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means they come with integrated amplification. PC and multimedia speakers, for
instance, are usually active.
Those who are looking to graduate from smaller speakers with integrated
amplification to proper hi-fi systems will need to cross one obstacle: the stereo or
hi-fi amplifier. This may at first seem intimidating or like an unnecessary expense,
yet for truly hi-fi sound, theres simply no substitute for a separate hi-fi amplifier
connected to proper stereo speakers.
The group will create a sound amplifier system that will be used in the
classroom MB107-A. Two high quality speakers and a wireless lavalier
microphone will be installed in the system.
The general objective of this project is to create a convenient way for the
students of MB107-A to hear the lessons clearly from the scheduled instructor
using a sound amplifier system and a lavalier microphone or lapel as a
transmitter. Specifically, the study aims to attain the following:
1. Determination of components including:
1.1.
Material selection
1.2.
Component specifications
1.3.
Availability
1.4.
Cost
This division presents the step by step procedures on how the researchers
will conduct the study. Furthermore, this division presents the process of
acquiring knowledge on creating a sound system and the production it will
undergoes.
Ideally, the team of this project aims to create an efficient sound amplifier
that will use a Lapel as the transmitter.
Figure 1 shows the operational framework.
USER
DVD PLAYER
PORTABLE
GADGETS
SPEAKER 1
MICROPHONE
AMPLIFIER
SPEAKER 2
POWER
SUPPLY
Figure 1 shows the operation of the sound system. Initially, users will
transmit data on the amplifier by electric signal through the use of microphones.
A power supply is then connected to the system to power the amplifier. The
voltage supply for the amplifier is 12V. The amplifier then will process the input
signal (microphone) and will output it through the speakers. Also, a DVD player is
included in the system. A USB port is provided for other portable gadgets like
flash drives. All inputs of the amplifier will be processed and will be outputted in
the speakers.
Definition Of Terms
For better understanding of the study, the following terms are defined.
AC to DC converter. A circuit or device that changes DC voltage to AC
voltage.
Audio. A sound, especially when recorded, transmitted, or reproduced.
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Chapter 2
This chapter shows the related literature and studies which serve as basis
for the researchers conduct of the study.
http://live.coffeeweb.in/
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current can power something that would normally need a much larger
current to operate it. For example, it might have a photoelectric cell set up
to receive a beam of invisible infrared light in an intruder alarm. When
someone breaks the beam, a tiny current is sent to a relay that snaps into
action and turns on a much larger current that rings the alarm bell on the
side of a house. The tiny output current from a photoelectric cell would be
far too small to power a bell all by itself.
An amplifier is basically an AC-to-DC power converter. It takes ac
power from the wall outlet (at fixed frequency and voltage) and converts it
to audio power at the loudspeaker terminals (with variable frequency and
voltage). The audio output is supposed to be a faithful replica of the linelevel audio input, only larger.
First we need a power supply. This subsystem accepts the ac
power from the wall, isolates the audio circuitry from shock hazard, raises
or lowers the ac voltage to suit the needs of the amplifier power rating,
converts the ac power to dc, and stores it in an energy reservoir.
The other major subsystem is the output section. This is the
electronic circuitry that accepts the line level audio input and uses this
information to control high-power transistors. These convert the energy
contained in the dc reservoir to a high-power audio waveform that is a
magnified replica of the input signal
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Audio power amplifiers are used to receive the amplified input from
a series of voltage For the circuitry to operate, the pre-amplifier, the DC
power supply is used to convert AC voltage to DC voltage which is use to
operate devices. Amplifiers, and then provide sufficient power to drive
loudspeakers. The 220-V line voltage is reduced to a lower AC voltage
value with the use of a 12-0-12 step-down transformer. The 12-0 terminals
of the transformer are used to produce a 12 V AC voltage. This voltage is
then fed to the rectifier circuit which converts the AC signal to pulsating DC
signal.
The second stage of the pre-amplifier circuit is in common-emitter
configuration. The input signal from the first stage is now applied across the
base terminal and ground of the circuit while the output signal is read across
collector terminal with respect to the ground of the circuit. Good impedance
matching is observed as the common-base configurations high output
impedance matches the common-emitter configurations high input
impedance. The second stage possesses high voltage gain when the
emitter resistor is bypassed, which is necessary for the amplifiers purpose.
However, the voltage gain would gradually decrease its stability. The output
of the second stage is then fed as the input signal to the power amplifier.
The power amplifier is a circuit which subjects the pre-amplified
signal to higher amplification. The power amplifier amplifies the audio
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signals in the range of human hearing to higher signals which will drive the
speakers with higher power ratings.
