Lecture 01


System
A set of interrelated components working together
toward some common objectives or purposes (B. S.
Blanchard & W. J. Fabrycky).
An interacting combination of elements viewed in
relation to function (INCOSE)
An integrated composite of people, products, and
processes that provide a capability to satisfy a
stated need or objective (Mil-Std 499B)
A construct or collection of different elements that
together produce results not obtainable by the
elements alone. (Bayhill)

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System
The elements, or parts, can include people,
hardware, software, facilities, policies, and
documents; that is, all things required to produce
systems-level results. The results include system
level qualities, properties, characteristics, functions,
behavior and performance.


Engineering
Discipline for transforming scientific concepts into
cost-effective products through the use of analysis
judgment (D. M. Buede).
The application of scientific and mathematical
principles to practical ends such as the design,
construction, and operation of efficient and
economical structures, equipment, and systems
(American Heritage Dictionary)
The process of devising a system, component, or
process to meet desired needs. It is a decisionmaking process (often iterative) in which the basic
sciences, mathematics, and engineering sciences
are applied to convert resources optimally to meet
a stated objective (ABET)

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500 BC

1800

1700

1500

1880

1850

1930

1920

1950

1970


Systems Engineering is an interdisciplinary
approach and means to enable the realization
of successful systems. It focuses on defining
customer needs and required functionality early
in the development cycle, documenting
requirements, then proceeding with design
synthesis and system validation while
considering the complete problem:
Operations
Performance
Test

Manufacturing
Cost
Schedule

Training
Support
Disposal

 ()
Systems Engineering integrates all the
disciplines and specialty groups into a team
effort forming a structured development
process that proceeds from concept to
production to operation.
Systems Engineering considers both the
business and the technical needs of all
customers with the goal of providing a quality
product that meets the user needs.

 ()
?
Systems Engineering vs Engineering



life cycle


Science
Determines what Is

Component Engineering
Determines what Can Be

Systems Engineering
Determines what Should Be

USD 30,000

USD 15,000

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SDS
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DVM / DVP

(SDS)

DVM / DVP

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KO

SI

SC

PA

PR

J1


10,000
30
?

4000 BC
3300 BC
400 BC
300 BC
300 BC
1877
1880

2200


reductionism

mechanism

F. W. Taylor:


The Principles of Scientific Management (by
F. W. Taylor, 1911)


1940

expansionism

teleology


The term systems engineering dates back to
Bell Telephone Laboratories in the early 1940s.
The concepts of systems engineering within Bell
Labs can be traced back to early 1900s.

The need to identify properties of a system as a

whole, which in complex engineering projects
may greatly differ from the sum of its parts,
motivated the Department of Defense, NASA,
and related industries.


Hall [1962] defined systems engineering as a
function with five phases:
1) system studies or program planning
2) exploratory planning, which includes problem
definition, selecting objectives, systems synthesis,
systems analysis, selecting the best system, and
communicating the results
3) development planning, which repeats phase 2 in
more detail
4) studies during development, which includes the
development of parts of the system and the
integration and testing of these parts
5) current engineering, which is what takes place
while the system is operational and being refined


The RAND Corporation was founded in 1946 by
the United States Air Force and created
systems analysis , which is certainly an
important part of systems engineering.
The Department of Defense entered the world
of systems engineering in the late 1940s with
the initial development of missiles and missiledefense systems.
Paul Fitts addressed the allocation of the
systems functions to the physical elements of
the system in the late 1940s and early 1950s.

SAGE (1950s)
Semi-Automatic Ground Environment

first interactive, digital computer designed for

information processing and process control
engineers and scientists playing leading
management roles as well as solving research and
development problems
Example of the collective management structure
Military
Industrial
university

Atlas (1950s)
produced the first ICBM
involved 18,000 scientists, engineers, and technical
experts in universities and industry
70,000 people from office to factory floor in
twenty-two industries
17 associated contractors and 200 subcontractors
with 200,000 suppliers
500 military officers with technical expertise
a mode of management known as systems
engineering emerged and has spread throughout
the military and industrial worlds and even into
government agencies


(Engineering of Systems)

Engineering of Systems
Systems Engineering is concerned with the
engineering of systems
Systems Engineering efforts involve:
Systems engineering methods and tools or
technologies
Systems process or methodologies
Systems management
Systems Management is concerned with strategic
level Systems Engineering

Systems process or
methodologies

Systems engineering methods

and tools or technologies

System Product or Service

under Development

Systems Engineering Team

Systems management

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