CHARACTERISTIC EUMYCETES PSEUDOMYCETES

S
Other Name True Fungi False Fungi
Physical
Characteristics
Structure (Function)
Spores
Classes
Others

Characteristics Phycomycetes Ascomycetes Deuteromycetes Basidiomycetes

Most primitive: algae-
Other name Fungi Imperfecti
like fungi
Water, soil and all
Habitat sorts of decaying
matter
Mass of interangled
filaments and grow with septate
Septated mycelium; None are pathogenic
Structural as fluffy colonies mycelium; most
with unicellular form to man except in
Characteristics (coenocytic or pathogenic fungi in
like yeast mushroom poisoning
nonseptate man
mycelium)
Asexual and sexual
1) Asexual –
production of Asexual: budding
sporangiospores (yeasts), cell division,
asexual: formation Sexual: production of
(both motile and non- segmentation or
of conidia and other basidiospores (sexual
Reproduction motile); by external production of
forms of asexual spores on a base
conidiospores conidiospores
spores called basidium)
(conidia) Sexual: production
2) sexual – formation of ascospores
of thick walled
zygospore or oospore
 Aspergillus niger
Saprolegnia (water
(most common):
mold): infects
with sooty, black
goldfish
Penicillium – mold conidia while others
Rhizopus (bread Rusts and smuts
that give appear golden to
mold); appear as which parasitize
characteristic green yellowsh green;
white or gray fuzzy plants and few yeasts
Examples (at least 3) or olive green color; Aspergillus fumigatus
growth on bread or large freshy fungi-like
source of penicillin – Aspergillosis;
other starchy foods mushroom, puffballs
antibiotic Candida, Alternaria,
Mucor: cottony in and bracket fungi
Coccidiodies immitis
soil, rotting manure,
and Blastomyces
fruits and other
dermatitis
organic matter

Characteristics Molds Yeasts

found in most environments particularly the
soil where they cause decay of plants and Water, soil, dust, fruits and vegetables (one-
Habitat
animals; soil and water (parasites of plants celled or unicellular)
and animals (multicellular)
cottony or velvety growths (mass of
mycelium); mature, spore bearing heads
Cultural are generally colored; unripe spores and colonies are usually soft, opaque, 1 – 3 mm in
Characteristics mycelium are white or colorless; grow very size, and cream-colored
slowly thus not used in routine biochemical
testing
Structure (function) with hyphae (nonseptate or septate) With thick rigid wall surrounds the protoplasm
of the mature cell; Contains inclusions like
granules of glycogen and volutin (stain reddish
brown with iodine and pink on volutin in
solution of neutral red); With distinct, usually
eccentric nucleus seen by special staining;
 Generally larger than bacteria (1 to 5 um in
width and 5 to 30 um in length); spherical to
ellipsoidal
Saprophytic (live on dead or decaying
organic matter (outside its body) by
decomposing wastes and dead bodies of
plants and animals in soil and water, then Mainly saprophytic, decomposing a variety of
Mode of Nutrition
absorbe and utilize the digested products dead organic material
for food; Chemo organotrophic: obtain
nutrition from non-living organismss

1) abundant moisture
2) supply of organic matter and oxygen Mostly aerobic (oxidize glucose completely to
3) warm humid environment (accelerate CO2 and H2O through the citric ac cycle; some
Conditions affecting
growth) facultative aerobe converts glucose through
growth
4) environment containing large amounts of fermentation (using yeast enzyme) into
sugar (high osmotic pressure) like surface alcohol and carbon dioxide
of jellies and jams
Some produce true filamentous growth by
By germination of asexual or sexual spores
Reproduction fission but mostly form buds (usually asexual
or both
through budding)
1) highly destructive causing deterioration
of products like wood, leather, paper,
fabrics and glass lenses
2) Cause diseases in cultivated plants and
1) used in the manufacture of food
humans
Significance (at least 2) industrial fermentation (wine, whiskey, rum
3) enzymes of certain molds act on the
3) and brandy, beer, glycerin)
curd, during the ripening process of
Camembert, roquefort and blue cheese
4) commercial and medical uses
(production of alcohol, adhesive, citrates
and gluconates)
Examples (at least 3)
N.B. Fungi that lost the ability to form mycelium (degenerate eumycetes)

Actinomyces is a genus of the actinobacteria class of bacteria. They are all Gram-positive and can be either anaerobic or facultatively
anaerobic . Actinomyces species do not form endospores, and, while individual bacteria are rod-shaped, morphologically Actinomyces
colonies form fungus-like branched networks of hyphae.[1]

Actinomyces are known for causing disease in humans, and for the important role they play in soil ecology. They produce a number of
enzymes that help degrade organic plant material, lignin and chitin. As such, their presence is important in the formation of compost.

