Professional Documents
Culture Documents
NCC-SES
Gas Insulated Substation
Grounding Analysis
Toolbox Edition
2012 Release
REVISION RECORD
Date
Version Number
Revision Level
August 1995
October 1997
October 1997
January 1999
January 2000
November 2002
10
June 2004
11
December 2006
13
January 2012
14
January 2012
14
May 2012
14
Page iv
SPECIAL NOTE
Due to the continuous evolution of the CDEGS software, you may find that some of the
screens obtained using the present version of the CDEGS package are slightly
different from those appearing in this manual. Furthermore, small differences in the
reported and plotted numerical values may exist due to continuous enhancements of
the computation algorithms.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
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INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................. 1-1
1.1 OBJECTIVE ............................................................................................................................................... 1-1
1.2 COMPUTER MODELING TOOLS ............................................................................................................. 1-2
1.3 METHODOLOGY OF THE GROUNDING DESIGN .................................................................................. 1-2
1.4 ORGANIZATION OF THE MANUAL ......................................................................................................... 1-3
1.5 SOFTWARE NOTE .................................................................................................................................... 1-3
1.6 FILE NAMING CONVENTIONS ................................................................................................................ 1-3
1.7 WORKING DIRECTORY ........................................................................................................................... 1-5
1.8 INPUT AND OUTPUT FILES USED IN TUTORIAL .................................................................................. 1-5
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SOIL RESISTIVITY MEASUREMENTS & INTERPRETATION .......................................... 2-1
2.1 SOIL RESISTIVITY MEASUREMENTS .................................................................................................... 2-1
2.2 INTERPRETATION OF SOIL RESISTIVITY MEASUREMENTS ............................................................. 2-4
2.2.1 PREPARATION OF THE RESISTIVITY INPUT FILE IN CDEGS INPUT MODE ........................ 2-5
2.2.1.1 WINDOWS TOOLBOX INPUT MODE ........................................................................... 2-5
2.2.1.2 START UP PROCEDURES ........................................................................................... 2-5
2.2.1.3 DATA ENTRY ............................................................................................................... 2-10
2.2.1.4 HOW TO PRODUCE THE RESAP INPUT FILE .......................................................... 2-12
2.2.2 SUBMISSION OF THE RESAP RUN ......................................................................................... 2-12
2.2.3 EXTRACTION OF THE RESULTS FROM RESAP COMPUTATION RESULTS FILES............ 2-13
2.2.3.1 CDEGS - EXAMINE MODE OUTPUT PROCESSOR ................................................. 2-13
2.3 SOIL MODELS FROM WENNER MEASUREMENT .............................................................................. 2-14
2.3.1 FIRST RESAP RUN: INITIAL FOUR-LAYER SOIL MODEL IN TABLE 23 .............................. 2-14
2.3.1.1 PREPARATION OF RESAP INPUT FILE .................................................................... 2-14
2.3.1.2 SUBMISSION OF RESAP RUN AND EXTRACTION OF RESULTS USING
TOOLBOX .................................................................................................................... 2-15
2.3.2 SECOND RESAP RUN: FIVE-LAYER SOIL MODEL................................................................. 2-16
2.3.2.1 PREPARATION OF RESAP INPUT FILE .................................................................... 2-16
2.3.2.2 SUBMISSION OF RESAP RUN AND EXTRACTION OF RESULTS USING
TOOLBOX .................................................................................................................... 2-17
2.3.3 THIRD RESAP RUN: FINAL FOUR-LAYER SOIL MODEL IN TABLE 23 ............................... 2-18
2.3.3.1 PREPARATION OF RESAP INPUT FILE .................................................................... 2-18
2.3.3.2 SUBMISSION OF RESAP RUN AND EXTRACTION OF RESULTS USING
TOOLBOX .................................................................................................................... 2-18
2.3.4 FOURTH RESAP RUN: FINAL THREE-LAYER SOIL MODEL IN TABLE 23 ......................... 2-19
2.3.4.1 PREPARATION OF RESAP INPUT FILE .................................................................... 2-19
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INITIAL DESIGN OF GROUNDING SYSTEM AND COMPUTATION OF GRID
RESISTANCE ..................................................................................................................... 3-1
3.1 INITIAL DESIGN OF GROUNDING SYSTEM .......................................................................................... 3-1
3.2 PREPARATION OF THE MALT INPUT FILE USING SESCAD .............................................................. 3-3
3.2.1 START UP PROCEDURES .......................................................................................................... 3-3
3.2.2 DATA ENTRY................................................................................................................................ 3-4
3.3 SUBMISSION OF THE MALT RUN ........................................................................................................ 3-13
3.3.1 SUBMIT ENGINEERING PROGRAM USING SESCAD ............................................................ 3-13
3.3.2 SUBMIT ENGINEERING PROGRAM USING CDEGS .............................................................. 3-14
3.4 EXTRACTION OF THE RESULTS FROM MALT COMPUTATION RESULTS FILES .......................... 3-15
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FAULT CURRENT DISTRIBUTION ANALYSIS USING HIFREQ ...................................... 4-1
4.1 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................................ 4-1
4.2 THE OVERHEAD TRANSMISSION LINE NETWORK ............................................................................. 4-1
4.3 THE POWER SYSTEM DATA................................................................................................................... 4-3
4.4 PREPARATION OF THE HIFREQ INPUT FILE USING SESCAD ........................................................... 4-4
4.4.1 START UP PROCEDURES .......................................................................................................... 4-4
4.4.2 DATA ENTRY................................................................................................................................ 4-5
4.5 SUBMISSION OF THE HIFREQ RUN ..................................................................................................... 4-18
4.5.1 SUBMIT ENGINEERING PROGRAM USING SESCAD ............................................................ 4-18
4.5.2 SUBMIT ENGINEERING PROGRAM USING CDEGS .............................................................. 4-19
4.6 EXTRACTION OF THE RESULTS FROM HIFREQ COMPUTATION RESULTS FILES ...................... 4-19
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MODEL GAS INSULATED SUBSTATION IN HIFREQ ...................................................... 5-1
5.1 GIS BUS WORKS ...................................................................................................................................... 5-1
5.2 PREPARATION OF THE HIFREQ INPUT FILE USING SESCAD ........................................................... 5-2
5.2.1 START UP PROCEDURES .......................................................................................................... 5-2
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SAFETY EVALUATION OF NCC-SES GIS ........................................................................ 6-1
6.1 SAFETY CRITERIA ................................................................................................................................... 6-1
6.1.1 TOUCH VOLTAGES ..................................................................................................................... 6-1
6.1.2 STEP VOLTAGES ........................................................................................................................ 6-2
6.1.3 GPR DIFFERENTIALS ................................................................................................................. 6-2
6.1.4 DETERMINING SAFE TOUCH AND STEP VOLTAGES CRITERIA USING CDEGS ................. 6-3
6.2 EXAMING THE GROUND POTENTIAL RISE, TOUCH AND STEP VOLTAGES ................................... 6-4
6.2.1 PLOT GPR OF GROUNDING SYSTEM ....................................................................................... 6-5
6.2.2 EXAMINE CURRENTS FLOWING ALONG CORE AND BUS ENCLOSURE ............................. 6-5
6.2.3 EXAMINE TOUCH VOLTAGES .................................................................................................... 6-8
6.2.4 EXAMINE STEP VOLTAGES ..................................................................................................... 6-10
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REINFORCING THE GROUNDING SYSTEM .................................................................... 7-1
7.1 COMPUTATION OF GROUND RESISTANCE OF REINFORCED GROUNDING GRID IN
MALT ......................................................................................................................................................... 7-1
7.1.1 START-UP PROCEDURE ............................................................................................................ 7-2
7.1.2 COMPUTE GROUND RESISTANCE OF REINFORCED GRID IN MALT ................................... 7-2
7.2 RE-EVALUATION OF TOUCH VOLTAGES OF REINFORCED GROUNDING GRID IN
HIFREQ ...................................................................................................................................................... 7-4
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CONCLUSIONS .................................................................................................................. 8-1
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COMMAND INPUT MODE ................................................................................................. A-1
A
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DIIXX B
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USE SESCONDUCTORDATABASE TOOL TO OBTAIN INTERNAL
IMPEDANCES ................................................................................................................... B-1
Page ix
Chapter 1. Introduction
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 OBJECTIVE
This How To Engineering Guide shows you how to carry out a typical Gas Insulated Substation
(GIS) grounding design using the MultiFields, MultiFields+, MultiFieldsPro, or CDEGS software
packages. A step-by-step approach is used to illustrate how to use the Windows interfaces to input
your data, run the pertinent engineering modules and explore the computation results.
The grounding analysis problem is illustrated in Figure 1.1. A new 154 kV NCC-SES Gas Insulated
Substation is planned, and presently under construction. It will be interconnected to the rest of the
network via four transmission lines terminating at GENNW-SES Power Plant (Terminal GENNWSES), GENNE-SES Power Plant (Terminal GENNE-SES), GENSW-SES Substation (Terminal
GENSW-SES) and GENSE-SES Substation (Terminal GENSE-SES), respectively. The objective of
the analysis is to provide a new grid design for NCC-SES GIS. The final design is to limit touch and
step voltages to safe levels for personnel within the substation area, based on up-to-date system data,
appropriate measurement techniques and instrumentation, and state-of-the-art computer modeling
methods.
Terminal
GENNE-SES
Terminal
GENNW-SES
NCC-SES Gas
Insulated Substation
Terminal
GENSE-SES
Terminal
GENSW-SES
Figure 1.1
Page 1-1
Chapter 1. Introduction
Page 1-2
Chapter 1. Introduction
where XY is a two-letter abbreviation corresponding to the name of the program which created the
file or which will read the file as input. The JobID consists of string of characters and numbers that
is used to label all the files produced during a given CDEGS run. This helps identify the
Page 1-3
Chapter 1. Introduction
corresponding input, computation, results and plot files. The nn are two digits used in the extension
to indicate the type of file.
The abbreviations used for the various CDEGS modules are as follows:
Application
RESAP
MALT
MALZ
TRALIN
SPLITS
SESTLC
SESShield
GRSPLITS-3D
Abbreviation
RS
MT
MZ
TR
SP
TC
LS
SP
Application
FCDIST
HIFREQ
FFTSES
SICL*
CSIRPS*
SESEnviroPlus
SESShield-3D
ROWCAD
Abbreviation
FC
HI
FT
SC
CS
TR
SD
RC
The SICL module is used internally by the Input Toolbox data entry interface. The CSIRPS
module is used internally by the Output Toolbox and GRServer graphics and report
generating interface.
The following four types of files are often used and discussed when a user requests technical support
for the software:
.F05
Command input file (for engineering applications programs). This is a text file that can
be opened by any text editor (WordPad or Notepad) and can be modified manually by
experienced users.
.F09
Computation results file (for engineering applications programs). This is a text file that
can be opened by any text editor (WordPad or Notepad).
