Simulación de Colas

Introduccin a la Simulacin
y a la Teora de Colas
Introduccin a la Simulacin
y a la Teora de Colas
Ricardo Cao Abad
rea de Estadstica e Investigacin Operativa
Departamento de Matemticas, Facultad de Informtica
Universidade da Corua
Ficha de catalogacin bibliogrfica

Introduccin a la simulacin y a la teora de colas 1 Edicin
Ricardo Cao Abad
NETBIBLO, S.L., A Corua, 2002
ISBN: 84-9745-017-5
Materia: Matemticas computacionales: 519.6
Formato: 17 x 24 Pginas: 224
INTRODUCCIN A LA SIMULACIN Y A LA TEORA DE COLAS

No est permitida la reproduccin total o parcial de este libro, ni su tratamiento informtico, ni la transmisin de ninguna forma o por cualquier medio, ya sea electrnico, mecnico, por fotocopia, por registro u otros mtodos, sin el permiso previo y por escrito de
los titulares del Copyright.
DERECHOS RESERVADOS 2002, respecto a la primera edicin en espaol, por
NETBIBLO, S.L.
Avda. Manuel Azaa, 56, 3 A
15011 A Corua (Espaa)
http://www.netbiblo.com
editorial@netbiblo.com
ISBN: 84-9745-017-5
Deposito Legal: C-1867-2002
Editor: Carlos Iglesias
Diseo: Artia>DLF Jose DelaFuente
Compuesto en: Centerprint, S.L. Eduardo Bveda
Impreso en: Josman Press
IMPRESO EN ESPAA - PRINTED IN SPAIN.
AUTOR
Catedrtico de Universidad del rea de Estadstica e Investigacin Operativa en el Departamento de Matemticas de la Universidade da Corua (UDC). En
los ltimos aos ha impartido diversas asignaturas de Simulacin y Teora de Colas
en las distintas titulaciones de la Facultad de Informtica de la UDC.
Doctor en Matemticas por la Universidad de Santiago de Compostela,
Ricardo Cao es autor de otros seis libros y ms de una treintena de artculos de investigacin en revistas de prestigio internacional como The Annals of Statistics,
Journal of the American Statistical Association, Technometrics, Scandinavian
Journal of Statistics, Journal of Econometrics, Test, Canadian Journal of
Statistics, Computational Statistics and Data Analysis y Journal of Statistical
Planning and Inference, entre muchas otras.
Ha sido vocal del Consejo Acadmico de Estadstica de la Sociedad de Estadstica e Investigacin Operativa (SEIO), es miembro fundador de la Sociedade
Galega para a Promocin da Estatstica e da Investigacin de Operacins (SGAPEIO) y miembro de la Sociedad Bernoulli y de la Sociedad Espaola de Biometra. Asimismo es Editor Asociado de la revista Test desde 1996.
Para ms informacin: http://www.udc.es/dep/mate/ricardo/homepage.htm
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PARTE I
SIMULACIN ESTOCSTICA
1
Introduccin a la simulacin
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15
16
Introduccin a la Simulacin y a la Teora de Colas

Ricardo Cao Abad
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71 Fxdqgr hv lpsrvleoh h{shulphqwdu vreuh ho vlvwhpd uhdo sru vhu glfkd
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51 Iuhfxhqwhphqwh ho prghor rplwh yduldeohv r uhodflrqhv lpsruwdqwhv hqwuh
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uhodwlyr d od suhflvlq gho prghor irupxodgr1
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hq E1 Ghvgh hvwh prphqwr kdvwd ho lqvwdqwh hq txh vh frphq}du d shuirudu hv
srvleoh txh oohjxh xqd qxhyd pdtxlqduld +or fxdo rfxuuh frq xqd suredelolgdg gh
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17
18

Ricardo Cao Abad
shuirudu1 Vdelhqgr txh od shuirudflq dydq}d d xqd yhorflgdg gh 6 p1 sru gd

hq ho sxqwr D | 5 p1 sru gd hq ho sxqwr E/ vh wudwd gh gdu uhvsxhvwd/ phgldqwh
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d txh ho wlhpsr kdvwd txh vh oohjd do shwuohr vhd pqlpr1 Kdfhu xq gldjudpd
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418 Frqwhqlgrv gh od sduwh gh vlpxodflq

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51 Pwrgrv xqlyhuvdohv +r jhqhudohv, gh vlpxodflq gh glvwulexflrqhv frqwl0
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61 Pwrgrv xqlyhuvdohv gh vlpxodflq gh glvwulexflrqhv glvfuhwdv1 Dtx vh
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Generacin de nmeros
pseudoaleatorios uniformes en (0,1)
Generacin de nmeros pseudoaleatorios uniformes en (0,1)
51 0
514 Lqwurgxfflq
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51 Sdvdu orv frqwudvwhv gh dohdwrulhgdg h lqghshqghqfld pv kdelwxdohv1
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21
22

Ricardo Cao Abad
515 Pwrgr gh orv fxdgudgrv phglrv

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23
24

Ricardo Cao Abad
61 Rewhqhu gh irupd uhfxuuhqwh

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glhuh gho ydoru h{dfwr gh @%?3 n S hq xq powlsor gh 6 ' 2q 1 Hvwr hv wdqwr
25
26

Ricardo Cao Abad
frpr ghflu txh ho ydoru txh dopdfhqd ho rughqdgru do fdofxodu @%?3 n S +shu0
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| S vh sxhghq prglfdu sru ho xvxdulr ghvgh rwudv uxwlqdv gho F1 Orv ydoruhv
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klswhvlv gh dohdwrulhgdg/ lqghshqghqfld | dmxvwh d xqd glvwulexflq L Efc 1
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od glvwulexflq 2&3 vhd xqd dsur{lpdflq ud}rqdeoh d od gho hvwdgvwlfr | dv
ho frqwudvwh sxhgd dsolfduvh vxhoh shgluvh od frqglflq pqlpd gh txh e D
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51815 Ho frqwudvwh gh Nroprjrur0Vpluqr

Vh edvd hq ho fofxor gh od p{lpd glvfuhsdqfld hqwuh od ixqflq gh glvwulexflq
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27
28

Ricardo Cao Abad
51816 Ho frqwudvwh gho frohfflrqlvwd

Frqvlvwh hq mdu xq hqwhur srvlwlyr/ / | glvfuhwl}du orv ydoruhv jhqhudgrv/
f c f2 c c f? / gh od irupd g f h n / grqgh g%h ghqrwd od sduwh hqwhud gh
%1 Gh hvwd irupd vh frqvljxh xqd vxfhvlq gh hqwhurv dohdwrulrv fx|rv ydoruhv
hvwq frpsuhqglgrv hqwuh | 1 Dkrud vh surfhgh +frpr xq frohfflrqlvwd, d
frqwdelol}du fxo hv ho qphur/ '/ +dohdwrulr, gh ydoruhv d jhqhudu kdvwd txh vh
frpsohwd od frohfflq gh wrgrv orv hqwhurv hqwuh | 1 Reyldphqwh/ edmr odv
klswhvlv gh dohdwrulhgdg | glvwulexflq L Efc / fdgd srvleoh hqwhur hqwuh |
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srghprv xwlol}du orv ydoruhv fdofxodgrv gh odv suredelolgdghv
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revhuydgdv yd ho hvwdgvwlfr fkl0fxdgudgr1
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51817 Frqwudvwhv gh vdowr

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51818 Ho frqwudvwh gh shupxwdflrqhv

Gdgd od vxfhvlq gh qphurv svhxgrdohdwrulrv jhqhudgd vh frqvlghudq eor0
txhv gh A ydoruhv frqvhfxwlyrv1 Fdgd xqr gh orv eortxhv sxhgh suhvhqwdu xqd
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1 Ho whvw frqvlvwh hq revhuydu xqd judq qphur gh eortxhv | frpsdudu odv

Aiuhfxhqfldv revhuydgdv gh fdgd srvleoh rughqdflq frq odv hvshudgdv phgldqwh
ho whvw fkl0fxdgudgr1 Odv hohfflrqhv pv frpxqhv vrq A ' / e/ D1
51819 Ho frqwudvwh gho srnhu

Hq xq sulphu prphqwr vh surfhgh frpr hq ho frqwudvwh gho frohfflrqlvwd frq
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Srnhu 4
Vh wrpdq frqmxqwrv vxfhvlyrv gh flqfr hqwhurv |/ sdud fdgd xqr/ vh ghwhuplqd
fxo gh odv vljxlhqwhv srvlelolgdghv vh gd=
29
30

Ricardo Cao Abad
41 Xq plvpr hqwhur vh uhslwh flqfr yhfhv +deuhyldgdphqwh/ ,1

51 Xq plvpr hqwhur vh uhslwh fxdwur yhfhv | rwur glvwlqwr dsduhfh xqd yh}
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xqr +,1
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xqr +(,1
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odv suredelolgdghv gh hvwdv prgdolgdghv=
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ho fdvr dqwhulru, shur ghqlhqgr odv fdwhjrudv vhjq ho qphur gh hqwhurv
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E4 hqwhur glihuhqwh ' ffffc E5 hqwhurv glihuhqwhv ' ffDc
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Srnhu 6
D phqxgr vh frqvlghudq frqmxqwrv gh fxdwur hqwhurv1 Hq wdo fdvr/
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5181: Ho frqwudvwh gh odv udfkdv dvfhqghqwhv

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518143 Fkl0fxdgudgr vreuh fkl0fxdgudgr

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dol}dflq gh xqd qlfd suxhed1 Hv ghflu/ vh wrpd xq qphur/ ? +qrupdophqwh
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oxdqgr ho hvwdgvwlfr | frpsduqgror frq ho sxqwr fuwlfr gh xqd fkl0fxdgudgr
sdud ghflglu vl vh dfhswd r uhfkd}d od klswhvlv +lqghshqghqfld/ dmxvwh/ dohdwr0
ulhgdg,1 Hq uhdolgdg wlhqh pxfkr pv vhqwlgr od uhdol}dflq gh xq judq qphur
gh suxhedv/ hydoxdqgr hq fdgd xqd ho ydoru gho hvwdgvwlfr |/ r elhq revhuydu
31
32

Ricardo Cao Abad
txh od sursruflq gh uhfkd}rv gho whvw vh dsur{lpd do ydoru qrplqdo mdgr

+qrupdophqwh k ' ff k ' ffD,/ r pv suhflvdphqwh dsolfdqgr/ gh qxh0
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35
36

Ricardo Cao Abad
Hmhpsor ; Gdu xq dojrulwpr/ edvdgr hq ho pwrgr gh lqyhuvlq/ sdud vlpxodu

od glvwulexflq h{srqhqfldo gh sduphwur b : f1
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fofxorv khfkrv sdud ho dqwhulru ydoru vlpxodgr vhdq gh d|xgd,1
61415 Dojxqdv glvwulexflrqhv txh sxhghq vlpxoduvh sru ho pwrgr gh lqyhuvlq

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pwrgr txh wlhqh sru remhwr hylwdu fofxorv lqqhfhvdulrv +wdo | frpr vh kl}r hq
ho hmhpsor gh od h{srqhqfldo,1
37
38

Ricardo Cao Abad
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39
40

Ricardo Cao Abad
Judfldv d od frqglflq dqwhulru/ vh wlhqh txh s S} 1

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s 1 Ilqdophqwh od vhjxqgd sduwh gho whruhpd shuplwh rewhqhu xqd yduldeoh frq
ghqvlgdg s vlq pv txh wrpdu od sulphud frpsrqhqwh gho sdu rewhqlgr1
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41
42

Ricardo Cao Abad
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43
44

Ricardo Cao Abad
61516 Hohfflq gh od ghqvlgdg dx{loldu }

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Ricardo Cao Abad

41 Gdu xq dojrulwpr sdud vlpxodu od yduldeoh dohdwruld frqwlqxd frq ghqvlgdg
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gh glfkr dojrulwpr1
61 Do erpedughdu xqd oplqd flufxodu gh udglr fp/ khfkd gh sodwd/ frq
sduwfxodv k/ od glvwdqfld gh fdgd lpsdfwr do fhqwur gho fufxor uhvxowd
vhu xqd yduldeoh dohdwruld frqwlqxd frq ixqflq gh ghqvlgdg gdgd sru
s E% ' %2 / vl f % 1 Ghwdoodu xq dojrulwpr/ or pv vhqfloor srvleoh/
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71 Ho wlhpsr gh uhvsxhvwd +hq fhqwvlpdv gh vhjxqgr, gh xq vhuylgru lq0
irupwlfr hv xqd yduldeoh frq ixqflq gh glvwulexflq gdgd sru 8 E% '
E% n e3% / vl % f | fhur hq rwur fdvr1 Gdu xq dojrulwpr/ or pv
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81 Od ghqvlgdg gh suredelolgdg gh xqd yduldeoh dohdwruld ylhqh gdgd sru

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s E% '
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c vl % 5 dfc eo | fhur hq ho
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yduldeoh dohdwruld frq ghqvlgdg gdgd sru

f fffH% fffff%2 vl % 5 dfc fo
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4
Mtodos universales para la
simulacin de variables discretas
Mtodos universales para la generacin de variables discretas
71 0
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gh lqyhuvlq qr hv dsolfdeoh gluhfwdphqwh hq hvwh fdvr1
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wrpd vor orv ydoruhv 8 ER / 8 ER n R2 / / 8 ER n R2 n n R? vlhqgr/ sru
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51
52

Ricardo Cao Abad
Hmhuflflr 71414 Ghwhuplqdu od glvwulexflq gh 8 Ef1

Gh od plvpd irupd/ gdgd xqd yduldeoh L L Efc / wdpsrfr sxhgh vhu
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ghqlgd gh irupd qlfd sxhv odv ixqflrqhv gh glvwulexflq glvfuhwdv qr wlhqhq
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ghqluvh od oodpdgd ixqflq fxdqwlo +r lqyhuvd jhqhudolgdgd, gh xqd glvwulexflq
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53
54

Ricardo Cao Abad
6141 U ' U n / R ' bU R | 7 ' 7 n R1
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Frq hvwr vh ghpxhvwud txh xq hwltxhwdgr txh qr sursruflrqdvh xq rughq

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57
58

Ricardo Cao Abad
Hmhpsor 4; +od glvwulexflq jhrpwulfd, Od glvwulexflq jhrpwulfd uh0

suhvhqwd ho qphur gh iudfdvrv dqwhv gho sulphu {lwr | wlhqh od vljxlhqwh pdvd
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59
60

Ricardo Cao Abad
ud}/ hv klmr gh h{dfwdphqwh rwur qrgr1 Orv qrgrv gh orv txh qr vdohq dufrv
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61
62

Ricardo Cao Abad
Frq or fxdo ho dojrulwpr srgud hvtxhpdwl}duvh gh od irupd lqglfdgd hq od

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63
64

Ricardo Cao Abad
Frqvlguhvh xqd yduldeoh dohdwruld frq glvwulexflq glvfuhwd | pdvd gh sur0

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PARTE II
TEORA DE COLAS
8
Introduccin a la teora de colas
Introduccin a la teora de colas 113
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9
Nociones bsicas sobre
procesos estocsticos
Nociones bsicas sobre procesos estocsticos 117
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118

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frqrflgr ho suhvhqwh/ od glvwulexflq gh suredelolgdg gh srvleohv ydoruhv ixwxurv
gho surfhvr ghshqgh vodphqwh gho ydoru gho suhvhqwh | qr gh ydoruhv gho surfhvr
hq ho sdvdgr1
Hq or txh vljxh qrv fhqwuduhprv hq ho hvwxglr gh dojxqrv surfhvrv hvwrfvwl0
frv/ hq wlhpsr frqwlqxr | frq hvsdflr gh hvwdgrv glvfuhwr/ txh vhuq gh hvshfldo
lqwhuv sru vx xwlolgdg frpr khuudplhqwdv sdud od whrud gh frodv1
<16 Surfhvrv gh frqwdu= ho surfhvr gh Srlvvrq

Ghqlflq 6: Xq surfhvr hvwrfvwlfr hq wlhpsr frqwlqxr | frq hvsdflr gh
hvwdgrv glvfuhwr/ i| j|Mdfc" / vh glfh gh frqwdu vl yhulfd orv vljxlhqwhv wuhv
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51 | wrpd qlfdphqwh ydoruhv hqwhurv qr qhjdwlyrv1
61 Vl r | hqwrqfhv r E/ | E/ sdud wrgr / 5 l1
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gh frqwdu vrq
41 Ho qphur gh surfhvrv hqyldgrv d xq vhuylgru kdvwd xq wlhpsr |1
51 Ho qphur gh oodpdgdv whohiqlfdv uhflelgdv sru xqd rflqd gh uhvhuyd gh
eloohwhv kdvwd xq wlhpsr |1
120