Many Actinomyces species are opportunistic pathogens of humans and other mammals, particularly in the oral cavity.[2] In rare cases,
these bacteria can cause actinomycosis, a disease characterized by the formation of abscesses in the mouth, lungs, or the
gastrointestinal tract.[3]

Some species are responsible for the smell of topsoil, which is often particularly noticeable after rain.[4] The main chemical responsible
from this smell is geosmin.[5]

Actinomyces, a thermophilic bacteria, is usually the causative agent of farmer's lung, and bagassosis.

Contents
[hide]

• 1 Disease
• 2 Treatment
• 3 Diagnosis
• 4 References

• 5 External links
Disease
Actinomycosis is most frequently caused by Actinomyces israelii and is sometimes known as the "most misdiagnosed disease," as it is
frequently confused with neoplasms. A. israelii is a normal colonizer of the vagina, colon, and mouth. Infection is established first by
a breach of the mucosal barrier during various procedures (dental, GI), aspiration, or pathologies such as diverticulitis. The chronic
phase of this disease is also known the "classic phase" because the acute, early phase is often missed by health care providers. This is
characterized by slow contiguous growth that ignores tissue planes and forms a sinus tract that can spontaneously heal and recur,
leading to a densely fibrotic lesion. This lesion is often characterized as "wooden." Sulfur granules form in a central purulence
surrounded by neutrophils. This conglomeration of organisms is virtually diagnostic of Actinomyces israelii. Oral-cervicofacial
disease is the most common form of actinomycosis. It is characterized by a painless "lumpy jaw." Lymphadenopathy is uncommon in
this form of the disease. Another form of actinomycosis is thoracic disease, which is often misdiagnosed as a neoplasm, as it forms a
mass that extends to the chest wall. It arises from aspiration of organisms from the oropharynx. Symptoms include chest pain, fever,
and weight loss. Abdominal disease is another manifestation of actinomycosis. This can lead to a sinus tract that drains to the
abdominal wall or the perianal area. Symptoms include fever, abdominal pain, and weight loss. [6] Actinomyces sp. have also been
shown to infect the central nervous system in a dog "without history or evidence of previous trauma or other organ involvement." [1]

Treatment
Treatment for actinomycosis consists of antibiotics such as penicillin or amoxicillin for six to twelve months, as well as surgery if the
disease is extensive. [6]

Diagnosis
Consider actinomycosis when the patient has chronic progression of disease across tissue planes that is mass-like at times, sinus tract
development that may heal and recur, and refractory infection after a typical course of antibiotics.[6]

Molds
How does mold grow?

Mold requires moisture and cellulose which are foods for mold growth. Molds witnessed on aluminum or other surfaces that do not
appear to have cellulose or moisture are most likely due to the presence of house dust which can contain enough moisture and
cellulose for mold to grow.

Is mold dangerous? Numerous molds do not pose a health risk however, some molds produce chemicals called mycotoxins that can
cause flu-like symptoms or more severe health problems. A potential health risk or hazard may be present at mold site. Clean up of
mold contamination is required regardless of mold type and must include the elimination of moisture.

I do not see any mold. How do I know if mold is inside my wall? If you have reason to believe that you have mold inside of your
wall you will need to have the Digital DIS-10 Mold
Inspector take an air sample. This can be taken from the interior of the wall or by removing sheet rock and inspecting inside where a
sample can be taken from the exposed
interior of the mold site.

Why should I choose a Digital DIS-10 Mold ID Services Inspector? A Digital DIS-10 Mold ID Services Inspector is very different.
Their use of precise computer based technology in conjunction with rapid, professional, and confidential analytical laboratory results
reporting provides every client with the quality assurance they deserve.

Is my mold toxic? Most molds are allergens to most people. Though numerous molds are harmless the molds which produce
mycotoxins are allegedly responsible for numerous health risks and/or hazards. Children, elderly, and people with compromised
immune systems are the most susceptible to health problems associated with mold exposure. People with asthma or other respiratory
challenges will be more easily affected by fewer mold spores.