.F21
Computation database file (for engineering applications programs). This is a binary file
that can only be loaded by the CDEGS software for reports and graphics display.
.F33
Computation database file (for engineering applications programs MALZ and HIFREQ
only). This is a binary file that stores the current distribution to recover.
For further details on CDEGS file naming conventions and JobID, please consult CDEGS Help
under Help | Contents | File Naming Conventions.
Page 1-4
Chapter 1. Introduction
Page 1-5
Chapter 1. Introduction
installation directory, e.g., C:\Users\Public\Documents\SES Software\version and version is the
version number of your CDEGS Software).
Copying Input Files to Working Directory
For those who prefer to load the input files into the software and simply follow the tutorial, you can
copy all of the files from the install\Howto\CDEGS\GisGrnd directory to your working directory.
After the tutorial has been completed, you may wish to explore the other How ToEngineering
Manuals which are available as PDF files on the SES Software DVD in the folder \PDF\Howto.
If the files required for this tutorial are missing or have been modified, you will need to manually
copy the originals from the SES Software DVD. Both original input and output files can be found in
the following directories on the SES Software DVD:
Input Files:
Output Files:
Examples\Official\HowTo\CDEGS\GisGrnd\Tutorial\inputs
Examples\Official\HowTo\CDEGS\GisGrnd\Tutorial\outputs
Note that the files found in both the Inputs and the Outputs directories should be copied directly
into the working directory, not into subdirectories of the working directory.
Page 1-6
CHAPTER 2
SOIL RESISTIVITY MEASUREMENTS &
INTERPRETATION
2.1 SOIL RESISTIVITY MEASUREMENTS
Soil resistivity measurements at the substation site were carried out using the Wenner
andSchlumberger techniques. Figure 2.1 shows the traverses along which the measurements were
taken. Table 21 gives the measured apparent resistance values along Traverse #1 using the Wenner
method (i.e., the distances between adjacent electrodes are equal). Three different equipments
(STING R1, SAS 300C and YEW-3244) have been used to record the data. Table 22 lists the
measured apparent resistance values along Traverse #1 using the Schlumberger method.
Traverse #3
Grounding Grid
Traverse #1
Traverse #2
Figure 2.1
Page 2-1
Measurements
R1
R2
R3
R4
R5
R6
R7
R8
R9
R10
R11
R12
R13
R14
R15
Table 21
Spacing
Between
Probes
(ft)
1.64
3.28
6.56
9.84
13.12
16.4
19.68
22.96
32.8
49.2
65.6
98.4
164
229.6
328
Depth of Probes
(ft)
Cpin
Ppin
STING R1
SAS 300C
YEW-3244
0.492
0.492
0.492
0.492
0.492
0.984
0.984
0.984
1.312
1.312
1.312
1.64
1.64
1.64
1.64
0.492
0.492
0.492
0.492
0.492
0.984
0.984
0.984
1.312
1.312
1.312
1.64
1.64
1.64
1.64
554.600
385.400
178.300
105.300
74.460
59.500
48.170
42.080
28.400
19.020
14.480
10.330
6.880
5.905
4.523
557.000
386.000
179.600
106.300
75.100
59.700
48.400
42.100
27.900
18.820
14.930
10.370
6.610
6.090
4.710
----150.000
174.000
102.500
70.000
56.000
29.000
28.000
27.500
18.500
13.900
10.000
6.700
5.600
4.500
Page 2-2
Measurements
R1
R2
R3
R4
R5
R6
R7
R8
R9
R10
R11
R12
R13
R14
R15
R16
R17
R18
R19
R20
R21
R22
R23
R24
R25
R26
R27
Table 22
Spacing Between
Probes
(ft)
Depth of Probes
(ft)
P1-P2
C1-P1
Cpin
Ppin
STING R1
SAS 300C
YEW-3244
6.56
6.56
6.56
6.56
6.56
6.56
6.56
6.56
6.56
6.56
6.56
6.56
6.56
32.8
6.56
32.8
32.8
32.8
32.8
32.8
32.8
32.8
32.8
32.8
32.8
32.8
32.8
6.56
11.48
16.4
21.32
26.24
36.08
45.92
55.76
65.6
75.44
85.28
95.12
114.8
101.68
134.48
121.36
141.04
160.72
180.4
213.2
246
278.8
311.6
344.4
377.2
410
475.6
0.492
0.492
0.492
0.492
0.492
0.492
0.492
0.492
0.984
0.984
0.984
0.984
0.984
0.984
0.984
0.984
0.984
0.984
1.64
1.64
1.64
1.64
1.64
1.64
1.64
1.64
1.64
0.492
0.492
0.492
0.492
0.492
0.492
0.492
0.492
0.492
0.492
0.492
0.492
0.492
0.492
0.492
0.492
0.492
0.492
0.492
0.492
0.492
0.492
0.492
0.492
0.492
0.492
0.492
182.600
64.890
31.870
18.870
11.980
6.777
4.228
3.091
2.417
1.973
1.539
1.287
1.472
6.984
1.335
4.720
3.949
3.178
2.400
1.875
1.491
1.272
1.016
0.8295
0.6470
0.6392
0.5419
172.600
62.000
31.800
18.890
11.940
6.430
4.000
3.840
2.490
1.920
2.210
1.713
1.080
5.510
0.929
4.290
3.600
2.850
2.260
1.868
1.543
1.213
1.100
1.041
0.988
0.723
0.581
166.000
59.000
31.000
18.450
11.800
6.550
4.100
2.940
2.260
1.890
1.270
1.120
0.960
5.400
0.695
4.000
3.450
2.865
2.355
1.745
1.325
1.100
0.900
0.770
0.580
0.595
0.545
Page 2-3
2.2 INTERPRETATION
MEASUREMENTS
OF
SOIL
RESISTIVITY
The following data values were entered as input to the RESAP soil resistivity analysis module of the
CDEGS software package:
Apparent Resistance (V/I): The apparent resistance measured at each probe spacing.
Cpin Depth: The depth to which the current injection electrodes were driven into the
earth. This value influences the interpretation of soil resistivities at short electrode
spacing.
Ppin Depth: The depth to which the potential probes were driven into the earth. This
value also influences the interpretation of soil resistivities at short electrode spacing.
The soil resistivity interpretation module RESAP was used to determine equivalent horizontally
layered soils for the three measurement sites. The characteristics of the equivalent soil structures are
shown in Table 23 and Table 24 along with grounding system resistances as computed by the low
frequency grounding module MALT (see the next chapter). Note that the resistances shown here
were computed for the initial design of the grounding system of NCC-SES GIS.
Soil Model
Two-Layer
Three-Layer
Four-Layer
Table 23
Layer
Resistivity
(-m)
Thickness
(ft)
Top
Bottom
Top
2nd
Bottom
Top
2nd
3rd
Bottom
1935.6
7871.5
2552.2
1742.4
4027.2
594.8
9125.4
1750.7
4453.1
222.65
4.37
116.99
0.48
0.70
131.7
RMS Error
(%)
Grid Resistance
(
8.55
14.84
2.4
13.47
2.59
14.40
Soil Model
Layer
Resistivity
(-m)
Thickness
(ft)
RMS Error
(%)
Top
2nd
Bottom
2480.00
1344.26
4550.32
6.08
40.29
8.9
Three-Layer
Table 24
from Table
21
Grid Resistance
(
15.93
from Table
22
The RMS Error in Column 5 of Table 23 and Table 24 (computed by RESAP as described in
this section) provides a quantitative indication of the agreement between the measurements and the
proposed soil models. Note that the tables show several equivalent soil structures for each
measurement site, namely multilayer structures and a two-layer structure. Although the fit of
Page 2-4
2.2.1
The soil resistivity interpretation input file can be prepared using one of several input interface
modules as well as a standard text editor (or the one provided with CDEGS). See Appendix A for a
short description of the various input interface modules and the resulting input files and their
structures.
The following section describes the Windows compatible input session, which, once completed,
generates the Command mode compatible input file, (.INP and .F05 file extension) described in
Printout A.1 both of which can be reloaded during subsequent sessions.
2.2.1.1
This section describes in detail how to prepare the RESAP input data using the CDEGS Input Mode.
The most important features in preparing the data are explained in Section 2.2.1.3, which also
contains some hints on how to avoid common errors while using RESAP. The instructions
describing how to produce the Command Mode compatible RESAP input file once the data is
entered are given in Section 2.2.1.4.
2.2.1.2
Start Up Procedures
Click here
Page 2-5
In the SES Software <Version> group folder, where <Version> is the version number of the
software, you should see the icons representing Autogrid Pro, AutoGroundDesign, CDEGS,
Right-of-Way, SESEnviroPlus, SESShield-3D and SESTLC software packages, as well as four
folders. The Documentation folder contains help documents for various utilities and software
packages. The Program Folders provides shortcuts to programs, installation and projects folders.
The System folder allows you to conveniently set up security keys. Various utilities can be found in
the Tools folder. The main function of each software package and utility is described hereafter.
SOFTWARE PACKAGES
Autogrid Pro provides a simple, integrated environment for carrying out detailed grounding
studies. This package combines the computational powers of the engineering programs RESAP,
MALT and FCDIST with a simple, largely automated interface.
AutoGroundDesign offers powerful and intelligent functions that help electrical engineers
design safe grounding installations quickly and efficiently. The time devoted to design a safe and
also cost-effective grounding grid is minimized by the use of automation techniques and
appropriate databases. This module can help reduce considerably the time needed to complete a
grounding design.
Right-of-Way is a powerful integrated software package for the analysis of electromagnetic
interference between electric power lines and adjacent installations such as pipelines and
communication lines. It is especially designed to simplify and to automate the modeling of
complex right-of-way configurations. The Right-of-Way interface runs the TRALIN and SPLITS
engineering modules and several other related components in the background.
SESEnviroPlus is a sophisticated program that evaluates the environmental impact (radio
interference, audio-noise, corona losses, and electromagnetic fields) of AC, DC or mixed
transmission line systems.
SESShield-3D is a powerful graphical program for the design and analysis of protective
measures against lightning for substations and electrical networks. Its 3D graphical environment
can be used to model accurately systems with complex geometries.
SESTLC is a simplified analysis tool useful to quickly estimate the inductive and conductive
electromagnetic interference levels on metallic utility paths such as pipelines and railways
located close to electric lines (and not necessary parallel to them), as well as the magnetic and
Page 2-6
Page 2-7
Page 2-8
In the following section, it will be assumed that the reader is entering the data as indicated in the
instructions. Note that it is advisable to save your work regularly by clicking on the Save button in
the toolbar and following the instructions in the dialog box. The data entered up to that point will be
saved in two files called RS_NCC1T.F05 and RS_NCC1T.INP. Each file can be retrieved at any
time by clicking on the Import / Load
The same considerations apply if a data entry session has to be interrupted. (Click
to go back to the Start-Up window after saving your data.)
in the toolbar
If you intend to enter the data manually, proceed directly to Section 2.2.1.3. If you do not wish to do
so, you can import all the data by proceeding as follows.
