Hans Petter Bjornavold - Implementation of A Microhydro Power Scheme - 2009 - REPORT

School of Engineering, University of Warwick
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ES327 Project Report

A Feasibility Study on the Implementation of a
Micro-Hydro
Hydro Scheme in Sioma, Zambia
Hans Petter Bjrnvold

3rd year MEng Manufacturing & Mechanical Engineering
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Authors Self Assessment
The following project report details the micro-hydropower concept, principles and finally its
application to the case of Sioma, Zambia. In order to achieve this, both primary and
secondary data has been collected and analysed. The analysis of this data has led to
decisions involving the design, and improvements to it, as well as the selection of location. It
is the authors intention that the Sioma micro-hydro project will be developed into a pilot
scheme for developing communities and consequentially will form the basis of future
engineering contribution. If the ancient techniques of micro-hydro schemes are reworked
and improved, important improvements within the engineering field are implicit and
infrastructure development is continuously emphasized.
If the project becomes a successful pilot scheme, the use of the research presented in this
report will be invaluable. It would form the basis of a best practice guide for future microhydro implementations and hence have a significant influence on many communities.
Although the project so far has been successful, it cannot yet be considered an
achievement. The lack of accurate figures and measurements prevents this. Since it proved
impossible to organise a technical visit to Zambia during the given project time, all
calculations presented are based on estimated figures. Accurate surveying has not been
performed, nor has an exact location been chosen. Once this has been arranged, however,
and the second phase of the scheme development starts, it is the authors belief that the
Sioma micro-hydropower development will be classified as an achievement.
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Summary
In light of this project, the application of micro-hydropower appears ideal for rural
communities, particularly in the developing world. The provision of electricity is a vital step
in developing infrastructure which, in turn, entails vast improvement to quality of life,
competitiveness of local businesses and learning opportunities. The first section of the
project consists of a literature review on the micro-hydro area, which is subsequently used
for analysis and application to the Sioma site, found in Section III, titled Feasibility Study.
The Sioma Falls were determined to be the most viable location for a potential site, with a
head of approx. 10 metres. The flow of water in the Zambezi is adequately high year round
so that the theoretical limit of power production does not limit the proposed project. A
flow of 0.587 m3/s in the penstock is necessary to develop the 46.1 kW of power that was
deemed necessary. HDPE was concluded to be the optimal penstock material, with a
diameter of approximately 0.6 metres. Canal and intake designs and dimensions have been
put forward, to ensure that the required flow is maintained.
Due to the low average income of the Sioma community and the high cost of completion, it
is not realistic to expect a return on investment. Therefore, the completion of the project
relies entirely on charity sponsorship of the 45,000 required. Sources for raising at least
parts of this sum have been found, in the shape of ZEEC1 and the Sioma Medical Clinic fund.
Once completed, the scheme will be completely self-sustaining with the income generated
from supplying a woodworking workshop and local businesses in the area compensating for
maintenance costs of approximately 2300 a year.
Zambezi Environmental Education Camp, registered Zambian charity
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Table of Contents
Authors Self Assessment...........................................................................................................2

Summary ....................................................................................................................................3
List of Tables and Illustrations ...................................................................................................6
Section I - General......................................................................................................................7
1.1 Introduction.................................................................................................................7
1.2
Final Project Specification ...........................................................................................8
1.3 Research Methodology ....................................................................................................9

Section II - Literature Review...................................................................................................10
2.1 Hydropower Generation: ...............................................................................................10
2.2 Micro-Hydro and Rural Development............................................................................12
2.3 Technical aspects............................................................................................................13
2.4 Turbines..........................................................................................................................15
2.5 Coupling..........................................................................................................................19
2.6 Generators and Control .................................................................................................21
2.7 Civil works.......................................................................................................................23
2.8 Other micro hydro schemes in Zambia ..........................................................................30
2.9 Local manufacture and labour .......................................................................................32
2.10 Cost Reduction .............................................................................................................33
2.11 Management/ownership .............................................................................................34
Section III - Feasibility Study ....................................................................................................35
3.1 Geographical situation ...................................................................................................35
3.2 Initial Planning and Technical Analysis...........................................................................38
3.2.1 Power Requirements ...............................................................................................38
3.2.2 Measurement of Head.............................................................................................41
3.2.3 River flow gauging ...................................................................................................42
3.2.4 Turbine.....................................................................................................................43
3.2.5 Design of intake and canal.......................................................................................45
3.2.6 Forebay Tank ...........................................................................................................49
3.2.7 Penstock...................................................................................................................51
3.2.8 Power Transmission.................................................................................................54
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3.3 The potential contribution to the local community.......................................................56

3.4 Financial viability ............................................................................................................59
3.5 Ownership ......................................................................................................................61
3.6 Meeting with ZEEC .........................................................................................................63
Section IV Conclusions and Recommendations....................................................................64
4.1 Conclusions.....................................................................................................................64
4.2 Costing of Project ...........................................................................................................65
4.3 Recommendations .........................................................................................................66
Glossary of Definitions.............................................................................................................67
References/Bibliography..........................................................................................................68
Appendix A...............................................................................................................................70
Appendix B ...............................................................................................................................71
Appendix C ...............................................................................................................................72
Appendix D...............................................................................................................................73
Appendix E ...............................................................................................................................74
Appendix F ...............................................................................................................................75
Appendix G...............................................................................................................................76
Appendix H...............................................................................................................................77
Appendix I ................................................................................................................................81
Appendix J ................................................................................................................................85
Appendix K ...............................................................................................................................86
Appendix L................................................................................................................................87
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List of Tables and Illustrations
Figure 1- Worldwide technical hydropower potential versus economically feasible and present
situation
Figure 2 Run of the river micro-hydro scheme typical layout
Figure 3 Turbine Classification Chart
Figure 4 Turbine Selection Chart
Figure 5 - Francis Turbine
Figure 6 - Tube type propeller turbine
Figure 7 Pelton Wheel
Figure 8 Turgo Turbine
Figure 9 Crossflow Turbine
Figure 10 Diagram of incorporation of Electronic Load Controller into generating system
Figure 11 Dam used to create water reserve for micro-hydro scheme
Figure 11 Sioma Falls
Figure 12 Intake and weir at Tungu-Kabri project
Figure 13 Power conduit in Tungu-Kabri project
Figure 14 - Penstock at Bamerchara Lake, Bangladesh
Figure 15 Calculating Load Factor
Figure 16 Using a level to measure head
Figure 17 L-1 turbine casing and propeller
Figure 18 Variants of L-1 Turbine
Figure 19 Approximate sketch of intake design
Figure 20 Cross section of power conduit
Figure 21 Forebay tank design
Figure 22 Estimated height and length dimensions of penstock
Figure 23 Optimum penstocks for low head micro-hydro schemes
Figure 24 Thermal expansion forces in rigid piping
Figure 25 Proposed structure of ownership and ext. Relations
Figure 26 Costing of Project
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Section I - General
1.1 Introduction
Many rural communities in developing countries suffer the same symptoms; a never-ending
cycle of poverty and lack of basic necessities. For many decades large aid organisations have
focused on emergency relief without assessing the causes; simply fire fighting incessant
difficulties. It is the authors belief that rural infrastructure development is a solution to
these underpinning problems, and that, with the development of roads, safe water supplies
and electricity, communities can overcome the barriers to living long, safe and healthy lives.
Sioma, in South Western Zambia, is such a community. Its population is approximately 1500
of which about 50% HIV positive. Despite a main power cable passing just a few kilometres
from the village, ZESCO, the national power company, does not view the prospect of
building a sub-station for Sioma as economically viable, abandoning any prospect of
economic development in the region. It is from this idea that this feasibility study has arisen
from.
The report and projects main objective is to develop a foundation for the future
implementation of a micro-hydro scheme at the Sioma site. Initially a complete literature
review on the subject of micro-hydro will be completed in order to form a full perspective of
the subject area. The knowledge gained through this will then be applied in the feasibility
section, where a preliminary design is to be completed and calculated based on estimates
from personal knowledge and communication with individuals connected to the region.
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1.2 Final Project Specification
The project specifications at the point of starting in October 2008 included the following
objectives:
Research possibility and prove viability of hydroelectric scheme in Sioma, Zambia
Produce a proposal for such a scheme
Network with engineering charities for support
Put plan into action (outside academic boundaries)
These were realistic objectives that were achieved to different degrees. The project initially
started with a literature review, where a complete overview of the micro-hydro field was
gained. This literature review was then used to allow for the feasibility study and hence
proving the viability of the hydroelectric scheme. This information was then used to
produce this report, which is the second objective.
Networking with engineering charities was not followed through to any great extent, mainly
due to the lack of response from the local government and ZESCO. Without a letter of
approval/request for help it was seen as futile to start applying for support from charities.
Nonetheless, contact with ZEEC and the Sioma Medical Clinic has been consistent and the
possibility of funding from these seems realistic.
The final objective appears to be taking form quicker than anticipated, as a technical visit in
June seems likely. If the site proves to be practical, construction will commence once
funding is available.
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Additional completed objectives are:
Apply for letter of support from local government
Complete initial technical analysis, calculations and design
1.3 Research Methodology
The following project has been approached primarily by literature research. Focusing firstly
on gaining a wide and comprehensive understanding of the chosen subject area, a literature
review was completed. The literature review included the reading of a range of textbooks
along with credible internet sources and journals. Relevant aspects of these sources were
then used to formulate notes, which were then used in their relevant section of the report.
The knowledge gained from the literature review was then applied to the particular
situation of the chosen site. The most suitable applications of different technology were
analysed before being selected and recommended in this report.
For unknown variables (e.g. population figures, head etc.) discussion with people connected
to the area was used to determine estimated figures. It is therefore important to remember
that, wherever stated, estimates are not accurate.
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Section II - Literature Review
The literature review is a comprehensive summary of the material covered through the
project research. It should give a good insight into the development of micro-hydro sites
in general and provide a sufficient foundation for the following analysis in the feasibility
study.
2.1 Hydropower Generation:
Close to a quarter of the energy of the sun that reaches the earths surface causes water to
evaporate and hence a proportion of this energy causes vapour to rise against the earths
gravitational pull. This vapour then condenses into rain and snow, which again falls back to
the earths surface. This is called the water cycle and is the fundamental reason why
hydropower is possible [1]
When rain and snow fall onto any ground above sea level some of the suns energy is
conserved in the form of potential energy. This energy is then dissipated in currents as
water runs down in streams. By catching this water in the controlled form of pipes, we can
exploit the kinetic energy that becomes available with the movement of water. These pipes
are then used to direct the stream of water, under pressure, onto a turbine blade. The
water then strikes the turbine blade to create mechanical energy. [1]
This mechanical energy is then transmitted to an electrical generator through a rotating
shaft.[2] This simple process is essentially how all hydropower is generated a process tried
and tested over hundreds of years which currently supplies over 715,000 MW or 19% of the
worlds total electricity. [3]
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Figure 1- Worldwide technical hydropower potential versus economically feasible and present situation [4]
The potential for hydropower expansion is still enormous; the U.S Geological Survey
estimates that 2/3 of the worlds hydropower resources remain untapped. [5] The main
advantages of investing into further hydropower development are summarized below:
No fuel burnt causing minimal pollution
Low operation and maintenance costs
Reliable and historically proven technology
Water is free and completely renewable through continued rainfall
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2.2 Micro-Hydro and Rural Development