Ricardo Cao Abad
61 Ho qphur gh huuruhv gh vriwzduh kdelgrv hq xq vlvwhpd lqirupwlfr kdvwd

xq lqvwdqwh |1
Hq jhqhudo/ sxhgh dupduvh txh orv surfhvrv gh frqwdu vluyhq sdud prghol}du
ho qphur gh rfxuuhqfldv gh xq flhuwr ihqphqr kdelgdv ghvgh xq lqlflr gh
wlhpsrv +mdgr hq | ' f, kdvwd xq lqvwdqwh |1
Ghqlflq 6; Gdgr xq surfhvr gh frqwdu/ i| *| fj/ vh glfh txh hv xq sur0
fhvr gh Srlvvrq gh sduphwur +r lqwhqvlgdg, b : f/ vl yhulfd odv vljxlhqwhv
surslhgdghv=
41 Ho surfhvr wlhqh lqfuhphqwrv lqghshqglhqwhv/ hv ghflu/ vl vh wlhqhq lqv0
wdqwhv f |f | |? / hqwrqfhv/ odv yduldeohv dohdwruldv | |f /
|2 | / / |? |?3 +txh uhsuhvhqwdq orv qphurv gh rfxuuhqfldv
hq orv lqwhuydorv E|f c | o/ E| c |2 o/ /E|?3 c |? o, vrq lqghshqglhqwhv1
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51 Ho surfhvr wlhqh lqfuhphqwrv hvwdflrqdulrv/ hv ghflu/ |n rn ' |

r sdud wrgrv r | | duelwudulr1
61 Od suredelolgdg gh txh hq ho lqwhuydor dfc o vh gh h{dfwdphqwh xqd rfx0
uuhqfld gho ihqphqr hv E ' ' b n J E1 Hq yluwxg gho d{lrpd
dqwhulru hvwr plvpr hv yolgr sdud fxdotxlhu lqwhuydor gh orqjlwxg 1
71 Od suredelolgdg gh txh kd|d grv r pv rfxuuhqfldv hq hvh plvpr lqwhuydor
dfc o hv E 2 ' J E1 Gh qxhyr/ sru ho d{lrpd 5/ hvwd surslhgdg
hv yolgd sdud fxdotxlhu lqwhuydor gh orqjlwxg 1
Frpr frqvhfxhqfld gh orv grv owlprv d{lrpdv gh od ghqlflq/ vh wlhqh
E ' f ' b n J E1 Sru rwud sduwh/ ho qphur phglr gh rfxuuhqfldv
gho ihqphqr hq xq lqwhuydor gh orqjlwxg / ylhqh gdgr sru
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xqlgdg gh wlhpsr +gh dk ho qrpeuh gh lqwhqvlgdg,1
Vhjxlgdphqwh vh suhvhqwdq dojxqrv uhvxowdgrv whulfrv lqwhuhvdqwhv sdud ho
surfhvr gh Srlvvrq1 Frpr frqvhfxhqfld gh orv plvprv vh wlhqh/ hqwuh rwudv
frvdv/ txh od glvwulexflq gh xq surfhvr gh Srlvvrq txhgd fdudfwhul}dgd gh
irupd qlfd sru orv d{lrpdv dqwhulruhv1
Whruhpd 6< Vhd i| *| fj xq surfhvr gh Srlvvrq gh sduphwur b1 Hqwrqfhv

od yduldeoh dohdwruld | wlhqh glvwulexflq gh Srlvvrq gh sduphwur b|1 Hq rwudv
sdodeudv/ odv glvwulexflrqhv pdujlqdohv gho surfhvr vrq gh Srlvvrq1
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f ' |f | |2 orv wlhpsrv +dohdwrulrv, gh rfxuuhqfld gho ihqphqr
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r |, | ghiqdqvh orv wlhpsrv hqwuh rfxuuhqfldv ' | |f / 2 ' |2 | /
> hqwrqfhv odv yduldeohv dohdwruldv & vrq pxwxdphqwh lqghshqglhqwhv h lgqwl0
fdphqwh glvwulexgdv/ frq glvwulexflq h{srqhqfldo gh sduphwur b1 Uhfsurfd0
phqwh/ vl i| *| fj hv xq surfhvr gh frqwdu | orv wlhpsrv hqwuh rfxuuhqfldv/
& / ghqlgrv frpr dqwhv/ vrq yduldeohv lqghshqglhqwhv h lgqwlfdphqwh glv0
wulexgdv/ frq glvwulexflq h{srqhqfldo gh sduphwur b/ hqwrqfhv i| *| fj
hv xq surfhvr gh Srlvvrq gh sduphwur b1
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xwlol}du xq dojrulwpr +frpr ho gh lqyhuvlq, txh shuplwd vlpxodu od glvwulex0
flq h{srqhqfldo1 Wdpelq/ mxqwr frq ho uhvxowdgr dqwhulru/ hv gh pxfkr lqwhuv
whulfr sxhv vlpsolfd qrwdeohphqwh ho fofxor gh glyhuvdv suredelolgdghv uhod0
wlydv d surfhvrv gh Srlvvrq1 Xq hmhpsor gh hvwr vh sxhgh yhu hq od ghprvwudflq
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sdud ho fxdo vh vdeh txh hq ho lqwhuydor d@c Ko +frq K : @, vh kd gdgr h{dfwdphqwh
xqd rfxuuhqfld1 Hqwrqfhv/ od yduldeoh dohdwruld t / ghqlgd frpr ho lqvwdqwh
frqfuhwr gho lqwhuydor d@c Ko hq ho txh vh kd gdgr hvd rfxuuhqfld/ vljxh xqd
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<17 Surfhvrv gh qdflplhqwr | pxhuwh

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frqwhpsodq od srvlelolgdg gh txh glfkr qphur sxhgd glvplqxlu +sru hmhpsor/
vl vh suhwhqgh frqwdelol}du ho qphur gh lqglylgxrv hq xqd sreodflq/ fdgd yh}
txh vh surgxfh xqd pxhuwh,1 Orv surfhvrv gh qdflplhqwr | pxhuwh/ dghpv
gh jhqhudol}du ho surfhvr gh Srlvvrq hq ho vhqwlgr uhflq frphqwdgr/ wdpelq
vrq pv jhqhudohv sru ho khfkr gh shuplwlu txh odv wdvdv gh qdflplhqwrv |
pxhuwhv sxhgdq ghshqghu gho qphur gh lqglylgxrv gh od sreodflq +frvd txh
hihfwlydphqwh rfxuuh hq odv sreodflrqhv gh vhuhv ylyrv,1
Ghqlflq 75 Frqvlguhvh xq surfhvr hvwrfvwlfr i| *| fj frq hvsdflr gh
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| ' ?1 Vh glu txh ho surfhvr hvwrfvwlfr hv gh qdflplhqwr | pxhuwh vl h{lvwhq
vxfhvlrqhv gh qphurv qr qhjdwlyrv ib? *? ' fc c j | i>? *? ' c 2c j
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ulfdq odv vljxlhqwhv surslhgdghv1
41 Orv fdpelrv gh hvwdgr shuplwlgrv vrq gh .f d . | ghvgh .? d .?3 r d
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suredelolgdg gh txh hqwuh | | | n sdvh d hvwdgr .?n hv b? n J E |/
vl ? / od suredelolgdg gh txh sdvh d .?3 hv >? n J E1
61 Od suredelolgdg gh txh rfxuud pv gh xq fdpelr hq ho lqwhuydor gh wlhpsr
hqwuh | | | n hv J E1
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xq fdvr sduwlfxodu gh od ghqlflq dqwhulru vlq pv txh frqvlghudu txh odv wdvdv
gh pxhuwh vrq wrgdv fhur | txh odv wdvdv gh qdflplhqwr vrq frqvwdqwhphqwh
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lqvwdqwh | n / hq wuplqrv gh suredelolgdghv gh txh ho vlvwhpd hvw hq glvwlqwrv
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Conceptos generales
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Conceptos generales de la teora de colas 129
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gh frodv r oqhdv gh hvshud1 Hvwr vxhoh rfxuulu fxdqgr od ghpdqgd uhdo gh xq
vhuylflr hv vxshulru d od fdsdflgdg txh h{lvwh sdud gdu glfkr vhuylflr1 Hmhpsorv
uhdohv gh hvd vlwxdflq vrq= orv fuxfhv gh grv ydv gh flufxodflq/ orv vhpirurv/
ho shdmh gh xqd dxwrslvwd/ orv fdmhurv dxwrpwlfrv/ od dwhqflq d folhqwhv hq
xq hvwdeohflplhqwr frphufldo/ od dyhud gh hohfwurgrpvwlfrv x rwur wlsr gh
dsdudwrv txh ghehq vhu uhsdudgrv sru xq vhuylflr wfqlfr/ hwf1
Wrgdyd pv iuhfxhqwhv/ vl fdeh/ vrq odv vlwxdflrqhv gh hvshud hq ho frqwh{wr
gh od lqirupwlfd/ odv whohfrpxqlfdflrqhv |/ hq jhqhudo/ odv qxhydv whfqrorjdv1
Dv/ sru hmhpsor/ orv surfhvrv hqyldgrv d xq vhuylgru sdud hmhfxflq irupdq
frodv gh hvshud plhqwudv qr vrq dwhqglgrv/ od lqirupdflq vrolflwdgd/ d wudyv
gh lqwhuqhw/ d xq vhuylgru zhe sxhgh uhfleluvh frq ghprud ghelgr d frqjhvwlq
hq od uhg r hq ho vhuylgru sursldphqwh glfkr/ srghprv uhflelu od vhdo gh oqhdv
rfxsdgdv vl od fhqwudo gh od txh ghshqgh qxhvwur whoirqr pylo hvw frodsvdgd
hq hvh prphqwr/ hwf1
Ihqphqrv frpr orv txh vh dfdedq gh uhodwdu +| pxfkvlprv rwurv, wlhqhq
flhuwdv fdudfwhuvwlfdv frpxqhv txh gdq oxjdu do prghor gh vlvwhpd gh xqd frod1
Hq glfkr prghor glvwlqjxluhprv orv vljxlhqwhv hohphqwrv1
Ixhqwh gh hqwudgd r sreodflq srwhqfldo= Hv xq frqmxqwr gh lqglylgxrv
+qr qhfhvduldphqwh vhuhv ylyrv, txh sxhghq oohjdu d vrolflwdu ho vhuylflr hq
fxhvwlq1 Srghprv frqvlghuduod qlwd r lqqlwd1 Dxqtxh ho fdvr gh lqqlwxg
qr hv uhdolvwd/ v shuplwh +sru h{wudr txh sduh}fd, uhvroyhu gh irupd pv
vhqflood pxfkdv vlwxdflrqhv hq odv txh/ hq uhdolgdg/ od sreodflq hv qlwd shur
px| judqgh1 Glfkd vxsrvlflq gh lqqlwxg qr uhvxowd uhvwulfwlyd fxdqgr/ dq
vlhqgr qlwd od sreodflq srwhqfldo/ vx qphur gh hohphqwrv hv wdq judqgh txh
130

Ricardo Cao Abad
ho qphur gh lqglylgxrv txh |d hvwq vrolflwdqgr ho flwdgr vhuylflr sufwlfd0

phqwh qr dihfwd d od iuhfxhqfld frq od txh od sreodflq srwhqfldo jhqhud qxhydv
shwlflrqhv gh vhuylflr1
Folhqwh= Hv wrgr lqglylgxr gh od sreodflq srwhqfldo txh vrolflwd vhuylflr1
Vxsrqlhqgr txh orv wlhpsrv gh oohjdgd gh folhqwhv frqvhfxwlyrv vrq f |
|2 / vhu lpsruwdqwh frqrfhu ho sdwuq gh suredelolgdg vhjq ho fxdo od
ixhqwh gh hqwudgd jhqhud folhqwhv1 Or pv kdelwxdo hv wrpdu frpr uhihuhqfld orv
wlhpsrv hqwuh odv oohjdgdv gh grv folhqwhv frqvhfxwlyrv= & ' |& |&3 / mdqgr
vx glvwulexflq gh suredelolgdg1 Qrupdophqwh/ fxdqgr od sreodflq srwhqfldo
hv lqqlwd vh vxsrqh txh od glvwulexflq gh suredelolgdg gh orv & +txh vhu od
oodpdgd glvwulexflq gh orv wlhpsrv hqwuh oohjdgdv, qr ghshqgh gho qphur gh
folhqwhv txh hvwq hq hvshud gh frpsohwdu vx vhuylflr/ plhqwudv txh hq ho fdvr
gh txh od ixhqwh gh hqwudgd vhd qlwd/ od glvwulexflq gh orv & yduldu vhjq ho
qphur gh folhqwhv hq surfhvr gh vhu dwhqglgrv1
Fdsdflgdg gh od frod= Hv ho p{lpr qphur gh folhqwhv txh sxhghq hvwdu
kdflhqgr frod +dqwhv gh frphq}du d vhu vhuylgrv,1 Gh qxhyr/ sxhgh vxsrqhuvh
qlwd r lqqlwd1 Or pv vhqfloor/ d hihfwrv gh vlpsolflgdg hq orv fofxorv/ hv
vxsrqhuod lqqlwd1 Dxqtxh hv reylr txh hq od pd|ru sduwh gh orv fdvrv uhdohv
od fdsdflgdg gh od frod hv qlwd/ qr hv xqd judq uhvwulfflq ho vxsrqhuod lqqlwd
vl hv h{wuhpdgdphqwh lpsuredeoh txh qr sxhgdq hqwudu folhqwhv d od frod sru
kdehuvh oohjdgr d hvh qphur oplwh hq od frod1
Glvflsolqd gh od frod= Hv ho prgr hq ho txh orv folhqwhv vrq vhohfflrqdgrv
sdud vhu vhuylgrv1 Odv glvflsolqdv pv kdelwxdohv vrq=
41 Od glvflsolqd ILIR +uvw lq uvw rxw,/ wdpelq oodpdgd IFIV +uvw frph
uvw vhuyhg,= vhjq od fxdo vh dwlhqgh sulphur do folhqwh txh dqwhv kd|d
oohjdgr1
51 Od glvflsolqd OLIR +odvw lq uvw rxw,/ wdpelq frqrflgd frpr OFIV +odvw
frph uvw vhuyhg, r slod= txh frqvlvwh hq dwhqghu sulphur do folhqwh txh
kd oohjdgr ho owlpr1
61 Od UVV +udqgrp vhohfwlrq ri vhuylfh,/ r VLUR +vhuylfh lq udqgrp rughu,/
txh vhohfflrqd d orv folhqwhv gh irupd dohdwruld1
71 Od glvflsolqd UU +urxqg urelq,/ vhjq od fxdo vh rwrujd xq shtxhr fxdq0
wr gh wlhpsr gh vhuylflr d fdgd folhqwh gh irupd vhfxhqfldo1 Hvwr ylhqh
d htxlydohu d uhsduwlu orv uhfxuvrv gh irupd ljxdolwduld hqwuh wrgrv orv
folhqwhv hq hvshud |/ sru vxsxhvwr vor wlhqh vhqwlgr hq dojxqdv flufxqv0
wdqfldv +frpr ho pelwr gh od lqirupwlfd,1
Phfdqlvpr gh vhuylflr= Hv ho surfhglplhqwr sru ho fxdo vh gd vhuylflr d orv
folhqwhv txh or vrolflwdq1 Sdud ghwhuplqdu wrwdophqwh ho phfdqlvpr gh vhuylflr
ghehprv frqrfhu ho qphur gh vhuylgruhv gh glfkr phfdqlvpr +vl glfkr qphur
ixhvh dohdwrulr/ od glvwulexflq gh suredelolgdg gho plvpr, | od glvwulexflq gh
suredelolgdg gho wlhpsr txh oh oohyd d fdgd vhuylgru gdu xq vhuylflr1 Hq fdvr
gh txh orv vhuylgruhv whqjdq glvwlqwd ghvwuh}d sdud gdu ho vhuylflr vh gheh
hvshflfdu od glvwulexflq gho wlhpsr gh vhuylflr sdud fdgd xqr1
Od frod/ sursldphqwh glfkd/ hv ho frqmxqwr gh folhqwhv txh kdfhq hvshud/ hv
ghflu orv folhqwhv txh |d kdq vrolflwdgr ho vhuylflr shur txh dq qr kdq sdvdgr
do phfdqlvpr gh vhuylflr1
Ho vlvwhpd gh od frod= hv ho frqmxqwr irupdgr sru od frod | ho phfdqlvpr gh
vhuylflr/ mxqwr frq od glvflsolqd gh od frod/ txh hv or txh qrv lqglfd ho fulwhulr
gh tx folhqwh gh od frod hohjlu sdud sdvdu do phfdqlvpr gh vhuylflr1
4315 Whuplqrorjd | qrwdflq

Hq or vxfhvlyr xwlol}duhprv odv khuudplhqwdv suredelovwlfdv gh orv surfhvrv gh
qdflplhqwr | pxhuwh sdud ho hvwxglr gh frodv frq glvwulexflq gho wlhpsr hqwuh
oohjdgdv | glvwulexflq gho wlhpsr gh vhuylflr h{srqhqfldo1 Dqwhv khprv gh
mdu od qrwdflq txh ydprv d xvdu1
E|= Ghqrwd ho qphur gh folhqwhv hq ho vlvwhpd hq ho lqvwdqwh |1 E| hv xq
surfhvr hvwrfvwlfr hq wlhpsr frqwlqxr | frq hvsdflrv gh hvwdgrv glvfuhwr1
^ E|= Uhsuhvhqwd ho qphur gh folhqwhv hq od frod hq ho lqvwdqwh |1
? E|= Hv od suredelolgdg gh txh/ hq ho lqvwdqwh |/ vh hqfxhqwuhq ? folhqwhv
hq ho vlvwhpd1 D hvwrv hihfwrv vh vxsrqh frqrflgr ho qphur gh folhqwhv hq ho
lqvwdqwh fhur +xvxdophqwh glfkr qphur hv fhur,1
t= Ghqrwd ho qphur gh vhuylgruhv gho phfdqlvpr gh vhuylflr1
? = Uhsuhvhqwd ho qphur phglr gh oohjdgdv gh folhqwhv do vlvwhpd/ sru xqlgdg
gh wlhpsr/ fxdqgr |d kd| ? folhqwhv hq o1 Wdpelq vh ghqrplqd wdvd gh
oohjdgdv +txh vh fruuhvsrqghud frq od wdvd gh qdflplhqwrv vl E| hv xq surfhvr
gh qdflplhqwr | pxhuwh,1 Fxdqgr odv wdvdv gh oohjdgd qr ghshqghq gh ? +hv
ghflu wrgrv orv b? vrq frqvwdqwhv, vxhoh ghqrwduvh b glfkr ydoru frqvwdqwh1
? = Hv ho qphur phglr gh folhqwhv d orv txh vh ohv frpsohwd ho vhuylflr/ sru
xqlgdg gh wlhpsr/ fxdqgr kd| ? folhqwhv hq ho vlvwhpd1 Hv iuhfxhqwh uhihuluvh d
orv >? frpr wdvdv gh frpsohfflq gh vhuylflr +r/ vlpsohphqwh/ wdvdv gh vhuylflr,1
Vl wrgrv orv vhuylgruhv wlhqhq od plvpd glvwulexflq gho wlhpsr gh vhuylflr/
vxhoh ghqrwduvh sru > ho qphur phglr gh folhqwhv txh sxhgh dwhqghu fdgd
vhuylgru sru xqlgdg gh wlhpsr1 Frpr frqvhfxhqfld vh wlhqh txh >? ' ?> vl
? ' c 2c c r | >? ' r> sdud ? r1
= Hv od oodpdgd frqvwdqwh gh xwlol}dflq gho vlvwhpd r lqwhqvlgdg gh wufr1
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Fxdqgr orv b? vrq frqvwdqwhv | wrgrv orv vhuylgruhv wlhqhq od plvpd glvwulex0
flq gh wlhpsr gh vhuylflr/ b hv ho qphur phglr gh folhqwhv txh hqwudq hq ho
vlvwhpd | r> hv ho qphur phglr gh folhqwhv d orv txh sxhghq gdu vhuylflr orv r
132