Importing DATA
Click the Import / Load
button. Change the File Name in the dialog box to RS_07T.F05 then
click on the Load button in the dialog box. Click OK in the resulting Message Box. The data
described in the next section will be loaded and you will not have to enter it.
Page 2-9
Data Entry
As shown in Printout A.1, the RESAP commands are grouped into modules, reflecting the
hierarchical nature of the SES Input Command Language. Each module of Figure A.1 (with the
exception of the OPTION module) is associated to a button in the RESAP screen. The OPTION
module is actually part of the RESAP main screen.
The data entry field in the Module Description tab under the Case Description block allows you to
type comment lines that are used to describe the case to be analyzed in the RESAP module. They are
echoed in the RESAP output. If you place your mouse cursor on any comment line and click on it
(i.e., focus on the comment line) then hitting the F1 (Help Key) will bring a help text describing the
Case Description lines. A Run-ID NCC1T is entered in the Run-Identification box and the
British System of Units is chosen. The Run-ID is useful in identifying all the plots which will be
made later in Section 2.2.3. Focusing on the Run-Identification field and then hitting the F1 key
will bring a help text related to the focused field. This applies to all CDEGS Input and Output text
fields.
Click the Measurements button to enter the
measured apparent resistivities from
Traverse 1. A quick way to enter the same
data, such as probe depth, into several data
fields is to select these fields first, then type
in the data. This screen also allows you to
specify the method used to gather the data,
the type of measurements, and the results
obtained. Furthermore, it allows you to
immediately plot the results in a linear/linear
or log/linear fashion to determine the shape
of the curve or the presence of noise in the
measurements. For this tutorial, you must
specify the STING R1 (R1 to R15) and the
SAS 300C (R16 to R30) data from Table 2
1.
By default, RESAP selects the Wenner method and selects
the Account for Probe Depth Option. The data are entered
into Measurements. You can click on Show data to plot
the results. Click OK to return to the RESAP main screen.
To start a trial run, we choose the automatic soillayer
determination. Click the Soil Type button to access the
appropriate screen.
Select Horizontal Soil Type. By entering a 0 value in all
the applicable fields (or leaving them empty) as shown
above, you are requesting that the RESAP program
determines suitable initial values to the requested soil
characteristics. If for any reason you prefer to specify your
own values, you should enter valid initial guesses in all the
Page 2-10
You can now return to the RESAP main screen by clicking OK. At this point, you have completed
the preparation of the data using the CDEGS-Specify-RESAP: it is ready to be submitted to the
RESAP engineering module in the next section.
If you are a licensee of the CDEGS software you are now able to proceed to Section 2.2.2. Users of
the demo software are not able to process the input file, but are able to peruse all output files that are
already available. Therefore read Section 2.2.2 for reference only. Any attempt to start the
engineering modules will result in a message stating that the Engineering module is not active.
2.2.2
button to submit and run the model. This does two things:
1. It saves two files under the names RS_NCC1T.F05 and RS_NCC1T.INP. These two files can
be reread from the Toolbox using the Import/Load
button. Furthermore, the *.F05 and
*.INP files are ASCII files you can edit and view at any time. (The *.F05 file is typically
identical to the *.INP file.)
2. It starts the RESAP engineering program.
The RESAP program will start and will carry out all requested
computations. The run should take very little time. At completion,
the program will produce three important files: an OUTPUT file
(RS_NCC1T.F09), a DATABASE file (RS_NCC1T.F21) and the
SHARE file (SF_NCC1T.F11).
The OUTPUT file is an ASCII file, while the DATABASE and
SHARE files are binary files. Any ERROR or WARNING
messages generated during the RESAP run will appear in the OUTPUT file. The SHARE file
contains the computed soil model which will be used later by the HIFREQ. You can view the
OUTPUT file by clicking the File Viewer (
) button in the Output section of the toolbar (if
prompted, select the RESAP: Soil Resistivity Analysis option, and click OK). You can also use the
GraRep utility (See Section 2.2.1.1) to view and edit any ASCII output files.
The next section examines the computation results using the Examine (Output) Mode of CDEGS.
Depending on your settings, the program may automatically start the output session the moment the
engineering program terminates. This is controlled by the option View the output session after
Page 2-12
2.2.3
The OUTPUT file contains all the input information and computation results from your RESAP run.
The DATABASE file is normally used by CDEGS (Examine Mode) and the SES Interactive
Report & Plot Software processors (such as GraRep) to display the computation results. In the
following, we will give an example demonstrating how to use the Examine mode of the CDEGS
program (Section 2.2.3.1) to produce the corresponding graphs.
2.2.3.1
If you have followed the instructions up to this point, the active JobID
should be "NCC1T". We will therefore extract the results and display
the plot on screen. If the CDEGS-Examine-RESAP screen is not
already visible, click on the
(Examine) button on the toolbar, and
click No if prompted to save: the CDEGS-Examine-RESAP screen
will appear and you are now ready to make plots.
Enter a Plot Title (AUTOMATIC-LAYER) in order to identify the
plot, select the British option button under X-Axis Units and click the
Plot/Draw button to obtain a plot of the computed results, as shown in
Figure 2.2.
Figure 2.2
Result of Trial RESAP Run Using All of Data Points: AUTOMATIC-LAYER Soil
Model.
Page 2-13
2.3.1
2.3.1.1
You have completed the modification of the data and can now return to the RESAP main screen by
clicking OK.
2.3.1.2
Figure 2.3
2.3.2
2.3.2.1
In order to obtain a successful fit for a difficult case such as this one, the following two options are
usually recommended: (a) Increasing the number of layers to give the RESAP program extra
parameters (resistivity and thickness) during the least-square minimization; (b) Using appropriate
initial values for layer parameters since the minimization algorithms are usually sensitive to the
initial values of the layer parameters. Note that by default RESAP determines the initial values of the
layer parameters based on your measurement data and requested soil models. These estimates are
usually adequate.
Options (a) and (b) can also be combined into an effective two-step procedure which will work most
of the time. The procedure is described as follows:
Page 2-16
Figure 2.4
Page 2-17
2.3.3
2.3.3.1
Figure 2.5
Computed Versus Measured Resistivities for Wenner Method: Final Four-Layer Soil
Model.
Page 2-18
2.3.4
2.3.4.1
The goal of this RESAP run is to find the best three-layer soil model. Note that it is always
preferable to find the simplest soil model possible to reduce the computation time for the grounding
analysis. In this tutorial, we choose NCCR1 as the Job ID. As mentioned in Section 2.2, the threelayer soil model has been chosen for the ground grid design. The JobID NCCR1 is selected as a
common Job ID to enable the data transfer between RESAP, MALT and HIFREQ. In the CDEGS
main screen, enter NCCR1 in the Current Job ID box.
By examining the resistivity measurement curve, we expect that a three-layer soil model will fit the
measurement curve very well provided that the first data point is removed. This assumption is
justified since the measurement was taken on a rainy day. By following the steps described in
Section 2.2.1.2, we can create RS_NCCR1.F05 from RS_NCC1A.F05. RS_NCCR1.F05 can also be
obtained by loading a pre-prepared input file RS_07D.F05. Note that the lines of data corresponding
to 1.64 ft (Measurement R1 and R16) are deleted in the Measurements module.
2.3.4.2
Figure 2.6
Computed Versus Measured Resistivities for Wenner Method: Final Three-Layer Soil
Model (the first data points are removed).
Page 2-19
2.3.5
2.3.5.1
Based on the Three-layer soil model obtained in the fourth RESAP run in Section 2.3.4, the twolayer soil model in Table 23 is obtained by forcing the number of user-defined layers to 2.
By following the similar steps described in Section 2.2.1.2, we can create RS_NCC1E.F05 from
RS_NCCR1.F05. RS_NCC1E.F05 can also be obtained by loading a pre-prepared input file
RS_07E.F05. NCC1E is chosen as the JobID.
2.3.5.2
Figure 2.7
Computed Versus Measured Resistivities for Wenner Method: Final Two-Layer Soil
Model (the first data points are removed).
2.4 INTERPRETATION
OF
SOIL
RESISTIVITY
MEASUREMENTS FROM SCHLUMBERGER ELECTRODE
CONFIGURATION
The interpretation of the soil resistivity measurements for the Schlumberger electrode configuration
can be done similarly (methodology Marquardt). We first start a trial run to let RESAP determine an
appropriate soil model. A four layer soil model is determined, as shown in Figure 2.8. Next, the best
fit soil model, a three-layer soil model in this case, is specified to reduce the number of layers. No
Page 2-20
Figure 2.8
Figure 2.9
Page 2-21
CHAPTER 3
INITIAL DESIGN OF GROUNDING SYSTEM
AND COMPUTATION OF GRID RESISTANCE
In this chapter, the detailed computer model of the initial design of the NCC-SES grounding system
will be presented. We will show how to use the MALT engineering module to determine the
grounding grid resistance that will be used for computing fault current distribution in the next
chapter.
Page 3-1
255 ft
(-136, -135) ft
(a)
40.4 ft
255 ft
(b)
Figure 3.1
Page 3-2
3.2.1
Start Up Procedures
Click here
This step is identical to the one already described in Section 2.2.1.2. In the SES Software group
folder, double-click the CDEGS icon to start the CDEGS program interface (if not already started).
You will be prompted for a Working Directory and a
"Current Job ID". Make sure that the proposed working
directory is the same as the one used in the preceding
chapter. In the Current Job ID box enter NCCR1 (while
any character string could be entered here, note that if
you enter a Job ID other than NCCR1, the data transfer
Click here to
between RESAP and MALT will not be available).
start SESCAD
Select Specify from the Session Mode drop-down list
and click the SESCAD button
or select SESCAD
under Tools menu to start the SESCAD program.
In the Select a file to open window, select Open the
MALT file MT_NCCR1.F05 <New Case>.
In the following section, it will be assumed that the reader is entering the data as indicated in the
instructions. Note that it is advisable to save your work regularly by clicking on the Save button in
the toolbar and following the instructions in the dialog box. The data entered up to that point will be
saved in a file called MT_NCCR1.F05. This file can be retrieved at any time by selecting the File |
Open Document menu item in SESCAD and following the instructions in the dialog box. The same
considerations apply if a data entry session has to be interrupted (close all active windows to exit the
program after saving your data).
If you intend to enter the data manually, proceed directly to Section 3.2.2. If you do not wish to do
so, you can import all the data by proceeding as follows.
Importing DATA
First be sure to close the MT_NCCR1.F05 which was just created. Select the Open
Documentunder the File menu. Browse to the file MT_07R1.F05 in the working directory
\CDEGS Howto\Gisgrnd, then click on the OK button to open the file. Click on Save Document
As and select the file MT_NCCR1.F05 in working directory to overwrite this file. The data
described in the next section will be loaded and you will not have to enter it.
