What is ISI (Inter Symbol Interference) in LTE?

The development of modulation techniques allowed significant developments in mobile

communications through the transmission of symbols carrying a large amount of information.
However, there is a common problem in such systems: the interference inter symbols (ISI or
Inter Symbol Interference).

Let us understand this today.

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Goal

Understand what is the interference between symbols (ISI), existing in the LTE Systems, and
also in any technology that uses symbols for the information transport.
What is ISI?

In an ideal system (theoretical), the transmitted symbols arrive at the receiver without any loss or
interference, as shown in the following figure.

In an ideal system ,
the transmitted symbols arrive at the receiver without any loss or
interference
Tx

symbols

Rx

But in a real scenario the transmitted signals are affected in different ways, for example,
according to the propagation environment.

What happens in practice is that the "same" signal arrives via multiple paths ("Multipath") and
consequently with different delays ("Delay Spread").

Signal arrives via multiple paths

with different delays

''terminan''

Although the "Multipath" bring positive benefits, "Multipath" and "Delay Spread" also end up
1)
2)
causing interference inter symbols.
So let's learn about these factors.

2) Delay Spread

A transmitted symbol can be received multiple times at the receiver, more or less as an "echo"
effect. This echo is what we call "Delay Spread".

In the above figure, the transmitter transmits a single symbol. This symbol is propagated along
different paths (A, B and C), and eventually reaching the receiver at multiple time instants, and
therefore with multiple "replication."
The total elapsed time between the first and last is determined by the environment (including the
structures, how close they are, etc..). For example, in an urban environment, where the reflection
is high (many buildings, many vehicles parked and moving), this delay has a typical value of 510 microseconds.
Multipath

And as we talked about before, in a theoretical ideal scenario, all symbols would be propagated
to the receiver using a single path, and also arrive without any delays. But in practice, what
happens is that the signal propagates along different paths from the transmitter to the receiver this is the "Multipath".
Assuming three different paths (A, B and C), signals arrive at the receiver for example as shown
below.

At the receiver, all these "multipath" components are summed (1). And the practical result is that
we have multiple symbols being received "simultaneously" (Symbols "Overlap") - this is the
intersymbol interference (ISI)!

t1
t2

t3

Symbol Duration

As can we easily conclude, a very important determining factor for the ISI is the time duration of
the symbol.
case1:If the symbol period (T) is very short compared to the "Delay Spread" (t) the impact is

significant (T << t).

case2: But if we can extend the symbols length, most of them will not suffer the impact of ISI (T >> t).

One small part of the symbol will continue to be impacted, but for most of its duration, the
symbol will remain not affected by reflections propagated in "Multipath".
That is why the ISI is minimized when we use a higher symbol period (or Lower Symbol Rate).

Low Symbol Period

High ISI

High Symbol Period

Low ISI

Conclusion

Today we learned, in a very simple way, what is the inter symbol interference present on systems
that use symbols for communication.
We saw what causes the interference (the "Delay Spread", caused by "Multipath"), its
consequences, and what we can do to minimize it.
In the next tutorials, We'll continue to cover topics directly related to LTE (and similar
technologies), so that you'll be able understand all the complex concepts of this technology quite
easily.
For questions, suggestions or comments, you can post your comment below.
Thanks for reading and visiting. Until the next tutorial.