Ricardo Cao Abad
vhuylgruhv fxdqgr wrgrv hvwq rfxsdgrv1 Hq hvwdv frqglflrqhv/ 4 uhsuhvhqwd od

iudfflq gh uhfxuvrv gho vlvwhpd txh hv frqvxplgd sru orv folhqwhv1 Dv/ lqwxlwl0
ydphqwh/ sduhfh qhfhvdulr txh vh fxpsod/ hq hvwrv fdvrv/ txh 4 | dghpv
fxdqwr pv fhufdqr d 4 txh vhd 4/ pv wufr kd gh vrsruwdu ho vlvwhpd +r
phqrv wlhpsr oleuh whqguq orv vhuylgruhv/ r pv hvshud kdeuq gh vxiulu orv
folhqwhv/ frpr vh txlhud h{suhvdu,1 Dxqtxh hv hylghqwh txh 4 qr wlhqh xqlgdghv/
hv kdelwxdo phglu od lqwhqvlgdg gh wufr hq Huodqjv/ hq krqru d orv wudedmrv
slrqhurv gh Huodqj hq od whrud gh frodv1
Orv prghorv gh frodv txh hvwxglduhprv hq ho vljxlhqwh fdswxor vrq wrgrv
hvwdflrqdulrv1 Hq hoorv odv glvwulexflrqhv gh suredelolgdg pdujlqdohv gh orv
surfhvrv hvwrfvwlfrv i E|j|Df | i^ E|j|Df qr fdpeldq frq ho wlhpsr |1 Hq
wdohv frqglflrqhv wlhqh shuihfwr vhqwlgr ghqlu orv vljxlhqwhv frqfhswrv=
= Hv od yduldeoh dohdwruld txh frqwdelol}d ho qphur gh folhqwhv hq ho vlvwhpd1
^ = Ghqrwd od yduldeoh dohdwruld qphur gh folhqwhv hq od frod1
T? = Hv od suredelolgdg gh txh vh hqfxhqwuhq ? folhqwhv hq ho vlvwhpd +? '
fc c ,1
w= Uhsuhvhqwd ho qphur phglr gh folhqwhv hq ho vlvwhpd/ hv ghflu u ' . E 1
w^ = Txh qr hv pv txh ho qphur phglr gh folhqwhv hq od frod/ r or txh hv or
plvpr/ u^ ' . E^ 1
Z= Hv od yduldeoh dohdwruld txh ghvfuleh ho wlhpsr txh xq folhqwh sdvd hq ho
vlvwhpd1
Z^ = Uhsuhvhqwd ho wlhpsr txh xq folhqwh hvshud hq od frod1
`= Hv ho wlhpsr phglr txh xq folhqwh hvw hq ho vlvwhpd/ r vlpsohphqwh/
` ' . EZ1
`^ = Ghqrwd ho wlhpsr phglr gh hvshud hq od frod sdud xq folhqwh jhqulfr1
Pdwhpwlfdphqwh/ `^ ' . EZ^ 1
Sdud fodvlfdu orv srvleoh wlsrv gh vlvwhpdv gh frodv ghehprv hvshflfdu odv
fdudfwhuvwlfdv txh ghwhuplqdq orv hohphqwrv txh or frpsrqhq1 Dv/ Nhqgdoo
lqwurgxmr hq 4<86 od qrwdflq **r sdud lqglfdu txh od glvwulexflq gho wlhpsr
hqwuh oohjdgdv hv gh gho wlsr / txh hv od glvwulexflq gho wlhpsr gh vhuylflr
| txh r hv ho qphur gh vhuylgruhv1 Srvwhulruphqwh hvwd qrwdflq vh h{whqgl
gdqgr oxjdu d od pv kdelwxdo hq qxhvwurv gdv/ frqvlvwhqwh hq ghvljqdu ho
vlvwhpd gh xqd frod frq od qrphqfodwxud **r*g*M*~/ grqgh=
hv od glvwulexflq gho wlhpsr hqwuh oohjdgdv1 Dojxqdv gh odv deuhyldwxudv pv
xvdgdv sdud odv glvwulexflrqhv hqwuh oohjdgdv vrq= +h{srqhqfldo,/ ( +ghwhu0
plqvwlfd,/ .& +Huodqj frq vhjxqgr sduphwur &,/ L +xqliruph,/ K +jdppd, r
C +glvwulexflq jhqulfd,/ hqwuh rwudv1
hv od glvwulexflq gho wlhpsr gh vhuylflr1 Vh xvdq odv plvpdv deuhyldwxudv
txh odv phqflrqdgdv sdud 1
t hv ho qphur gh vhuylgruhv gho vlvwhpd1 Sxhgh vhu xq qphur hqwhur srvlwlyr
+r ' c 2c , r elhq r ' 41
k hv od fdsdflgdg gh od frod +r orqjlwxg p{lpd gh od plvpd,1 Wdpelq g
sxhgh vhu xq qphur hqwhur pd|ru r ljxdo txh fhur/ r elhq g ' 4/ vl qr
kd| oplwh sdud od frod1 Ho ydoru gh g sxhgh rplwluvh/ wrpqgrvh sru ghihfwr
g ' 41
O hv ho wdpdr gh od sreodflq srwhqfldo1 Wdpelq sxhgh vhu qlwr r lqqlwr1

Hvwh owlpr ydoru hv ho txh vh wrpd sru ghihfwr fxdqgr vh rplwh ho M1
~ hv od glvflsolqd hq od frod1 Dojxqdv deuhyldwxudv sdud ~ vrq ILIR/ OLIR/
UVV/ SU +glvflsolqd frq sulrulgdghv, r JG +glvflsolqd jhqhudo,1 Vx ydoru sru
ghihfwr +hq fdvr gh rplwluvh ~, hv ILIR1
Dv/ sru hmhpsor/ od qrwdflq *(*2*4*4*8 U8 lqglfd txh vh wudwd gho
vlvwhpd gh xqd frod frq wlhpsr hqwuh oohjdgdv h{srqhqfldohv/ wlhpsr gh vhuylflr
ghwhuplqvwlfr +l1h1 vlhpsuh vh wdugd ho plvpr wlhpsr hq gduoh vhuylflr d fdgd
folhqwh,/ kd| 5 vhuylgruhv hq ho phfdqlvpr gh vhuylflr/ qr h{lvwh oplwh sdud ho
qphur gh folhqwhv txh sxhghq hvwdu hq od frod gh hvshud/ od sreodflq srwhqfldo
vh vxsrqh frq lqqlwrv folhqwhv | orv folhqwhv vrq dwhqwlgrv vhjq xqd glvflsolqd
ILIR1 Frpr orv wuhv owlprv ydoruhv +4/ 4 | ILIR, vrq suhflvdphqwh orv
dvljqdgrv sru ghihfwr/ od qrwdflq dqwhulru srgud deuhylduvh frpr *(*21
Revuyhvh txh hvwh wlsr gh deuhyldwxudv vor vh sxhghq uhdol}du vl wrgrv orv
sduphwurv d sduwlu gh xqr gdgr vrq ljxdohv d orv ydoruhv sru ghihfwr/ |d txh hq
fdvr frqwudulr vh surgxflud dpeljhgdg1 Dv/ ho prghor .2 *L**4*e*8 U8 /
qr srgud deuhylduvh frpr .2 *L**e*8 U8 +dxqtxh v frpr .2 *L**4*e,/
|d txh/ dxqtxh hv fodur txh ' .2 / ' L / r ' | ~ ' 8 U8 / qxqfd
vdeudprv vl frq o suhwhqghprv lqglfdu g ' e | M ' 4 r elhq M ' e |
g ' 41
4316 Iupxodv gh Olwwoh

Hq orv prghorv frq glvwulexflq gho wlhpsr hqwuh oohjdgdv | glvwulexflq gho
vhuylflr h{srqhqfldo +dv frpr hq pxfkrv rwurv prghorv pv jhqhudohv oodpdgrv
hujglfrv, vh yhulfdq flhuwdv iupxodv txh uhodflrqdq orv qphurv phglrv gh
folhqwhv/ hq ho vlvwhpd r hq od frod/ frq orv wlhpsrv phglrv gh xq folhqwhv hq ho
vlvwhpd r hq od frod1 Hvwdv vrq odv oodpdgdv iupxodv gh Olwwoh1
Fxdqgr odv wdvdv gh oohjdgd vrq frqvwdqwhv +hv ghflu b? ' b sdud wrgr
? ' fc c ,/ od sulphud iupxod gh Olwwoh hvwdeohfh od ljxdogdg
u ' b `/
plhqwudv txh od vhjxqgd vh h{suhvd phgldqwh
u^ ' b `^ 1
Uhdophqwh vor od sulphud gh hoodv ixh rewhqlgd sru Olwwoh hq 4<94/ shur hv
frvwxpeuh uhihuluvh d dpedv frq ho wuplqr sulphud | vhjxqgd iupxod gh
Olwwoh1
Xqd irupd lqwxlwlyd gh hqwhqghu ho srutx gh od ydolgh} gh odv iupxodv gh
Olwwoh hv od vljxlhqwh1 Frqvlguhvh xq folhqwh txh oohjd do vlvwhpd mxvwr dkrud1
Ghvsxv gh xq wlhpsr/ fx|d phgld hv ` / hvh folhqwh vdogu vhuylgr gho vlvwhpd1
134

Ricardo Cao Abad
Frpr ho qphur phglr gh folhqwhv txh oohjdq do vlvwhpd sru xqlgdg gh wlhpsr
hv b/ ho qphur phglr gh folhqwhv txh kdeuq oohjdgr ghvgh txh qxhvwur folhqwh
hq fxhvwlq hqwu hq ho vlvwhpd kdvwd txh vdol gh o hv b ` 1 Sru rwud sduwh/
hv reylr txh glfkr qphur phglr gh folhqwhv hv suhflvdphqwh ho qphur phglr
gh folhqwhv txh kd| hq ho vlvwhpd mxvwr hq ho prphqwr txh vdoh gho vlvwhpd
qxhvwur folhqwh sduwlfxodu/ hv ghflu/ u1 Xq ud}rqdplhqwr dqorjr hv yolgr sdud
od vhjxqgd iupxod gh Olwwoh
Reyldphqwh/ odv iupxodv gh Olwwoh qr sxhghq vhu yolgdv vl odv b? qr vrq
frqvwdqwhv +tx vhud b hqwrqfhvB,/ shur v sxhghq jhqhudol}duvh d hvd vlwxdflq
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folhqwh hvw hq ho vlvwhpd +` , frlqflgh frq od vxpd gho wlhpsr phglr hq od frod
+`^ , pv ho wlhpsr phglr txh wdugd hq vhu vhuylgr +*>/ |d txh > hv ho qphur
phglr gh folhqwhv txh xq vhuylgru sxhgh dwhqghu sru xqlgdg gh wlhpsr,1
4317 Dojxqdv surslhgdghv lpsruwdqwhv gh odv glv0

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| T @o Ef ' @R2 1 D frqwlqxdflq yhuhprv dojxqdv surslhgdghv lqwhuhvdqwhv
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Modelos con tasas de llegada y servicio de tipo Poisson 141
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142

Ricardo Cao Abad
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144

Ricardo Cao Abad
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150

Ricardo Cao Abad
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156

Ricardo Cao Abad
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grv hvshudqgr1 Ho qphur phglr gh folhqwhv txh dfxghq sru krud hv gh
731 Vh slgh=
+d, Fxo hv od suredelolgdg gh txh ho vxuwlgru gh jdvrolqd hvw ydfrB
+e, Fxo hv ho wlhpsr phglr txh xq folhqwh qhfhvlwd sdud oohqdu ho gh0
svlwr gh vx yhkfxor ghvgh txh oohjd d od jdvrolqhudB
51 Xqd vxfxuvdo edqfduld glvsrqh gh 6 fdmhurv dxwrpwlfrv1 Gh yh} hq fxdq0
gr ho sdsho gh dojq fdmhur vh dwdvfd | ho dsdudwr ghmd gh ixqflrqdu kdvwd
txh xqr gh orv hpsohdgrv +hvshfldophqwh dglhvwudgr sdud oohydu d fder
hvwd wduhd, frqvljxh duuhjodu od dyhud1 Vh vdeh txh ho wlhpsr txh xwl0
ol}d glfkr hpsohdgr vljxh xqd glvwulexflq h{srqhqfldo frq phgld gh 43
plqxwrv/ plhqwudv txh od glvwulexflq gho wlhpsr txh xq fdmhur hvw ixq0
flrqdqgr kdvwd txh vh dwdvfd ho sdsho hv wdpelq h{srqhqfldo shur frq
phgld gh 5 krudv1 Fdofxodu=
+d, Od suredelolgdg gh txh ixqflrqhq orv wuhv fdmhurv1
+e, Ho qphur phglr gh fdmhurv dyhuldgrv1
+f, Ho wlhpsr phglr txh xq fdmhur hvw dyhuldgr1
+g, Vl hq xq prphqwr gdgr ixqflrqdq orv wuhv fdmhurv/ fxo hv ho wlhpsr
phglr kdvwd od su{lpd dyhudB
61 D q gh hylwdu ho hqyr pdvlyr gh surfhvrv d xqd frod gh hmhfxflq/ xq
fhqwur gh fofxor hvwdeohfh ho oplwh p{lpr gh wuhv surfhvrv hq hvshud
gh frphq}du d vhu hmhfxwdgrv +d sduwh gho surfhvr txh vh hqfxhqwuh hq hvh
prphqwr dfwlyr, edmr xqd glvflsolqd ILIR1 Orv surfhvrv vh hqydq vhjq
xq surfhvr gh Srlvvrq/ d ud}q gh 7 sru plqxwr1 Ho wlhpsr gh FSX gh xq
surfhvr vljxh xqd glvwulexflq h{srqhqfldo gh phgld 4 plqxwr1 Vh slgh=
+d, Od suredelolgdg gh txh xq surfhvr hqyldgr d frod vhd uhfkd}dgr sru
hvwdu vwd oohqd1
+e, Ho qphur phglr gh surfhvrv hq hvshud gh frphq}du d hmhfxwduvh1
+f, Ho wlhpsr phglr txh wudqvfxuuh hqwuh od hqwudgd hq frod gh xq sur0
fhvr | ho q gh vx hmhfxflq1
+g, Ho srufhqwdmh gh wlhpsr hq ho txh od FSX hvw lqdfwlyd1
71 D xqd fhqwudolwd whohiqlfd oohjdq oodpdgdv/ vhjq xq surfhvr gh Srlvvrq/
d ud}q gh 7 sru plqxwr1 Ho wlhpsr txh hpsohd od qlfd whohirqlvwd hq
gluhfflrqdu fdgd oodpdgd vljxh xqd glvwulexflq h{srqhqfldo frq phgld
gh 43 vhjxqgrv1 Vxsrqlhqgr txh odv oodpdgdv uhflelgdv plhqwudv od rsh0
udgrud hvw rfxsdgd vh pdqwlhqhq hq hvshud sdud vhu dwhqglgdv vhjq vx
rughq gh oohjdgd/ fdofxodu=
+d, Ho qphur phglr gh oodpdgdv hq hvshud +vlq whqhu hq fxhqwd odv txh
vh hvwq dwhqglhqgr,1
+e, Od suredelolgdg gh txh xqd oodpdgd whqjd txh hvshudu pv gh xq
plqxwr kdvwd txh vhd gluhfflrqdgd1
+f, Dvxplhqgr dkrud txh qr hv srvleoh pdqwhqhu oodpdgdv hq hvshud
fxdqgr od whohirqlvwd hvw rfxsdgd/ fdofxodu od suredelolgdg gh txh
xqd oodpdgd uhdol}dgd rewhqjd od vhdo gh frpxqlfdqgr1
81 Rewhqhu xqd iupxod/ or pv vlpsoh srvleoh/ sdud ho fofxor gh od sured0
elolgdg gh txh kd|d pv r ljxdo txh & folhqwhv hq xq prghor **1
91 Xqd hvwdflq gh wudedmr frq grv surfhvdgruhv/ fdgd xqr gh orv fxdohv hv
fdsd} gh dwhqghu 93 surfhvrv sru krud/ gd vhuylflr gh irupd txh xq plvpr
surfhvr vor hv dwhqglgr sru xq qlfr vhuylgru | vhjq xq uljxurvr rughq
gh oohjdgd1 Ho wlhpsr gh vhuylflr gh xq surfhvr vljxh xq glvwulexflq
h{srqhqfldo | dghpv/ orv surfhvrv oohjdq vhjq xq surfhvr gh Srlvvrq/
d ud}q gh 433 fdgd krud1 Vh slgh=
+d, Od suredelolgdg gh txh hvwq pv gh wuhv surfhvrv hq od hvwdflq1
+e, Od suredelolgdg gh txh kd|d dojq surfhvdgru oleuh1
+f, Ho qphur phglr gh surfhvdgruhv rfxsdgrv1
:1 Xq oderudwrulr gh lqirupwlfd frqvwd gh 8 hvwdflrqhv gh wudedmr1 Fdgd
hvwdflq vh dyhud/ sru wuplqr phglr/ xqd yh} fdgd 63 gdv/ vlhqgr ho
wlhpsr kdvwd od su{lpd dyhud/ gh glvwulexflq h{srqhqfldo1 Ho oder0
udwrulr glvsrqh gh grv shuvrqdv txh/ hq fdvr gh vhu qhfhvdulr/ sxhghq
174

