 68, 108,
of
; governor
153, 167, 187, 197, 210
Syria,214, 216, 217, 224, 231, 233,
24S, 250, 251;
242.
237;
exposes
the

emblems

the

mosque

280

of

Othman's

murder

in

of

saluted

Egypt,

293

Caliph, j86
his

raids

on

wins

Arabia,

a
treaty with
297 ; 298 ; concludes
in the
Aly, 299,
300 ; wounded

302

mosque,

304 ; succeeds

Hasan

Caliph, 307 ; reconciled to Ziad,

31Q ; operationsin the East, 312 ;
campaign against Greeks, 313, 314;
declares his son
Vezid heir-apparent,
318 ; death and character,321 ; 441,
as

539.

170.

Upper Egypt,

Muctadir, 566 ; Caliph,568 sqc/.

Muctady, Caliph,585.
Muizz ud Dowla, Sultan, 578, 580.
Mukhtar, 336, 2i7 ^'1']of
Muktafy, son
Motadhid, Caliph,
557, 558 ; death, 559 ; 562, 568.

Muktafy,son

572,

Multan^366,

550, 553, 554 ;

of

governor

171 nofe, 172.

537,

Caliph,555, 556;

Motamid, Caliph 547,

his death, 555.

109,

deceiving Mucoucus,

people, 29 ; marries Sajah, the

prophetess, 29, 30 ; attacked
by
Khalid, 30-33 ; killed in the battle of

Motadhid, 549, 554;

his death, 557.

Bowcil), 95,

character

80 ;

Bekr,

Bridge," 92,

Ahmed).
Muadz, a reciter of the Coran, 93.

pretender to the Caliphate, Muayyad,

the

Motammin,

III

Abu
the

battle of

509, 603.
Muavia
H, 332.

541, 545.

13, 17, 25

97,

of

the

at

levy for his aid

Damascus, 252 ; his

despatchto Aly, 253 ; 269, 270 sijq. ;
meets
Aly on the field of Siffin,274,
of the
to be one
276 ; deputes Amru
umpires, 279 ; retires to Damascus,

Alhabib, 565.
the, 328.

Moharram,

ated,
529 ; assassin-

542.

80 ;

Movvafifac, 547

562.

Yemama,

to

III.

430.

Mohammed

Mokraii,
Mondzir,

succeeds

I;

sons,

by

victory at

(son of Khalid, governor

Mohammed

Persians

79,

293

292,

Bogha, 546.
Casim, 366, 367, 376.
of Ismail, 561.

ibn

Mohammed

Mohammed,

the

Babylon,

the "battle

of Aly), 337,

(Ilanefiteson
33^"^.
339. 341-

Mohammed

542

defeats

227,

//o/c.

Mohtady,

his

532, 533

commanded

456. 457Mohammed,

Kufa),

//o/d

Mota/.eliles,
509, 515, 528.
Mothanna, a Bekr
chief, 3G ; attacks
Chalda^a, 49 s"/,/.; 53, 54, 61, 71;

of Abbas,
threat-grandson

Moliammed,

and

51

Caliphate,526 ; his crueltyand

pire
rapacity,526, 527 ; divides the emamong

336, 340,

347 s././.: death,

238,

Motawakkil,
the

4"-

of

Mustazhir, Caliph,589.

565.

Mundzir, 59 note.
Munis, 566, 5(^8,569, 571.
Muntassir, 528 note
2,_529,
succeeds

to

the

532,

Caliphate,534

533 ;
; his

death, 534.

Munuza, 408 note i.

phate, Musa, conqueror
of Spain,62, 355, 368,
^lotassim, 513 ; accession to the Cali369 ; lands in Spain, 370 ; conquests,
515 ; 518 ; conspiracyagainst
and
him, 519, 520 ; 521 ; death
his fall, 372,
recalled, 372;
371;
character,522 ; 526.
373 and }iote.
27,

62

INDEX

Musa,

of

son

Bogha,

1542, 544,

545,

547, 549, 551-

Musa,

of Ibn

son

Khorasan,
356Musa,

356

of

son

his

Khazim,
;

defeated

career

and

Isa, 462.