3.2.2
Data Entry
Step 1.
Define Units and Other Settings: We will first define a Run ID and System of Units
by selecting Define | Units and Other Settings in SESCAD. Under the Module Level |
Grid | Case Description block of this window, you can enter comment lines that are used to
describe the case. They are echoed in the MALT output. In this tutorial,
NCCSAFETY(NCCR1) is entered under the Specify option, a 60 Hertz frequency and the
Page 3-4
Page 3-5
button.
Click here to
change to XY,
XZ, YZ, 3D or
Plan Views
Page 3-6
c. Under the Edit menu, uncheck the Use Group Information in order to access all
conductors without ungrouping them.
d. Select only the grounding conductors for the GIS building. Right-click and select the
Characteristics. Set the radius of all these conductors to 0.4065.
Page 3-7
a. Still with the GIS grounding conductors selected, change the view to XZ, 3D view.
b. Under the Tools menu, select the Shift Object function. Enter 1 ft under the Quick
Distance. Click on the arrow downwards. This will move the GIS conductors by 1 ft, to
the depth of 2 ft.
Change view to
XZ, 3D
Click here to
move
conductors
downwards
Step 5.
a. Select the Edit | User Group Information to turn on the group information. This
enables you to access the grouped conductors again.
b. Change the view back to XY, 3D view and click on the loop conductor for the GIS
building (the 4 perimeter conductors).
c. Select the Tools | Create Rods menu item. In the Create Rods window, select only
Create rods at origin and end of conductors. Enter -1 ft under the Rod Height
(Feet). The -1 ft instructs the program to create rods in the opposite direction, i.e.,
upwards, to connect the GIS grid to the main grid. See Figure 3.2 and Figure 3.3.
d. With the loop still selected, delete the loop conductor for the GIS building.
e. Click on the connection conductors just created. Right-click and select the
Characteristics to set the radius to 0.264.
f. Select the Edit | User Group Information to turn off the group information, delete the
four connection conductors at the corners of the GIS building. See Figure 3.4.
g. Select the Edit | User Group Information to turn on the group information and select
the grid.
Page 3-8
Figure 3.2
Create Rods (Connections) to Connect Two Grids: Select GIS Loop Conductor
Figure 3.3
Figure 3.4
Step 6.
a. We will now create 10 ft ground rods which are connected to the GIS building
conductors. Make sure you are still in the XY view and also select the Advanced | Set As
Active Object (or press the Function Key F9) to access conductors inside grouped
conductors. From the Power Tool, select Create Rods. Keep the default rod length to
10 ft. Click on the Point at X = -16, Y = 105. This creates the first ground rod. The
second rod (X = -1, Y = 90) and the third rod (X = 14, Y = 105) are created the same
way.
b. Right-click on those three rods and set the radius in the Characteristic window to 0.375.
The rest of rods are created by using the Tools | Shift Objects. The spacing between rods
is 30 ft. First select the three rods just created and select the Edit | Group menu item to
group them. Select the grouped rods and shift them by using the Shift Objects. The
figure below shows their final locations.
Page 3-10
Click here to
create the first
10 ft rod
Click here to
select Power Tool
| Create Rods
Step 7.
Create Rebar for GIS Building: The rebars are created similarly by selecting the
Insert | Conductor Grid menu item. The following are the input screens. The radius of the
rebar is 0.125.
Page 3-11
Step 8.
Connect GIS Rebar to Main Grid: The last step is to connect the GIS rebar to the
main grounding grid. Make sure that you are in the XY, 3D view.
a. We will first create a connection by selecting the Insert | Single Conductor menu item.
The following are the input screens. The radius of the connection conductor is 0.4065.
b. We will then shift the connection conductor along the Y direction, downwards, by 15 ft
and duplicate it 13 times.
Page 3-12
At this point, you have completed the preparation of the data. The energization of the grid is kept at
1000 A (a default setting) since the grounding resistance is independent of the injection current.
Under the File menu, select Save Document and then click Close Document to close this file in
SESCAD. The *.F05 is an ASCII file you can edit and view at any time.
The file MT_NCCR1.F05 is ready to be submitted to the MALT engineering module in the next
section.
If you are a licensee of the CDEGS software you will now be able to proceed to Section 3.3. Users
of the demo software are not able to process the input file, but are able to peruse all output files,
which are already available. Therefore read Section 3.3 for reference only. Any attempt to start the
engineering modules will result in a message stating that the Engineering module is not active.
3.3.1
You can submit the engineering run directly from SESCAD, by selecting the Run/Reports | Save &
Run menu item. This will start the SESBatch program and automatically run the engineering
module. Note that for illustration purposes, the generic grounding grid shown in the following
screen shot has been used instead of the specific case discussed in this How To manual.
Page 3-13
Once the run is complete, a window will pop up to inform you that a log file has been generated.
Click the OK button to close the message window. SESBatch allows you to conveniently access
some of the important files that it generates. For example, from the Tools | View Run Log File
menu item you can view the log file generated during the computations. From the Tools | View
Output File menu item you can view the output file, which may contain ERROR or WARNING
messages requiring your attention. Finally, you can launch Output Toolbox directly from the Tools |
View Results with Output Toolbox menu item.
3.3.2
In the CDEGS screen, select Compute from the Session Mode drop-down list. Click on the MALT
button to start the MALT engineering program (or by selecting the Engineering | Low Frequency
Analysis (MALT) menu item).
The MALT program will start and carry out all requested computations. Upon completion, the
program will produce three important files: an OUTPUT file (MT_NCCR1.F09), a DATABASE file
(MT_ NCCR1.F21) and the SHARE file (SF_ NCCR1.F11).
The OUTPUT file is an ASCII file, while the DATABASE file is a binary file. Any ERROR or
WARNING messages generated during the MALT run will appear in the OUTPUT file. The
SHARE file SF_NCCR1.F11 now contains the soil model and the grid resistance computed by
MALT. You can view the OUTPUT file by clicking the File Viewer (
) button in the Output
section of the toolbar. (If prompted, select the Low Frequency Grounding option, and click OK.)
Page 3-14
3.4 EXTRACTION
OF
THE
RESULTS
COMPUTATION RESULTS FILES
FROM
MALT
The OUTPUT file contains all the input information and computation results from the preceding
MALT run. The DATABASE file is normally used by CDEGS (Examine Mode) and the SES
Interactive Report & Plot Software processors (such as GraRep) to display the computation results.
In the CDEGS main screen, select Examine from the Session Mode drop-down list. Click on the
MALT button to load this screen. You are now ready to make Computations and Configuration
plots.
In the CDEGS-Examine-MALT screen, click on the Report button and this generates a report. The
Resistance of Electrode is 13.47 . This value will be used in HIFREQ model to calculate the fault
current distribution in the next chapter.
Page 3-15
CHAPTER 4
FAULT CURRENT DISTRIBUTION ANALYSIS
USING HIFREQ
4.1 INTRODUCTION
The touch and step voltages associated with the grounding network are directly proportional to the
magnitude of the fault current component discharged directly into the soil by the grounding network.
It is therefore important to determine how much of the fault current returns to remote sources via the
shield wires of the transmission lines connected to NCC-SES GIS. In other words, the current
discharged into the NCC-SES GIS grounding system is smaller than the maximum available fault
current, because a portion of the fault current returns via the shield wires connected to NCC-SES
GIS. In order to determine the actual fault current split, a HIFREQ model of the overhead
transmission line network is built to compute the fault current distribution. Note that the calculation
can also be carried out by using the TRALIN and SPLITS which use a circuit model approach.
GENNW-SES
GENNE-SES
Distance = 90,052 ft
No. of Spans = 94
Span Length = 958 ft
135
NCC-SES GIS
Distance = 79,184 ft
No. of Spans = 101
Span Length = 784 ft
30
X
55
160
Distance = 115,918 ft
No. of Spans = 121
Span Length = 958 ft
Distance = 87,024 ft
No. of Spans = 111
Span Length = 784 ft
GENSW-SES
GENSE-SES
Figure 4.1
GENNE-SES
GENSW-SES
GENSE-SES
151'-6"
172'
Length of Insulator
10'
8'
90'
117'
Sag of Phase
37'-10"
40'
64.78'
90.33'
18'-3"
17'-6"
151'-6"
172'
32'-10"
35'
12'-3"
10'-6"
129.61'
148.67'
958
784
Phase Conductor
1590 MCM
ACSR Lapwing
2167 MCM
ACSR Kiwi
Sky Wire
7#8 Alumoweld
7#8 Alumoweld
Height of Tower
Table 41
Detail Data of Line Cross Section and Conductor Types for 154 kV Lines
GENNW-SES and GENSW-SES
24'-6 ''
21'
18'-3 ''
S1
A2
A1
S2
16'
18'
A1
S2
20'
S1
A2
20'
22'
24'-3 ''
18'-3 ''
C2
24'
B1
C1
17'-6 ''
B2
17'
C1
B2
19'-6 ''
B1
C2
117'
90'
Figure 4.2
Page 4-2
Table 42
Resistance (ohms)
13.47
0.50
Towers
40.00
Number of
Spans
Angle To X-Axis in
Figure 4.1 (Deg)
GENNE-SES Substation
784
101
79,184
30
GENSE-SES Substation
784
111
87,024
-55
958
121
115,918
-160
958
94
90,052
135
Table 43
Span Length and the Number of Spans between NCC-SES GIS and the Four Terminals
The short-circuit calculations carried out by the power utility provide the following fault current
contributions from each terminal substation (Bus No. 1-8 in Table 44). The total fault current (sum
of Bus 1-8) is 10.557 76.31 kA. This information is based on a bolted fault at the GIS site
(internal fault) assuming a 0 equivalent ground resistance at the NCC-SES GIS (worst-case
scenario).
Bus No.
Identification
Energization
Type
Magnitude (A)
Angle (Deg)
Terminal
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
GENNE-C1
GENNE-C2
GENSE-C1
GENSE-C2
GENSW-C1
GENSW-C2
GENNW-C1
GENNW-C2
Zero GPR
LEAD
LEAD
LEAD
LEAD
LEAD
LEAD
LEAD
LEAD
GPR-Potential
688.18
921.25
1985.00
1929.00
646.00
611.00
562.00
3227.00
0
-79.92
-71.84
-75.00
-77.00
-72.00
-75.00
-84.00
-77.00
0
T1
T1
T2
T2
T3
T3
T4
T4
Table 44
The currents flowing on the overhead shield wires as well as the currents injected into the NCC-SES
GIS grounding system from each terminal can be obtained from the following HIFREQ circuit
model. In the HIFREQ computer model, only the faulted phase and shield wires are represented.