Ricardo Cao Abad
duuhjodu hvwdv dyhudv1 Ho wlhpsr gh uhsdudflq +sdud fdgd xqr gh orv

wfqlfrv, hv h{srqhqfldo/ frq phgld gh 6 gdv1 Fdofxodu=
+d, Ho qphur phglr gh hvwdflrqhv ixqflrqdqgr1
+e, Ho srufhqwdmh gh wlhpsr txh fdgd xqr gh orv wfqlfrv sxhgh ghglfdu
d rwudv wduhdv dmhqdv d od uhsdudflq gh odv hvwdflrqhv1
;1 D xqd FSX oohjdq surfhvrv/ d ud}q gh 8 sru plqxwr/ txh vrq dwhqglgrv
vreuh od edvh gh txh ho sulphur txh oohjd hv ho sulphur hq vhu hmhfxwdgr
hq vx wrwdolgdg1 Ho wlhpsr hqwuh od oohjdgd gh grv surfhvrv frqvhfxwlyrv
hv gh glvwulexflq h{srqhqfldo | ho wlhpsr gh hmhfxflq gh orv surfhvrv
wdpelq hv h{srqhqfldo/ whqlhqgr frpr phgld 8 vhjxqgrv1
+d, Hv ho vlvwhpd hvwdflrqdulrB Sru txB
+e, Fxqwr wlhpsr wudqvfxuuh/ sru wuplqr phglr/ ghvgh txh oohjd xq
surfhvr d od FSX kdvwd txh whuplqd gh hmhfxwduvhB Tx uhodflq
jxdugd frq ho wlhpsr phglr gh hmhfxflqB
+f, Fdofxodu od suredelolgdg gh txh xq surfhvr txh oohjd sxhgd vhu hmh0
fxwdgr vlq hvshud suhyld | ho qphur phglr gh surfhvrv hq hvshud
gh hmhfxflq r hq hmhfxflq sursldphqwh glfkd1
<1 D xqd ptxlqd shuirudgrud gh xqd fdghqd gh surgxfflq oohjdq phfdqlv0
prv gh lqwhuuxswruhv glihuhqfldohv vhjq xq surfhvr gh Srlvvrq/ frq phgld
gh 43 sru plqxwr1 Ho wlhpsr/ hq plqxwrv/ qhfhvdulr sdud oohydu d fder od
shuirudflq gho phfdqlvpr hv gh glvwulexflq h{srqhqfldo frq sduphwur
451 Fxdqgr xq qxhyr phfdqlvpr oohjd d od ptxlqd shuirudgrud | v0
wd hvw rfxsdgd/ djxdugd/ vhjq ho wxuqr txh oh fruuhvsrqgd/ kdvwd txh
sxhgd vhu shuirudgr1 D wdo hihfwr/ vh vxsrqh txh od }rqd gh hvshud hq od
txh vh ydq dopdfhqdqgr orv phfdqlvprv dqwhv gh vhu shuirudgrv hv or vx0
flhqwhphqwh dpsold sdud txh qr h{lvwdq djorphudflrqhv txh vreuhsdvhq
hvwdv glphqvlrqhv1
+d, Fxo hv ho srufhqwdmh gh wlhpsr gxudqwh ho fxdo od shuirudgrud hvw
oleuhB
+e, Fxo hv ho qphur phglr gh phfdqlvprv hq wrgd od }rqd gh shu0
irudflq +shuirudgrud | }rqd gh hvshud,B
+f, Fdofxodu ho wlhpsr phglr txh xq phfdqlvpr sdvd hq wrgr ho surfhvr
gh shuirudflq +ghvgh txh oohjd d hvd }rqd kdvwd txh vdoh shuirudgr,
| od suredelolgdg gh txh sdud xq phfdqlvpr vh hpsohh pv gh xq
plqxwr hq wrgr hvh surfhvr1
+g, Vl dkrud vh vxsrqh txh od }rqd gh hvshud wlhqh vor fdsdflgdg sdud
6 phfdqlvprv | txh fxdqgr xq phfdqlvpr txh oohjd | vh hqfxhqwud
glfkd }rqd frpsohwd/ vh ghvyd d rwud udpd gh od fdghqd gh surgxf0
flq/ fdofxodu od suredelolgdg gh txh vh surgx}fd glfkr ghvyr1
+h, Edmr ho vxsxhvwr gho dsduwdgr dqwhulru/ fxo hv dkrud ho wlhpsr

phglr ghvgh od oohjdgd gh xq phfdqlvpr kdvwd vx shuirudflqB
431 Xq fhqwur gh fofxor glvsrqh gh 7 hvwdflrqhv gh wudedmr1 Gh yh} hq fxdqgr
dojxqd gh odv hvwdflrqhv txhgd ixhud gh vhuylflr | xqr gh orv grv dqdovwdv
gho flwdgr fhqwur kd gh vxevdqdu ho sureohpd srqlhqgr gh qxhyr hq ixq0
flrqdplhqwr glfkd hvwdflq1 Vh vdeh txh ho wlhpsr txh wdugd fxdotxlhud
gh orv dqdolvwdv hq ohydqwdu ho vlvwhpd gho vhuylgru vljxh xqd glvwulex0
flq h{srqhqfldo frq phgld gh 43 plqxwrv/ plhqwudv txh od glvwulexflq
gho wlhpsr txh xq vhuylgru hvw ixqflrqdqgr/ kdvwd txh txhgd ixhud gh
vhuylflr/ hv wdpelq h{srqhqfldo shur frq phgld gh 5 krudv1 Fdofxodu=
+d, Od suredelolgdg gh txh ixqflrqhq odv fxdwur hvwdflrqhv1
+e, Ho qphur phglr gh hvwdflrqhv dyhuldgdv1
+f, Ho wlhpsr phglr txh xqd hvwdflq hvw dyhuldgd1
+g, Vl hq xq prphqwr gdgr ixqflrqdq odv fxdwur hvwdflrqhv/ fxo hv ho
wlhpsr phglr kdvwd od su{lpd dyhudB
+h, Fdofxodu ho srufhqwdmh gh wlhpsr txh fdgd dqdolvwd ghglfd d vxevdqdu
dyhudv1
441 Xq vlvwhpd lqirupwlfr gh xqd eleolrwhfd glvsrqh gh 6 ohfwruhv gh FG
txh ixqflrqdq lqlqwhuuxpslgdphqwh1 Qr revwdqwh/ gh yh} hq fxdqgr vh
surgxfh dojq huuru gh ohfwxud hq dojxqr gh hoorv | ghmd gh ixqflrqdu kdv0
wd txh xqr gh orv hqfdujdgrv gh od eleolrwhfd +txh hv txlhq vlhpsuh oohyd
d fder hvwd wduhd, frqvljxh duuhjodu od dyhud1 Vh vdeh txh ho wlhpsr txh
hvwd shuvrqd xwlol}d hq glfkd uhsdudflq vljxh xqd glvwulexflq h{srqhq0
fldo frq phgld gh 8 plqxwrv/ plhqwudv txh od glvwulexflq gho wlhpsr txh
xq ohfwru hvw ixqflrqdqgr kdvwd txh vh surgxfh dojq huuru gh ohfwxud
hv wdpelq h{srqhqfldo shur frq phgld gh 4 krud1 Fdofxodu=
+d, Od suredelolgdg gh txh ixqflrqhq orv wuhv ohfwruhv1
+e, Ho qphur phglr gh ohfwruhv dyhuldgrv1
+f, Ho wlhpsr phglr txh xq ohfwru hvw dyhuldgr1
+g, Vl hq xq prphqwr gdgr ixqflrqdq grv ohfwruhv/ fxo hv ho wlhpsr
phglr kdvwd od su{lpd dyhudB
451 Flqfr hvwdflrqhv gh wudedmr PRRQ vh hqfxhqwudq ixqflrqdqgr hq xq
fhqwur gh fofxor1 Sru sureohpdv frq ho vlvwhpd rshudwlyr Oxqdulv 615/
odv ptxlqdv sxhghq txhgdu ixhud gh vhuylflr whpsrudophqwh kdvwd txh
ho wfqlfr hqfdujdgr yxhoyh d kdfhuodv ixqflrqdu1 Ho wlhpsr txh wdugd
xqd hvwdflq gh wudedmr hq dyhulduvh vljxh xqd glvwulexflq h{srqhqfldo
frq phgld gh 43 gdv1 Ho wlhpsr gh uhsdudflq hv wdpelq h{srqhqfldo |
frq phgld gh flqfr krudv1 Odv ptxlqdv dyhuldgdv vrq dwhqglgdv vhjq
xqd glvflsolqd ILIR1 Fdofxodu=
176

Ricardo Cao Abad
+d, Od suredelolgdg gh txh dojxqd hvwdflq hvw dyhuldgd1

+e, Ho qphur phglr gh hvwdflrqhv ixqflrqdqgr1
+f, Fxdqgr xqd ptxlqd vh dyhud/ fxqwdv krudv sdvdq/ sru wuplqr
phglr/ kdvwd txh yxhoyh d ixqflrqduB
+g, Vl wrgdv odv hvwdflrqhv hvwq ixqflrqdqgr/ fxo hv od suredelolgdg
gh txh hq ho wudqvfxuvr gh odv su{lpdv 73 krudv vh dyhuh dojxqdB
461 Xq frpsxwdgru gh surfhvdplhqwr hq sdudohor glvsrqh gh vhlv xqlgdghv gh
surfhvdplhqwr lgqwlfdv1 Ho wlhpsr txh xqd gh hvwdv xqlgdghv shupdqhfh
hq ixqflrqdplhqwr kdvwd txh vh dyhud vljxh xqd glvwulexflq h{srqhqfldo
gh phgld 45 gdv1 Odv xqlgdghv dyhuldgdv vrq uhsdudgdv +sru rughq gh
dyhud, sru xq wfqlfr/ do fxdo oh oohyd xq wlhpsr h{srqhqfldo gh phgld
phglr gd uhdol}du vx wduhd sdud fdgd xqlgdg1 Vh slgh=
+d, od suredelolgdg gh txh ho wfqlfr hvw ghvrfxsdgr1
+e, ho qphur phglr gh xqlgdghv gh surfhvdplhqwr hq ixqflrqdplhqwr1
471 Sru ud}rqhv wfqlfdv/ xqd fhqwudolwd frq grv rshudgrudv vor shuplwh pdq0
whqhu wuhv oodpdgdv hq hvshud +gh wdo irupd txh fxdotxlhu oodpdgd sur0
gxflgd fxdqgr |d kd| grv vlhqgr dwhqglgdv sru odv rshudgrudv | rwudv wuhv
hq hvshud/ uhfleh ho wrqr gh oqhd rfxsdgd,1 Odv oodpdgdv oohjdq vhjq
xq surfhvr gh Srlvvrq/ d ud}q gh 9 sru plqxwr/ vlhqgr 48 vhjxqgrv od
phgld gho wlhpsr txh wdugd fdgd rshudgrud hq gluhfflrqdu xqd oodpdgd
| glfkr wlhpsr gh glvwulexflq h{srqhqfldo1 Fdofxodu=
+d, Ho srufhqwdmh gh wlhpsr hq txh fdgd rshudgrud hvw rfxsdgd1
+e, Ho qphur phglr gh oodpdgdv hq hvshud1
+f, Od suredelolgdg gh txh xqd oodpdgd rewhqjd od vhdo gh oqhd rfx0
sdgd1
+g, Fdofxodu odv wuhv fdqwlgdghv dqwhulruhv edmr ho vxsxhvwr gh txh vor
kxelhvh xqd rshudgrud1
481 Xqd idfwrud glvsrqh gh fxdwur htxlsrv gh jhqhudflq gh fruulhqwh hofwul0
fd txh vxplqlvwudq judq sduwh gh od hqhujd txh qhfhvlwd glfkd hpsuhvd1
Od glvwulexflq gho wlhpsr txh wudqvfxuuh ghvgh txh xq jhqhudgru frplhq0
}d d ixqflrqdu kdvwd txh vh dyhud hv h{srqhqfldo/ frq phgld gh 73 gdv1
Ho wlhpsr gh uhsdudflq gh xq jhqhudgru hv xqd yduldeoh dohdwruld gh
glvwulexflq h{srqhqfldo | phgld 43 gdv1 Vdelhqgr txh h{lvwh xq qlfr
wfqlfr fdsd} gh uhsdudu orv jhqhudgruhv/ vh slgh=
+d, Od suredelolgdg gh txh ho wfqlfr hvw rfxsdgr1
+e, Ho srufhqwdmh phglr gh wlhpsr hq ho txh wrgrv orv htxlsrv gh jhqh0
udflq hvwq dyhuldgrv1
+f, Ho qphur phglr gh dyhudv gh htxlsrv hq xq phv1

+g, Ho wlhpsr phglr txh wudqvfxuuh ghvgh od dyhud gh xq htxlsr kdvwd
vx uhsdudflq1
+h, Ho qphur phglr gh htxlsrv ixqflrqdqgr1
491 Gdu xqd iupxod/ or pv vhqflood srvleoh/ sdud ho fofxor gh od suredelol0
gdg gh txh flhuwr vhuylgru hvw rfxsdgr hq xq prghor gh frodv **r1
Ghprvwudu od ydolgh} gh glfkd h{suhvlq1
4:1 Xqd hvwdflq gh wudedmr frq fxdwur surfhvdgruhv uhfleh surfhvrv txh vrq
hmhfxwdgrv hq xqr gh orv surfhvdgruhv vhjq xqd glvflsolqd ILIR1 Od
oohjdgd gh surfhvrv rehghfh xq surfhvr hvwrfvwlfr gh Srlvvrq frq lq0
whqvlgdg gh 8 surfhvrv sru plqxwr1 Ho wlhpsr gh FSX gh xq surfhvr
+wlhpsr gxudqwh ho fxdo hvw surfhvqgrvh/ ghvfrqwdqgr ho wlhpsr gh hv0
shud suhyld, hohjlgr do d}du vljxh xqd glvwulexflq h{srqhqfldo frq phgld
gh 63 vhjxqgrv1 Vh suhjxqwd=
+d, Hv ho surfhvr hvwdflrqdulrB Sru txB
+e, Fxo hv ho qphur phglr gh surfhvrv wrwdohv hq od hvwdflqB
+f, Fxqwr wlhpsr wudqvfxuuh ghvgh txh vh hqyd xq surfhvr kdvwd txh
vx hmhfxflq whuplqd +wlhpsr phglr uhdo,B H{suhvduor frpr frflhqwh
hqwuh ho wlhpsr phglr gh FSX1
+g, Fdofxodu ho qphur phglr gh surfhvdgruhv rfxsdgrv1
+h, Fxo hv od suredelolgdg gh txh/ do hqyldu xq surfhvr/ vwh frplhqfh
d vhu hmhfxwdgr vlq ghprudB
4;1 D xq fdmhur dxwrpwlfr +frq xq qlfr whuplqdo, oohjdq xvxdulrv vhjq xq
surfhvr gh Srlvvrq d ud}q gh 48 sru plqxwr1 Ho wlhpsr gh xvr gho fdmhur/
sru sduwh gh fdgd lqglylgxr/ hv xqd fdqwlgdg dohdwruld frq glvwulexflq
h{srqhqfldo | phgld gh 6 plqxwrv1 Vh slgh=
+d, Hv ho vlvwhpd hvwdflrqdulrB Sru txB
+e, Fxo hv ho qphur phglr gh xvxdulrv kdflhqgr frod ixhud gho fdmhurB
+f, Fxqwr wlhpsr wudqvfxuuh/ sru wuplqr phglr/ ghvgh txh xq xvxdulr
vh dfhufd do fdmhur kdvwd txh whuplqd vx wudqvdfflq hq ho plvprB
H{suhvduor hq uhodflq frq ho wlhpsr phglr gh xvr gho fdmhur sru
fdgd folhqwh1
+g, Fdofxodu od suredelolgdg gh txh ho fdmhur hvw ghvrfxsdgr1
+h, Fxqwr wlhpsr sdvdu/ sru wuplqr phglr/ ghvgh txh xq folhqwh
oohjd do fdmhur kdvwd txh whuplqd gh xwlol}duor/ vdelhqgr txh hq ho
prphqwr gh vx oohjdgd kd| xqd shuvrqd kdflhqgr xvr gho fdmhur |
grv pv hvshudqgr ixhudB
178

Ricardo Cao Abad
4<1 Od qlfd oqhd whohiqlfd gh dwhqflq do folhqwh gh xqd shtxhd hqwlgdg

uhfleh oodpdgdv/ vhjq xq surfhvr gh Srlvvrq/ d ud}q gh 8 sru krud
+hq frqglflrqhv qrupdohv gh wudedmr,1 Od gxudflq gh odv oodpdgdv hv
gh glvwulexflq h{srqhqfldo frq xqd phgld gh 5 plqxwrv1 Fxdqgr vh
surgxfh xqd oodpdgd hq ho prphqwr hq txh ho rshudgru hvw dwhqglhqgr
rwud/ hvwd qxhyd oodpdgd shupdqhfh hq hvshud sdud vhu dwhqglgd/ vdoyr
txh |d h{lvwd rwud oodpdgd hq hvshud/ hq fx|r fdvr rewlhqh ho wrqr gh
oqhd rfxsdgd1 Fdofxodu=
+d, Od suredelolgdg gh txh xqd oodpdgd vhd dwhqglgd vlq ghprud1
+e, Od suredelolgdg gh txh xqd oodpdgd qhfhvlwh hvwdu hq hvshud1
+f, Od suredelolgdg gh txh xqd oodpdgd vh slhugd sru hvwdu od oqhd
rfxsdgd1
+g, Fxqwr ydogud od suredelolgdg shglgd hq ho dsduwdgr dqwhulru vl
vxsrqhprv txh hvwdprv hq xq shurgr sxqwd fruuhvsrqglhqwh d 8
oodpdgdv sru plqxwrB
531 Sdud ho vlvwhpd gh xqd frod frq oohjdgdv | vhuylflrv h{srqhqfldohv shur vlq
uhsxhvwrv +prghorv **r/ **r*g/ **r*4*M vlq uhsxhvwrv |
**4, hqfrqwudu xqd h{suhvlq txh shuplwd kdoodu ho qphur phglr
gh vhuylgruhv rfxsdgrv hq wuplqrv gh u | u^ 1 Hq ho fdvr frqfuhwr gh
xq prghor **r*g/ h{suhvdu glfkd fdqwlgdg hq ixqflq gho qphur
gh vhuylgruhv | od lqwhqvlgdg gh wufr hihfwlyd1 Sru owlpr/ d sduwlu
gh od h{suhvlq hqfrqwudgd/ mxvwlfdu txh od suredelolgdg gh eortxhr/
RM*LîL / gh xq vlvwhpd **r sxhgh dfrwduvh lqihulruphqwh phgldqwh
RM*LîL : 4 1
12
Redes de colas
Redes de colas 181
451 0
Vh hvwxglduq dtx orv prghorv evlfrv gh uhghv gh frodv delhuwdv | fhuudgdv frq
glvwulexflq gho wlhpsr gh vhuylflr | glvwulexflq gho wlhpsr hqwuh oohjdgdv +vl
hv ho fdvr, h{srqhqfldo1 Dghpv vh lpsrqgu od uhvwulfflq gh txh orv folhqwhv
txh vdohq vhuylgrv gh xqd gh odv frodv txh frpsrqh od uhg vh pxhyhq/ lqvwdq0
wqhdphqwh | frq flhuwdv suredelolgdghv suhmdgdv/ d fxdotxlhu rwud srvleoh frod
gh od uhg1 Hvwrv prghorv gdq oxjdu d odv oodpdgdv uhghv gh Mdfnvrq +delhuwdv |
fhuudgdv,1 Wdpelq vh hvwxglduq hq ho fdswxor rwurv prghorv sduwlfxoduhv gh
uhghv gh frodv frpr odv frodv hq vhulh +vlq | frq eortxhr, | odv uhghv flufxoduhv
gh frodv1
4514 Lqwurgxfflq d odv uhghv gh frodv