Musab, 334, 335, 336, 340

343 ; 348 note.

s,/,j.;

in

Nineveh,
Nisabur,

558.

49,

452, 508.
Nishapur,212, 356.
429,

slain, Nisibin, 152, 423, 448, 481, 576, 584,

587 and note.
Nismes, 398, 408.
death,
Noman,
59 /toh', 179, 180, 183.
Noushirvvan, 297.

Nubians, 173, 215.

Nunidin, 599.
Mustadhy, Caliph, 589.
Mustain,"
sieged Nusaf, 364 note 2, 366 note i.
Caliph, 535, 536, 537 ; beat
Bagdad, 538 ; abdicates, Nushirvan, line of, 213.
538 ; assassinated, 539 ; 541, 543
of Mohammed
Obeidai.lah
)ioU'.
(Fatimide), son
^\lhabib,565, 566.
Mustakfy, Caliph,577, 578, 581.
vizier,532.
Obeidallah, MotawakkiTs
]\Iustanjid,
Caliph, 589 and //oh:
of Omar, 209.
Mustansir,
Obeidallah, son
Caliph,593.
of
Obeidallah, S(3n
Ziad, 323,
]\Iustansir,Egyptian Caliph,599, 600.
324,
328,
Mustarshid, 586, 587, 588.
325, 327,
332, 335, 336 s'J'/-;
MusHm,

and

322

t/ote

2,

323, 336.

his deat:\ 339.

Mustassim, last of the Caliphs,595 .?"/'/"
Obolla, 50, 52, 124, 134.
Mustazhir, Caliph, 585.
Ocha, taken
prisoner at the battle of
Miita, battle of, 9, 20, 60, 86, 420.
Bedr,
Mutavvakkil,
Egyptian Caliph, 601,
219.
of Aniru's
one
602.
Ocba,
generals, 313,

529, 532, 534, 536; Cahph,

537, 538, 540, 541 ; death, 542 ; 543
//ofe,544.

Mutazz,

Mutie, Caliph,581.
of songstresses

Mutilation

for

Okeidar,
Okkasha,

the Beni, 365 and no/i- i.

Nahr-shir, the, 61.
of Othman's
wives, 228, 246,
Naila, one

of, 52, 113, 125.

Oman,
37
Omar

13, 30,

Narbonne,
390, 409.
Narsa, Persian general,90, 91.
of the Faith," Caliph,
Nasir, "Defender

576, 577.
chieftain, 498, 499, 500.
Nasr,
Nasr, pretenderin Syria, 492.
Nasr, viceroy at Merve, 404, 415, 425,
426, 427, 428, 429 ; death, 429.
188, 214, 216, 217,
Naval
expeditions,
368.
Nehavend, battle of, 183, 198, 213;
Arab

288

301, 302

Nestorians

Kharejites defeated
;

at,

500, 504, 536.

of

rumour

the

confronts

the

declares

Ahiu

Prophet's rightful

the

at

Ain

Tamar,

guilty of

62.

Malik's
of

first idea

his

death, 27,

collecting the

Sacred Text, 34 ; restrains the spirit

slaves of
of conquest, 45 ; liberates
Arab blood, 46 ; appointed judge in
at Medina,
civil causes,
47, 87 ; Abu
Bekr
the

appoints him his

Caliphate,83, 84 ;

and

address

the

to

in

successor

Abu

Bekr's

87 ; accession,
poses
people, 89 ; deorders
a
levy for

him,

in

confidence

Khalid, and
89 ; his receptionof

Mothanna,
news

of

Moslem

109 ; goes
1 10

the

from

on

to

the

93 ; 106,

reverses,

107 ; determines

258, 259.

363, 364.
Nicephorus, 479, 480.
second
of
Clangour," 122;
"Night
(battleof Siflin),277.
Nile, the, 170, 171, 173 -V/-" 558Nezak,

be

to

Khalid

429.