The microphone serves as the input transducer which converts
human voice to AC electrical signals. Human voice converted to electrical
signals has a typical value of 2mV. This signal is fed to the pre-amplifier
circuit. The pre-amplifier circuit consists of two stages: a common base
configuration followed by a common-emitter configuration. The common
base configuration is first used to serve the purpose of impedance
matching, so that the microphones low output impedance matches the input
impedance of the pre-amplifier circuit.
All amplifiers have a maximum power limit. The voltage at the
amplifier output can only go as high as the voltage in the dc power supply.
If the signal tries to exceed this limit, and the waveform becomes flattened.
This problem, called clipping because it looks like the top of the waveform
has been clipped off, results in the familiar sound of an overdriven amplifier.
Increasing the supply voltage adds cost and weight to the amplifier, so
amplifier power has a big effect on price.
Amplifiers have a minimum rated output impedance, which should
be equal or less than the impedance of the loudspeaker load. As the
impedance of the loudspeaker gets lower, more current will be drawn from
the amplifier. This is why, up to a point, the amplifier power rating increases
into lower impedances. However, the increased current puts a greater
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strain on the amplifier components and the power supply. At some minimum
impedance, the strain will get so high that the power-supply voltage sags or
the transistors overheat. Any further decrease in impedance will cause the
amplifier circuitry to collapse, resulting in less power, or it could even cause
amplifier failure.
Amplifiers also must reproduce all audio frequencies, from the
highest to the lowest, at equal volume. This ability is called flat frequency
response because the graph of amplifier gain vs. frequency is a flat line.
If the gain at low frequencies falls off, the sound will be thin or lacking
in impact. If the high frequency gain rolls off, the sound will be dull or
muffled. Most modern direct-coupled amplifiers are capable of very flat
response, but sometimes the frequency response is intentionally limited to
protect the loudspeakers from excessive power at frequencies we cant
hear.
Intermediate frequency amplifier
Figure 3 shows an intermediate frequency amplifier.
Figure 3. Intermediate frequency amplifier
http://en.wikipedia.org
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
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http://www.techzonics.com
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http://3.bp.blogspot.com
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Video amplifier
Figure 7 shows a video amplifier.
Figure 7. Video amplifier
http://www.cop-usa.com
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http://www.learnabout-electronics.org
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PCB
Figure 9 shows an actual printed circuit board or PCB.
Figure 9. Printed circuit board
http://ecx.images-amazon.com
PCBs are resistant to acids and bases as well as to heat, they have
been used as an insulating material in electric equipment, such as
transformers and capacitors, and also in heat transfer fluids and in
lubricants. PCBs have also been used in wide range of products such as
plasticizers, surface coatings, inks, adhesives, flame-retardants, paints,
and carbonless duplicating paper.
Two different systems are used for naming PCBs. In the IUPAC
system used in the examples above, the numbers at the beginning of the
name specify the sites where chlorines are attached to the phenyl rings.
Another system assigns a separate number, from 1 to 209, to each of the
209 specific PCB congeners.
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Generally, PCBs are not very soluble in water, but readily soluble in
fats. This solubility in fat explains why PCBs can build up in animal fat and
along the food chain. The degree of solubility is largely dependent on the
number and position of chlorine grains in the PCBmolecule.
(www.greenfacts.org)
Speakers
Figure 10 shows an example of a speaker.
Figure 10. Speakers
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http://www.patartambunan.com
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the power supply, a small red switch to change the power supply voltage,
and the rocker switch to turn the power supply on and off.
(www.computerhope.com)
Microphone
Figure 12 represent a microphone.
Figure 12. Microphone
http://www.nav.co.uk/
Resistor
Figure 13 shows a resistor.
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Resistors, (R) are the most fundamental and commonly used of all
the electronic components, to the point where they are almost taken for
granted. There are many different Types of Resistor available for the
electronics constructor to choose from, from very small surface mount chip
resistors up to large wire wound power resistors.
Fuse
Figure 14 shows an actual representation of a fuse.
Figure 14. Fuse
Source: www.google.com
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http://www.nteinc.com
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Capacitor
Figure 16 shows a capacitor.
Figure 16. Capacitor
Source: www.google.com
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http://cdn.falconacoustics.co.uk
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Hence the long term vision or goal for wireless transceivers is to merge as many
components as possible, if not all, to a single die in an expensive technology.
From the discussion of Sun et al. (2011) the audio power amplifier is
designed with three parts: pre-amplifier unit, tonality control unit and power
amplifier unit. For the pre-amplifier unit, Tl071CP integrated operational amplifier
is used to achieve the gain of 4; for the tonality control unit, a filter is designed to
achieve different tone; for the power amplifier unit, LM386N-1 integrated low
voltage power amplifier is applied. With tonality control, different sound can be
heard by ear clearly.
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The study conducted by Sun et. al., which is the audio power amplifier is
also beneficial to the proponents having their study connected with the preamplifier unit, tonality control and power amplifier unit. The study on focused on
the application of tonality control as it provides better voice and hearing quality as
well as the use of power amplifier unit which is the main focus of the study.