Xqd uhg gh frodv qr hv pv txh xqd uhg hq od txh fdgd qrgr hvw frqvwlwxlgr
sru ho vlvwhpd gh xqd frod1 Vh wudwd/ sru wdqwr/ gh xq judir rulhqwdgr hq ho
txh vh sxhghq surgxflu wudqvlflrqhv gh folhqwhv txh vdohq vhuylgrv gh xq qrgr
+txh hv xqd frod, kdfld rwur qrgr1 Od irupd pv kdelwxdo +dxqtxh qr od qlfd,
sdud prghol}du ho prgr hq txh orv folhqwhv vhuylgrv hq xq qrgr vh gluljhq d rwur
hv frqvlghudqgr txh or kdfhq gh dfxhugr d xqd glvwulexflq gh suredelolgdg
glvfuhwd1
Do ljxdo txh hq orv prghorv gh xqd qlfd frod/ hq odv uhghv gh frodv wdpelq
sxhghq surgxfluvh oohjdgdv gh folhqwhv ghvgh ixhud gho vlvwhpd +ghvgh ixhud
gh od uhg/ hq hvwh fdvr, | vdolgdv gh folhqwhv vhuylgrv kdfld ixhud gh od uhg1
D glihuhqfld gh dtxo fdvr/ hq odv uhghv gh frodv v wlhqh vhqwlgr ho sodqwhdu
vlwxdflrqhv hq odv txh qr kd| oohjdgdv gh folhqwhv ghvgh ixhud gh od uhg ql
vdolgdv kdfld ixhud gh od uhg1 Hvwr gd oxjdu d odv oodpdgdv uhghv fhuudgdv/ txh
wlhqhq od shfxoldulgdg gh txh ho qphur wrwdo gh folhqwhv hq od uhg hv mr | or
qlfr txh ghvfrqrfhprv hv gqgh vh hqfxhqwudq +hq tx qrgrv frqfuhwrv, | hq
tx hvwdgr gh vhuylflr vh kdoodq1 Sru vx sduwh/ odv uhghv delhuwdv vrq dtxhoodv
hq txh v vh surgxfhq oohjdgdv gh folhqwhv | vdolgdv kdfld ixhud gh od uhg1
Frpr vh frphqwded frq dqwhulrulgdg/ ghqrwdqgr sru c 2c c g/ orv qrgrv
txh irupdq od uhg +hv ghflu odv hwltxhwdv frq odv txh ghqrwdprv fdgd frod,
od pdqhud pv iuhfxhqwh gh prghol}du odv wudqvlflrqhv gh folhqwhv frqvlvwh hq
vxsrqhu txh fxdqgr xq folhqwh vdoh vhuylgr gh od frod gho qrgr +vlhqgr 5
ic 2c c gj, vh ghvsod}d lqvwdqwqhdphqwh do vlvwhpd gh od frod gh fxdotxlhu
rwur qrgr 5 ic 2c c gj/ frq suredelolgdg R 1 Hylghqwhphqwh/ hq odv frodv
delhuwdv wdpelq hv srvleoh txh ghvgh dojxqrv qrgrv vh sxhgd dedqgrqdu od
uhg1 Ghqrwdqgr frq ho qglfh f ho h{whulru gh od uhg/ od suredelolgdg gh txh xq
182

Ricardo Cao Abad
folhqwh dedqgrqh od uhg fxdqgr vdoh vhuylgr gho qrgr vh ghqrwdu sru Rf |
sxhgh fdofxoduvh d sduwlu gh odv dqwhulruhv phgldqwh
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g
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Hvwh wlsr gh hvtxhpd gh wudqvlflq gh folhqwhv vh ghqrwdu sru hvtxhpd gh

wudqvlflrqhv lqvwdqwqhdv dohdwruldv gh folhqwhv1
Hq xqd vlwxdflq frpr od dqwhulru/ odv suredelolgdghv gh wudqvlflq gh
folhqwhv gh xqrv qrgrv d rwurv vh sxhghq h{suhvdu gh irupd pdwulfldo=
4
3
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Hvwd hv od oodpdgd pdwul} gh wudqvlflq gh od uhg1
Qrupdophqwh ghqrwduhprv sru b od wdvd gh hqwudgd ghvgh ixhud gho vlv0
whpd d od frod gho qrgr 5 ic 2c c gj1 Dvlplvpr > ghqrwdu od wdvd
gh vhuylflr gh fdgd xqr gh orv vhuylgruhv gho vxevlvwhpd gho qrgr 1 Gh hvwd
irupd/ edmr od klswhvlv gh txh orv wlhpsrv hqwuh oohjdgdv ghvgh ixhud gho vlv0
whpd vhdq gh glvwulexflq h{srqhqfldo gh sduphwur bA | ghqrwdqgr sru Rf
od suredelolgdg gh txh fxdqgr xq folhqwh hqwud do vlvwhpd or kdjd d wudyv gho
qrgr / vh wlhqh txh od glvwulexflq gho wlhpsr hqwuh grv hqwudgdv frqvhfxwlydv
gh folhqwhv do vxevlvwhpd gho qrgr hv wdpelq h{srqhqfldo | frq sduphwur
b ' bA Rf 1 Reyldphqwh orv ydoruhv b wdpelq sxhghq lqwhusuhwduvh frpr
ho qphur phglr gh folhqwhv txh hqwudq do vlvwhpd/ sru ho qrgr / sru xqlgdg
gh wlhpsr1 Ho qphur hihfwlyr gh oohjdgdv gh folhqwhv do vxevlvwhpd gho qrgr
+vhdq surfhghqwhv gh ixhud gho vlvwhpd r gh rwur qrgr gho plvpr, vh ghqrwdu
frq od ohwud odpegd pd|vfxod \ 1 Sdud hylwdu od frqixvlq hqwuh odv fdqwlgdghv
flwdgdv hq hvwh suudir | od wdvdv gh oohjdgdv | vhuylflrv hq ixqflq gho qphur
gh folhqwhv txh kd| hq ho vlvwhpd +wudglflrqdophqwh ghqrwdgdv sru b? | >? ,/
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sdvduhprv d ghqrwdu hvwdv owlpdv sru \ | > / txhulhqgr h{suhvdu vwdv odv
wdvdv gh oohjdgdv | vhuylflrv do vxevlvwhpd gho qrgr / fxdqgr kd| ? folhqwhv hq
glfkr vxevlvwhpd1
4515 Uhghv gh Mdfnvrq delhuwdv

Xqd uhg gh Mdfnvrq delhuwd qr hv pv txh xqd uhg gh frodv delhuwd +hv ghflu/
hq od txh kd| oohjdgdv gh folhqwhv ghvgh ixhud gh od uhg | vdolgdv gh folhqwhv d
ixhud gh od uhg, txh yhulfd odv wuhv surslhgdghv vljxlhqwhv=
Redes de colas 183
41 Fdgd qrgr ' c 2c c g wlhqh xq phfdqlvpr gh vhuylflr frqvlvwhqwh hq

r vhuylgruhv frq wlhpsr gh vhuylflr gh lgqwlfd glvwulexflq/ h{srqhqfldo
gh sduphwur > 1
51 Orv folhqwhv txh oohjdq do qrgr ghvgh ixhud gho vlvwhpd or kdfhq vhjq xq
surfhvr gh Srlvvrq gh lqwhqvlgdg b 1 Hvwr htxlydoh d ghflu txh orv wlhpsrv
hqwuh grv oohjdgdv gh folhqwhv frqvhfxwlyrv ghvgh ixhud gho vlvwhpd do qrgr
/ vljxhq xqd glvwulexflq h{srqhqfldo gh glfkr sduphwur1
61 Ho xmr gh folhqwhv vljxh ho hvtxhpd gh wudqvlflrqhv lqvwdqwqhdv dohdwr0
uldv1 Hv ghflu/ fdgd folhqwh txh vdoh vhuylgr gho phfdqlvpr gh vhuylflr
gho qrgr yd lqvwdqwqhdphqwh d fxdotxlhu rwur qrgr frq suredel0
olgdg R / r elhq vlq vdoh gho vlvwhpd +or fxdo rfxuuh frq suredelolgdg
S
Rf ' g
' R ,1
Od irupd gh srghu hqfrqwudu odv glvwlqwdv fdqwlgdghv gh lqwhuv hq xqd
uhg gh Mdfnvrq delhuwd ylhqh gdgd sru ho Whruhpd gh Mdfnvrq txh sdvdprv d
hqxqfldu1
Whruhpd 84 +Whruhpd gh Mdfnvrq, Frqvlghuhprv xqd uhg gh Mdfnvrq delhu0
wd frq g qrgrv1 Hqwrqfhv/ odv wdvdv gh oohjdgd d fdgd qrgr gh od uhg
+\ , yhulfdq=
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g
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'
Dghpv/ ghqrwdqgr sru R E? c ?2 c c ?g od suredelolgdg gh txh kd|d h{dfwd0

phqwh ? folhqwhv hq ho qrgr / ?2 folhqwhv hq ho qrgr 2/ / ?g folhqwhv hq
ho qrgr g/ | vl \ r > / sdud ' c 2c c g/ hqwrqfhv vh wlhqh=
R E? c ?2 c c ?g ' R E? R2 E?2 Rg E?g /
vlhqgr R E? od suredelolgdg gh txh kd|d ? folhqwhv hq ho qrgr / fdofxodgd
frpr vl ho qrgr vh wudwdvh gh xq prghor **r dlvodgr/ frq wdvd gh oohjdgd
\ | wdvd gh vhuylflr > 1 Pv dq/ ho vxevlvwhpd gh fdgd qrgr vh frpsruwd/ hq
jhqhudo/ frpr vl ixhvh xq vlvwhpd dlvodgr fruuhvsrqglhqwh d xq prghor **r
lqghshqglhqwh gh orv ghpv1
Frpr frqvhfxhqfld gho Whruhpd gh Mdfnvrq uhvxowd iflo rewhqhu odv sulq0
flsdohv fdqwlgdghv dfhufd gh fdgd vxevlvwhpd1 Sru dqdorjd frq od qrwdflq
dqwhulru/ ghqrwduhprv hvdv fdqwlgdghv sru u / u^c / ` | `^c fxdqgr vh uh0
hudq do vxevlvwhpd gho qrgr 1 Sdud kdfhu phqflq d odv fruuhvsrqglhqwhv
fdqwlgdghv vreuh wrgr ho vlvwhpd +wrgd od uhg, xvduhprv od qrwdflq uA / u^cA /
À | `^cA 1
Orv sdvrv d vhjxlu sdud uhvroyhu fxdotxlhu uhg delhuwd gh Mdfnvrq vhuq=
184

Ricardo Cao Abad
41 Xqd yh} hvwdeohflgdv od wdvd gh hqwudgd ghvgh ho h{whulru d fdgd vxe0

vlvwhpd +b ,/ od wdvd gh vhuylflr +> ,/ ho qphur gh vhuylgruhv +r , | odv
suredelolgdghv gh wudqvlflq +R ,/ sodqwhdu | uhvroyhu ho vlvwhpd gh hfxd0
flrqhv=
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g
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r/ htxlydohqwhphqwh/ hq irupd pdwulfldo

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oohjdgd d fdgd vxevlvwhpd +yhqjdq gh ixhud r gh rwur qrgr,1
51 Xwlol}dqgr orv ydoruhv hqfrqwudgrv hq ho sdvr dqwhulru sxhghq kdooduvh
wrgrv orv ydoruhv uhohydqwhv gh fdgd vxevlvwhpd +u / u^c / ` | `^c ,/ vlq
pv txh frqvlghuduor frpr xq prghor **r / sru vhsdudgr/ frq wdvd
gh oohjdgd \ | wdvd gh vhuylflr >
61 Ghelgr d od qdwxudoh}d gho vlvwhpd +xqd uhg gh frodv, | d od klswhvlv gh
wudqvlflrqhv lqvwdqwqhdv/ orv sduphwurv gh qphur phglr gh folhqwhv hq
wrgd od uhg | qphur gh folhqwhv hq frod hq wrgd od uhg sxhghq fdfxoduvh
vxpdqgr vlpsohphqwh orv gh fdgd qrgr=
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od uhg | gh shupdqhqfld hq od frod sdud wrgd od uhg qrq vrq gh fofxor
wdq gluhfwr/ sxhv od wud|hfwruld gh xq folhqwh d or odujr gh od uhg gh frodv
hv dohdwruld1 Hvwdprv sxhv dqwh xqd vlwxdflq hq od txh ho wlhpsr gh
xq folhqwh hq od uhg hvw vxmhwr d grv wlsr gh dohdwrulhgdg1 Hq sulphu
oxjdu ghvfrqrfhprv tx qrgrv ylvlwdu +dojxqrv txl} uhshwlgdphqwh, ho
folhqwh/ sxhv vx hyroxflq hq od uhg hv dohdwruld1 Hq vhjxqgr oxjdu/ dq
frqrflhqgr fxohv kdq vlgr orv qrgrv sru orv txh kd sdvdgr +| ho qphur
gh yhfhv txh kd sdvdgr sru fdgd xqr, hv dohdwrulr ho wlhpsr txh yd d hvwdu
hq fdgd vxevlvwhpd +dxqtxh hq hvwh fdvr v hv frqrflgd vx phgld= ` sdud
fdgd yh} txh sdvd sru ho qrgr ,1 Od irupd pv vhqflood gh uhvroyhu ho
Redes de colas 185
sureohpd hv xwlol}du odv iupxodv gh Olwwoh

S jhqhudol}dgdv do vlvwhpd gh
wrgd od uhg1 Sdud hoor ghqlprv bA ' g
' b / txh hv ho qphur phglr
gh folhqwhv txh hqwudq hq od uhg sru xqlgdg gh wlhpsr +sru fxdotxlhu
qrgr, | rewhqhprv
uA
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u^cA
1
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bA
À '
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Hmhpsor 85 Grv vhuylgruhv lqirupwlfrv uhflehq surfhvrv gh xvxdulrv d ud}q

gh 53 surfhvrv sru plqxwr ho sulphur | 63 surfhvrv sru plqxwr ho vhjxqgr1 Od
oohjdgd gh surfhvrv rehghfh xq surfhvr gh Srlvvrq1 Gdgd vx pd|ru udslgh}/
ho qlfr surfhvdgru gho vhuylgru 4 sxhgh dwhqghu xqd phgld gh 433 surfhvrv
sru plqxwr plhqwudv txh fxdotxlhud gh orv grv surfhvdgruhv gho 5 vor hv fdsd}
gh dwhqghu kdvwd 58/ vlhqgr orv wlhpsrv gh surfhvdgr h{srqhqfldohv1 Vh vdeh
txh dperv vhuylgruhv dwlhqghq orv surfhvrv vhjq xqd glvflsolqd ILIR | txh
fxdqgr xq surfhvr hvw d sxqwr gh dfdedu vx hmhfxflq hq ho vhuylgru 5 fuhd
rwur qxhyr surfhvr klmr hq ho 4 frq xqd suredelolgdg gho 58(/ whuplqdqgr
wrwdophqwh od hmhfxflq hq rwur fdvr1 Sru vx sduwh/ orv surfhvrv txh hvwq
whuplqdqgr vx hmhfxflq hq ho qrgr 4 fuhdq rwur qxhyr hq ho plvpr vhuylgru
hq xq 53( gh orv fdvrv/ pdqgdq rwur surfhvr do vhuylgru 5 xq 43( gh odv yhfhv/
whuplqdqgr wrwdophqwh od hmhfxflq hq fdvr frqwudulr1 Fdofxodu ho qphur
phglr gh surfhvrv hq fdgd vhuylgru | ho wlhpsr phglr txh wdugd xq surfhvr |
wrgd vx ghvfhqghqfld hq whuplqdu gh hmhfxwduvh1
Vroxflq= Vh wudwd gh xqd uhg gh Mdfnvrq delhuwd frq g ' 2 qrgrv/ sdud
od fxdo kd| r ' vhuylgru hq ho qrgr 4 | r2 ' 2 vhuylgruhv hq ho vhjxqgr1
Odv wdvdv gh oohjdgd | vhuylflr +hq qphur gh surfhvrv sru plqxwr, ghvgh ixhud
gho vlvwhpd vrq b ' 2f/ b2 ' f/ > ' ff/ >2 ' 2D1 Odv suredelolgdghv gh
wudqvlflq gh xqrv hvwdgrv d rwurv ylhqhq gdgdv/ hq irupd pdwulfldo/ sru

f2 f
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1
f2D f
Sodqwhdprv | uhvroyhprv ho vlvwhpd txh shuplwh hqfrqwudu odv wdvdv hihfwlydv=
\ ' 2f n f2 \ n f2D \2
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oxhjr
\ ' 2f n f2\ n f2D Ef n f\ ' 2f n f2\ n .D n ff2D\
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186