What are some of the most common molds found in buildings? Common molds found in buildings are: Cladosporium, Aspergillus,
Penicillium, and Alternaria and all are considered toxic. Stachybotrys, Fusarium, Trichoderma produce mycotoxins easily absorbed
into skin, intestinal lining, airways and lungs. Other toxic molds include Coccidioides, Histoplasma, Blastomyces, and Memnoniella.

The health issues that are allegedly related to some molds include allergies, asthma, pneumonia, suppression of the immune system ; lung infections that enter the blood stream and
affect the central nervous system, the brain, kidneys and other organs.

Claims are also being made that dermatitis and cancer can be caused by the mycotoxins produced by several species of mold. Recent articles have shown that certain molds not
only cause health problems but, in some cases, death or severe retardation.
Molds in the Environment

• What are molds?

• What are some of the common indoor molds?
• How do molds affect people?
• Where are molds found?
• How can people decrease mold exposure?
• What areas have high mold exposures?
• I found mold growing in my home, how do I test the mold?
• A qualified environmental lab took samples of the mold in my home and gave me the results. Can CDC
interpret these results?
• What type of doctor should I see concerning mold exposure?
• My landlord or builder will not take any responsibility for cleaning up the mold in my home. Where can I go for
help?
• I’m sure that mold in my workplace is making me sick.
• I am very concerned about mold in my children’s school and how it affects their health.

What are molds?

Molds are fungi that can be found both indoors and outdoors. No one knows how many species of fungi exist but estimates range from
tens of thousands to perhaps three hundred thousand or more. Molds grow best in warm, damp, and humid conditions, and spread and
reproduce by making spores. Mold spores can survive harsh environmental conditions, such as dry conditions, that do not support
normal mold growth.

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What are some of the common indoor molds?

• Cladosporium
• Penicillium
• Alternaria
• Aspergillus
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How do molds affect people?

Some people are sensitive to molds. For these people, exposure to molds can cause symptoms such as nasal stuffiness, eye irritation,
wheezing, or skin irritation. Some people, such as those with serious allergies to molds, may have more severe reactions. Severe
reactions may occur among workers exposed to large amounts of molds in occupational settings, such as farmers working around
moldy hay. Severe reactions may include fever and shortness of breath. Some people with chronic lung illnesses, such as obstructive
lung disease, may develop mold infections in their lungs.

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Where are molds found?

Molds are found in virtually every environment and can be detected, both indoors and outdoors, year round. Mold growth is
encouraged by warm and humid conditions. Outdoors they can be found in shady, damp areas or places where leaves or other
vegetation is decomposing. Indoors they can be found where humidity levels are high, such as basements or showers.

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How can people decrease mold exposure?

Sensitive individuals should avoid areas that are likely to have mold, such as compost piles, cut grass, and wooded areas. Inside
homes, mold growth can be slowed by keeping humidity levels between 40% and 60%, and ventilating showers and cooking areas. If
there is mold growth in your home, you should clean up the mold and fix the water problem. Mold growth can be removed from hard
surfaces with commercial products, soap and water, or a bleach solution of no more than 1 cup of bleach in 1 gallon of water.

If you choose to use bleach to clean up mold:

• Never mix bleach with ammonia or other household cleaners. Mixing bleach with ammonia or other cleaning
products will produce dangerous, toxic fumes.
• Open windows and doors to provide fresh air.
• Wear non-porous gloves and protective eye wear.
 • If the area to be cleaned is more than 10 square feet, consult the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
guide titled Mold Remediation in Schools and Commercial Buildings. Although focused on schools and
commercial buildings, this document also applies to other building types. You can get it free by calling the
EPA Indoor Air Quality Information Clearinghouse at (800) 438-4318, or by going to the EPA web site at
http://www.epa.gov/mold/mold_remediation.html. [external link]
• Always follow the manufacturer’s instructions when using bleach or any other cleaning product.

Specific Recommendations:

• Keep the humidity level in the house between 40% and 60%.
• Use an air conditioner or a dehumidifier during humid months.
• Be sure the home has adequate ventilation, including exhaust fans.
• Add mold inhibitors to paints before application.
• Clean bathrooms with mold killing products.
• Do not carpet bathrooms and basements.
• Remove or replace previously soaked carpets and upholstery.