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Chapter 3
Pre-design Stage
The researchers have gathered numerous references and related
literature. The researchers also conducted consultations and asked for
advices from instructors and senior students from Electrical Engineering
Department with regards to theories and programming. The gathered
information will serve as stepping stones of the researchers in doing the
proposed study.
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Design Stage
The gathered information from the preliminary stage will be applied
in this stage. Substantial preparations are needed in developing a
program such as developing flowcharts, pseudo code and algorithms.
Factors including programming language and its accuracy will be taken
into consideration to create a functional program. It is imperative that the
researchers have the proper skills and knowledge in programming for this
matter.
Development Stage
In this stage, the researchers will apply the programming
techniques and information gathered in creating the source code of the
proposed program. The researchers must make sure that the program is
free of errors and/or bugs to ensure its functionality.
Testing Stage
The researchers will test the functionality, accuracy and
effectiveness of the program in this stage. Multiple trials will be done to
test the correctness of the study and debug all the errors in the codes.
Other adjustments may be applied in this stage if necessary. The
researchers will conduct the User Acceptance Test (UAT) for the study to
be evaluated by the users. The researchers will assess the evaluation,
and will be considered in improving the program.
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Chapter 4
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Case layout
See Appendix A.
Block diagram
Figure 18 shows the block diagram of the power supply used
in the project.
Figure 18. Power supply block diagram
INPUT
Transformer
Rectifier
Filter
Regulator
OUTPUT
Figure 18 shows the block diagram of the power supply used in the
project. In order to operate the system, the amplifier and stereo are
powered by a DC power supply/ The DC power supply is used to convert
AC voltage to DC voltage which is used to operate the system. The 220-V
line voltage is reduced to a lower AC voltage value with the use of a 12-012 step down transformer. The 12-0-12 terminals of the transformer are
used to produce a 12 V AC voltage. A was then used to convert the AC
signal to pulsating DC signal. The pulsating DC signal was then fed to a
filter to smoothened resulting to a steady DC voltage. Finally, using a
regulator which secures a 12-V output DC voltage from the power supply.
This 12-V DC voltage operates the whole system.
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A DVD player was used for the system. A USB slot was also
provided.
Determination Of The Cost Construction Of The Project
This section details the determination of the construction cost of the
project and components used in the sound system.
Bill of materials and specifications
In order to determine the total cost of the project, the bill of
materials that is used in the project is represented.
Table 1. Bill of materials and specifications
See Appendix B.
Fabrication And Assembly
This section provides the details about the physical construction of the
casing.
Assembly
This section shows the process of installing and assembly of the
sound system.
Components assembly
Figure 25 shows the components for the sound system.
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This section presents the actual testing done by the group in order to
check the effectivity and efficiency of the sound system.
Different tests were conducted upon installation of the sound system.
First, the testing of the speakers. In order for the group to determine the speaker,
a flash drive was inserted to an USB slot in the DVD player. The desired output
was obtained. The speaker sounded smoothly. Next, testing of the microphones.
The microphone used in the sound system has a receiver. The microphone fed
the receiver through electrical signals. The desired output was also obtained
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during the tests. Finally, the DVD player and microphones. In order for the group
to determine the functionality of the sound system, the group had then checked
whether the DVD player and microphone will work in unison. From the tests
conducted, it was found out that the DVD player and microphone can only
worked individually. Using both components was not applicable.
Testing
1. Testing the speakers.
2. Testing of the microphones.
3. Testing of the DVD player and microphones.
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Chapter 5
Summary Of Findings
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3. The placement of the speakers is indeed a big factor which can affect
the output of the system. For auditory reasons, the speakers were
placed at the back of the classroom.
4. The fabrication and assembly of the speaker configuration was done
with the help of skilled persons to ensure the safety of the people using
it. The fabrication of the enclosure was done through many processes
such as cutting, punching, assembling, and lastly, painting of the case
of the speakers. The assembly was also done step by step such as the
attachment and positioning of the components based on the design.
5. In order to determine the loudness and functionality of the trainer, the
proponents conducted series of experiments.
Conclusions
Based from the study that has been made, the following conclusions are
drawn:
1. The speaker configuration, the speakers itself, and the functionality of
the lapel microphone are great factors in order to achieve the desired
output value of the system.
2. Engineering procedures and proper measurements are implemented
that results to a good construction, fabrication and assembly of the
trainer.
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Recommendations
Based from the above findings and conclusions, the proponents present
the following recommendations:
1. Future proponents who will work on the same study can place an extra
pair of speakers at the upper corners of the room, provided that those
speakers would only serve as a supplement to the main speakers at
the back, therefore having a lower wattage.
2.
3. Further studies can be made for more improvements of the sound
system such as adding components of Industrial Electronics.