Ricardo Cao Abad
2.D
frq or fxdo f..D\ ' 2.D |/ sru wdqwr/ \ ' f..D
' D eHe1 Sru rwud
sduwh \2 ' f n f\ ' DeH1 Sulphudphqwh ghehprv hqfrqwudu orv ydoruhv
u | u2 xwlol}dqgr odv iupxodv glvsrqleohv sdud ho prghor ** frq \ '
D eHe | > ' ff | sdud ho prghor **2 frq \2 ' DeH | >2 ' 2D1 Fpr
eHe
' f DeHe | 42 ' DeH
' f S.fbS / hqwrqfhv dperv qrgrv
4 ' Dff
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vrq hvwdflrqdulrv1 Sru wdqwr/ vh wlhqh txh
u '
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Sru vx sduwh/ sdud ho qrgr 5/

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Dv sxhv kd|/ sru wuplqr phglr/ f DD surfhvrv +hq hmhfxflq r hq frod, hq

ho vhuylgru 4 | 2 ee hq ho vhuylgru 51 Frpr frqvhfxhqfld whqguhprv uA '
u n u2 ' 2 bbf. surfhvrv hq phgld hq wrgr ho vlvwhpd |/ xvdqgr od sulphud
iupxod gh Olwwoh sdud wrgd od uhg vh rewlhqh
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vlvwhpd lqirupwlfr +vlq suhmx}jdu sru tx vhuylgru hqwud, kdvwd txh o | wrgd
vx ghvfhqghqfld hvw hmhfxwdgd hv f fDbH plqxwrv ' DHH vhjxqgrv1
4516 Uhghv gh Mdfnvrq fhuudgdv

Xqd uhg gh Mdfnvrq fhuudgd hv xqd uhg gh frodv fhuudgd frq g qrgrv r vxevlv0
whpdv/ hq od fxdo fdgd ' c 2c c g wlhqh r vhuylgruhv hq vx phfdqlvpr gh
vhuylflr/ vlhqgr wrgrv orv gho qrgr frq wlhpsr gh vhuylflr gh glvwulexflq h{sr0
qhqfldo gh sduphwur > 1 Frpr hq fxdotxlhu uhg fhuudgd/ do qr kdehu hqwudgdv
ql vdolgdv gh folhqwhv gh od uhg/ uhvxowd lqglvshqvdeoh hvshflfdu ho qphur gh
folhqwhv ghqwur gh od uhg/ / txh shupdqhfhu frqvwdqwh vlhpsuh1 Sru hvwh pr0
wlyr/ uA ' | fdqwlgdghv frpr À r `^cA / fduhfhq gh vhqwlgr1 Or uhdophqwh
Redes de colas 187
lpsruwdqwh dtx hv ghwhuplqdu odv suredelolgdghv gh txh kd|d ? folhqwhv hq

ho qrgr sdud ' c 2c c g/ txh vh ghqrwduq sru R? c?2 cuuu c?g 1 Reyldphqwh
vwdv suredelolgdghv vrq glvwlqwdv gh fhur vor vl ? n ?2 n n ?g ' 1
Odv suredelolgdghv gh orv glvwlqwrv hvwdgrv gh od uhg sxhghq fdofxoduvh sru
phglr gh od vljxlhqwh iupxod=
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odv wdvdv gh hqwudgd b vrq fhur1 Or txh rfxuuh dkrud hv txh glfkr vlvwhpd qr
wlhqh vroxflq qlfd +|d txh vh wudwd gh xq vlvwhpd krprjqhr,1 Gh khfkr/ sdud
hqfrqwudu xqd vroxflq gho vlvwhpd dqwhulru edvwd mdu do ydoru 4 fxdotxlhud gh
odv \ +sru hmhpsor \ ' , | uhvroyhu ho vlvwhpd ljqrudqgr xqd fxdotxlhud gh
odv hfxdflrqhv +frpelqdflq olqhdo gho uhvwr,1
Od lpsohphqwdflq gluhfwd gh C E vhjq od iupxod dqwhulru sxhgh uhvxo0
wdu wuhphqgdphqwh lqhflhqwh fxdqgr hv judqgh |d txh ho qphur gh hvwdgrv
glvwlqwrv gho vlvwhpd +txh
ylhqhfrlqflglhqgr frq ho qphur gh vxpdqgrv hq od
1 Sdud hylwdu glfkr fofxor gluhfwr h{lvwh xqd
h{suhvlq gh C E , hv ng3

iupxod uhfxuvlyd txh shuplwh od rewhqflq gh
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188

Ricardo Cao Abad
Od uhfxuvlylgdg flwdgd vh rewlhqh iflophqwh whqlhqgr hq fxhqwd=

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frphq}du d dsolfdu od hfxdflq uhfxuvlyd1 Dghpv/ uhvxowd lqphgldwr frpsur0
edu txh }6 Ef ' sdud wrgr 6 ' c 2c c g1
Hmhpsor 86 Xq vlvwhpd lqirupwlfr frqvwd gh 7 hvwdflrqhv gh wudedmr frqhf0
wdgdv hqwuh v1 Sdud frqwuro | vhjxulgdg gho vlvwhpd kd| wuhv surfhvrv hq frq0
wlqxd hmhfxflq hq dojxqd gh odv hvwdflrqhv1 Xqd yh} whuplqdgd od hmhfxflq
gh xq surfhvr hq xqd gh odv hvwdflrqhv vwh fuhd xqd frsld gh o plvpr txh
vh hqyd d hmhfxwdu d od sursld hvwdflq r d dojxqd gh odv rwudv wuhv1 Hq od
vljxlhqwh wdeod vh uhfrjhq odv suredelolgdghv gh txh ho surfhvr klmr vh hqyh d
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fdsdflgdg gh 8 surfhvrv sru plqxwr1 Sru vx sduwh/ odv hvwdflrqhv 6 | 7 vrq
dpedv prqrsurfhvdgrudv | sxhghq dwhqghu uhvshfwlydphqwh d 43 | 48 surfhvrv
sru plqxwr1 Fdofxodu od suredelolgdg gh txh hvw dojxqr gh orv wuhv surfhvrv hq
ho vhuylgru 71 Fxo hv ho qphur phglr gh surfhvrv hq ho vhuylgru 7B Fxo hv
ho wlhpsr phglr txh wudqvfxuuh ghvgh txh oohjd xq surfhvr do vhuylgru 7 kdvwd
txh whuplqd vx hmhfxflqB
Vroxflq= Whqlhqgr hq fxhqwd orv gdwrv gho hmhpsor/ vh sxhgh prghol}du
phgldqwh xqd uhg gh Mdfnvrq fhuudgd frq ' / g ' e/ > ' D/ >2 ' D/
> ' f | >e ' D1 Orv folhqwhv vrq sxhv fdgd xqr gh orv wuhv surfhvrv txh
hvwq uhfruulhqgr ho vlvwhpd lqirupwlfr1 Gdgd od pdwul} / hq sulphu oxjdu
wudwduhprv gh hqfrqwudu orv \ 1 Sdud hoor ghehprv kdoodu xqd vroxflq gho
Redes de colas 189
vlvwhpd=
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Wrpdqgr/ sru hmhpsor/ \ ' / vh rewlhqh xqd gh odv lqqlwdv vroxflrqhv

gho vlvwhpd krprjqhr= \ ' DS2HS/ \2 ' 2.SD/ \ ' | \e '
DSH21 Gh hvwd irupd/ whqlhqgr hq fxhqwd odv fdsdflgdghv gh vhuylflr gh
fdgd surfhvdgru gh odv glvwlqwdv hvwdflrqhv/ vh rewlhqhq orv ydoruhv=
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sdud ' c e/ vlhpsuh txh ? /
plhqwudv txh s Ef ' sdud ' c 2c c e1
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190

Ricardo Cao Abad
Dkrud surfhghprv uhfxuvlydphqwh/ hqfrqwudqgr orv ydoruhv }2 E?=

}2 Ef ' / }2 E ' s2 Ef } E n s2 E } Ef
' ff.2D.2 n f2De22 ' fDSD.bD/
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fD.S f32 n f fD.SHD.. n Ef2 fDSD.bD n Ef
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n Eff.Sb22 fSSD.bD n Ef f.Sb2
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ue ' f Rf n R n 2 R2 n R
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R ' R2ff n Rf n Rf n Rf2f n Rf n Rff2 /

R2 ' Rff2 n Rff2 n Rff2 /
R ' Rfff 1
Redes de colas 191
Hq oxjdu gh fdofxodu hvwrv 43 wuplqrv/ srghprv whqhu hq fxhqwd od irupd gh

fdgd xqr gh hoorv=
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fofxor gh C E ' }g E 1 Hv gljqr gh phqflq txh sdud rewhqhu od hflhqfld
gh fofxor gh hvwh surfhglplhqwr +iuhqwh do gh rewhqhu odv 43 suredelolgdghv
dqwhv sodqwhdgdv, uhvxowd gh vxpd lpsruwdqfld txh hq orv fofxorv deuhyldgrv
suhylrv vh kd|d ghmdgr gh owlpr ho qrgr 7 +sdud dv srghu xvdu } E?,1 Hq
fdvr gh txh vh ghvhdvhq fdofxodu hvwdv suredelolgdghv pdujlqdohv sdud rwur qrgr/
uhvxowdud pv dghfxdgr uhqrpeudu orv qrgrv gh irupd txh ho qrgr gh lqwhuv
ixhvh ho owlpr gho fofxor deuhyldgr/ |d txh ho dkruur hvw edvdgr hq od iupxod
uhfxuvlyd gh fofxor gh orv }6 E?1 Hq qxhvwur fdvr/ uhvxowd px| iflo fdofxodu
odv suredelolgdghv pdujlqdohv uhodwlydv do qrgr 7=
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Rf ' f.2fS.D2 ' f2.b2eHH1
Dghpv/ hv lqphgldwr ho fofxor gho qphur phglr gh surfhvrv hq od hvwdflq
7=
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192

Ricardo Cao Abad
Sdud fdofxodu ho wlhpsr phglr txh sdvd xq surfhvr hq ho vhuylgru qphur 7

srghprv xwlol}du odv iupxodv gh Olwwoh/ vl elhq/ ghehprv fdofxodu suhyldphqwh
ho ydoru \e dghfxdgr1 Dqwhulruphqwh |d vh kded hqfrqwudgr xqd gh odv lqql0
wdv vroxflrqhv qr qxodv gho vlvwhpd gh hfxdflrqhv txh uhodflrqd odv wdvdv gh
hqwudgd1 Ho sureohpd hv txh hvd vrxoflq hqfrqwudgd qr wlhqh srutx riuhfhu ho
ydoru fruuhfwr gh odv \ +vlq pv elhq ydoruhv txh vrq sursruflrqdohv d orv \
yhugdghurv,1 Ho sureohpd sxhgh uhvroyhuvh iflophqwh xwlol}dqgr txh ho qphur
phglr gh folhqwhv txh hqwudq d xq qrgr hohjlgr +\ , kd gh vhu ljxdo do qphur
phglr gh folhqwhv txh vdohq vhuylgrv gh glfkr qrgr1 Dsolfdqgr hvwd frqglflq
do qrgr 7 rewhqhprv=
\e ' f Rf n >e ER n R2 n Re

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' D f 2.b2eHb ' e HbH.e1
Dxqtxh hq hvwh fdvr qr uhvxowd gh qxhvwur lqwhuv/ hvwr shuplwlud hqfrqwudu
odv wdvdv gh oohjdgd do uhvwr gh orv qrgrv gh od uhg/ sxhv |d frphqwdprv txh
\ ' S\ / sdud ' c 2c c e | flhuwr S : f/ frq or fxdo
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fxodu ho wlhpsr phglr gh shupdqhqfld gh xq surfhvr hq glfkr qrgr=
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4517 Rwurv prghorv gh frodv hq uhg

Frpr fdvrv sduwlfxoduhv gh uhghv gh frodv hvwxglduhprv odv frodv hq vhulh | odv
uhghv flufxoduhv gh frodv1
451714 Frodv hq vhulh

Vh wudwd gh xqd frohfflq gh g frodv txh vh vxfhghq xqdv d rwudv gh wdo pdqhud
txh vor hv srvleoh od hqwudgd gh folhqwhv ghvgh ixhud gho vlvwhpd d od sulphud
Redes de colas 193
gh hoodv/ surgxflqgrvh od vdolgd gh hoorv wudv ho vhuylflr gho owlpr qrgr1 Frq
qxhvwud whuplqrorjd dqwhulru/ vh wlhqh txh
b ' b : f/ b ' f ; ' 2c c c g/

vl ' n
R '
f vl 9' n
Gh or txh vh ghgxfh txh
Rf ' / Rgf ' / Rf ' f sdud ' 2c c c g/
Rf ' f sdud ' c 2c c g 1
Dghpv gh wrgr hvwr/ ho phfdqlvpr gh vhuylflr gho qrgr hvw frpsxhvwr sru r
vhuylgruhv frq lgqwlfd fdsdflgdg gh vhuylflr d ud}q gh > folhqwhv sru xqlgdg
gh wlhpsr +frq gxudflq gh vhuylflr h{srqhqfldo, | od fdsdflgdg gh od frod hv
lolplwdgd1
Vh wudwd/ sru wdqwr/ gh xqd uhg gh Mdfnvrq delhuwd px| sduwlfxodu/ d od fxo
oh hv dsolfdeoh ho Whruhpd gh Mdfnvrq1 Odv hfxdflrqhv txh shuplwhq hqfrqwudu
odv wdvdv hihfwlydv gh oohjdgd vh uhgxfhq d=
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11
1
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frq or fxdo
\ ' \2 ' ' \g ' b/
gh pdqhud txh vh sxhghq uhvroyhu orv prghorv gh fdgd qrgr frpr vl vh wudwdvh
gh vxevlvwhpdv gh frodv **r lqghshqglhqwhv frq wdvd gh hqwudgd b | wdvd
gh vhuylflr > 1 Gdgr txh hq hvwh fdvr ho xmr gh xq folhqwh d wudyv gh od uhg
hv vhfxhqfldo/ ghvgh ho qrgr kdvwd ho qrgr g/ v vhu flhuwr txh orv wlhpsrv
phglrv gh xq folhqwh hq ho vlvwhpd r hq od frod vrq vxpd gh orv fruuhvsrqglhqwhv
d fdgd vxevlvwhpd1 Pdwhpwlfdphqwh hvwr vh vxvwhqwd hq txh
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451715 Uhg gh frodv ffolfd

Hq hvwh fdvr vh wlhqhq g vxevlvwhpdv gh frodv/ wlsr **r / frpr hq ho fdvr
dqwhulru/ shur frqhfwdgdv gh irupd flufxodu1 Vh wudwd/ sru wdqwr/ gh xqd uhg
gh Mdfnvrq fhuudgd hq od txh fdgd folhqwh txh vdoh vhuylgr gho qrgr +frq
' c 2c c g , vh gluljh do qrgr n frq suredelolgdg 1 Vl ho folhqwh vdoh
194

Ricardo Cao Abad
vhuylgr gho qrgr g hqwrqfhv yd do qrgr frq wrgd suredelolgdg1 Hv qhfhvdulr

hvshflfdu ho qphur wrwdo gh folhqwhv hq od uhg/ / | d sduwlu gh odv wdvdv gh
vhuylflr/ > / sxhghq hqfrqwuduvh odv glvwlqwdv suredelolgdghv gh lqwhuv1 Dv/ ho
vlvwhpd gh hfxdflrqhv olqhdohv krprjqhr uhvxowd=
\ ' \g
\2 ' \
11
1
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or fxdo lpsolfd txh
\ ' \2 ' ' \g3 ' \g ' S/
vlhqgr S xqd frqvwdqwh srvlwlyd duelwuduldphqwh hohjlgd1 Gh hvwr vh ghgxfh txh
4 ' >S | sxhgh surfhghuvh wdo | frpr |d vh ghwdoo sdud xqd uhg gh Mdfnvrq

fhuudgd jhqulfd1
Hq ho fdvr sduwlfxodu hq ho txh kd|d xq vor vhuylgru hq fdgd qrgr +r '
sdud ' c 2c c g, | odv wdvdv gh vhuylflr gh wrgrv orv qrgrv frlqflgdq
+> ' >2 ' ' >g ' >,/ holjlhqgr od frqvwdqwh S ' > vh whqgud txh wrgrv
orv 4 ydohq 1 Frpr @ E? ' sdud wrgr ' c 2c c g | wrgr ? f/ uhvxowd
px| iflo rewhqhu odv suredelolgdghv gh orv glvwlqwrv hvwdgrv gho vlvwhpd/ |d
txh wrgdv vrq ljxdohv=
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srqjdprv sru fdvr gho qrgr 4=
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451716 Frodv hq vhulh frq eortxhr