14,

the

discredits

of, 36,

and
3, 4 ; his appearance
8
temperament,
7,
; disapproves of
the Osama
expedition,10 ; 18 ; his
reception of Toleiha, 23 ; holds
28

591 s,/,/.
Nasir ud Dowla,

290,

35 ; reduction
//ote.

successor,

Najran, 38, 156.

Nejd,

and

444

Bekr

//ote.

Najda, 341.

Nehrvvan,

62.

22,

Prophet's death, 2 ;
and
of Medina,
men

248, 252.
Najah, 532 and

chief of Duma,

23.
Oleiya, Harun's sister,484.

S(/,/.

Nadir,

Najaf,lake

satirising, Ojeif,517, 519, 520.

41.

Mutlaky, Cahph, 575

354,355-

Ocba, son of Hajjaj, 408, 409.

Odzeib, 112, 120, 124.
Ohod, 20, ^^^, 197, 245 //o/e I, 265.

subdue

pilgrimageto

Persia,
Mecca,

tidings of
; his reception of the
victoryof Cadesiya, 124 ; apprehensive
of evil results to the people
the

spoils

of

acquisitionof
war,

132 ;

immense

prohibits

624

INDEX

further advance
on
Persia, 132 ;
the gateway
orders Sad 10 pulldown
at Kufa, 135, 136; land
of his palace
settlement in Irac,136, 137 ; receives
Khalid into favour, 143 ; visitsJabia
nance,"'
and Jerusalem,
145-14S; his "Ordivisit to
149, 150; second
of .\rab tribes,
Jaliia,
152; his register
159, 161 ; self-denial during famine,
ordered duringthe
164; precautions
plague,166 ; visits Syria,166-168 ;

his campaignsin the East and against

Turks and Khizrs, 212, 213 ; charged
with partiality
and
nepotism,215,

216, 218; permitsnaval

operations,

217 ; his recension of the Coran, 222,

223 ; palace,224 note i ; increasing
unpopularity, 226-22S ; loses the
227'; growing
Prophet'ssignet-ring,
againsthim, 229-234 ;
with him, 233 ; his
Aly expostulates
appeal to the people,233, 234 ; last
disaffection

pilgrimage to Mecca, 234 ; treated

a
contumely, 245 ; summons
conft^rence at
Medina, 236; plot
against him, 236-247 ; besieged in
his palace, 242-245 ; murdered
by
246 ;
conspirators,
245 ; his IjuriaJ,
305, 312, 336.
ibn Moneif, 251.
Othman
assassination,
199 ; appointselectors
to choose
Oxus, the, 182, 184,212, 312, 313, 351,
successor,
199 ; wishes to be
the Prophet,200 ; death,
buried near
356, 362, 365.
last

to
Mecca, 168, 198 ;
pilgrimage

his
receptionof Hormuzan, 180, 181 ;
for the conquest
orders an advance
of Persia, 182 ; the later years of his
of his
reign,187-197; simplicity
domestic life,196 ; his wives, 196 ;
letter

201

to

river Nile, 175 ;

the

of his

achievements

Caliphate,Oyeina,chief of

first "Commander

character, 202,

201;

of the Faithful,"
203 ;
2x6
operations,

with

the Keni

Ghatafan, 21,

22, 24.

averse

316, 528.