Access to electricity is one of the key recipes for rural development and a necessity for the
improvement of infrastructure. An estimated 1.5 billion people in developing countries do
not have access to electricity [6], severely limiting the possibilities of economic growth. An
increased focus on decentralized energy generation, where the state cannot viably connect
population centres to the main electricity grid, significantly improves the development
prospects of struggling communities. Micro-hydro provides a reliable, affordable,
economically viable, socially acceptable and environmentally sound energy alternative for
rural development.
Micro-hydro is the small scale harnessing of energy from falling water, generating typically
less than 100 KW [7] and powering small communities or factories. It is micro-hydro the
following literature review will focus on.
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2.3 Technical aspects

A brief technical review of hydropower is provided below. Due to the maturity of the
technology numerous textbooks are available with more detailed technical analysis.
Micro-hydro
hydro schemes generally follow the
th layout shown in Figure 2 a run of the river
scheme where no water storage is required. Instead water is deflected from a flowing river
into a canal before being dropped from the forebay tank to the turbine.
Figure 2 Run of the river micro-hydro

micro
scheme typical layout [8]
This drop, from the level of water at the forebay, hfb, to the level of water at the turbine, ht,
is defined as the available head:
(i)
The potential energy of water is hence:
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Where PE = potential energy (Joules), m = mass of water (kg), g = acceleration due to gravity
(9.81m/s2) and Hav = available head (m).
(ii)
The power available at a hydropower station will always be proportional to the

product of the available head and the volume flow rate of the site:
Where P = Power (W), = efficiency of system, = density of water (kg/m3), g = acceleration

due to gravity (9.81m/s2), Q = volumetric flow rate (m3/s) and Hav = available head (m)
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2.4 Turbines
Water under pressure contains energy which can be captured by a turbine in two basic
ways:
(i)
Pressure can exert a force directly on the surface of the turbine blades which
transfers energy to the turbine and causes a corresponding pressure drop in the
water as it goes through the turbine. This type of turbine is called a reaction
turbine.[9]
(ii)
The pressure can first be converted into kinetic energy in the for
form of a highspeed jet of water exiting through nozzle. The water jet strikes the turbine
blades, transferring its momentum to the turbine blade surface before dropping
to the tail-water
water with little remaining pressure. These turbines are called impulse
turbines.[9]
The different types of turbines included within these two categories can be sorted according
to the appropriate head as is illustrated in figure 3.
3
Figure 3 Turbine Classification Chart
The main reason for this head classification is that turbines are required to produce a shaft
speed of minimum 1500 rpm in order to generate electricity and to minimize the speed
difference between the turbine and the generator.
The chart below allows users
ers to choose a turbine based on the volumetric flow rate and
available head.
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Figure 4 Turbine Selection Chart [10]
Reaction Turbines
Reaction turbines run with a casing completely filled with water, exploiting the oncoming
flow of water. A draft tube is present to discharge the water below the runner. This slows
the discharged water and hence reduces the static pressure, effectively increasing the head.
The two main types of reaction turbines are the propeller and the Francis turbine: [9]
Figure 5 - Francis Turbine

Image source:
Figure 6 - Tube type propeller turbine

Small hydro power: technology and current status, Oliver Paish, Elsevier Science Ltd, 2002
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The Francis turbine is, in effect, a more complicated version of the propeller turbine where
water is made to enter the turbine radially and discharge axially. In terms of manufacturing,
reaction turbines are more challenging to fabricate due to the use of more intricate bl
blade
and case profiling. This makes them less attractive for micro-hydro
micro hydro use. However, due to
their superior performance at low-head
low head sites, they are nonetheless increasingly popular. [9]
Impulse Turbines
Impulse turbines are the more traditional alternative of turbines, where a pressurized water
jet strikes directly on the turbine blade or bucket surfaces. This pressurized jet then caused
rotational motion (and hence mechanical energy) which can be converted into electrical
energy.
The most common
n impulse turbine is the Pelton wheel (figure 7),
), which is fitted with a
series of buckets on its rim. The water stream is propelled tangentially at the wheel, which
propels the buckets forwards and results in the rotational movement of the wheel.
Figure 7 Pelton Wheel

Image source:
Small
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The Turgo turbine (figure 8)) is simply a more advanced version of the Pelton. The water jet
strikes the runner at an angle to aid discharge. This ensures that the rotation of the wheel is
not limited by discharge build up and interference. This also means that Turgo turbines can
have
ave a smaller diameter turbine than a Pelton for the same power output.
Figure 8 Turgo Turbine

Image source:
Small
The Crossflow turbine (figure 9)

9) is similar to the Pelton and Turgo turbines but
demonstrates high efficiency at a range of heads and power outputs. A jet of water enters
the turbine through a rectangular nozzle and strikes the blades, imparting most of its kinetic
energy. It then passes
ses through the runner and strikes the blades again on exit, transferring
a smaller amount of energy before discharging out the tailrace.
Figure 9 Crossflow Turbine

Image source:
Small
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2.5 Coupling
Coupling between the turbine and the generator (or other machinery) is a vital part of any
micro-hydro system. In the optimal case the turbine and generator are selected to rotate at
the same speed. If this is achieved, then the need for gearing is eliminated and hence the
amount of parts that may need maintenance/replacing are minimised. This is the case with
all large scale hydropower schemes, where careful design of each turbine is necessary.
However, in many micro-hydro schemes cost may limit this optimisation. So there are two
main streams of coupling for micro-hydro schemes:
Direct Coupling
As stated earlier, this is achievable when the turbine and generator operate at the same
speed and the set up can be laid out so that their shafts are co-linear. [11] This means that
there are virtually no power losses. However, great care must be taken when aligning the
shafts as otherwise equipment may fail prematurely.
In order to tolerate small misalignments and unforeseen changes in turbine or generator
speeds, flexible coupling is often used. This means that a flexible material is used (i.e.
rubber) and constructed so that the material transmits the shear forces, rather than the
shafts themselves.
Belt drives
Belt drives are often used for micro-hydro schemes, mainly due to the use of standardised
turbines and the availability as well as the inexpensive nature of such belts. [11] There are a
number of variants of these belts, including flat belts, V-belts and, to a lesser extent, timing
belts.
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Belts are more elastic than chain drives or gears and so one of their main advantages is that
they can absorb shock by sudden changes in loads or other factors well. In addition, if one
component should lock up, slippage of flat belts will prevent damage to the more expensive
equipment. [11]
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2.6 Generators and Control

Generators transform the mechanical energy produced by the water hitting the turbine into
electrical energy. Early hydroelectric systems made use of Direct Current generation to
match the requirements of early electrical equipment; however, modern schemes make
almost exclusive use of three phase alternating current generators. [10] There are two main
groups of generators:
Synchronous Generators:
Excitation with synchronous generators is not grid dependent and so can run in isolated
locations.
The generator operates at a speed directly linked to frequency when not
connected to the grid, but speed variation is not possible when it is connected to a grid. In
the case of off-grid use, the voltage controller maintains a predefined constant voltage
independent of the load. [11]
Asynchronous Generators
An asynchronous induction generator requires some form of external excitation to operate

when used in a standalone scheme, disconnected from the grid. This excitation can be
achieved through the use of a series of capacitors if the grid network is not available. If
there is an excitation source, asynchronous generators are the safer option of the two
alternatives. [11]
Load Control
Clearly, the load on water turbines will affect their speed. This can seriously affect the
frequency and voltage output of a generator which in turn could damage the generator by
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overloading or over-speeding. Electronic Load Controllers (ELCs) have been developed over
the past two decades to provide reliable regulation of output power in a micro-hydro
system. They control the amount of load by automatically varying the amount of power
dissipated in a resistive load, often known as the dump load. This keeps the load on the
generator and turbine constant by constantly sensing and controlling the generated
frequency. [12]
ELCs contain no moving parts, and are therefore virtually maintenance free. They also
eliminate the need for expensive hydraulics governors.
Figure 10 Diagram of incorporation of Electronic Load Controller into generating system [12]
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2.7 Civil works

The main civil works required for a complete micro-hydro scheme are demonstrated by
Figure 2, shown in the general hydropower discussion.
In addition various other
components may be required, such as spillways, gates etc. However, a designer must be
very careful when planning a scheme not to include unnecessary components leading to
excessive and avoidable costs.
It must, nonetheless, be ensured that all necessary
components are included in the design to avoid the malfunctioning of the scheme. Below is
an overview of the main components and their uses in micro-hydro schemes:
Dam
In most large scale hydropower developments dams are thought of as inherent aspects of
construction. A dams function is to either increase available head (for example when
terrain is relatively flat) or to create a reservoir to store water. [11] In the case of many
small scale projects, including ours, there is no need to fulfil either of these functions
because adequate head and flow will always be available. Of course, due to the low head
characteristics of our site, an increased head would be beneficial. However, the difficulties
in constructing a dam as well as the increased costs this would entail means that a dam
seems like a redundant proposition. In addition, water will never be used at a rate faster
than the flow of the river and so it is logical to make use of a run-of-river scheme. This
means that a portion of the stream will be deflected towards and through the powerhouse
before rejoining the original stream again, as is demonstrated in Figure 2.
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Figure 11 Dam used to create water reserve for micro-hydro scheme [27]
Diverting Flow
In order to ensure adequate flow to the intake for power generation, a weir may be
necessary. [11] In some areas the surrounding area may have a natural layout diverting
stream flow at a sufficient rate for the intake without a weir. If not, simply placing a few
rocks strategically may complete the task. In some micro-schemes, logs have been used to
create a belt which can be extended to perform this task when necessary [11]. This is
particularly achievable if a narrower part of the stream is chosen, where the amount of logs
required is kept low.
If none of these alternatives is achievable a weir may be needed in order to protect the
streambed from erosion and maintain its level at the intake. A weir may also prove
beneficial in wide stream flows which only fill a portion of themselves in dry seasons. When
this is the case, the weir should be designed to deflect low flows towards the intake yet
allow high flows and debris to proceed unhindered downstream, extending weir life.
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Intake
The intake is the link between the river and the conduit to the powerhouse. Its role is vital
in the overall functioning and reliability of the scheme. It is used to control both the quality
and the quantity of water and must be equipped to deal with extremes in terms of water
flow.
In order to prevent debris and sediment carried by the incoming water several objects can
be incorporated with the intake, such as trashracks, skimmers or a settling basin.
Water flow control under all conditions is also a necessity. Gates can be used to perform
this task, along with spillways as backups to release overflow back into the stream. If the
water flow is not controlled at the intake, the power conduit may overflow at unexpected
points causing severe erosion and damaging the scheme.
Figure 12 Intake and weir at Tungu-Kabri project [28]
Locating the Intake:

In order to maximize the reliability of the scheme careful attention must be paid to the
location of the canal intake. If an ineffective sitting is chosen, chances are that continuous
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work will be required at the site. The location along the stream determines the amount of
sediment and trash accumulation an intake will see as well as the erosion it will suffer.
When locating the intake there are four key factors to be considered:
The streambed
Bends along the stream
Natural features of the stream
Ease of access
The susceptibility of the streambed to erosion is a key factor when determining the
elevation of the canal intake. Normally this is done at the time of construction, and hence,
it is important to bear the nature of the streambed in mind throughout this process. If the
streambed is particularly susceptible to erosion the intake may eventually reach a point
where it is significantly higher above the streambed and hence water could be prevented
from entering.
To avoid this, intakes should be constructed where the stream flow is close to constant year
round to avoid the increased abrasion caused by heavy rains and floods. In addition,
streambeds consisting of rock and at small gradients are ideal for intake construction.
If an intake is placed on the outside of a bend, or even upstream, flood waters are severe
threats for canal intakes. The increased forces of flood waters can cause quick erosion, from
water borne debris as well as the water itself. Hence it is important to place the intake at a
straight portion of the river wherever possible, and on the inside of a bend if bends cannot
be avoided.
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Natural features of the stream can be used to our advantage wherever possible. Features
such as large boulders have been used in the past to effectively restrict flood flows. Natural
features can also limit the need for construction, and so, when on site, it is advantageous to
analyze all potential sites for construction.
Ease of access is essential in all stages of the scheme. During construction, supplies need to
be transported easily along the site. During heavy flows it is particularly important to have
safe and easy access since this is when repairs are most likely to be needed. Trashracks and
debris must be clearable at all times.
Power Conduit
The power conduits purpose is to transport water from the intake to the penstock inlet
with minimum head loss at a minimum cost. In most cases this means that a canal will be
excavated in soil and sometimes lined with concrete to prevent loss of water and to
increase its flow. In other cases, a pipe can be used as a low-pressure power conduit to the
penstock inlet. This eliminates components such as spillways and drainage. However, the
increased cost of piping must be taken into account.
The main disadvantage of an open canal is the fact that it is open and hence exposed to
the elements. This means that it requires more maintenance, as falling trees or simply small
objects may obstruct flow.
As mentioned earlier, spillways may also need to be
incorporated to prevent overflow and if a drop in height along the length of the canal is
required then water must be dissipated in a controlled manner.
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Figure 13 Power conduit in Tungu-Kabri project [28]
Forebay
The Forebay tank is the connection between the power conduit and the penstock, serving
mainly to allow particles to settle down before the water enters the penstock. It can also be
used as storage for water in the case of increased power consumption at peak times of the
day, for example. A trashrack is normally installed at the penstock inlet to prevent floating
debris from entering into the turbine. A gate/valve should also be installed so that any
sediment that has entered can be easily removed or if draining is required for repairs.
Penstock
The penstock is the pipe which transports water under pressure from the Forebay tank
directly to the turbine. These can be installed either above or below the ground. In most
cases it will prove more costly to excavate an area for the pipe rather than design for the
added difficulties placing the penstock pipe over ground causes. These difficulties vary from
temperature variations (and hence expansions) to the secure fitting of the pipe. Gates or
valves can be incorporated into the penstock to either control the flow of water or to enable
the isolation of the turbine from the water flow. This is especially useful in the case of
maintenance.
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Figure 14 - Penstock at Bamerchara Lake, Bangladesh [29]
Powerhouse
The powerhouse is meant to protect the turbine, generator and other electrical and
mechanical equipment. In the case of micro-hydro, it should be kept to a minimum size in
order to minimise costs. However, sufficient space must be kept to allow for repairs and
maintenance. Perhaps the most important aspect of building a powerhouse is its location,
rather than its design.
Tailrace
The tailrace is conventionally a short and open canal leading away from the powerhouse
and turbine. The water is discharged into the tailrace after it has been used for power
generation. The canal then leads the discharged water back to rejoin the original river. Less
effort has to be put into the tailrace design as it does not serve the same vital role as the
power conduit, and does not seriously affect the power generation capabilities of the
scheme.
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2.8 Other micro hydro schemes in Zambia
NWZDT - Zambezi Rapids Hydro-Electric Scheme [13]
The Zambezi Rapids Hydro-Electric Scheme was completed in July 2007 after three years of
work in the North Western Province of Zambia. This was achieved by NWZDT (North West
Zambian Development Trust), a charity set up by a group of people connected to the area
and the Kalene Mission Hospital. The charitys philosophy is that while many individual
crises can be solved by food and medicine, real progress comes through the development of
infrastructure.
A sustainable electricity source was seen as a priority to trigger the other aspects of
infrastructure, and so the scheme was completed. It is a 700 KW run of the river set up,
with 99% of work done by local, unskilled labour. It powers a great number of local
resources, including farms, schools, a hospital, a flight service and over 1000 rural
inhabitants. It also aims to encourage small to medium businesses in the area and the
economic growth that this ensures. The project cost approximately USD 2,400,000 and was
opened with great media attention by the Zambia Minister of Energy on the 14th of July
2007.
Mutanda Mini Hydro, Zambia [14]
The Mutanda mini-hydro project is located in the North Western province of Zambia by the
Mutanda Evangelical Centre, a region with an annual rainfall average of more than 800mm.
The centre consists of 82 households, a health centre, a school and an irrigation system and
is approximately 35 km away from the closest diesel generated electricity. The project was
installed by the Technical Development and Advisory Unit (TDAU) of the University of
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Zambia and served to demonstrate the viability of small hydro projects in small
communities. A 2.5 KW generator was installed, generating enough power for lighting the
community but not much else.
Currently there is demand to expand the scheme to give 200 KW of power, but there is a
lack of funding to achieve this. The project cost USD 30,000 in total which was raised by a
German church organisation (EZE), and a fee of USD 1.05 is charged monthly to all
households, covering repair and maintenance costs.
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2.9 Local manufacture and labour

In order to maximize the chances of success when implementing a micro-hydro scheme it is
extremely important to involve the local community from day one. If this is done the
community will take pride in their project and work to maintain it operational. This
community involvement means that local manufacture and labour will be used giving the
workers an insight and understanding into the functioning of the scheme and hence they
will be able to maintain the plant without excessive external assistance.
In addition the use of local manufacture and labour will significantly decrease costs in many
areas. This does require flexible design of sensitive parts, such as the turbine, to allow for
inaccuracies during manufacture. Efficient designs can, nonetheless, be achieved as we
can see in Las Juntas, Peru, where the L-1 turbine achieved up to 89% efficiency [15].
In order to fully involve the community a certain amount of training would be necessary.
This will range from the basics of micro-hydro, to involve and gain the approval of the entire
community to the more technical knowledge necessary in fabricating the turbine. A detailed
maintenance scheme will be necessary to ensure that the turbine life is maximized and
electrical knowledge will need to be passed on for installation.
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2.10 Cost Reduction

When planning a micro-hydro scheme it is important to ensure that the idea is financially
viable. If it is not, it will be difficult to maintain the scheme even after the initial costs are
covered. This is why income-generating uses of the power must be considered before
deciding whether the scheme is viable.
The majority of costs will, however, always be set up costs. The main costs will be the civil
works involved in site preparation and the cost of electrical and generating equipment.
However, there are certain innovations available for micro-hydro that can significantly
reduce these costs. The following list has been compiled from the Practical Action microhydro website. [16]
Use of run-of-the-river schemes (eliminates need for water storing dam)
Local manufacture of parts and equipment as well as local materials for civil
works.
Use of plastic penstocks
Use of ELCs (Electronic Load Controllers) to avoid expensive mechanical and

hydraulic equipment to control loads.
Use of motors as generators
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2.11 Management/ownership
Ideally a village electrification committee would be put in place. This governing body
would be responsible for the continuous operation, maintenance and tariff calculation and
collection. External influence and control would be necessary, at least in the early stages of
the scheme, to ensure that all processes are followed correctly and that proper care is taken
in maintenance.
This external influence would, however, need to take great care to respect the
requirements, wishes and customs of the local community. The villagers will always know
best what they need and in what shape they need it and so it is important to work very
closely with village leaders and to maintain a good relationship with them. All decisions
must be made with the best interest of the community in mind.
If there is a lack of inclusion there will be a lack of commitment and understanding of the
project and hence the project would be likely to fail.
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Section III - Feasibility Study

The objective of this section is to analyze the proposed site using and applying the tools
discussed in the literature review. This will give a complete illustration of how well Sioma
is suited to the implementation of a micro-hydro scheme and if its realization is viable.
3.1 Geographical situation
Zambia Country Profile [17]
Full name: Republic of Zambia
Population: 12.2 million (UN, 2008)
Capital: Lusaka
Area: 752,614 sq km (290,586 sq miles)
Major language: English (official), Bemba, Lozi, Nyanja, Tonga
Major religions: Christianity, indigenous beliefs, Hinduism, Islam
Life expectancy: 42 years (men), 42 years (women) (UN)
Monetary unit: 1 Kwacha = 100 ngwee
Main exports: Copper, minerals, tobacco
GNI per capita: US $800 (World Bank, 2007)
Zambia has seen an enormous fall from one of Africas richest countries at its independence
in 1964 to one of the poorest in the world today. In the late 1960s, Zambia was the third
largest copper mining country in the world before the collapse of copper prices in 1975
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shattering the economy. Copper mining is still the countrys main source of income, despite
the World Banks urges to develop other sources of additional revenue.
AIDS is blamed for many of the countrys troubles, especially the loss of many of its prime
engineers and politicians. Malaria still causes large problems for Zambias population and a
large proportion of the population live below the World Bank poverty threshold of 1$ a day.
Sioma
Sioma, with an estimated surrounding population of 1500 people, is located in the
Barotseland region of South Western Zambia. It is situated approximately 315 km from
Livingstone, accessible by 4x4 through a journey taking 4 to 5 hours. The village is situated
next to the majestic Zambezi River and is approximately 6 km north of the Sioma Falls by
road. The planned community woodworking workshop is approximately 4 km south of the
falls.
Sioma Village
6 km
Sioma Falls
4 km
Woodworking
Workshop
The Sioma falls are the intended site of the power station. They provide a reliable water
flow, with a head varying between 10 and 15 metres, plenty to drive a low-head turbine.
There are a variety of possible sites for a run-off canal as can be seen in Figure 11.
Figure 11 Sioma Falls
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A main power cable passes through the region relatively close to Sioma, but the Zambian
government has no plans to install a sub-station to make the power available to the
community. The community is too small and does not possess the ability to pay the
standard fees that would be demanded by the national electricity company.
If the
community is to overcome the difficulties it faces, there is an urgent need for electricity,
one of the most basic elements of infrastructure and so alternative sources must be
considered. Due to the villages proximity to the Zambezi River, micro-hydro provides the
ideal alternative.
This proximity does not come without difficulties, however. As I write this, Zambia is
experiencing the worst floods in 40 years [18], with the Zambezi water levels rising to record
levels. Not only does this cause severe humanitarian problems, with entire villages being
flooded, but it also makes the hydro site very difficult to design. If the intake is designed for
high water levels, it will not function properly at low water levels without very careful
design of water diversion. It is impossible to say whether this will be possible without a visit
to the site, but nonetheless it seems likely that a suitable location be present.
The issue of building permission is also a concern. The Falls were recently made a protected
area by the local government. However, a proposal has been sent to both the local
parliament as well as the Zambian electricity company (ZESCO) and rumour has it that the
response will be positive. A written confirmation of this is yet to be received, but I have
been assured that it will be sent shortly. It is expected that one of the requirements of the
permission will be to ensure that the scheme is not overly obtrusive to the natural beauty of
the surrounding area.
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3.2 Initial Planning and Technical Analysis

3.2.1 Power Requirements
The power requirements must be estimated prior to any technical analysis, as it forms the
basis of what we are designing. The focus of this proposal is the end-user rather than the
technology; it is their needs we are trying to meet. The following requirements are given as
estimates rather than facts, as a visit to the community to map out the exact needs has not
yet been made. In addition, the potential demand does not equal the present consumption.
The energy demand will be continuously changing, and with economic development,
consumption will increase.
Woodworking Workshop:
-
Band Saw
5000 W
Circular Saw
5000 W
Sander
5000 W
Planer
5000 W
Turning + Notching machines
1000 W
Local Clinic:
-
Centrifuge
310 W
RPR spinner
310 W
Auto Haematology Analyzer
310 W
Computer
500 W
Refrigeration
500 W
Lighting
200 W
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Village
-
Households (2 light bulbs each x 200 households) -
8000 W
Shared refrigerator (between 10 houses?)
10000 W
Miscellaneous (TV/Radios/kettles/mobiles etc)
4000 W
School
-
Lighting
200 W
Communication (TV/Radios)
500 W
Total
45.83 kW
Our proposed site does not have limitations on a micro-hydro scale with respect to the
theoretical power output, but is rather limited by economic factors. The population of the
village of Sioma is estimated to be approximately 1000 people. One household is assumed
to house 5 people, giving a total of 200 households.
Our demand estimates are based on villagers purchasing electrical equipment such as
televisions, radios and kettles along with two light bulbs per household. Clearly some
families may choose to purchase only one light bulb, whereas some may choose to purchase
larger appliances. This estimate allows for quite large variations and hence the demand
estimates should cover all likely scenarios. The basic equipment necessary is included for
the woodworking workshop along with the essentials mentioned by the head nurse for the
Sioma Medical Clinic, giving us a maximum demand of 45.83 kW.
Due to lighting only being used at dark there will be a large increase in power consumption
around 18:00.
This can also be seen around 07:00 when people start their days. The
woodworking workshop will open at 08:00, and will use power at approximately 20 kW until
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17:00. An increase in use of televisions and radios will be seen around 18:00-19:00, which is
when we see the peak energy use; 35 kW. We can calculate the load factor using the chart
below:
Calculating Load Factor

100.0%
90.0%
% Total Power Used
80.0%
70.0%
60.0%
50.0%
40.0%
30.0%
20.0%
10.0%
0.0%
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
Time (hrs)
Figure 15 Calculating Load Factor
=
Average Power
20.2083 kW
Peak Power
35 kW
Load Factor
56.92%
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The load factor is a measure of how much the scheme is used, and in that sense, a measure
of efficiency. A factor of close to 57% is quite high relative to other similar schemes, and
demonstrates the viability of implementing such a scheme.
3.2.2 Measurement of Head
Often this task is assumed to require a surveyor; however, this may not be entirely
necessarily, and much quicker and more cost effective methods can be employed. Of these
methods, the level is preferred not only due to its simplicity but also due to its relatively low
cost. A carpenters level is the cheapest option but a Locke hand level can also be used.
Accuracy will generally be around 5%, but this is dependent on the steepness of the slope.
[11]
Using the level method, you begin at point X (in figure 16) which is the proposed location of
the power house. A carpenters level is then placed on a stick of known length, h, which
rests on this point. A straight line is then sighted from the top of this stick to the point X1.
The stick is then placed here and the same process is repeated to find point X2. This is
continued until point Y, where the intake of the penstock will be located. The last reading,
hf may be less than the full distance and so the gross head will be:
H g ( n * h) h f
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Figure 16 Using a level to measure head [11]
This method provides a relatively accurate, quick and effective way of measuring the gross
head of a site. It must be taken into account, however, that the available power from a
turbine will be proportional to H3/2, and so the measurements will have a severe effect on
any inaccuracies.
3.2.3 River flow gauging
Although river flow gauging would be useful, it may not prove necessary due to the amount
of flow consistently available in the Zambezi.
According to measurements taken at
Maramba, the river experiences its maximum flow in March whereas in October the
discharge diminishes to approximately 10% of the maximum. The annual average flow is
approximately 7000 m3/s. [19]
Clearly, the Zambezi provides more than sufficient flow for a micro-hydro scheme, it will
require less than the minimum stream flow. If anything, the challenge it provides is
designing against the flood-flows whilst still ensuring that sufficient flow is diverted to the
intake during the dry season.
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The figures given above cannot be used accurately, however, to design intake barriers and
diversion belts as the exact site of the scheme is not yet known. The depth of water and the
width of the exact portion of the river are not known and so all dimensions derived from
this information must be taken as estimates.
3.2.4 Turbine
Importing existing turbines will often provide a fully functional and effective method of
power generation. However, it can be very expensive and will lead to difficulties when a
part needs replacing or when maintenance is required. This is why we will opt for local
manufacture, where flexibility of design is important. This design will need a relatively large
tolerance to deviations due to the method of fabrication, and so will need to function
effectively in a number of situations.
This design allows turbines to be made locally and at much lower budgets, due to the
reduced transport, material and labour costs. The use of local manufacture also leads to
easier maintenance, reducing down-time, and will often increase the villagers confidence in
the scheme, making them more willing to invest their resources.
For this scheme a turbine design similar to that of the L-1 turbine, designed by Dr. Li of the
University of Warwick for The Intermediate Technology Consultants, appears appropriate.
The L-1 turbine was designed for use at low-head sites for delivering high performance with
the following specification: [20]
Low cost of fabrication to ensure it is a competitive option in the face of other

technologies and at a cost which makes it easily accessible to the rural population.
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Easy fabrication so it is possible to make in small, local workshops with basic tools.
Use local materials. It was decided that the materials should be easily obtained
locally in the country of development.
Easy operation and low maintenance through lengthy periods of operation.
Figure 17 L-1 turbine casing and propeller [15]
The L-1 turbine can be seen in Figure 17, where the runner consists of four blades welded to
a central hub, which was cast from stainless steel. The casing was made by a number of flat
sheets of stainless steel which were curled into shape by hand operated rollers.
The L-1 can be scaled to a number of situations, using a system of adjustable distribution,
as can be seen in Figure 15.
H(m)
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
N(r.p.m.)
680
761
833
900
962
1021
1076
1128
1178
Q (m3/s)
0.396
0.443
0.485
0.524
0.560
0.594
0.626
0.657
0.686
P(kW)
11.7
16.3
21.4
27.0
33.0
39.4
46.1
53.2
60.6
Figure 18 Variants of L-1 Turbine [21]
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Figure 18 demonstrates that the L-1

L 1 turbine is adaptable to our particular site, where it
would generate 46.1 kW of power from a 10 metre head.
This power generation
requirement will be used in the following proposed design.

3.2.5 Design of intake and canal
can
Figure 19 Approximate sketch of intake design
As discussed in the literature review, the ideal location for the intake is parallel to the
stream flow, where it will not be exposed to excessive sediment deposition or debris. It will
not suffer at high water levels as the increased forces will not impact
impa the side intake.
In order to maintain flow at very low water levels, natural diversions consisting of rocks or a
belt of logs will be used to deflect flow to the intake. This is the simplest way to avoid the
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harsh forces in the wet season. In order to facilitate this deflection it is important to use a
narrow portion of the river.
In the event that flows larger than those required by the turbine enter the canal, we will
make use of two spillways. One will be situated soon after the intake, as demonstrated in
the sketch, and the other at the site of the forebay tank. The latter will be used during
times where less power is required of the turbine.
Determining the cross sectional dimensions of canal:
Power Required = 46 100 KW
Preq gQH
46100 0.8 *1000 * 9.81* Q *10
Qreq 0.587m 3 / s
The required flow (Q) to produce 46.1 kW of power (P) from the assumed 10 m head (H) is
0.587 m3/s (587 litres/second) assuming a system efficiency of 80%.
Determining the required velocity of water flow is less quantitative. In order to prevent silt
in suspension from settling out and to prevent growth in the canal, which can both
adversely affect flow, a minimum average speed of 0.7 m/s should be ensured. Higher
speeds means that area for the canal can be kept low, however, corrosion will be severe if
these are too high. Due to the sandy water of the Zambezi River, the lining of the canal may
be damaged at velocities as low as 4 m/s. In order to avoid this erosion, we will set our
required velocity at 2m/s.
The required cross sectional area is found using the simple relationship between flow and
velocity:
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Q
V
0.587
A
2
A 0.2935m 2
A
In order to maximize efficiency a trapezoidal cross section will be used for the power
conduit. However, if excavation proves to be difficult a rectangular cross section can also be
employed.
To determine the hydraulic radius, r we will use the following equation in order to achieve
the most efficient canal section.
r 0.50
sin( )
A
2 cos( )
r 0.50
sin(70)
0.2935
2 cos(70)
r 0.204m
Depth (d) and width (w) are then determined:
d 2r
d 2 * 0.204
d 0.408m
4r
sin( )
4 * 0.204
w
sin(70)
w 0.868m
w
Using Mannings equation we can also find the canal slope required, S the ratio of its
vertical drop to its length.
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S (
S (
nv
2
3
)2
r
0.02 * 2
0.204
S 0.0133
2
3
)2
This slope equates to a drop of 1.33 metres per 100 metres.
0.868 m
0.204
m
= 70
Figure 20 Cross section of power conduit
Without exact figures on the river flow at the particular site it is difficult to propose a flood
barrier height. This will be calculated once the maximum water levels are known.
In order to minimize maintenance costs it seems reasonable to line the canal with concrete,
mainly due to the sandy nature of the soil at the site. This means that initial costs will be
higher, however, the schemes reliability will be increased and maintenance costs will
significantly decrease. Nonetheless, it will not be covered so the canal must be inspected
regularly to ensure that no debris is preventing the flow of water.
To allow for maintenance to the scheme a gate will need to be fitted to the intake. This can
be done using either timber or steel, depending on what materials are available. To
minimise costs it is most viable to use timber.
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In order to prevent water borne debris from entering the canal a trashrack will be used.
This will be removable to allow for maintenance and cleaning. The spacing of the bars will
be equal to that of a rake in order to facilitate the removal of debris.
Due to the proposed speed of the water in the canal sediment suspended in the incoming
water settling should not prove problematic to the flow of the canal. It is only at lower
velocities that this will settle and disrupt flow. However, a settling basin will be required at
the forebay to prevent destructive particles getting through to the turbine and causing
premature erosion.
As mentioned earlier, the scheme will incorporate two spillways. The overflow spillway will
be located close to the intake and will be constructed as broad crested. This does not
pass the largest flow per unit of length, but is the simplest to construct.
3.2.6 Forebay Tank
A simple yet effective design for the forebay tank will be employed. Due to the continuous
flow of water in the Zambezi, there would not normally be a need for storage and the
forebays purpose would be to serve as a settling basin. This will stop any water borne
debris which has passed through the canal and intake from passing on to the turbine.
The forebay could, however, easily be integrated with taps to act as a water supply for the
surrounding villages. This reduces the distances that the villagers have to transport the
water, and also decreases the risk of crocodiles associated with collecting water directly
from the river. In order to allow for this, the tank will have to be oversized, so that it can
deal with regular tapping of water yet maintain sufficient water levels to supply the turbine.
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In the event of flow entering the forebay and exceeding that passing through the penstock,
an overflow spillway will be required. This water will then be diverted back to the river on a
dedicated path preventing uncontrolled erosion. A trashrack will also be required, to
remove any floating debris which may have gotten through the intake or entered the canal
through other means. A drain will also be installed to empty the tank when maintenance is
required so that settled sediment can be removed. A width and depth of 1.5 m and a length
of 2 m is appropriate. Figure 21 illustrates a design that would work well at our site.
Instead of a perforated PVC pipe for filtration, however, a metal trashrack will be used.
Taps will also be fitted to the side as discussed earlier.
Figure 21 Forebay tank design [11]
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3.2.7 Penstock
Typically the Penstock represents 1/3 of total scheme costs. [22] The various alternatives, in
terms of both size and material, must therefore be considered carefully. We are aiming to
maximize the power per unit length and determining a realistic slope.
At this point in the planning process, the specific site is not known so estimates about the
required pipe length and slope must be made. For this analysis we will use the height and
length estimates given in the diagram below.
Forebay
51 m
10 m
Turbine
50 m
Figure 22 estimated height and length dimensions of penstock
Material:
In order to simplify installation and at the same time keep costs low the choice of material
will have to be made between uPVC (unplasticised polyvinyl chloride) and HDPE (highdensity polyethylene). Concrete and metal piping has been eliminated due to the high costs
associated in constructing and transporting these to rural destinations, as well as the
difficulty of installation.
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Upon comparison of uPVC and HDPE, it quickly becomes clear that HDPE has numerous
advantages over uPVC [23]. It is flexible, whereas uPVC is rigid and so requires more joining
as well as a well as very comprehensive support. HDPE piping can simply be laid on the
ground, where it will flex to the changing slope adequately. uPVC pipes need trenches to
provide continual support, as well as covering to protect from UV corrosion. HDPE pipes do
not suffer from UV corrosion; they have high impact strength as well as high chemical
resistance. Compared to uPVC pipes they are very easy to install as well as join, and so,
bearing all the factors considered in mind, HDPE pipes clearly provide a superior alternative.
Optimal Diameter:
First it is necessary to determine the optimal diameter of the penstock pipe. This will be a
compromise between the % head loss and the cost of the pipe, which is generally defined by
the lower head loss (and hence larger diameter) equating to a higher price. The ideal
diameter of the penstock is usually found through a cost/benefit analysis, which will be
performed once Zambian suppliers have been sourced.
Selecting Wall Thickness:

The wall thickness of our penstock is a function of the tensile strength of HDPE, the
diameter of our pipe and the operating pressures the penstock will experience. This
pressure is not only caused by the head of water, but also by sudden surges in flow. These
sudden changes can occur from a number of things, such as the sudden opening of a gate,
or debris being trapped at the intake. The sudden change in water velocity is known as the
water hammer effect and has been known to cause bursting and collapsing of pipes.
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Although this is less significant in low head penstocks, it is still a factor, and so a pipe with
minimum wall thickness of 16.2 mm must be selected. [11] Calculations also show that the
critical shut off time is 0.59 seconds. The penstock will have a gate valve at the bottom
which must not be closed faster than this, if it is, the penstock will experience the maximum
pressure of the water. These calculations can be found in Appendix B.
Thermal Expansion of the Penstock:
Temperatures in Zambia can vary by as much as 29C [24] and as a result the HDPE penstock
will suffer significant thermal expansion. This was calculated to be as much as 0.177 metres
for 51 metres of piping, as can be seen in Appendix C. The use of HDPE allows for the bends
in the piping to take up any expansion or contraction between the anchor points. If a more
rigid material was used, this stress would be transferred to the anchor blocks in the manner
shown in Figure 17, and expansion joints would have to be fitted.
Figure 24 thermal expansion forces in rigid piping [11]
Supporting the Penstock:

As the planned material is HDPE it does not require the same amount of support that a
more traditional PVC pipe would. HDPE pipes are flexible enough to be supported by the
ground they are laid on, which is one of their main advantages, as was discussed in the
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previous section. The piping will, however, have to be secured by anchor blocks to ensure
the stability of the penstock. The piping should be secured by 3 anchor blocks, each block
made up of 2m3 of concrete 1 m3 per 300mm diameter of piping
Control Measures:
Controlling flow into the penstock is an important element to allow for maintenance of the
turbine, or the piping itself. Control can be achieved through a variety of means, by using
gate valves or even a simple construction such as that shown in Appendix D.
This construction is rubber faced, with a steel tube handle. Its face is placed onto the
penstock intake, where the water pressure maintains it, and blocks further water from
entering. To avoid fracture through vacuum, a vent pipe can be placed close to the intake
along the piping as is also shown in Appendix D.
A gate valve will be incorporated at the bottom of the piping by the power house, to allow
for slow closing of the flow to the turbine, and hence preventing the water hammer
effect.
3.2.8 Power Transmission
Power transmission, or distribution, will be quite significant for the Sioma micro-hydro
project due to the distances between the power-house and the potential beneficiaries.
Power will need to be transmitted in two directions, 6 km in the direction of Sioma and 4 km
in the direction of the woodworking workshop.
A transmission distance of up to 10 km is not uncommon for micro-hydro schemes, although
the maximum distance clearly is dependent on the economics in each situation. A 3 phase
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AC system will be employed, with a step-down transformer at the end users. In order to
avoid the use of a step up transformer at the turbine site a high voltage generator will be
used.
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3.3 The potential contribution to the local community
Local Clinic
The scheme would replace the diesel generator currently in place. The clinic does not
currently have sufficient funds to purchase diesel to run this and so is using temporary solar
panels which are proving themselves to be problematic. A reliable and sustainable
electricity source such as the hydroelectric scheme would allow for easier operation of
medical equipment, treatment, refrigeration, computers, lighting and increased comfort.
The clinic also suffers from the lack of a permanent doctor. The availability of electricity
may give the clinic a substantially greater appeal to a doctor and encourage the clinics
expansion.
Currently the clinic is the most important hub of infrastructure in the region. Like much of
Sub-Saharan Africa, HIV and Malaria is widespread and difficult to combat. The availability
of a well equipped clinic ensures the area is in a far better position to combat disease
epidemics and can provide a reliable source of healthcare to the region. This is difficult
without a consistent source of electricity to supply vital clinical equipment (such as
centrifuge, RPR spinner etc.), as well as refrigeration and lighting for a more comfortable
environment.
Elementary and Secondary School
The provision of electricity will allow for night classes for the local community as well as a
better rounded education for the schoolchildren. This will allow the many children who
cannot attend school during the daytime due to unavoidable work commitments to receive
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an education nonetheless. This will provide opportunities that were unthinkable earlier,
and will be an important development in terms of community progression.
Woodworking Workshop
The community woodwork training workshop is a ZEEC initiative, started a few years ago.
The idea is to provide a centre of training for the local community in woodworking skills in
order to encourage local businesses and develop self-sufficiency. The centre has not yet
been built, but has a planned site and permission.
The problem with powering this is that it is situated south of the Sioma Falls, and so
separate wiring for this site would be required. The distance to it, however, is smaller
approximately 4 km. If it proved viable to power this alongside the community it could be
made commercially viable as furniture produced could be sold at competitive prices, which
would be very beneficial for the community. This is a very promising prospect and every
effort should be made to ensure that it is powered.
Although the initial price for
constructing a hydro scheme that can provide both the village and the workshop would be
high, a sustainable and renewable power source will provide great opportunities for the
development of the region.
Local Businesses and villagers
Due to the relatively large population of 9000, it would prove difficult to provide electricity
to the entire community. Therefore, a scheme where local businesses requiring electricity
will be connected to the grid seems sensible. This allows for the expansion of these
businesses and the consequential increase in employment, starting the economic cycle.
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The availability of electricity would make Sioma an important hub of the surrounding area,
attracting much more activity.
Integration with irrigation and water supply projects
Due to the mechanical movement produced by the moving water, the scheme can be
integrated with both irrigation and water supply projects to supply the area around the site.
This is especially achievable due to the surrounding fields of the area. These are not
currently used for agriculture but have been in the past, as there are remnants of old
irrigation canals close to the proposed site.
The socio-economic benefits of the scheme are summarised below:
Promotes local industry and business opportunities
Raises the living standard
Raises the education level by allowing night classes
Improve the services of the local clinic
Political awareness as well as further integration with the rest of country through
media such as radios and televisions
Allows for economically viable production at woodworking workshop
Allows for improved irrigation and agriculture in the surrounding fields
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3.4 Financial viability
The power demand originates from two sources; the Sioma community and the
woodworking workshop. These can be regarded as different categories of customers, as
one is to domestic users whereas the other is economically competitive. This means that
two price plans will be required.
Domestic Users
The average citizen in the Sioma community has a minimal income and so it is most
probably not realistic to expect the ability to pay for individual house electrification. This
means that the electrification of the village will have to be funded by other means, such as
charity sponsorship or through the payment of the other beneficiaries. Houses will be fitted
with limited load supplies, meaning that the electricity supply is limited to a prescribed
value, which, if exceeded, disconnects [16]. If users require more electricity, the limiters can
be removed but users will be charged for use above the set amount.
Local Business
Currently there are very few businesses in the local area where electricity is needed for
other purposes than refrigeration. However, with the provision of electricity numerous
opportunities for businesses arise. Mobile phone charging centres and sewing workshops
are only examples of simple businesses that could be started relatively easily. These will be
charged using metres, at a tariff which can be determined once the exact number of
businesses is known.
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Woodworking Workshop
The woodworking workshop will be manufacturing furniture to be sold for profit. This
means that, if successful, there will be funds to pay for the electricity. This tariff will be set a
level lower than the cost of running a diesel generator but enough to pay for necessary
maintenance as well as spare parts for the turbine, and will be measured through a metre.
The income from this beneficiary will be the main source for return on investment.
In order to determine an appropriate charge, the competitions price, diesel, must be
considered. Running a 30 kW generator at power for 8 hours consumes approximately
54.4 litres per day [25]. At current UK diesel prices this equates to 63 per day [26], which is
a total of 16,380 in a working year (260 days). The actual price is expected to be higher
however, as fuel prices in Zambia are higher than in the UK. Clearly, this price does not
allow for a sustainable business, and so a more reasonable one must be set for the
proposed scheme. A contingency figure of 50 per kW for maintenance is used, giving a
total annual maintenance fee of 2,305. Based on this, we can use a set fee of 9 per day
for a maximum peak consumption of 30 kW, with a clause that power tools will not be used
between 18:00 and 01:00. This will ensure that the grid is not overloaded during domestic
peak demand hours. A tariff fee of 0.05 per kWh is an alternative option.
The financial viability of the scheme clearly relies on external investment. Return on
investment is not realistic due to the low income of the Sioma community and so charity
sponsorship will be relied on. However, as was demonstrated above, maintenance fees can
be repaid and so, once the scheme has been constructed
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3.5 Ownership
The ownership of the scheme is important to clarify if the scheme is to be implemented in

the future. A proposed model is shown in Figure 25.
Proposed Structure of Ownership and External Relations for Micro-Hydro Scheme
ZEEC has links to several

schools, universities and
organizations in Europe and
USA, who will raise financial
support for the initial costs of
project
ZEEC trustees are people from

both Zambia as well as Western
countries, connected to the area
and with common goals
ZEEC
ZEEC works with local and

national government, ZESCO,
NGOs etc.
Registered Charity in
Zambia
Sioma Power Company

SPC will be registered in Zambia once the scheme has been completed. The business will
be self sustaining, with maintenance and employment costs paid by tariffs. ZEEC will be
the major shareholder and all profits will be used for further development of the region.
Figure 25 Proposed structure of ownership and ext. relations
This model proposes that a separate company is founded with the task of running and
maintaining the scheme. This will allow for maximum involvement of the community,
including management, and will hence ensure that minimal external aid is needed. The
preliminary employees will be recruited by ZEEC representatives to ensure the most
qualified staff available is chosen.
Once the initial costs of the scheme construction have been completed the Sioma Power
Company will be a sustainable company, maintaining and repairing through the income
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generated from electricity tariffs. Any profit after maintenance and salary costs will be
reinvested into new development projects for the region.
The majority of funding will presumably be raised by ZEEC and so a significant influence on
the Sioma Power Companys future decisions is to be expected, possibly by electing ZEEC
trustees to its board of directors.
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3.6 Meeting with ZEEC
One meeting with a ZEEC representative, Joachim Meyer, was held in Brussels along with
numerous e-mail communications. The idea of the micro-hydro scheme was introduced to
Mr. Meyer via e-mail in mid October, which was received positively. It was agreed to meet
in March so that the project could be set in motion as quickly as possible.
Building permission was discussed, and although an application has been sent, nothing has
yet been heard. Mr. Meyer assured me that rumours are positive and that a positive
response is almost certain but that such requests take time. The current flooding was next
on the agenda and the floods impact on design was stressed. Finally a list of questions
and observations was handed to Lesley Meyer who was planning a trip to Sioma in April, to
help with the writing of this report.
It was concluded that in order to get further on this project, a visit was necessary as soon as
possible and potential dates in June were discussed. This will allow for surveying of
potential sites, as well as clarifying the requirements of the population.
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Section IV Conclusions and Recommendations

4.1 Conclusions
In order to break out of the poverty cycle, third world infrastructure development is crucial.
It is clear from the past analysis that micro-hydropower is one of the most important energy
sources for achieving this wherever pressurised water is available. It is a relatively
affordable, clean and completely renewable technology that has proven its effectiveness
over many decades.
This report has given an insight into the technology behind micro-hydro schemes and the
most efficient ways of implementing them. After a comprehensive literature review of the
subject, the theory was applied to the case of Sioma in Zambia. Based on estimates from
personal experience as well as persons connected to the area, a power requirement of
45.83 kW along with the optimal approach to achieving it was determined.
The implementation of such a scheme was illustrated to bring great benefits to the local
community, the medical clinic, schools and, of course, the woodworking workshop. With
the provision of electricity, the population is given the opportunity to develop economically
viable businesses, adequate learning facilities and an improved quality of life.
The initial costs of developing the Sioma Power Company were estimated to reach around
45,000 (see Appendix F). This is a high barrier to entry, but when compared to the running
of diesel generators for more than a few years, it provides a much more sustainable as well
as viable solution.
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4.2 Costing of Project
Date
Person(s)/item(s)
30/09/2008
17/10/2008
12/01/2009
04/02/2009
18/02/2009
25/03/2009
20/04/2009
Dr. S.C. Li
Dr. S.C. Li
Dr. S.C. Li
Dr. S.C. Li
Nigel Sykes & Tom McCluskey
Joachim Meyer
Dr. S.C. Li
Time
(hours)
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
3
2
0.5
1/10/0821/4/09
Hans Petter Bjornavold
300
Cost ()
Comment
25
25
25
25
150
100
25
350
Staff (Supervisor)
4500
Student (30 CATs = 300 hours)
09/01/2009 Micro-Hydro Sourcebook
4900
24.94
Consumable (book)
Total
5274.94
Staff (Supervisor)
Staff (Supervisor)
Staff (Supervisor)
Staff (Nigel Sykes & Tom McCluskey)
Staff (ZEEC)
Staff (Supervisor)
Figure 26 Costing of Project
The costing of this project is based on the tariffs and work-hours detailed above. This
includes all meetings with the project supervisor, Dr. Shengcai Li, as well as other meetings
included in project research.
The projects costs are especially justifiable mainly due to its nature. The feasibility study
can be classified as a humanitarian project, with the aim of improving the lives of the Sioma
community. The application of engineering to the development of third world countries is
fundamental for progress within this field and hence, the time and effort spent on this
project is vindicated.
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4.3 Recommendations
In the extent that this study goes, the Sioma micro-hydropower scheme has proved itself
viable. The project would bring vast benefits to the Sioma community and its surrounding
area, with a relatively reasonable cost.
In order to develop the project further, in a minimal amount of time, a trip to the area in
June 2009 is recommended. This will allow the author to perform key surveying of potential
sites, as well as to gain a clearer perspective of the true requirements of the community. In
addition the author will be able to map out the potential of local labour and the possible
suppliers of parts.
Following this trip, extensive planning using the detailed measurements made in June will
have to be performed. The turbine will be sourced, as will the HDPE piping. Arrangements
with the local government will have to be completed and full building permission will have
to be granted. Once this is done, construction of the scheme will be started and followed
through as quickly as possible.
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Glossary of Definitions
Coupling connecting the rotating turbine to electrical generator/mechanical

equipment.
Forebay water reservoir immediately upstream of penstock
Generator an engine that converts mechanical energy into electrical energy
HDPE high density polyethylene
Kinetic Energy energy due to motion
Micro-Hydropower small scale harnessing of energy from falling water
Sioma Village with population of approx. 1000-1500 in Barotseland, South Western

Zambia
Penstock piping directing water from forebay to turbine
Potential Energy stored energy
Power conduit canal leading from water intake to forebay
Tail race short open canal leading exploited water from powerhouse back to
original river
Trashrack metal device placed at intake to prevent debris from entering canal
Turbine rotary engine, powered by the conversion of kinetic energy of fluid into
rotating energy of a bladed rotor
uPVC - Unplasticised polyvinyl chloride
Water Cycle the natural cycle of water evaporation from lakes/ocean and the
subsequent condensation and precipitation.
ZESCO state owned power company, producing 80% of Zambias power
ZEEC Zambezi Environmental Education Camp, registered Zambian charity
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References/Bibliography
[1] TAMBURRINI, M., 2004, A Feasibility Study for a Microhydro Installation for the Strangford
Lough Wildfowlers & Conservation Association, Thesis (Msc), University of Strathclyde
[2] Hydropower Fundamentals, http://www.alternative-energyresources.net/hydroelectricity.html, retrieved 20 March 2009
[3] REN21, Renewables Global Status Report 2006 Update,
http://www.ren21.net/globalstatusreport/download/RE_GSR_2006_Update.pdf, retrieved April
19 2009
[4] International Energy Agency, Renewable Energy Status and Prospects, 2003
[5] USGS, Hydroelectric Power Water Use, http://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/wuhy.html, retrieved
February 10 2009
[6] UN Economic and Social Council, Access to Electricity,
http://webapps01.un.org/nvp/frontend!polCat.action?id=50, retrieved February 15 2009
[7] ANDERSON, DOIG, REES and KHENNAS, Rural Energy Services - a Handbook for Sustainable
Energy Development, ITP 1999
[8] Micro Power Plant Image, http://www.itdg.org/?id=micro_hydro_faq, retrieved 19 April
2009
[9] PAISH, O., Small Hydro Power: Technology and Current Status, Elsevier Science Ltd, 2002
[10] Laymans Guidebook on How to Develop a Small Hydro Site, ESHA 1998
[11] INVERSIN, A. R., Micro-Hydropower Sourcebook, NRECA International Foundation, 1986
[12] Micro-Hydropower Systems A Buyers Guide, Natural Resources Canada, 2004
[13] Zambezi Rapids Hydro-Electric Scheme: History and Overview, http://nwzdt.org/hydrooverview.html, 2007, retrieved 15 March 2009
[14] Muntanda Mini-Hydro Power Generation/Distribution,
http://www.t4cd.org/Resources/ICT_Resources/Projects/Pages/ICTProject_264.aspx, retrieved
19 April 2009
[15] LI, S. C., Giving the lowdown on small hydro, International Water Power and Dam
Construction, November 2000
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[16] Micro Hydropower Introduction,

http://practicalaction.org/practicalanswers/product_info.php?cPath=21_63&products_id=41,
retrieved 19 April 2009
[17] Country Profile: Zambia, 2009,
http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/country_profiles/1069294.stm, retrieved February
2009
[18] NYAKAIRU, F., Zambia and Namibia face worst floods in 40 years,
http://www.reuters.com/article/africaCrisis/idUSL0976837, retrieved 26 March 2009
[19] Zambezi River Hydrology, http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/655540/ZambeziRiver/37114/Hydrology, retrieved March 26 2009
[20] Buckland, R., Micro Hydro at Las Juntas: Analysis of the scheme to date and the Socioeconomic, Environmental and Political Effects, 3rd Year Project, University of Warwick
[21] McMULLEN, C., Low Head Micro Hydro in Developing Countries: The L-1 Turbine, April 2004,
3rd Year Project, University of Warwick
[22] ALEXANDER, K. V., GIDDENS, E. P., Optimum penstocks for low head micro hydro schemes,
2007
[23] HDPE Pipes, http://www.texmopipe.com/pdf/HDPEPIPES.pdf, retrieved 20 March 2009
[24] Zambia Environment/Geography,
http://www.zambiatourism.com/travel/hisgeopeop/geograph.htm, retrieved 30 March 2009
[25] Approximate Fuel Consumption Chart,
http://www.dieselserviceandsupply.com/Diesel_Fuel_Consumption.aspx , retrieved 16 April
2009
[26] http://www.petrolprices.com/, retrieved 16 April 2009
[27] Water Diversion for Micro-Hydro System,
http://www.level.org.nz/fileadmin/downloads/Energy/LevelDiagram42.pdf, retrieved 20 April
2009
[28] Tungu-Kabri project, http://www.practicalaction.org/?id=micro_hydro, retrieved 20 April
2009
[29] Bamerchara Lake, Bangladesh, http://www.reein.org/microhydro/bamerchara-3.jpg,
retrieved 20 April 2009
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Appendix A
Head Loss for different diameter pipes:
Qnet
l/s
m /s
510
0,51
0,26
51
0,01
0,32
0,10
510
0,51
0,26
51
0,01
0,37
510
0,51
0,26
51
0,01
510
0,51
0,26
51
510
0,51
0,26
510
0,51
510
0,51
Lpipe
Qnet
5,3
hwall
loss
hturb
hfriction
loss
loss
%
loss
hgross
price/m
m/s
0,00
5,56
6,35
40,26
0,5
1,03
6,59
10
65,90
N/A*
0,14
0,01
2,58
4,75
22,53
0,5
0,57
3,15
10
31,52
N/A
0,42
0,18
0,01
1,32
3,68
13,57
0,5
0,35
1,66
10
16,62
N/A
0,01
0,5
0,25
0,03
0,52
2,60
6,75
0,5
0,17
0,69
10
6,95
N/A
51
0,01
0,55
0,30
0,04
0,32
2,15
4,61
0,5
0,12
0,43
10
4,33
N/A
0,26
51
0,01
0,6
0,36
0,07
0,20
1,80
3,26
0,5
0,08
0,28
10
2,82
N/A
0,26
51
0,01
0,65
0,42
0,10
0,13
1,54
2,36
0,5
0,06
0,19
10
1,90
N/A
The percentage friction loss is given by: %loss
h friction
h gross
* 100
The head loss due to friction is calculated as the sum of the losses due to turbulence and the
losses due to the wall, whose equations are shown below:
hturbloss k *
hwallloss 10 * L *
v2
2g
n2 * Q2
d 5.3
The gross head (hgross) is the difference in height between the top and bottom of the
penstock.
*a cost benefit analysis will be performed once a Zambian supplier has been sourced.
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Appendix B
Wall thickness:
Minimum wall thickness according to ASME code is:

t min 2.5 * D 1.2
t min 16.2mm
Water hammer pressures can occur when the critical shut off time is not observed. To find
this we first find the wave velocity:
1420
1000 * K * D
E *t
a 173.02m / s
1
Where K = fluid bulk modulus = 2.1*10^6 kPa

D = pipe diameter
E = Modulus of elasticity of pipe
T = wall thickness
Now we can find the critical shut off time:
2L
a
Tc 0.59s
Tc
Where L = penstock length (m)

a = wave velocity (m/s)
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Appendix C
Thermal Expansion:
If an unrestricted HDPE pipe, length L = 0.51, changes in temperature, there will be a

change in its length equal to:
L L * a * T
L 0.177m
Where T = change in temperature (C) = 35-6 = 29

a = coefficient of linear expansion (C-1) = 120*10^-6 C-1
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Appendix D
Penstock inlet control:
Source: Micro-Hydro Design Manual (Harvey)
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Appendix E
Demand Estimate:
Time
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
Total Power Used

0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
15
20
20
20
20
10
20
20
20
20
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
Total Power Used

7
6
6
6
6
8
9
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
15
30
35
30
25
20
10
Percentage of
18.8%
16.3%
16.3%
16.3%
16.3%
21.3%
23.8%
57.5%
70.0%
70.0%
70.0%
70.0%
45.0%
70.0%
70.0%
70.0%
70.0%
38.8%
76.3%
88.8%
76.3%
63.8%
51.3%
26.3%
Comments
Increase in lighting in village

W.W working day begins
Increase in lighting in village

Communication equipment
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Appendix F
Item
Cost ()
Comment
Planning
4000
Management
Intake
Concrete
Labour
Total
Spillway
Total
Canal
Concrete
Labour
Total
Forebay tank
Concrete
Labour
Trashrack
Cover
Drain
Taps
Spillway
Sluice gate
Total
Penstock
Joints
Piping
Anchor blocks
Gate valve
Labour
Total
Turbine
Raw materials
Labour
Total
Generator
ELC
Total
Distribution
Contingency
800
200 hours at 20 pounds per hour

Overseeing the project during construction (local
expert)
Total cost
Maintenance
1000
20
1020
200
5000
70
5070
500
50
200
5
15
40
200
100
1110
100
10000
1920
100
100
12220
Estimated 51 metres
8 GBP per 50kg bag, 1 bag = 0.025 m^3, need 3x2 m^3
2000
500
2500
3000
9000
5000
3405
transformers and cables

10% of overall costs
44325
2,305
50 per kW per year

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Appendix G
Project Costs:
Date
Person(s)/item(s)
Time
(hours)
Cost ()
Comment
30/09/2008
Dr. S.C. Li
0.5
25
Staff (Supervisor)
17/10/2008
Dr. S.C. Li
0.5
25
Staff (Supervisor)
12/01/2009
Dr. S.C. Li
0.5
25
Staff (Supervisor)
04/02/2009
Dr. S.C. Li
0.5
25
Staff (Supervisor)
18/02/2009
Nigel Sykes & Tom McCluskey
150
Staff (Nigel Sykes & Tom McCluskey)
25/03/2009
Joachim Meyer
100
Staff (ZEEC)
20/04/2009
Dr. S.C. