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9.1
1. How do asexual and sexual reproduction differ?
Asexual reproduction requires only one parent and produces offspring that are identical,
except for mutations. Sexual reproduction requires two parents and produces genetically
variable offspring.
2. How can asexually reproducing organisms acquire new genetic information?
Mutations can create new gene variants, and some asexually reproducing organisms can
acquire new genetic information by exchanging DNA. For example, conjugation can
increase genetic diversity in bacteria and Paramecium.
3. Why does sexual reproduction persist even though it requires more energy than asexual
reproduction?
Sexual reproduction produces the variation needed for a population to survive a changing
environment. The mutations giving rise to variation in asexual populations does give
variation, but not quickly enough or in great enough degrees to be successful in a rapidly
changing environment.
9.2
1. What are autosomes and sex chromosomes?
Autosomes are chromosomes that are the same regardless of sex, whereas the sex
chromosomes determine male and female.
2. What is a karyotype?
A karyotype is a chart that places the homologous chromosomes in size order, matching
shape and banding patterns, after halting the cell in metaphase and staining the resulting
chromosomes for better visibility.
3. How are the members of a homologous pair similar and different?
A homologous pair of chromosomes is composed of two chromosomes that are similar in
size, centromere location, and banding pattern. They carry the same sequence of genes
(but not necessarily the same alleles) for the same traits. Each member of a homologous
pair comes from a different parent.
9.3
2. How can nondisjunction during meiosis lead to gametes with extra or missing
chromosomes?
If the chromosomes dont separate properly at anaphase I or II, chromatids are unequally
portioned into cells during meiosis I or II. Some gametes will have too few
chromosomes, whereas others will have too many.
3. How can deletions, duplications, inversions, and translocations cause illness?
Deletions, duplications, inversions, and translocations can delete, duplicate, or damage
genes, which may affect the normal production of proteins. Chromosome duplication may
be the least harmful, because the spare genes can mutate while the working genes
continue their normal functions. Chromosome deletions may mean that an individual
cannot make some proteins. Inversion produces symptoms because chromosomes may
not align properly, causing fertility problems, miscarriage, or birth defects. In
translocation, chromosomes may be missing parts, or genes can be broken. Affected
individuals may lack proteins, produce harmful proteins, or have fertility problems.
4. How do inversions and translocations cause fertility problems?
Both inversions and translocations result in faulty chromosomes that are missing
segments or have segments in which genes are out of order. Because an abnormal
chromosome may not successfully match with its homolog during meiosis, an affected
person may be infertile. Even if gametes are produced, embryonic development may be
abnormal, and the pregnancy often will end in a miscarriage.
9.8
1. What are the stages of sperm development in humans?
The stages of sperm development in humans are:
- mitosis in a diploid spermatogonium produces diploid primary spermatocytes;
- meiosis I in a diploid primary spermatocyte produces haploid secondary
spermatocytes;
- meiosis II in secondary spermatocytes produces haploid spermatids;
- spermatids mature into haploid sperm cells
2. What are the stages of development of an egg cell in humans?
The stages of human egg development are:
- mitosis in a diploid oogonium produces diploid primary oocytes;
- meiosis I in a diploid primary oocyte produces a secondary oocyte and a much
smaller polar body (both haploid);
- after fertilization, meiosis II in the secondary oocyte produces a large haploid
ovum and another small polar body, which is discarded.
Spermatogenesis results in four equally-sized, very small spermatids that must undergo a
maturation process. Oogenesis results in one very large egg and three polar bodies since
no cytokinesis occurs. The processes are similar in that they involve an initial mitotic
division and then two meiotic divisions to produce gametes that are haploid.
16. Describe how a plant life cycle may include a multicellular haploid and a diploid
phase.
The life cycle of a sexually reproducing plant includes an alteration of generations.
Meiosis occurs in the diploid (sporophyte) generation and yields haploid spores. The
spores divide mitotically to form the haploid (gametophyte) generation. Gametophytes
produce haploid gametes by mitosis, not meiosis. A sperm cell fertilizes an egg cell to
form a diploid zygote, which divides mitotically and develops into the sporophyte.
Pull It Together
1. Fit the following terms into this concept map: chromatid, centromere, nondisjunction,
fertilization, and mitosis.
Fertilization leads to Zygote with produces a. Diploid cells leads to
mitosis with replicate by means of. Chromosomes leads to chromatids with
duplicate, forming pairs of. Chromatids leads to Centromere with identical
pairs attach at the. Chromatids also leads to nondisjunction with failing to
detach during the first or second division leads to
2. What happens in meiosis I and meiosis II?
In meiosis I, homologous chromosomes are divided equally into two daughter cells. DNA
replication does not occur between meiosis I and meiosis II. During meiosis II, sister
chromatids separate and each the daughter cell divides, producing four non-identical
cells.
3. What two processes in meiosis I generate genetic variation among gametes?
During meiosis I, variation is first created by crossing over of the chromatid strands,
which scrambles the maternal and paternal genes into four blended chromatids.. The
second source of variation is found in the random alignment of the paired chromosomes
in metaphase I.
4. Why must diploid organisms produce haploid gametes?
Diploid organisms create haploid gametes so that when the male and female gametes
combine, the resulting zygote has the same number of chromosomes as each of the
parents. If gametes were diploid, then the chromosome number would double with each
generation.
5. Where do the two sets of homologous chromosomes in a diploid cell come from?
The two sets of homologous chromosomes come from DNA replication.