Palestink, 68, loi,

conquest
139;
of, 144 sq(j. ; divided into two provinces,
381 ;
148 ; 165, 410, 414, 420, 432,
603.
440, 523- 537, 586.
Patriarch of Jerusalem,145, 146, 147.
Omar, son of Abd al Aziz, 359, 360.
Omar
ibn Hobeira, 389,395.
Pedigrees,tablesof,333, 393, 395, 535.
Omeyya, house of, 160, 167, 168,206, Peikund, 362.
207, 210, 211, 214, 229, 246, 250,
Pepin,king,464.
177, 183,188, 297.
252, 266, 305, 311, 320, 327, 328, Persepolis,
Persia : Arab
invasion,48 stj/j.; paralysed
330, 332, 333. 347, 383. 387, 392
by internal troubles,60, 61 ;
s,j,j.,400, 412, 424 sqq., 434, 435,
defeated
the battle of Babylon,
at
440.fr/y.,447, 463, 528, 538,603 sq.
Omm
raises an
Habiba, daughterof Abu Sofian,
army,
79, 80 ; Rustem
to

Omar

naval

II, 104, 367, 376, 379

Caliph,
382-385; death, 385 ;
policy,

243, 244 iio/r,311 and

nofe, 314 note

Omm

Haram,

Omm

Keis

story of,217 nole.

106.
((iadara),
Omm
Kolthum, a daughterof Mahomet
and wife of Othman, 205.
Kolthum.
Omm
Omar's wife,exchanges
presents with the Byzantineempress,
142, 143 ; 196, 197.
Omm
Kolthum, daughter of Aly, 197,

303-^
Omm

Salma, 314

Omm

Siml, 24.

note

2.

Walad," 193, 434;?^/^.

of Omar," 149, 150.
to the Syrianborder
Osama, expedition
"Omm
"

; defeated in the Delta, 91 ; the

battle of the Bridge,"
92 ; routed at
Boweib, 95-97 ; Yezdegird succeeds
to the throne, 109 ; revived military
movement,
109; total defeat at Cadc-

90
"

2.

Ordinance

of, 9-1 1, 43

Medina, 16.
Osmanlies,the,

his victorious

return

to

siya,117-124;

478.
Plague in Syria,165, 166,411.
Poitiers,
408.
of,
Prayer, presidency
at, signification
5 note

601

and

7iofe,602.

Otba, a Companion,134, 177, 178, 188.

Othman, son-in-law of Mahomet, 6, 83,
84, 87, 163, 175, 199, 200, 205, 206;

capture of Medain,

127 ; disasters at Jalolaand Hoi wan,

of, 177-186;
conquest
131, 132;
212
rising,
; 421, 437, 452, 465, 468,
482, 485,523, 569, 591, 604, 605.
Persian Gulf, 133, 182, 312, 490, 592.
Pilgrimageto Mecca, 47, 64, 70, 82,
no,
142, 168, 212, 234, 446, 453,

I, 6.

Pyrenees,the,390, 408.

Rabadza, 14, 16, 225.

Rabia, the Beni, 264.
dress, Rabie, minister of Mehdy, 471.
elected Caliph, 207 ; inaugural ad208 ; increases stipends,
209 ; Radhy, Caliph,572, 574.
of his unpopularity,
causes
210
Rafi,486, 490.
;
sijcj.

625

INDEX

Rafica,461.
Raimond, 586.
Rajjal,29; killed at Vemama,
Ram
Hoimuz, 177, 179.
Ramleh,

145;

144,

Said

Rashid, Caliph,58S, 589.

Rashld the upright{see Harun).
Ratbil, 351, 352, 364.
Rawendies, the, 453, 454, 459.
of the Coran, 34, 276 and
"Readers"
note 2, 352, 368, 407.
Red
Sea, 174, 188, 384, 454.
the, 7, 32, 44, 316.
Refiii^ees,
tribes, 159, 161.

Arab

ibn

197, 314.

al

Aas,

of

governor

Kufa,

230 jv/., 256, 377.

221,

146;
capitulates,

Mahomet,

(Egypt),433.

Said

31.

531-

Registerof

of

Safia, aunt

Said, son-in-law

of

Maslama,

Sajah, the prophetess,25

Moseilama, 30.
Saladin, 566, 590, 593.
Salamanca,

38S.
married

to

371.

Salih,432, 433.
Salih,son of Wassif, 541

sqq.

Sallama, 392.
Samanide

house, the, 550, 556.

Samarcand, 313, 356, 365, 401,
404, 444, 445, 485, 486, 490.