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What areas have high mold exposures?

• Antique shops
• Greenhouses
• Saunas
• Farms
• Mills
• Construction areas
• Flower shops
• Summer cottages

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I found mold growing in my home, how do I test the mold?

Generally, it is not necessary to identify the species of mold growing in a residence, and CDC does not recommend routine sampling
for molds. Current evidence indicates that allergies are the type of diseases most often associated with molds. Since the susceptibility
of individuals can vary greatly either because of the amount or type of mold, sampling and culturing are not reliable in determining
your health risk. If you are susceptible to mold and mold is seen or smelled, there is a potential health risk; therefore, no matter what
type of mold is present, you should arrange for its removal. Furthermore, reliable sampling for mold can be expensive, and standards
for judging what is and what is not an acceptable or tolerable quantity of mold have not been established.

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A qualified environmental lab took samples of the mold in my home and gave me
the results. Can CDC interpret these results?

Standards for judging what is an acceptable, tolerable, or normal quantity of mold have not been established. If you do decide to pay
for environmental sampling for molds, before the work starts, you should ask the consultants who will do the work to establish criteria
for interpreting the test results. They should tell you in advance what they will do or what recommendations they will make based on
the sampling results. The results of samples taken in your unique situation cannot be interpreted without physical inspection of the
contaminated area or without considering the building’s characteristics and the factors that led to the present condition.

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What type of doctor should I see concerning mold exposure?

You should first consult a family or general health care provider who will decide whether you need referral to a specialist. Such
specialists might include an allergist who treats patients with mold allergies or an infectious disease physician who treats mold
infections. If an infection is in the lungs, a pulmonary physician might be recommended. Patients who have been exposed to molds in
their workplace may be referred to an occupational physician. CDC is not a clinical facility. CDC does not see patients, diagnose
illness, provide treatment, prescribe medication, or provide referrals to health care providers.

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My landlord or builder will not take any responsibility for cleaning up the mold in
my home. Where can I go for help?

If you feel your property owner, landlord, or builder has not been responsive to concerns you’ve expressed regarding mold exposure,
you can contact your local board of health or housing authority. Applicable codes, insurance, inspection, legal, and similar issues
about mold generally fall under state and local (not federal) jurisdiction. You could also review your lease or building contract and
contact local or state government authorities, your insurance company, or an attorney to learn more about local codes and regulations
and your legal rights. CDC does not have enforcement power in such matters, nor can we provide you with advice. You can contact
your county or state health department about mold issues in your area to learn about what mold assessment and remediation services
they may offer. You can find information on your state’s Indoor Air Quality program at
http://www.cdc.gov/nceh/airpollution/indoor_air.htm.

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I’m sure that mold in my workplace is making me sick.

If you believe you are ill because of exposure to mold in the building where you work, you should first consult your health care
provider to determine the appropriate action to take to protect your health. Notify your employer and, if applicable, your union
representative about your concern so that your employer can take action to clean up and prevent mold growth. To find out more about
mold, remediation of mold, or workplace safety and health guidelines and regulations, you may also want to contact your local (city,
county, or state) health department.

You should also read the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Guidelines, Mold Remediation in Schools and Commercial
Buildings, at http://www.epa.gov/iaq/molds/mold_remediation.html. [external link]

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I am very concerned about mold in my children’s school and how it affects their
health.

If you believe your children are ill because of exposure to mold in their school, first consult their health care provider to determine the
appropriate medical action to take. Contact the school’s administration to express your concern and to ask that they remove the mold
and prevent future mold growth. If needed, you could also contact the local school board.

CDC is not a regulatory agency and does not have enforcement authority in local matters. Your local health department may also have
information on mold, and you may want to get in touch with your state Indoor Air Quality office. Information on this office is
available at http://www.cdc.gov/nceh/airpollution/indoor_air.htm.

You can also read the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) guidelines, Mold Remediation in Schools and Commercial
Buildings, at http://www.epa.gov/iaq/molds/mold_remediation.html [external link]. Also, see these Web sites for more indoor air
quality tools for schools:

• http://www.epa.gov/iaq/schools/tfs/guidtoc.html [external link]

• http://www.epa.gov/iaq/schools/tfs/guideh.html [external link]
• http://www.healthyschools.org/guides_materials.html [external link]