Hq dojxqdv vlwxdflrqhv odv uhghv gh frodv txh vh h{dplqdq wlhqh fdsdflgdg
olplwdgd sdud dojxqdv r wrgdv odv frodv1 Hq wdo fdvr uhvxowd lqglvshqvdeoh hv0
shflfdu fodudphqwh tx frqvhfxhqfldv whqgu sdud ho ixwxur xmr gh folhqwhv
Redes de colas 195
txh xqd gh hvdv frodv vh hqfxhqwuh vdwxudgd1 Wslfdphqwh hvwh wlsr gh vlwxd0
flrqhv vxhohq prghol}duvh phgldqwh orv oodpdgrv eortxhrv txh frqvlvwhq hq
txh fxdotxlhu folhqwh txh ixhvh d vdolu vhuylgr gh rwur vxevlvwhpd txh frpsrqh
od uhg shur txh vh hqfxhqwud vx frod gh ghvwlqr vdwxudgd/ pdqwlhqh eortxhdgr
ho phfdqlvpr gh vhuylflr vlq txh rwur folhqwh sxhgd dffhghu d o1 Hq hvwh wlsr
gh prghorv | hq pxfkvlprv rwurv uhvxowd shuihfwdphqwh srvleoh sodqwhdu ghvgh
ho sulqflslr odv hfxdflrqhv gh edodqfh gh od uhg | uhvroyhuodv/ rewhqlhqgr dv odv
suredelolgdghv gh orv glihuhqwhv hvwdgrv gho vlvwhpd1 Yhdprv xq hmhpsor1
Frqvlguhvh xq vlvwhpd irupdgr sru grv frodv gh wlsr ***f hq vhulh1
Ghqwhvh sru b od wdvd gh oohjdgd gh folhqwhv sru xqlgdg gh wlhpsr ghvgh ixhud
gho vlvwhpd do sulphu qrgr +qr kd| hqwudgdv ghvgh ixhud do vhjxqgr, | sru >
| >2 odv wdvdv gh vhuylflr gho qlfr vhuylgru gho qrgr 4 | 5/ uhvshfwlydphqwh1
Gdgr txh qr hvw shuplwlgr kdfhu frod hq qlqjxqr gh orv grv vxevlvwhpdv/
fxdqgr d xq folhqwh vh oh whuplqh ho vhuylflr hq ho sulphur gh hoorv | hqfxhqwuh
txh ho vhuylgru gho vhjxqgr vxevlvwhpd hvw rfxsdgr/ shupdqhfhu eortxhdqgr
ho vhuylgru gho sulphur1 Gh hvwd irupd ghqrwdqgr sru Ec xq hvwdgr jhqulfr
gho vlvwhpd/ frq ho txh vh lqglfd txh kd| folhqwhv hq ho qrgr 4 | folhqwhv hq
ho qrgr 5/ whqgudprv orv hvwdgrv=
Efc f c Efc c Ec f c Ec 1
Frpr dghpv hv srvleoh txh kd|d xq folhqwh hq ho sulphu qrgr/ |d vhuylgr/
shur eortxhdqgr ho qlfr vhuylgru gh glfkr qrgr +or fxdo rfxuuh fxdqgr/ d vx
yh}/ kd|d xq folhqwh vluylqgrvh hq ho vhjxqgr qrgr, hqwrqfhv whqguhprv xq
hvwdgr pv txh ghqrwduhprv sru EKc 1 Sru or frphqwdgr dqwhulruphqwh/ vh yh
txh EKc hv xq hvwdgr glihuhqwh gh Ec 1
Dxqtxh srgudprv surfhghu sdvr d sdvr sdud od rewhqflq gh odv hfxdflrqhv
gh edodqfh +wdo | frpr vh kl}r frq xq surfhvr gh qdflplhqwr | pxhuwh hvwd0
flrqdulr duelwudulr, uhvxowd pv vhqfloor h lqwxlwlyr ghgxfluodv gluhfwdphqwh gh
od lghd gh ljxdodu/ sdud fdgd srvleoh hvwdgr/ od suredelolgdg gh glfkr hvwdgr
pxowlsolfdgd sru od vxpd gh odv wdvdv fruuhvsrqglhqwhv d irupdv gh vdolu gh hvwh
hvwdgr kdfld rwur glvwlqwr frq od vxpd gh od suredelolgdghv gh dtxhoorv hvwdgrv
ghvgh orv fxdohv vh sxhgh oohjdu do hvwdgr hq fxhvwlq +hq xq qlfd wudqvlflq,/
pxowlsolfdgdv sru odv wdvdv fruuhvsrqglhqwhv d glfkd wudqvlflq1 Dv vh rewlhqhq
bRff
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h lpsrqlhqgr od frqglflq gh txh wrgdv odv
196

Ricardo Cao Abad
suredelolgdghv vxphq 4 vh oohjd do vljxlhqwh vlvwhpd gh hfxdflrqhv=

42 Rff
E n 42 4 Rf
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42 n 4
42 n 4

42
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4
42 n 4
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4 42 n 42 n 42 42
4 422
42
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42 n 4
42 n 4 42 n 4
4 n 4 n 422 n 24 42 n 42 n 42 42 n 4 422 n 42
Rff
/ ' 2
42 n 4
Gh hvwd irupd/ ghqrwdqgr sru ' 42 n 4 n 422 n 24 42 n 42 n 42 42 n 4 422 n 42 /
vh wlhqh=
Rff '
Rf '
Rf '
R '
RK '
4 n 42

4 42 n 422

4 42 n 42 n 42 42

4 422

42

Hq ho fdvr sduwlfxodu hq txh orv vhuylgruhv gh dperv qrgrv whqjdq od plvpd
Redes de colas 197
fdsdflgdg gh vhuylflr +> ' >2 ' >, hqwrqfhv/ ghqrwdqgr 4 '
Rff '
Rf '
Rf '
R '
RK '
b
>
vh wlhqh=
2
2 n e4 n 42
24
2 n e4 n 42
24 n 42
2 n e4 n 42
42
2 n e4 n 42
42
2 n e4 n 42
D sduwlu gh hvwdv fdqwlgdghv sxhgh rewhqhuvh xqd iupxod sdud ho qphur phglr
gh folhqwhv hq ho vlvwhpd=
u ' fRff n ERf n Rf n 2 ER n RK '
e4 n D42
1
2 n e4 n 42
Frpr sxhgh yhuvh/ vl 4 wlhqgh d fhur/ glfkr qphur wdpelq wlhqgh d fhur
+frpr hud gh hvshudu,1 Sru ho frqwudulr/ vl 4 $ 4 hqwrqfhv u $ D 21 Od
h{solfdflq gh hvwh khfkr hv txh/ dxqtxh od hqwudgd gh folhqwhv vhd ghvphvxudgd
uhvshfwr do vhuylflr/ ho khfkr gh txh odv wdvdv gh vhuylflr vhdq ljxdohv hq dperv
vhuylgruhv suryrfd txh/ fxdqgr 4 $ 4/ Rf $ | sru wdqwr qr wlhqgh d hvwdu
vlhpsuh ho vlvwhpd oohqr1 Ho wlhpsr phglr gh xq folhqwh hq wrgr ho vlvwhpd
sxhgh kdooduvh iflophqwh phgldqwh od iupxod gh Olwwoh jhqhudol}dgd1 Dv/
b ' b ERff n Rf ' b
2 n 24
2 n e4 n 42
|/ sru wdqwr/
` '
u
Db n e>
e4 n D42
1
'
'
b
E2
n
24
2b>
n 2>2
b

41 Do vhuylflr wfqlfr gh od fdvd gh rughqdgruhv pdufd DFPH oohjdq dsdudwrv
dyhuldgrv vhjq xq surfhvr gh Srlvvrq d ud}q gh 49 fdgd gd +mruqdgd
oderudo gh ; krudv,1 Hq ho 58( gh orv fdvrv/ ghelgr do wlsr gh dyhud
ghvfulwd sru ho xvxdulr/ orv rughqdgruhv vrq uhplwlgrv gluhfwdphqwh +shu0
glhqgr xq wlhpsr ghvsuhfldeoh, do vhuylflr fhqwudo/ grqgh vhuq uhsdudgrv
sru xqr gh orv fxdwur hpsohdgrv dvljqdgrv do hihfwr1 Hq wdo fdvr/ ho wlhp0
sr gh uhsdudflq hv h{srqhqfldo frq phgld gh 7 krudv1 Hq ho :8( uhvwdqwh
198

Ricardo Cao Abad
gh orv fdvrv orv rughqdgruhv vrq h{dplqdgrv +| srvleohphqwh uhsdudgrv,

sru xqr gh orv grv wfqlfrv gho surslr vhuylflr wfqlfr/ txlhqhv hpsohdq
sdud hoor xq wlhpsr h{srqhqfldo/ vlhqgr fdsdfhv gh dwhqghu fdgd xqr d
xqd phgld gh ; fdgd mruqdgd oderudo1 Dq dv/ xq 58( gh orv dsdudwrv
txh vrq uhylvdgrv hq ho vhuylflr wfqlfr qr sxhghq duuhjoduvh doo | kdq
gh lu ghqlwlydphqwh do vhuylflr fhqwudo1 Fdofxodu=
+d, Ho qphur phglr gh gdv oderudeohv txh xq dsdudwr hohjlgr do d}du
wdugdu hq vhu duuhjodgr1
+e, Od plvpd fdqwlgdg txh dqwhv sdud dtxhoorv rughqdgruhv txh vrq
hqyldgrv gluhfwdphqwh do vhuylflr fhqwudo1
+f, Ho qphur phglr gh rughqdgruhv dyhuldgrv txh vh hqfxhqwudq hq ho
vhuylflr fhqwudo hq hvshud gh vhu dwhqglgrv1
+g, Ho srufhqwdmh gh wlhpsr txh fdgd uhsdudgru hvwdu ghvrfxsdgr hq
ho vhuylflr wfqlfr | hq ho vhuylflr fhqwudo uhvshfwlydphqwh1
51 Xq vlvwhpd lqirupwlfr hqyd phqvdmhv txh oohjdq/ vhjq xq surfhvr gh
Srlvvrq gh sduphwur b/ phgldqwh xq qlfr vhuylgru1 Ho wlhpsr txh wdugd
hq wudqvplwluvh ho phqvdmh | uhflelu/ ho vhuylgru/ dfxvh gh uhfhsflq/ vh
dmxvwd d xqd h{srqhqfldo gh sduphwur >1 Vh vxsrqh txh frq flhuwd
suredelolgdg/ S/ ho phqvdmh kd vlgr fruuhfwdphqwh wudqvplwlgr | vljxh vx
fdplqr/ plhqwudv txh hq fdvr frqwudulr/ ho phqvdmh yxhoyh d kdfhu frod
hq ho vhuylgru sdud vhu hqyldgr qxhydphqwh1 Vdelhqgr txh od glvflsolqd
hq ho vhuylgru hv ILIR/ fxo gheh vhu od frqglflq sdud txh hvwh vlvwhpd
vhd hvwdflrqdulrB Gdu xqd h{suhvlq/ or pv vhqflood srvleoh/ hq ixqflq
gh b/ > | S/ sdud ho qphur phglr gh phqvdmhv txh hvshudq d frpsohwdu
wrwdophqwh vx wudqvplvlq1
61 Xq vlvwhpd lqirupwlfr hvw frpsxhvwr sru grv hvwdflrqhv gh wudedmr
prqrsurfhvdgrudv lgqwlfdv/ frqhfwdgdv hqwuh v1 D od hvwdflq 4 oohjdq
surfhvrv ruljlqdgrv ixhud gho vlvwhpd/ d ud}q gh b sru xqlgdg gh wlhpsr/
dv frpr wdpelq rwurv surfhghqwhv gh od hvwdflq 51 Fdgd yh} txh vh
whuplqd od hmhfxflq gh xq surfhvr gh od hvwdflq 4/ frq suredelolgdg gh
xq <3(/ vwh jhqhud xq qxhyr surfhvr d hmhfxwdu hq od hvwdflq 51 Hq ho
43( gh fdvrv uhvwdqwhv/ ho surfhvr whuplqd vlq fuhdu pv surfhvrv kl0
mrv1 Fxdqgr xq surfhvr +klmr gh rwur, dfded vx hmhfxflq hq od hvwdflq
5/ sxhgh fuhdu rwur klmr hq od hvwdflq 4 +frq suredelolgdg gh xq 43(, r
h{wlqjxluvh frpsohwdphqwh +hq ho <3( gh fdvrv,1 Vdelhqgr txh ho wlhpsr
gh hmhfxflq gh orv surfhvrv +hq dpedv ptxlqdv, vh dmxvwd d xqd glv0
wulexflq h{srqhqfldo gh sduphwur > | txh ho wlhpsr hqwuh oohjdgdv gh
grv surfhvrv d od hvwdflq 4 hv wdpelq h{srqhqfldo gh sduphwur b/ vh
slgh=
+d, Sdud tx ydoruhv gh 4 hv ho vlvwhpd hvwdflrqdulrB
Redes de colas 199
+e, Wrpdqgr 4 ' fb/ fxo hv ho qphur phglr gh surfhvrv wrwdohv hq

fdgd hvwdflq gh wudedmrB
+f, Hq odv klswhvlv gho dsduwdgr dqwhulru | wrpdqgr b ' D surfhvrv
sru plqxwr/ fxo hv ho wlhpsr phglr txh wudqvfxuuh ghvgh txh oohjd
xq surfhvr d od hvwdflq 4 kdvwd txh o | wrgrv vxv ghvfhqglhqwhv vh
h{wlqjxhqB
71 Xqd hvwdflq gh wudedmr uhfleh shwlflrqhv vhjq xq surfhvr gh Srlvvrq/
d ud}q gh 53 fdgd krud1 Orv wlhpsrv gh FSX gh orv wudedmrv vljxhq
xqd glvwulexflq h{srqhqfldo frq phgld gh grv plqxwrv1 Vh vdeh txh/ do
qdol}du fdgd surfhvr/ hq xq 53( gh orv fdvrv vwh fuhd rwur surfhvr klmr/
frq lgqwlfdv fdudfwhuvwlfdv txh orv wudedmrv txh uhfleh ruljlqdophqwh od
hvwdflq/ | txh kd gh surfhvduvh qxhydphqwh sru od plvpd1 Fdofxodu
+d, ho wlhpsr phglr txh wdugd xq wudedmr hq vhu surfhvdgr1
+e, ho wlhpsr phglr txh wdugd xq wudedmr | wrgd vx ghvfhqghqfld +sur0
fhvrv klmr/ qlhwr/ hwf1, hq vhu surfhvdgrv1
+f, ho qphur phglr gh wudedmrv txh hvshudq hq wuplwh gh surfhvduvh
+lqfox|hqgr ho txh hvw vlhqgr surfhvdgr,1
+g, od suredelolgdg gh txh xq surfhvr sxhgd hmhfxwduvh gluhfwdphqwh vlq
ghprud1
81 D xqd frod/ / gh wlsr ** oohjdq folhqwhv vhjq xqd wdvd b 1 Gl0
fkrv folhqwhv vrq dwhqglgrv sru xq vhuylgru hq xq wlhpsr dohdwrulr frq
glvwulexflq h{srqhqfldo gh sduphwur > 1 Fdgd folhqwh txh vdoh vhuyl0
gr gho vlvwhpd vh dghqwud hq xqd qxhyd frod/ / od fxdo glvsrqh gh
xq phfdqlvpr gh vhuylflr frq xq vor vhuylgru txh wdugd hq gdu vhuylflr
xq wlhpsr h{srqhqfldo | hv fdsd} gh dwhqghu > folhqwhv sru xqlgdg gh
wlhpsr1 Fxohv vrq odv frqglflrqhv sdud txh h{lvwd hvwdflrqdulhgdg hq
wrgr ho vlvwhpd irupdgr sru dpedv frodvB Vxsrqlhqgr txh vh dofdq}d
xqd frqglflq gh hvwdgr hvwdflrqdulr/ fdofxodu +hq ixqflq gh b / > / b
| > , ho wlhpsr phglr txh xq folhqwh slhugh hq ho vlvwhpd frqmxqwr1
91 Grv hvwdflrqhv gh wudedmr frqhfwdgdv hq uhg hmhfxwdq surfhvrv txh oohjdq
ghvgh ixhud gho vlvwhpd +vhjq xq surfhvr gh Srlvvrq, d ud}q gh 9 sur0
fhvrv sru plqxwr d od hvwdflq 4 | ; surfhvrv sru plqxwr d od hvwdflq
51 Ho wlhpsr gh hmhfxflq gh orv surfhvrv hq fdgd hvwdflq vh dmxvwd d
xqd glvwulexflq h{srqhqfldo frq phgld gh 6 vhjxqgrv sdud od hvwdflq
4 | gh 2D vhjxqgrv sdud od hvwdflq 51 Fxdqgr xq surfhvr whuplqd vx
hmhfxflq hq od hvwdflq 4/ hq xq <3( gh orv fdvrv vwh qr jhqhud qlqjq
qxhyr surfhvr klmr/ ho 9( gh odv yhfhv fuhd xq qxhyr surfhvr txh vh hq0
yd +lqvwdqwqhdphqwh, d od hvwdflq 5 | ho 7( uhvwdqwh vh fuhd xq qxhyr
surfhvr txh vh hmhfxwdu hq od hvwdflq 41 Dojr vhphmdqwh rfxuuh frq orv
surfhvrv hmhfxwdgrv hq od hvwdflq 5/ vlhqgr xq <8( od suredelolgdg gh
200