The faulted phase is assumed to be the bottom phase which has the least mutual coupling with the
Page 4-3
4.4.1
Start Up Procedures
Click here
This step is identical to the one already described in
Section 2.2.1.2. In the SES Software group folder,
double-click the CDEGS icon to start the CDEGS
program interface (if not already started). You will be
prompted for a Working Directory and a "Current Job
ID". Make sure that the proposed working directory is
the same as the one used in the preceding chapter. In the
Current Job ID box enter NCCR1.
Select Specify from the Session Mode drop-down list
and click the SESCAD button
or select SESCAD
under Tools menu to start the SESCAD program.
In the Select a file to open window, select Open the
HIFREQ file HI_NCCR1.F05 <New Case>. You are
now ready to input data.
Page 4-4
Click here to
start SESCAD
4.4.2
Data Entry
Step 1.
Define Units and Other Settings: We will first define Run ID and System of Units
by selecting Define | Units and Other Settings in SESCAD. Under the Module Level |
Grid | Case Description block of this window, you can enter comment lines that are used to
describe the case. They are echoed in the HIFREQ output. In this tutorial,
NCCFAULT40(NCCR1) is entered under the Specify option, 60 Hertz frequency and the
British Systems of Units are chosen. The Run-ID is useful in identifying all the plots which
will be made later in Section 4.6. Click the OK button to return to the SESCAD screen.
Page 4-5
Step 3.
Define Conductor Types: Four types of conductors are defined in the HIFREQ
model. As shown in the following screen, Conductor Type No. 1 is defined as 7No.8
Alumoweld for the overhead shield wires. Conductor Type No. 2 defines the 13.47 ohms
ground resistance at the NCC-SES GIS Grid. Conductor Type No. 3 defines the 40 ohms
tower ground resistance. Conductor Type No. 4 defines the 0.5 ohms terminal ground
resistance. These four conductor types are specified by selecting the Define | Conductor
Types menu item and by entering the data as shown in the following screen.
Note that the characteristics of a stranded conductor, such as 7 No.8 Alumoweld, are defined by first
selecting the User-Defined under Impedance Specification and then by entering its internal
impedance. The Internal Resistance and Internal Reactance of the 7 No.8 Alumoweld are
obtained from the SESConductorDatabase Tool. Appendix B provides details on how to obtain
these values.
To reduce the amount of work in the input data, the phase wires are simply modeled as a solid 4/0
copper wire (0.264 radius, default in SESCAD) since we will be using current sources to energize
the phase conductors. However, if one wishes to use voltage sources to carry out a study, it is
important to model the phase conductors accurately. In this case, the ACSR conductors can also be
defined by their internal resistances and reactances from the SESConductorDatabase Tool.
Step 4.
Define Energization Types: The energizations of the phase conductors are defined
by selecting the Define | Energization Types menu item. You can copy and paste the data
from Table 44 into the following screen. Note that Bus No. 9 defines a 0 Volts GPRPage 4-6
Step 5.
Define Overhead Network for GENNE-SES: We are now ready to define the
overhead shield wires and the phase conductors for Terminal GENNE-SES. From the Insert
menu, select the Right-of-Way Model. In the following screen, enter the Length, Angle
and Number of Structures according to Figure 4.1 and Table 43.
Select the Cross-Section tab and enter the cross section according to Figure 4.2. Leave No under
the Connected? Column as we will manually connect the shield wires in the next step. Click on the
Characteristics button, for each conductor, to define the characteristics of these conductors. Define
the phase wires (NE-C1 and NE-C2) to be 0.264 solid copper and the shield wires (NE-S1 and NES2) to be 0.1925 7No.8 Alumoweld.
Page 4-7
No data will be entered in the Structures and Terminations tab as we will define them manually in
the next steps to minimize the number of conductor segments. Click on the OK button. This creates
the overhead shield wires and phase conductors.
Step 6.
a. In the SESCAD screen, make sure that you are in the X-Y Plan View, zoom into near
(X = 0, Y = 0) as shown below.
b. Click on the Draw conductor button to draw a connection between the two shield wires.
By default, a 0.264 copper conductor is used for the connection.
Click here to
change to X-Y,
X-Z, Y-Z, 3D or
Plan Views
Page 4-8
a. Change the view to the X-Y 3D View. Click on the Power Tool and select Create Rod.
Enter 100 ft and click at the corner of the shield wire and the connection conductor1. This
will generate a 100 ft rod.
b. Right-click on the 100 ft rod and select the Characteristics. Select Tower 40 ohms from
the Conductor Type drop-down list and click OK. This assigns the 40 ohms to the rod.
The radius of the rod is chosen to be 0.375 (default).
Note that the length of 100 ft is chosen so that the ground rod is completely in the air. This
ignores the conductive interactions among the towers which is a good approximation in the
fault current distribution calculation. This will allow us to conveniently use a fixed 40 ohms
tower resistance provided by the utilities. Note also that if one wishes to carry out the fault
current distribution calculation by modeling actual towers (such as a single ground rod
driven into the soil), the length of rods must be determined accounting for the conductive
couplings between towers.
Click here to
select Power Tool
| Create Rods
Step 8.
a. With the 100 ft rod selected, select the Edit | Duplicate menu item to make a copy of the
100 ft rod.
Note that this will create the 40 ohms tower at the one end of the connection conductor to avoid subdividing the
connection conductor. This will reduce the total number of conductor segments significantly.
Page 4-9
Step 9.
a. First select the connection conductor, select the Display | Align View menu item, choose
Y-Axis and click OK. This rotates the overhead shield wires along the X-Axis.
b. Select the connection conductor, the 40 ohms tower and the 1 ft rod with zero GPR all
together. Select the Edit | Group to group them. Under the Tools menu, select Shift
Objects.
c. Click on the Apply To Duplicate. Set Number Of Duplicates = 101; Quick Distance =
784 ft according to Table 43.
d. Click on the black arrow to move to the right. This creates the remaining towers and the
connections.
Click here to
move in + X-Axis
Page 4-10
a. Still in the XY Align View, zoom-in to the last tower at Terminal GENNE-SES.
b. Select the last grouped tower and the connection. Under the Advanced menu, select Set
As Active Object (or press the function key F9). This allows you to edit objects inside a
grouped object.
c. Turn off Apply To Duplicate. Enter 10.5 ft under the Quick Distance. Select only the
tower and the zero GPR rod. Click on the black arrow to move them down by 10.5 ft.
d. Right-click on the 100 ft rod. Select the Characteristics and choose Terminal 0.5 ohms
under the Conductor Types.
e. Select the Advanced | Set Parent As Active Object (or press the function key Shift+F9)
menu item to exit the grouped tower and the connection.
Step 11.
a. Still in the XY Align View, zoom-in to the last tower at Terminal GENNE-SES. Select
the View | Labeling | Show Conductor Numbers and View | Orientation | Show
Orientation of Conductors.
b. Click on the Draw conductor button to draw a conductor from Conductor #1 (Shield
Wire S1, see Figure 4.2) to Conductor #3 (Phase Wire C1); and a conductor from
Conductor #2 (Shield Wire S2) to Conductor #4 (Phase Wire C2). This creates
Conductors #311 and #312.
c. Right-click on Conductor #311 and select the Characteristics. From the drop-down
menu of the Energization, select 1-GENNE-C1. Conductor #311 is now energized.
Conductor #312 is energized similarly by select 2-GENNE-C2 in the Characteristics
screen.
Page 4-11
Step 12.
a. Still in the XY Align View, but zoom-in to the first tower at NCC-SES GIS.
b. Repeat Step 10 to move the tower to the mid-point between the two shield wires, i.e., X =
0 and Y = 0.
c. As shown in the following screen, Right-click on Conductor #6 and change the
Characteristics. Select 2-NCC-SES GIS from the Conductor Type drop-down menu
to set the ground resistance of the NCC-SES GIS to 13.47 ohms.
Page 4-12
Figure 4.3
Page 4-13
Figure 4.4
Figure 4.5
Page 4-14
Figure 4.6
Figure 4.7
Page 4-15
Page 4-16
Page 4-17
4.5.1
You can submit the engineering run directly from SESCAD, by selecting the Run/Reports | Save &
Run menu item. This will start the SESBatch program and automatically run the engineering
module. Note that for illustration purposes, the generic grounding grid shown in the following
screen shot has been used instead of the specific case discussed in this How To manual.
Page 4-18
4.5.2
In the CDEGS screen, select Compute from the Session Mode drop-down list. Click on the
HIFREQ button to start the HIFREQ engineering program (or by selecting the Engineering |
Electromagnetic Fields (HIFREQ) menu item).
The HIFREQ program will start and will carry out all requested computations. The run takes about
20 minutes to complete (on an Intel Core i7-2600 CPU@3.4GHz and 16 GB RAM). At
completion, the program will produce two important files: an OUTPUT file (HI_ NCCR1.F09) and a
DATABASE file (HI_ NCCR1.F21).
The OUTPUT file is an ASCII file, while the DATABASE is a binary file. The OUTPUT file
contains all the input information and computation results from your HIFREQ run. Any ERROR or
WARNING messages generated during the HIFREQ run will appear in the OUTPUT file. You can
view the OUTPUT file by clicking the Output/File Viewer (or
button) in the Output section of
the toolbar. You can also use the GraRep utility module (see Sections 2.2.1.2) to view and edit any
ASCII output files.
FROM
HIFREQ
The DATABASE file is normally used by CDEGS (Examine Mode) and the SES Interactive
Report & Plot Software processors (such as GraRep) to display the computation results. In the
following, we will give an example to show how to use the Examine mode of the CDEGS program
to produce the graphs and reports.
If you have followed the instructions up to this point, the active Job ID should be "NCCR1". We
will, therefore, extract the results and display the plots on screen. In the CDEGS screen, select
Examine from the Session Mode drop-down list. Click on the HIFREQ button to start the Output
Toolbox (or by click on the
The following lists the steps to obtain the fault current distribution at NCC-SES GIS:
Page 4-19
Page 4-20
Table 45
Terminal
Current (A)
GENNE-SES
GENSE-SES
GENNW-SES
GENSW-SES
Total
81384
1058-87
90583
1170-92
546-71
Page 4-21
CHAPTER 5
MODEL GAS INSULATED SUBSTATION IN
HIFREQ
In this chapter, we will describe how to model the NCC-SES GIS in HIFREQ. The conductor
network of the NCC-SES GIS consists of the grounding system described in Chapter 3 and the above
ground GIS bus works which will be described in this chapter. After the conductor network is built,
we will compute touch and step voltages during a phase-to-ground fault at the NCC-SES GIS. This
chapter describes how to build the HIFREQ model. Chapter 6 and Chapter 7 present the safety
evaluations of the initial grid and the reinforced grounding grid, respectively.
Figure 5.1
Figure 5.2
3D View of NCC-SES GIS Bus Works (each line represents a GIS phase and its
enclosure)
5.2.1
Start Up Procedures
Click here
Page 5-2
Click here to
start SESCAD
5.2.2
5.2.2.1
Data Entry
Save MALT File as HIFREQ File
We first need to convert the grounding grid created in MALT in Chapter 3 as the grounding grid in
HIFREQ. The following are the steps:
a. First be sure to close the HI_NCCR1-GIS.F05 which was just created. In SESCAD,
browse to the MALT file MT_NCCR1.F05 and open it.
b. Select File | Save Document As. Under the Files of type drop-down list, select HIFREQ
Input Files (hi_*.f05; hi_*.inp). Change the file name to HI_NCCR1-GIS.F05. Click
OK. Answer Yes to overwrite the HI_NCCR1-GIS.F05.
c. Answer Yes in the Exporting Template Inconsistency message. This converts the
MT_NCCR1.F05 in Chapter 3 as the HI_NCCR1-GIS.F05.
Page 5-3
5.2.2.2
There are two sizes of GIS enclosures in the HIFREQ model. They are defined as Cable Types in
HIFREQ. Table 51 provides physical and electrical characteristic of the cable enclosures. Figure
5.3 shows a small section of the GIS bus works to be modeled.
Start Point
Section
A-B
B-C
C-D
D-E
E-F
F-G
G-H
H-I
I-J
J-K
K-L
End Point
Core
Sheath
Cable
Diameters
Insulation
Thickness
(ft)
Insulation
Resistivity
(Ohm-m)
Inner
Radius
(in.)
Outer
Radius
(in.)
Resistivity
(w.r.t
annealed
coper)
Permeability
(w.r.t free
space)
0.5
0.875
999999
11
12
10
300
0.5
0.458333
999999
10
300
-9.875
0.5
0.458333
999999
10
300
100.065
-4.102
0.5
0.458333
999999
10
300
6.64389
100.065
-4.102
0.5
0.458333
999999
10
300
-4.102
6.64389
100.065
-13.222
0.5
0.458333
999999
10
300
100.065
-13.222
8.61289
100.065
-13.222
0.5
0.458333
999999
10
300
8.61289
100.065
-13.222
8.61289
87.9241
-13.222
0.5
0.458333
999999
10
300
8.61289
87.9241
-13.222
6.64389
87.9241
-13.222
0.5
0.458333
999999
10
300
6.64389
87.9241
-13.222
6.64389
87.9241
-15.19
0.5
0.458333
999999
10
300
6.64389
87.9241
-15.19
34.9394
87.9241
-15.19
0.5
0.458333
999999
10
300
X
(ft)
Y
(ft)
Z
(ft)
X
(ft)
Y
(ft)
Z
(ft)
Radius
(in.)
-9.40311
74.4743
-18.211
-9.40311
100.065
-18.211
-9.40311
100.065
-18.211
-9.40311
100.065
-9.875
-9.40311
100.065
-9.875
-1.52811
100.065
-1.52811
100.065
-9.875
-1.52811
-1.52811
100.065
-4.102
6.64389
100.065
6.64389
Table 51
Page 5-4
E
C
D
G
J
K
Figure 5.3
c. Click on the Add button and enter Enclosure 14inch as the cable name.
d. Enter the conductor and insulation properties according to Table 51.
e. Click OK. This defines both cable types.
Page 5-5
5.2.2.3
Based on the Start and End coordinates in Table 51, we will describe how to model the small
section of the GIS bus works shown in Figure 5.3 by using the Insert | Single Conductor.
The following provides the steps:
a. Select the Insert | Single Conductor menu item. In the following Create Object screen,
enter the coordinates for the Start Point and End Point for Section AB.
b. Click on the Characteristics button. Select Cable Type and select 1 Enclosure 24inch.
This defines the conductor and it physical properties of the cable completely.
Page 5-6
5.2.2.4
a. At Point L of the GIS bus work, we connect the GIS enclosure to the grounding grid. Select
the Insert | Single Conductor menu item. In the following Create Object screen, enter the
coordinates shown. Note that the (X, Y) coordinates of the Start End of this conductor are the
same as those of Point L. The characteristics of the conductor are set to be 0.264 solid
copper. This creates Conductor #825. See Figure 5.4.
b. In order to connect the GIS enclosure to the grounding grid, we will first need to identify the
conductors to which the connections are to be made. Change to the XZ 3D View. Click the
icon
and open the Quick Info screen. Place the mouse on top of the cable corresponding
to Section KL. The cable is highlighted and its information is displayed in the Quick Info
window. This is Conductor #824.
c. Under the drop-down list, first change from Main to Connection to turn on the Connection
layer. Select the Insert | Connection menu item. The Create Connection screen is up. See
Figure 5.5.
d. In the Create Connection screen, enter Conductor #824 and select End under the Extremity
and Sheath under the Component.
e. In the Create Connection screen, enter Conductor #825 and select Start under the
Extremity.
f. This connects the enclosure of Section KL to the grounding grid. See Figure 5.6.
Page 5-7
Figure 5.4
Figure 5.5
Page 5-8
Connect Sheath of
Conductor #824 (End
Extremity) to Conductor
#825 (Start Extremity)
Figure 5.6
5.2.3
As mentioned before, we will now simply load a HIFREQ model which has been prepared in
advance to describe how to define a phase-to-ground fault, how to energize the network and how to
define the computation observation points. Note that the steps in this section are only for illustration
purpose, you do not need to follow them. Furthermore, the three layer soil model created in Table 2
3 is used to accurately compute the touch and step voltages.
You can import all the data by proceeding as follows.
Importing DATA
First be sure to close the HI_NCCR1-GIS.F05 which was just been created. Select the Open
Documentunder the File menu. Browse to the file HI_07R1-GIS.F05 in the working directory
\CDEGS Howto\Gisgrnd, then click on the OK button to open the file. Click on Save Document
As and select the file HI_NCCR1-GIS.F05 in working directory to overwrite this file. The data
described in the next section will be loaded and you will not have to enter it.
Figure 5.7 shows the HIFREQ model corresponding to the HI_NCCR1-GIS.F05 file. It contains the
grounding grid prepared in Chapter 3, the GIS bus works in Figure 5.2 and additional conductors
(highlighted in red) which connect the GIS bus works to the grounding grid underneath the rebar.
Page 5-9
Figure 5.7
5.2.3.1
The phase-to-ground fault is defined by Conductor #180 in this file2. Because this file contains many
conductors, Figure 5.8 shows how to view the fault and how to define the fault:
a. In SESCAD, under the Edit menu, turn off the User Group Information.
b. In the Edit menu, choose the Select By Index and enter 180. Click OK. Conductor #180 is
selected.
c. Zoom into the beginning of Conductor #180. Turn on the Connection layer. Select the
connection at the beginning of Conductor #180 and choose the Edit | Edit Object (Ctrl+E)
menu item. You will see the following screen. The fault is simply defined as a connection
between the core and sheath.
Note that this is a different file. The conductor numbers in this file is not related to the file in Section 5.2.2.
Page 5-10
Connection defined
at the beginning of
Conductor #180
Figure 5.8
5.2.3.2
Define Energizations
The currents injected into the NCC-SES GIS grounding system is defined by selecting the Define |
Energization Types in SESCAD. Figure 5.9 lists the currents contribution from each terminal
according to Table 45. To ensure these currents are injected into the origin of these conductors, we
have turned on the orientation of the conductors (select the View | Orientation | Show Orientation
of Conductors). Note that when a regular conductor is connected to the cable, it is connected to the
core of a cable by default.
5.2.3.3
Page 5-11
Click here to
Show Legend
Figure 5.9
Figure 5.10
Page 5-12
CHAPTER 6
SAFETY EVALUATION OF NCC-SES GIS
We have now determined the soil structure, fault current distribution, and the predesigned grounding
system. In this chapter, we will demonstrate how to extract the computation results, and we will
evaluate if our proposed design is safe and adequate. The detailed steps are provided to get the touch
voltage, step voltage, and longitudinal currents throughout NCC-SES GIS, in order to determine at
what locations, if any, mitigation measures are required.
6.1.1
Touch Voltages
The first safety criterion used for the evaluation of the grounding system performance is the touch
voltage limit. The touch voltage is usually defined as the difference in potential between a point on
the earths surface, where a person is standing, and an exposed conductive surface within reach of
that person.
ANSI/IEEE Standard 80-2000 provides a methodology for determining maximum acceptable touch
voltages, based on the minimum current required to induce ventricular fibrillation in a human
subject. The touch voltage limit is a function of shock duration (i.e., fault clearing time), system
characteristics (for short fault clearing times), body weight, and foot contact resistance (which
Page 6-1
Type
Resistivity (-m)
Native Soil
2553
778.2
6 Crushed Rock
3000
868.9
Table 61
The crushed rock surface layer installed on the surface of the NCC-SES GIS is 6 thick and has an
estimated resistivity (when wet) of 3000 ohm-m. The maximum clearing time of the backup relays is
assumed to be 0.5 s. The crushed rock surface layer overlies a soil with a resistivity of 2553 -m.
Resistivity varies as a function of the type of rock, the size of the stones, the moisture content and
the degree of contamination (e.g., filling of the voids between stones by finer lower resistivity
material).
6.1.2
Step Voltages
A similar table can be compiled for step voltages, defined as the difference in potential between two
earth surface points spaced 1 m (3.28 ft) apart as shown in Table 62.
Surface Layer
Step Voltage Limit (V)
Type
Resistivity ( -m)
Native Soil
2553
2644.8
3000
3007.8
Table 62
Within a substation and within 3.28 ft (1 m) outside the perimeter fence, step voltages are lower than
touch voltages; furthermore, the maximum acceptable values are higher than for touch voltages.
Consequently, satisfying the touch voltage safety criteria in this area automatically ensures
satisfaction of the step voltage safety criteria. The step voltages in the substation and in an area
extending 10 ft outside the substation will be examined. Further away from the substation, no
computations were performed. However, it is unlikely for hazardous step voltages to exist at such
remote locations when they are safe closer to the substation.
6.1.3
GPR Differentials
Significant potential differences between distant parts of the grounding system can give rise to local
touch voltages, or equipment stress voltages, when low voltage insulated conductors connect
equipment at two such locations. Appropriate protection must be in place at such locations, rated for
the GPR differentials that can arise. The GPR differentials are not going to be a concern in this study
since the grounding grid is small. If there are buried metallic structures connected to the grounding
system, the GPR differentials should be examined.
Page 6-2
6.1.4
The safe touch and step voltages can be estimated easily using CDEGS (Examine Mode). The only
requirement is that you must have a finished HIFREQ run so that the Examine Mode of CDEGS
can be accessed. In this case, we choose the HIFREQ run (HI_NCCR1-GIS.F05) that was finished
earlier.
If you followed the tutorial up to this point, your current JobID should be NCCR1-GIS for the
HI_NCCR1-GIS.F05. Select Examine from the Session Mode list. The HIFREQ button will be
highlighted in the toolbar. Click the HIFREQ button, the CDEGS-Examine-HIFREQ screen will
appear and you are now ready to make a safety analysis by selecting Configuration and clicking the
Safety button to access the Safety screen. Click on the Safety button to start the Safety screen.
The crushed rock surface installed on the surface of the NCC-SES GIS is 6 thick (default value) and
overlying a soil with a resistivity of 2552.9 -m which is taken automatically from the soil model.
The crushed rock has an estimated resistivity (when wet) of 3000 ohm-m. The maximum clearing
time of the backup relays is 0.5 s. Enter all these in the Safety screen as shown below and click the
Generate Safety Threshold Limits and Report button, the following report appears on your
screen.
Page 6-3
60.000
20.000
6.0000
3000
2552.9
======================================
|
| FAULT
|
|
| SURFACE | CLEARING TIME
|
|
| LAYER |-----------------|
|
| RESIST- |
0.500 sec.
| FOOT |
| IVITY |-----------------| RESIST-|
| (OHM-M) | STEP | TOUCH | ANCE: |
|
| VOLTAGE| VOLTAGE| 1 FOOT |
|
| (VOLTS)| (VOLTS)| (OHMS) |
======================================
|
3000.0| 3007.8|
868.9| 9141.6|
|---------+--------+--------+--------+
* NOTE * Listed values account for short duration asymmetric waveform
decrement factor listed at the top of each column.
The table above indicates that the touch voltages of 868.9 Volts or less and step voltages of 3007.8
Volts or less are safe if 6 of crushed rock of 3000 -m is overlying a native soil with a resistivity of
2553 -m. To obtain the limits for the case where no surface covering is present, check No Surface
Layer Is installed and click Generate Safety Threshold Limits and Report. The report shows that
the touch voltages of 778.2 Volts or less and step voltages of 2644.8 Volts or less are safe for a
native soil (no crushed rock) with a resistivity of 2553 -m (more exactly 2552.9 -m).
Click OK to return to the HIFREQ main screen.
Page 6-4
6.2.1
The following are the steps to plot the GPR of the ground system,
6.2.2
The following are the steps to examine the currents flowing along the bus enclosure near the current
injection point from Terminal GENNE-SES into the GIS.
Page 6-6
In the Cable Data Selection screen, enter From 1 To 2 in Range #1. Click on the
Plot/Draw button. This will display the currents flowing along both the core and sheath.
Page 6-7
6.2.3
The following are the steps to examine the touch voltages at NCC-SES GIS.
Page 6-8
In the CDEGS Examine HIFREQ window, select the Use Safety Limit. Click on the
Plot/Draw button. This will reveal the area where touch voltages at NCC-SES GIS exceed
the safe touch voltage limit of 868.9 V. It shows that the touch voltages at the four corners
are excessive. Mitigation of the grid is therefore needed.
Page 6-9
Figure 6.1
6.2.4
Figure 6.2
It is important to mention that the computation of step voltages is sensitive to the location of
observation points. When the maximum computed step voltage is close to the safe step voltage limit
(which is not the case here), it is recommended to reduce the spacing between the observation points
to a value smaller than 1 m in order to capture the worst case step voltage (which is usually at the
corners of the substation where earth potentials drop quickly).
We have now examined the computation results. Click
startup screen.
Page 6-11
CHAPTER 7
REINFORCING THE GROUNDING SYSTEM
The touch voltages obtained in Chapter 6 indicate that our initial design hasnt reached a safe ground
grid design. The touch voltages in Figure 6.1 exceed the safe value near the corner meshes of the
grounding grid, which suggests that more conductors are needed near the edge and corner of the
grounding system. This observation is consistent with analytical and experimental evidence. The
optimum or most efficient conductor compaction at the periphery of a grounding system depends on
many factors, particularly on earth structure characteristics. Moreover, practical considerations often
introduce additional constraints which must be accounted for. In general, however, the following
crude rule of thumbs can be used as a preliminary set of guidelines:
When the surface (shallow depth) soil resistivity is small compared to the deeper layers
(those which are not in contact with the grounding system), use grids with more conductors
at the edge than at the center area (exponentially-spaced conductors). The degree of
conductor clustering (compactness) at the periphery of the grid should increase with an
increase of the contrast between the surface and deep layers.
When the surface soil resistivity becomes larger than that of the deeper soil layers, the
clustering (compactness) ratio should decrease towards a uniform distribution of conductors
in the case where the contrast ratio is significant (5 or more) and the thickness of surface
layers is small compared to the size of the grounding system (1/5 or less),
Finally, when the surface soil resistivity is quite large compared to the deeper layers and its
thickness is small enough so that use of ground rods penetrating the deeper layer is efficient,
a number of ground rods should be installed wherever possible to reduce the GPR, touch and
step voltages instead of using unequally spaced conductors.
Based on the soil model and the initial design, we will combine the first and the third methods in this
study.
7.1 COMPUTATION
OF
GROUND
RESISTANCE
REINFORCED GROUNDING GRID IN MALT
OF
Based on the initial grounding system design MT_NCCR1.F05 presented in Figure 3.1, we will use
the SESCAD program to prepare a new file called MT_NCCR1-GIS_Mit01.F05. The following
provides the necessary steps. The engineering input file created by SESCAD, as described in this
chapter, is shown in Appendix A. It can be reloaded during subsequent sessions.
Page 7-1
7.1.1
Start-up Procedure
In the SES Software group folder, doubleclick the CDEGS icon to start the CDEGS
program interface (if not already started).
You will be prompted for a Working
Directory and a "Current Job ID". Make sure
that the proposed working directory is the
same as the one used in the preceding chapter.
In the Current Job ID box enter NCCR1GIS_Mit01.
Select Specify from the Session Mode dropdown list and click the SESCAD button
or select SESCAD under Tools menu to start
the SESCAD program.
In the Select a file to open window, select Do
not open any file as we are going to create a
new grounding grid by modifying the existing
grid.
7.1.2
In the SESCAD, first browse to the MT_NCCR1.F05. Save this file as MT_NCCR1GIS_Mit01.F05.
Step 2.
Select the ground grid and select the Advanced | Set As Active Objects to modify
the perimeter ground conductors.
Step 3.
Select the perimeter grounding conductor and use the Tools | Shift Objects to
duplicate the four perimeter grounding conductors by 7.5 ft towards the center of the
grid.
Step 4.
Select the Power Tools and create the four 10 ft ground rods at the four corners of the
grounding grid. The radius of the ground rods is 0.375.
Step 5.
Select the Define | Soil Model and enter the three-layer soil model in Table 23.
Step 6.
Select the Run/Reports | Save & Run. This will start the SES Batch Processor.
Step 7.
In the CDEGS window, select Examine from the session model and obtain the
grounding grid resistance.
Page 7-2
Page 7-3
Figure 7.1
Note that if the resistance of the reinforced grounding grid has changed significantly, you will need to re-run the fault
current distribution in HIFREQ.
Page 7-4
On a final note, it is worthwhile mentioning that when redesigning an existing grounding system
(update, upgrade, etc.), you can import the actual system configuration from a DXF-compatible
CAD file by clicking the File | Import | File Import | DXF (*.files) in the SESCAD and filling in
the fields of the dialog box. It is however important to note here that some drawings may contain
overlapping lines which will ultimately result in invalid overlapping conductors in MALT.
Furthermore, too many details such as short wire connections and bonding conductors have a
minimal impact on the grounding design performance but a significant negative impact on the
computations in terms of run time and run accuracy. One way to remove this kind of problem is to
Page 7-5
Page 7-6
Chapter 8. Conclusions
CHAPTER 8
CONCLUSIONS
The detailed study has presented concise step-by-step instructions on how to prepare, submit and
examine results for the NCC-SES Gas Insulated Substation grounding system using the RESAP,
MALT and HIFREQ engineering modules of the CDEGS software package.
One major result of this study shows that significant fault currents are carried away along the
overhead shield wires and that accurate computations of the fault current distribution are crucial to
determine the safe touch voltages at substations where the soil resistivity is poor.
Only a few of the many features of the software have been used in this tutorial. You should try the
many other options available to familiarize yourself with the CDEGS software package. Your SES
Software DVD also contains a wealth of information stored under the PDF directory. There you will
find the Getting Started with SES Software Packages manual (\PDF\getstart.pdf) which contains
useful information on the CDEGS environment. You will also find other How ToEngineering
Guides, Annual Users Group Meeting Proceedings and much more. All Help documents are also
available online.
Page 8-1
APPENDIX A
COMMAND INPUT MODE
Any of the interfaces listed below or a text editor can be used to prepare the input data. The
Windows Toolbox input modes convert the results of an input session to a Command Mode
compatible ASCII input file which can be edited at any time. This document describes the Windows
Toolbox mode in detail.
Printout A.1 is the resulting RESAP Command mode compatible input file which analyzes the soil
structure using the soil resistivity measurements from Traverse 1. The data for Traverse 1 can be
found in Table 21. This RESAP file can be edited directly by an experienced user or is
automatically produced when using one of the above-listed input interface modules.
Similar files can be prepared quite easily by following the information contained in the template
shown in Figure A.1. The following section describes the Windows compatible Toolbox input
session which, once completed, generates the input file described in Printout A.1 which can be
reloaded during subsequent sessions.
RESAP
TEXT,MODULE,NCC-SES GIS SOIL RESISTIVITY ANALYSIS FOR
TEXT,MODULE,THE WENNER ELECTODE CONFIGURATION. DATA
TEXT,MODULE,MEASURED BY STING R1 AND SAS 300C ARE COMBINED.
TEXT,MODULE,TRIAL RUN.
OPTIONS
UNITS,BRITISH
RUN-IDENTIFICATION,NCC1T
PRINTOUT,DETAILED
MEASUREMENTS,APPARENT-RES
METHOD,WENNER
RESULTS,1.64,554.6,.492,.492
RESULTS,3.28,385.4,.492,.492
RESULTS,6.56,178.3,.492,.492
RESULTS,9.84,105.3,.492,.492
RESULTS,13.12,74.46,.492,.492
RESULTS,16.4,59.50,.984,.984
RESULTS,19.68,48.17,.984,.984
RESULTS,22.96,42.08,.984,.984
RESULTS,32.8,28.40,1.312,1.312
RESULTS,49.2,19.02,1.312,1.312
RESULTS,65.6,14.48,1.312,1.312
RESULTS,98.4,10.33,1.64,1.64
RESULTS,164,6.88,1.64,1.64
RESULTS,229.6,5.905,1.64,1.64
RESULTS,328,4.523,1.64,1.64
RESULTS,1.64,557.0,.492,.492
RESULTS,3.28,386.0,.492,.492
RESULTS,6.56,179.6,.492,.492
RESULTS,9.84,106.3,.492,.492
RESULTS,13.12,75.11,.492,.492
RESULTS,16.4,59.7,.984,.984
RESULTS,19.68,48.4,.984,.984
RESULTS,22.96,42.1,.984,.984
RESULTS,32.8,27.9,1.312,1.312
RESULTS,49.2,18.82,1.312,1.312
RESULTS,65.6,14.93,1.312,1.312
RESULTS,98.4,10.37,1.64,1.64
RESULTS,164,6.61,1.64,1.64
RESULTS,229.6,6.09,1.64,1.64
RESULTS,328,4.71,1.64,1.64
OPTIMIZATION
ACCURACY,0.025
ITERATIONS,500
METHODOLOGY
MARQUARDT
STEPSIZE,0.0001
ENDPROGRAM
Printout A.1
Figure A.1
Page A-2
Printout A.2
Page A-3
Printout A.3
Page A-4
Printout A.4
Page A-5
Printout A.5
Page A-6
Printout A.6
Page A-7
CONDUCTOR,14.677678415,105,.5,14,105.000449232,2,.4065, 1,,1
CONDUCTOR,14.677678415,90,.5,14,90.000449232,2,.4065, 1,,1
CONDUCTOR,14.677678415,75,.5,14,75.000449232,2,.4065, 1,,1
CONDUCTOR,14.677678415,60,.5,14,60.000449232,2,.4065, 1,,1
CONDUCTOR,14.677678415,45,.5,14,45.000449232,2,.4065, 1,,1
CONDUCTOR,14.677678415,30,.5,14,30.000449232,2,.4065, 1,,1
CONDUCTOR,14.677678415,15,.5,14,15.000449232,2,.4065, 1,,1
CONDUCTOR,14.677678415,1.1655884773E-14,.5,14,.000449231999992,2,.4065, 1,,1
CONDUCTOR,14.677678415,-15,.5,14,-14.999550768,2,.4065, 1,,1
CONDUCTOR,14.677678415,-30,.5,14,-29.999550768,2,.4065, 1,,1
CONDUCTOR,14.677678415,-45,.5,14,-44.999550768,2,.4065, 1,,1
CONDUCTOR,14.677678415,-60,.5,14,-59.999550768,2,.4065, 1,,1
CONDUCTOR,14.677678415,-75,.5,14,-74.999550768,2,.4065, 1,,1
CONDUCTOR,14.677678415,-90,.5,14,-89.999550768,2,.4065, 1,,1
COMPUTATIONS
DETERMINE, ALL
ENDPROGRAM
Printout A.7
Page A-8
Figure A.2
Page A-9
Figure A.2
Page A-10
OPTIONS
RUN-IDENTIFI, NCCFAULT40(NCCR1)
UNITS, INCH-RADIUS
PRINTOUT, DETAILED
SYSTEM
ENERGIZATION, LEAD,120.5,-677.55,,,,,,GENNE-C1
ENERGIZATION, LEAD,287.171,-875.349,,,,,,GENNE-C2
ENERGIZATION, LEAD,513.759,-1917.36,,,,,,GENSE-C1
ENERGIZATION, LEAD,433.931,-1879.56,,,,,,GENSE-C2
ENERGIZATION, LEAD,199.619,-614.38,,,,,,GENSW-C1
ENERGIZATION, LEAD,158.14,-590.18,,,,,,GENSW-C2
ENERGIZATION, LEAD,58.7399,-558.92,,,,,,GENNW-C1
ENERGIZATION, LEAD,725.923,-3144.29,,,,,,GENNW-C2
ENERGIZATION, GPR-POTENTIAL,0,0,,,,,,Zero GPR
CHARACTERISTICS
CONDUCTOR-TYPE,DEFAULT,1,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,Default Conductor
CONDUCTOR-TYPE,User-Defined,2.83773,.246407,0,0,0,0,0,0,7No.8 Alumoweld
CONDUCTOR-TYPE,Computed,1,1,0,0,13.47,0,0,0,NCC-SES GIS
CONDUCTOR-TYPE,Computed,1,1,0,0,40,0,0,0,Tower 40 ohms
CONDUCTOR-TYPE,Computed,1,1,0,0,0.5,0,0,0,Terminal 0.5 ohm
NETWORK
MAIN-GROUND
CONDUCTOR,-1, 1, 0, 0,38.0512797534,34.0932560653,-148.67,68570.1500026,39601.0932682,-148.67,.1925, 1,103
CONDUCTOR,-1, 1, 0, 0,48.5512746515,15.9067196403,-148.67,68580.6499974,39582.9067318,-148.67,.1925, 1,103
CONDUCTOR,-1, 0, 0, 0,34.551281454,40.1554348736,-90.33,68566.6500043,39607.155447,-90.33,.264, 1,103
CONDUCTOR,-1, 0, 0, 0,52.0512729509,9.84454083191,-90.33,68584.1499957,39576.844553,-90.33,.264, 1,103
Printout A.8
Page A-11
OPTIONS
RUN-IDENTIFI, NCCR1-GIS
UNITS, INCH-RADIUS
PRINTOUT, DETAILED
SYSTEM
TOLERANCE,0.001,1.,0.005,0.00005,0.001,0.,0.,0.,0.5
ENERGIZATION, LEAD,84.9816,808.546,,,,,,GENNE-SES
ENERGIZATION, LEAD,55.3714,-1056.55,,,,,,GENSE-SES
ENERGIZATION, LEAD,110.292,898.254,,,,,,GENSW-SES
ENERGIZATION, LEAD,-40.8324,-1169.29,,,,,,GENNW-SES
CHARACTERISTICS
CONDUCTOR-TYPE,Computed,1,1,0,,0,0,0,0,Cu-500kcmil-0.4065in
CONDUCTOR-TYPE,Computed,1,1,0,,0,0,0,0,Cu-4/0-0.264in
CONDUCTOR-TYPE,Computed,1,1,0,,0,0,0,0,Cu-Rod-10L-3/4R
CONDUCTOR-TYPE,Computed,12.1,250,0,,0,0,0,0,Rebar Wire
CONDUCTOR-TYPE,Computed,2.28489,.927289,0,,0,0,0,0,1590ACSR
CONDUCTOR-TYPE,Computed,2.23759,.957659,0,,0,0,0,0,2167ACSR
CABLE-TYPE, Enclosure24inch
COMPONENT, CORE, .5
METAL,1,1,0,,,,,,
INSULATION, 999999,0.875,,,
COMPONENT, SHEATH, 12
METAL,10,300,11,,,,,,
INSULATION, ,,,,
CABLE-TYPE, Enclosure14inch
COMPONENT, CORE, .5
METAL,1,1,0,,,,,,
INSULATION, 999999,0.458333,,,
COMPONENT, SHEATH, 7
METAL,10,300,6,,,,,,
INSULATION, ,,,,
SUBDIVISION,YES,
NETWORK
MAIN-GROUND
CONDUCTOR,-1, 0, 0, 0,-6.45011044727,98.0600740844,-18.211,-6.45011044727,98.0600740844,-9.875,.375, 1,16, 0, 2
CONDUCTOR,-1, 0, 0, 0,-3.49711044727,96.0548740844,-18.211,-3.49711044727,96.0548740844,-9.875,.375, 1,16, 0, 2
CONDUCTOR,-1, 0, 0, 0,-9.40311044727,100.065274084,-18.211,-9.40311044727,100.065274084,-9.875,.375, 1,16, 0, 2
Printout A.9
Page A-12
CONDUCTOR,-136,-135,1,-136,-135,11,.375, 1,,1
CONDUCTOR,119,-135,1,119,-135,11,.375, 1,,1
CONDUCTOR,119,135,1,119,135,11,.375, 1,,1
COMPUTATIONS
DETERMINE, ALL
SOIL-TYPE,MULTILAYER
HORIZONTAL
LAYER,TOP,2552.23,4.36532
LAYER,CENTRAL,1742.39,116.99
LAYER,BOTTOM,4027.2
ENDPROGRAM
Printout A.10
Page A-13
OPTIONS
RUN-IDENTIFI, NCCR1-GIS_Mit01
UNITS, INCH-RADIUS
PRINTOUT, DETAILED
SYSTEM
TOLERANCE,0.001,1.,0.005,0.00005,0.001,0.,0.,0.,0.5
ENERGIZATION, LEAD,84.9816,808.546,,,,,,GENNE-SES
ENERGIZATION, LEAD,55.3714,-1056.55,,,,,,GENSE-SES
ENERGIZATION, LEAD,110.292,898.254,,,,,,GENSW-SES
ENERGIZATION, LEAD,-40.8324,-1169.29,,,,,,GENNW-SES
CHARACTERISTICS
CONDUCTOR-TYPE,Computed,1,1,0,,0,0,0,0,Cu-500kcmil-0.4065in
CONDUCTOR-TYPE,Computed,1,1,0,,0,0,0,0,Cu-4/0-0.264in
CONDUCTOR-TYPE,Computed,1,1,0,,0,0,0,0,Cu-Rod-10L-3/4R
CONDUCTOR-TYPE,Computed,12.1,250,0,,0,0,0,0,Rebar Wire
CONDUCTOR-TYPE,Computed,2.28489,.927289,0,,0,0,0,0,1590ACSR
CONDUCTOR-TYPE,Computed,2.23759,.957659,0,,0,0,0,0,2167ACSR
CABLE-TYPE, Enclosure24inch
COMPONENT, CORE, .5
METAL,1,1,0,,,,,,
INSULATION, 999999,0.875,,,
COMPONENT, SHEATH, 12
METAL,10,300,11,,,,,,
INSULATION, ,,,,
CABLE-TYPE, Enclosure14inch
COMPONENT, CORE, .5
METAL,1,1,0,,,,,,
INSULATION, 999999,0.458333,,,
COMPONENT, SHEATH, 7
METAL,10,300,6,,,,,,
INSULATION, ,,,,
SUBDIVISION,YES,
NETWORK
MAIN-GROUND
CONDUCTOR,-1, 0, 0, 0,-6.45011044727,98.0600740844,-18.211,-6.45011044727,98.0600740844,-9.875,.375, 1,16, 0, 2
CONDUCTOR,-1, 0, 0, 0,-3.49711044727,96.0548740844,-18.211,-3.49711044727,96.0548740844,-9.875,.375, 1,16, 0, 2
CONDUCTOR,-1, 0, 0, 0,-9.40311044727,100.065274084,-18.211,-9.40311044727,100.065274084,-9.875,.375, 1,16, 0, 2
Printout A.11
APPENDIX B
USE SESCONDUCTORDATABASE TOOL TO
OBTAIN INTERNAL IMPEDANCES
In HIFREQ, in order to model a stranded conductor, such as 7No.8 Alumoweld, we will need to
obtain its internal impedance first. This value is obtained by using the SESConductorDatabase
Tool.
Start the SESConductorDatabase from the Tools menu in the CDEGS screen.
Page B-1
Page B-2
Notes
NOTES