402,

Rei, flightof King Vezdegird to, 132 ; Samaritans, 107, 153 note.
its fall, 184; 324 note;
Sameisat, 531.
341, 421,
429, 446, 452, 458, 459, 465, 485, Samira, 516 and note 2, 517, 518, 520,
523, 524, 530, 531, 536 sqq., 543,
491, 544, 556.

Reinaud, 409

note

547-

i.

Rhone, the, 409.

Ricca, 274 and notes i and 2, 298, 461,
47S, 484, 486, 505, 538, 551, 576.

Samsat,

Ridaniah, 601.

Sanaa, 38, 40, 565.

"Sapor, trench of, 52,

of

and

Sardinia,36S, 407.
Sarrakhs, 503.

note

Saurat, 401, 402.

Sawad, the, of Irac, 136.

205.

Roderic, Spanish usurper, 369 and

^'o(e.

I, 370, 373
Roha
(Edessa), 139, 152.
Romans, the, remains of cities founded

by,

112,

113.

Saragossa,371, 383.

"

wife of Othman,

and

note.

"

Mehdy, 455.
River of Blood," 56.
Rockeya, a daughter of Mahomet
Rita, wife

141.

(Vladikerib'ssword), 524

Samsat

and

of Bussorah

Schools

Kufa, 138.

Sea of Galilee,98, 144.

"
Sea of Najaf,"52, 113.
Seal of Abu Bekr, 87.

100.

Ror, 366, 367.

Sedir, pastures of, 59 note.

Sejestan,185, 212 and note, 269, 351,
Rusafa, near
Bagdad, 461, 469, 470.
364, 464, 529, 536, 55i" 556.
Russians, 577.
vaders,
Seleucia, 51, 126, 460.
Persia against the inRustem, rouses
advances
Selim, 601, 602.
90;
91, 109, 112;
1
at
Moslem
to the
Cadesiya, 14, Seljuk, 588.
camp
Seljuks,the, 580, 583 sqq., 591.
killed
at
Cadesiya,
122,
120;
115;
Rusafa, 411,

Sad

wife of Sad, 112;

story of her
liberation of Abu
Mihjan,118 ; taunts
with cowardice, 1 19.
her husband

Selma,

184.

123;
Saba

420.

fortress of, 602.

Kuliat,
Malik, appointedcommander

ibn

Mothanna's
marries
Irac, lio;
to
describes
Cadesiya
widow, 112;
taunted
I18;
116,
Omar, I13; I15,
cowardice
with
by his wife, 119;
vests
re-enters
Hira, 124; in122;
121,
and captures Medain, 127-130
;
in
Alesopooperations
132;
131,
at
tamia, 133 sqq., 1 39 ; his castle
182;
Kufa, 135, 136; 151, 152, 177,
in

"

"

deposedfrom

the

government

of

Kufa,

191
199, 200, 205 sqq.; reinstated
then recalled, 219.
at Kufa, and
of
chosen
Sad ibn Obada,
by the men
;

Medina
his

to

succeed
the

chagrin at

the

Prophet, 3

election

of Abu

Bekr, 5.
Saffkrides,529, 536, 550, 551, 556.
40

Selma, 323.
Serukhs, 212,
"Service

of

429.

Victory

''

at

Hira, 59, 60.

Seville, 371.

Shafie,511.
Shahrzor, 430, 452.
Shamir

ibn

al

Dzu

Joshan,325

and

iwte^

326, 338.
Shat al Arab, 133.
Shebib, 350 and note.

Shechina, 117

note

I.

Sheraf, III.
Shie-ites (or Sectaries),394

and

note,

501, 536, 560, 573,

580,581, 590, 595, 604, 635.
395

note, 399,

Shiraz, 573.
Shiyas, the, 322

328 note,

note

510 note,

2,

325

605.

?iote,327,

626
Shoman,

/NP/i.y

364 /lo/d

of. Khaliirs inareli across,

SjTia,desert

2.