Ricardo Cao Abad
txh qr vh jhqhuh xq qxhyr surfhvr/ xq 6( od gh txh vh hqyh xq qxhyr

surfhvr d od hvwdflq 4 | xq 5( od gh txh vh fuhh xq qxhyr surfhvr d
hmhfxwdu hq od hvwdflq 51 Vh slgh=
+d, Ho wlhpsr phglr txh wudqvfxuuh ghvgh txh xq surfhvr vh hqyd d od
hvwdflq 5 kdvwd txh whuplqd vx hmhfxflq1
+e, Ho qphur phglr gh surfhvrv hq fdgd hvwdflq1
+f, Od suredelolgdg gh txh/ hqwuh odv grv hvwdflrqhv/ kd|d pv gh fxdwur
surfhvrv qr wrwdophqwh hmhfxwdgrv1
+g, Gdgr xq surfhvr hohjlgr do d}du/ fdofxodu ho wlhpsr phglr txh wudqv0
fxuuh ghvgh vx hqwudgd hq ho vlvwhpd kdvwd ho q gh od hmhfxflq
gh wrgrv orv surfhvrv txh/ gluhfwdphqwh r lqgluhfwdphqwh/ ixhurq
fuhdgrv d sduwlu gh o1
:1 Frqvlguhvh xqd uhg gh frodv ffolfd irupdgd sru wuhv frodv/ hv ghflu/ xq
wrwdo gh frodv gh wdo irupd txh fxdqgr xq folhqwh vdoh vhuylgr gho qrgr
+ ' c 2, sdvd d od frod gho qrgr n | txh fxdqgr ho folhqwh vdoh
gho qrgr / vh gluljlu do qrgr 1 Hq ho fdvr gh txh orv phfdqlvprv
gh vhuylflr hq wrgrv orv qrgrv frqvwhq gh xq qlfr vhuylgru | gh txh ho
wlhpsr gh vhuylflr gho plvpr vhd h{srqhqfldo/ hqfrqwudu odv hfxdflrqhv
gh edodqfh hq ho fdvr gh txh h{lvwdq 2 folhqwhv hq wrgd od uhg1 Fdofxodu odv
suredelolgdghv gh orv glvwlqwrv hvwdgrv hq ho fdvr gh txh orv sduphwurv
gh odv glvwulexflrqhv h{srqhqfldohv gh orv uhvshfwlyrv wlhpsrv gh vhuylflr
ixhvhq > ' c >2 ' 2c > ' e
;1 Sru xq shtxhr vlvwhpd gh frpxqlfdflrqhv frq wuhv rughqdgruhv hq uhg
flufxodq frqvwdqwhphqwh grv sdtxhwhv gh elwv txh wdugdq hq vhu surfh0
vdgrv hq fdgd rughqdgru +frq xq qlfr surfhvdgru, xq wlhpsr frq glv0
wulexflq h{srqhqfldo1 Orv wlhpsrv phglrv gh surfhvdgr +hq vhjxqgrv,
sdud fdgd rughqdgru ylhqhq gdgrv sru od vljxlhqwh wdeod=
Rughqdgru
4 5 6
Wlhpsr phglr gh surfhvdgr +vhj1, 43 53 63
Ho <3( gh odv yhfhv txh xq sdtxhwh whuplqd gh vhu surfhvdgr sru ho
rughqdgru 4/ vh gluljh oxhjr do rughqdgru 6/ plhqwudv txh hq fdvr frq0
wudulr yxhoyh d surfhvduvh hq ho rughqdgru 41 Xqd gh fdgd fxdwur yhfhv
txh xq sdtxhwh hv surfhvdgr hq ho rughqdgru 5/ yxhoyh d vhu surfhvdgr
qxhydphqwh hq ho plvpr rughqdgru plhqwudv txh odv rwudv wuhv gh fdgd
fxdwur yhfhv vh glulmh do rughqdgru 61 Ilqdophqwh/ ho 73( gh odv yhfhv
txh xq sdtxhwh vh surfhvd hq ho rughqdgru 6/ yxhoyh d glfkr rughqdgru/
uhsduwlqgrvh ho 93( uhvwdqwh gh irupd htxlsuredeoh hqwuh orv rwurv grv
rughqdgruhv1 Vh slgh=
+d, Fxo hv od suredelolgdg gh txh kd|d dojq sdtxhwh surfhvqgrvh
hq ho rughqdgru 4B
Redes de colas 201
+e, Fdofxodu ho qphur phglr gh sdtxhwhv surfhvqgrvh hq ho rughqdgru

61
+f, Fxo hv ho wlhpsr phglr txh wudqvfxuuh ghvgh txh oohjd xq sd0
txhwh do rughqdgru 6 kdvwd txh whuplqd gh surfhvduvh +vlq lqfoxlu
uhdolphqwdflq,B
<1 Xq vlvwhpd lqirupwlfr frqvwd gh grv hvwdflrqhv gh wudedmr prqrsurfh0
vdgrudv1 Orv wlhpsrv gh surfhvdgr gh orv wudedmrv vrq gh glvwulexflq
h{srqhqfldo | phgld gh 9 | 48 vhjxqgrv sdud odv hvwdflrqhv 4 | 5 uhvshf0
wlydphqwh1 Vh vdeh txh ho 93( gh orv wudedmrv surfhvdgrv hq od sulphud
hvwdflq vrq hqyldgrv d od vhjxqgd/ uhdolphqwqgrvh od sulphud hvwdflq
hq xq 53( gh orv fdvrv | vdolhqgr wrwdophqwh hmhfxwdgrv orv surfhvrv hq
ho 53( uhvwdqwh1 Sru vx sduwh/ rfkr gh fdgd glh} surfhvrv hmhfxwdgrv hq
od hvwdflq 5 vrq hqyldgrv d od hvwdflq 4/ vlhqgr whuplqdgd od hmhfxflq
hq vx wrwdolgdg hq ho 53( uhvwdqwh gh orv fdvrv1 Vdelhqgr txh odv oohjdgdv
gh surfhvrv do vlvwhpd rehghfhq xq surfhvr gh Srlvvrq frq phgld gh
453 surfhvrv sru krud/ gh tx pdqhud gheh glvwulexluvh glfkd hqwudgd
gh surfhvrv hqwuh odv grv hvwdflrqhv sdud txh ho qphur phglr wrwdo gh
surfhvrv hq ho vlvwhpd vhd pqlprB Fxqwr ydoh glfkr qphur phglr
pqlprB Kdfh hvwr pqlpr ho wlhpsr phglr wrwdo hq ho vlvwhpdB Sru
txB
431 Hq xq vlvwhpd lqirupwlfr/ txh frqvwd gh wuhv hvwdflrqhv gh wudedmr/ vh
glvsrqh gh xq phfdqlvpr gh vhjxulgdg frqvlvwhqwh hq od hmhfxflq vxfhvl0
yd gh grv surjudpdv lgqwlfrv gh ghwhfflq gh lqwuxvrv hq odv glvwlqwdv
ptxlqdv1 Dv/ sdud xq surjudpd mr/ sulphur vh hmhfxwd frpsohwdphqwh
hq od hvwdflq 4/ oxhjr vh hmhfxwd hq od 5/ xqd yh} whuplqdgd vx hmhfxflq
vh hmhfxwd hq od hvwdflq 6/ oxhjr sdvd d hmhfxwduvh gh qxhyr hq od 4 |
dv vxfhvlydphqwh1 Ghelgr d odv fdudfwhuvwlfdv gho vlvwhpd vh vdeh txh
orv grv surjudpdv qr sxhghq hmhfxwduvh vlpxowqhdphqwh hq xqd plvpd
hvwdflq/ hvshudqgr/ ho owlpr hq oohjdu/ d txh whuplqh od hmhfxflq ho
sulphur1 Reyldphqwh/ fxdqgr orv surjudpdv vh hqfxhqwudq hq glvwlq0
wdv ptxlqdv/ od hmhfxflq hv vlpxowqhd1 Ho wlhpsr gh hmhfxflq gh fdgd
surjudpd hv dohdwrulr | frq glvwulexflq h{srqhqfldo gh phgld 4 vhjxqgr/
sdud odv hvwdflrqhv 4 | 5/ | 5 vhjxqgrv sdud od hvwdflq 6 +frq surfhvdgru
pv ohqwr,1 Fdofxodu=
+d, Od suredelolgdg gh txh qr kd|d qlqjq ghwhfwru gh lqwuxvrv hq od
hvwdflq 41
+e, Ho qphur phglr gh ghwhfwruhv gh lqwuxvrv hq od hvwdflq 61
+f, Ho wlhpsr phglr txh wudqvfxuuh ghvgh txh xq ghwhfwru gh lqwuxvrv
oohjd d od hvwdflq 6 kdvwd txh whuplqd wrwdophqwh vx hmhfxflq1
+g, Ho wlhpsr phglr txh wdugd xq ghwhfwru gh lqwuxvrv hq gdu xqd
yxhowd frpsohwd gh frpsuredflq hq ho vlvwhpd1
202

Ricardo Cao Abad
441 Grv lpsuhvrudv gh xq fhqwur gh fofxor vh dyhudq frq pxfkd iuhfxhqfld1

Sdud fdgd lpsuhvrud/ ho wlhpsr kdvwd od su{lpd dyhud wlhqh glvwulexflq
h{srqhqfldo frq phgld gh 48 gdv1 Fdgd yh} txh xqd gh hoodv hvw ixhud
gh vhuylflr/ hq xq :8( gh orv fdvrv od lqwhqwd uhsdudu xq wfqlfr gho
surslr fhqwur gh fofxor/ vlhqgr ho wlhpsr txh hpsohd/ h{srqhqfldo frq
phgld gh 9 gdv1 Hq ho 58( uhvwdqwh gh orv fdvrv od lpsuhvrud hv hqyldgd
gluhfwdphqwh d xq vhuylflr wfqlfr/ hq ho txh kd| xq rshudulr txh wdugd
hq vxevdqdu od dyhud xq wlhpsr h{srqhqfldo frq phgld gh 6 gdv1 Hq
uhdolgdg/ ghvsxv gh txh xqd lpsuhvrud dyhuldgd kd|d vlgr uhylvdgd hq
ho fhqwur gh fofxor/ h{lvwh od srvlelolgdg +hq od whufhud sduwh gh fdvrv,
gh qhfhvlwdu wrgdyd ho vhu uhsdudgd sru ho vhuylflr wfqlfr1 Fxo hv od
suredelolgdg gh txh odv grv lpsuhvrudv hvwq ixhud gh vhuylflrB
13
Colas con distribuciones
arbitrarias de llegada y servicio
Colas con distribuciones arbitrarias de llegada y servicio 205
461 0
Hq hvwh fdswxor vh hvwxglduq dojxqdv vlwxdflrqhv hq odv txh od glvwulexflq gho
wlhpsr hqwuh oohjdgdv r od gho wlhpsr gh vhuylflr ghmd gh vhu h{srqhqfldo1 Hq
od sufwlfd kdelwxdo ududphqwh hvwdv glvwulexflrqhv vh dmxvwdq d xqd h{srqhq0
fldo shur/ frpr vh yhu ho khfkr gh ghvkdfhuqrv gh hvwd uhvwulfflq dfduuhdu
qrwdeohv sureohpdv gh fofxor sdud ghgxflu orv ydoruhv gh orv sduphwurv gh
frpsruwdplhqwr gho vlvwhpd1 D or odujr gh hvwh whpd qrv fhqwuduhprv wdq vor
hq ho hvwxglr gh xqr gh orv prghorv pv vlpsohv txh srghprv lpdjlqdu/ ho
*C*/ hv ghflu ho fdvr gh xqd frod frq xq vor vhuylgru/ wlhpsrv hqwuh ooh0
jdgdv h{srqhqfldohv | wlhpsrv gh vhuylflr frq glvwulexflq jhqhudo/ C1 Frpr
froriq lqfoxluhprv dojxqdv lghdv px| jhqhudohv vreuh fpr xwlol}du od vlpx0
odflq d prgr gh khuudplhqwd sdud srghu dsur{lpdu odv vroxflrqhv d sureohpdv
gh whrud gh frodv fxdqgr qrv ghvyldprv gh odv klswhvlv gh h{srqhqfldolgdg1
4614 Ho prghor P2J24

Frpr vx qrpeuh lqglfd/ vh wudwd gho vlvwhpd gh xqd frod frq xq qlfr vhuylgru/
frq wlhpsr hqwuh oohjdgdv gh folhqwhv frqvhfxwlyrv frq glvwulexflq h{srqhqfldo
| frq wlhpsr gh vhuylflr gh glvwulexflq duelwuduld/ C1 Hq hvwh frqwh{wr/ b
vhjxlu vlhqgr ho sduphwur gh od h{srqhqfldo txh uljh orv wlhpsrv hqwuh grv
oohjdgdv gh folhqwhv frqvhfxwlyrv1 Hvwr vljqlfd txh ho qphur gh folhqwhv txh
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Simulación de Colas

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Simulación de Colas

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Introduccin a la Simulacin

Ficha de catalogacin bibliogrfica

INTRODUCCIN A LA SIMULACIN Y A LA TEORA DE COLAS

5 Jhqhudflq gh qphurv svhxgrdohdwrulrv xqliruphv hq +3/4,

6 Pwrgrv xqlyhuvdohv sdud od vlpxodflq gh yduldeohv frqwlqxdv 5:33

Dojxqdv glvwulexflrqhv txh sxhghq vlpxoduvh sru ho pwr0

7 Pwrgrv xqlyhuvdohv sdud od vlpxodflq gh yduldeohv glvfuhwdv

8 Pwrgrv hvshffrv sdud od vlpxodflq gh glvwulexflrqhv qrwd0

9 Vlpxodflq gh glvwulexflrqhv pxowlglphqvlrqdohv

917 Pwrgrv hvshffrv sdud vlpxodu od glvwulexflq qrupdo pxowl0

; Lqwurgxfflq d od Whrud gh Frodv

43 Frqfhswrv jhqhudohv gh od Whrud gh Frodv

441< Hmhuflflrv sursxhvwrv 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 47:

46 Frodv frq glvwulexflrqhv duelwuduldv gh oohjdgd | vhuylflr

415 H{shulphqwdflq uhdo | vlpxodflq

Introduccin a la Simulacin y a la Teora de Colas

416 Vlpxodflq qhfhvduld h lqqhfhvduld

gh od prqhgd vlpxodqgr xq judq qphur gh srvleohv sduwlgdv | h{dplqdqgr od

417 Yhqwdmdv h lqfrqyhqlhqwhv gh od vlpxodflq

Introduccin a la Simulacin y a la Teora de Colas

shuirudu1 Vdelhqgr txh od shuirudflq dydq}d d xqd yhorflgdg gh 6 p1 sru gd

418 Frqwhqlgrv gh od sduwh gh vlpxodflq

Generacin de nmeros pseudoaleatorios uniformes en (0,1)

51414 Surslhgdghv ghvhdeohv gh xq jhqhudgru gh qphurv svhxgrdohdwrulrv

Introduccin a la Simulacin y a la Teora de Colas

515 Pwrgr gh orv fxdgudgrv phglrv

' DSm ffmSe

Dv sxhv/ frpr %H ' %e / orv ydoruhv ec D c S c . vh uhshwluq flfolfdphqwh gh

516 Pwrgr gh Ohkphu

Generacin de nmeros pseudoaleatorios uniformes en (0,1)

51 Vh holjh rwur hqwhur/ S/ gh & fliudv1 Vxhoh wrpduvh & ?1

517 Pwrgrv frqjuxhqfldohv

Introduccin a la Simulacin y a la Teora de Colas

61 Rewhqhu gh irupd uhfxuuhqwh

Gdgdv odv surslhgdghv dojheudlfdv gh od vxpd | ho surgxfwr hq ho frqmxqwr

frq flfor gh orqjlwxg ;/ txh hv ho p{lpr ydoru srvleoh1

51714 Jhqhudgruhv frqjuxhqfldohv gh flfor p{lpr

Generacin de nmeros pseudoaleatorios uniformes en (0,1)

51715 Jhqhudgruhv frqjuxhqfldohv gh dojxqrv ohqjxdmhv | eleolrwhfdv gh uxwlqdv

Introduccin a la Simulacin y a la Teora de Colas

Wrgrv hoorv wlhqhq wlhqhq shurgr p{lpr +h ljxdo d 2 D * ee  ff ,1

518 Phglgdv hvwdgvwlfdv gh od fdolgdg gh xq jh0

Generacin de nmeros pseudoaleatorios uniformes en (0,1)

txh vhjxlu/ dsur{lpdgdphqwh/ xqd glvwulexflq 2&3 / edmr od klswhvlv qxod

51814 Ho frqwudvwh fkl0fxdgudgr

51815 Ho frqwudvwh gh Nroprjrur0Vpluqr

Hvwd glvfuhsdqfld vh fdofxod phgldqwh ho hvwdgvwlfr

fx|d glvwulexflq +od g gh Nroprjrur, hvw wdexodgd1

Introduccin a la Simulacin y a la Teora de Colas

51816 Ho frqwudvwh gho frohfflrqlvwd

 E' ' S ' ff.SHffff

Generacin de nmeros pseudoaleatorios uniformes en (0,1)

51817 Frqwudvwhv gh vdowr

51818 Ho frqwudvwh gh shupxwdflrqhv

1 Ho whvw frqvlvwh hq revhuydu xqd judq qphur gh eortxhv | frpsdudu odv

51819 Ho frqwudvwh gho srnhu

Introduccin a la Simulacin y a la Teora de Colas

41 Xq plvpr hqwhur vh uhslwh flqfr yhfhv +deuhyldgdphqwh/ ,1

Generacin de nmeros pseudoaleatorios uniformes en (0,1)

5181: Ho frqwudvwh gh odv udfkdv dvfhqghqwhv

5181; Ho frqwudvwh gh sduhv vhuldgrv

5181< Ho frqwudvwh gh Omxqj0Er{

txh/ edmr od klswhvlv gh lqghshqghqfld/ vh glvwulex|h dsur{lpdgdphqwh vhjq

518143 Fkl0fxdgudgr vreuh fkl0fxdgudgr

8 Pwrgrv hvshffrv sdud od vlpxodflq gh glvwulexflrqhv qrwd0

917 Pwrgrv hvshffrv sdud vlpxodu od glvwulexflq qrupdo pxowl0

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Wrgrv hoorv wlhqhq wlhqhq shurgr p{lpr +h ljxdo d 2D * ee ff ,1

txh vhjxlu/ dsur{lpdgdphqwh/ xqd glvwulexflq 2&3 / edmr od klswhvlv qxod

51815 Ho frqwudvwh gh Nroprjrur0Vpluqr

fx|d glvwulexflq +od g gh Nroprjrur, hvw wdexodgd1

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41 Xq plvpr hqwhur vh uhslwh flqfr yhfhv +deuhyldgdphqwh/ ,1

txh od sursruflq gh uhfkd}rv gho whvw vh dsur{lpd do ydoru qrplqdo mdgr

txh hv frqwlqxd h lqyhuwleoh hq ho lqwhuydor dfc 41 Revuyhvh txh

Lqwhusuhwdflq jufd gho dojrulwpr gh lqyhuvlq1

51 D yhfhv/ dq whqlhqgr xqd h{suhvlq h{soflwd sdud 8 E%/ hv lpsrvleoh

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61514 Hflhqfld gho dojrulwpr

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Vl suhwhqghprv hqfrqwudu ho phmru ydoru gh b/ hq wuplqrv gh hflhqfld gho

Dkrud ghehprv hqfrqwudu bf wdo txh Sbf ' 4?b:f Sb =

d rwudv dowhuqdwlydv srvleohv sdud frqvhjxlu ho plvpr q1 Xwlol}dqgr xq

Hmhuflflr 71414 Ghwhuplqdu od glvwulexflq gh 8 Ef1

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