Shonilihil,
leader,17, 30
niililary

71, 72.
haltalion in the Syrian
Tahari, historian,v. 570, 571 iiol,\
campaign,68 ; 106, 107, 144, 146.
Slnisli,
Tabaristan,214, 378, 406, 454, 485,
366.
Shushan, 179.
520, 536,556.
"
Table of Solomon," 370, 371 nn"l iiol,""Sicily,
355, 407, 507. 551Sidon, loS.
I, 373 note.
Tables of pedigrees,
Sidonia,371.
333, 393, 395,
Siffin,
535274 and 7to/e 2, 275 ; battle of,
mands
; com-

276-279, 321 fio^e,

492,
Sinbad

Tadmor, 72, loS,420, 424, 512.

Taghlib, the Beni, 25, 61, 63, 96,

the

Magian,452 and tio/e.

Sind,366, 383, 401, 405, 423 no/e

2,

,'53Tahir, 491

.444,455, 465, 551Si roes, 49, 109.

treatment
Slaves,Christian,

Moslem,
Society,

of,153 and

226, 467,
193 st/i/.,

46S, 469, 488, 606, 607.

SoflTarides,
the,407 110/e i, 422.
Soghd, 362, 363, 365,400, 444, 521.
Soghdiana, 364, 388,405.
Soheib, 199 ; performs the funeral
service over
Omar, 203.
Soleim, the Beni, 523.
Soleiman, 333 noie, 361 and 7wfe ;

504 ;
death
532.
Tahiride

and

note, 492,

sieges
493 ; be-

Bagdad, 494-496, 498, 499

viceroy in the East, 505
and character,
505, 506, 513
dynasty,529, 536,

;
;
;

541, 543,

550.

Taie, Caliph,582.
Tdk i Kesra, the, 1 26.
Takash, Kharizm Shah, 591.
Takharistan,212, 362, 401, 404.
Talavera,371.
Talha, one of the chiefs at Medina, 14,
83, 199, 205, 208, 230, 238 JV/r/.,
Caliph, 372, 373 note, 374, 375,
248, 251, 254 S(](j.,261 sqq. ; death
376; death, 379; his cruelty,379,
after the "battle
of the Camel,"
3S0 ; 3S4, 386.
Soleiman, governor of Bussorah, 449,
264; 316, 317.
Talha, son of Tahir, 505.
45.3Soleiman, head of the Tahiride family, Tangier,354, 368, 475, 481.
Taric,368, 369 sqq., 373 note.
544Soleiman, leader of fanatics,
Tarif,369.
564.
Soleiman, son of Hisham, 412, 414, Tarkum, 356.
418, 419, 422, 423 and jioU' 2.
Tarragona, 371.
Soleiman,Sultan,602.
Tarsus, 479, 480, 509, 518. 552, 554,
Someisat,441.
559Tartars, 593, 597.
Someyya, 207, 276 7io/e i.
mutilated
for satirising,
Tay (or Tai),the Beni, 15, 21, 22, 53,
Songstresses
41.

92, 323.

Soonnies,the,604 and

Spain,Arab

7io/e i.

37, 188, 197, 309, 345.

in, 47 ; conquest Taym, the Beni, 302.

prestige
368-372; 376, 383, 389, Tekrit,97, 127, 133, 593.

of, 354,
407, 408, 424, 435, 463, 473Suez Canal, 174 and 7io/e.
Sultan of Bagdad, 578.
,

Sur al Rum,

Tayif,13,

274 /lo/e

i.

the Beni, 15, 25, 117, 335,

356, 363, 403.

Temim,

Thapsacus,274
Thaur,

note

I.

346.
Theocratic faction {seeKharejites).
Theodora, empress, 530 and note 2.
Theodore, brother of the emperor
69, 77, 139.
Ileraclius,
mount,

Sus, 179, 182, 183,368,492.

Syeds,the,303.
Syracuse,218,407.
paign
Syria,apostasy in, 44 ; 48, 49 ; cam(633-634 A.D.) in, 65 stpj. ; Theophilus,
emperor, 508,51S,519.
campaignof 634-635 A. D., lOl st/c/.; Thibet,490.
Greek losses in the north,and retirement
Tiberias,68, 106, 108,144, 420 ; Lake
nople,
of the emperor
to Constantiof, 105, 146.
later
quests,
conTiflis,214, 464, 530.
139-141 ; 144;
163 Tigris,
the,51, 54, 125 sqq., 131, 133,
144-153, administration,
Omar, 166 s^t/. ;
162, 274, 288, 298, 421, 423, 490,
sg(/. ; visit of
Muavia, governor
of, 214;
Aly's
493, 516.
expeditionagainst,274 st///.; 330, Tihama, the, 3S.
Timseh, 174.
331, 334, ct passim.

62 8

j\nj-:x

\'ernuik, river, 69, 94, 99,

\'e/.(legird,
king
1

Persia, 109, 112,

embrace
Islam,
of ambassadors, 1 14 ;
to

13 ; trealmonl

116,

121;

his

127;

terms

proposes

flight,128,

gathers a

106,

of

summoned

113;

loi,

great

to

131;
182

army,

Sad,

compilesthe Coran, 163 ;

179;
;

184

death, 184, 213 ; 365 Jio/e 2, 417.

^'ezid,son of Abd al Melik, 3S1.
Vezid, son of Abu Sofian,68, 75, 106,
108, 139, 145, 153, 167, 214.
Vezid.

Kufan
rebel, 231.
ibn Hobeira, 422 and note, 423.
^'ezid (son of Mohallab), 353, 356, 360,

Vezid

361, 376;

his cruelties in

378 ; his fall,384 ;

387.
\ezid,

son

of

Khorasan,

his rebellion,386,

Muavia,

322;

321;

314,

the

assumes

323,

327,

329,

II, 333 uoh;

Zenky, 586

I, 412,

hood,
boy330:

413

accession, 414 ; attacked

by Mer416
death,
;
wan,
417 ; 419.
Vusuf, 397 and tiote, 398, 399, 413,
415 ; death, 419.
ruler of Spain,463.
Vusuf, Modhar
Vusuf, rebel of Khorasan, 470.

I'RINTED

BY

iMOKKlSON

i.

jv/r/.

39, 40, 41.

Ziad (son of Abu

phate,
Cali-

381, 383, 386, 387

sijq.; death,392.
^"ezid III, son
of Welid

no/i:

of

Iladhramaul,

clared
de-

death, 331.
Vezid

22^

Zeid, Omar's
brother, 28 ; killed at
Vemama,
31, 34.
Zeid, Ilosein's grandson,398, 399.
Zeid, son of Mohallab, 403.
Zeinab, a daughterof Mahomet, 63 tiofc.
of Mahomet's
Zeinab, one
\vi\es,197,
326.
sacred well at Mecca, 564.
Zemzem,
Zendics, the, 471, 476, 51 1 iio/e i.
Zenj rebellion,547 s.j,j.,553.
Ziad, administrator

317;
heir-apparent,318 ; his

320;

Zah, river,339, 425, 430. 43'. 461.

Zahir, Caliph,593.
Zakaruya, 561, 562, 563.
Zatts, the, 517.
Zeid, bosom friend of Mahomet,
9, 87

AND

Sad

to Omar

Sofian),despatchedIjy
with Persian

spoils,
132

189, 190, 267, 295, 297, 3ioJ-yr/.,317.

of Samarcand, 444, 445.
Ziad, governor
Zimmies, 60, 136.
Zobcida, 477, 487, 493 iio/c,498, 507.
at Medina,
Zobeir, one of the chief men
14, 18, 170, 171, 173, 199, 205, 206,
nofc
224
I, 237, 238, 239, 241, 244,
248, 251, 254.rr/y., 263; death, 264.
"'

"

Zoe, empress,
Zoheir, 355.

569.

Zoroastrians,185 and

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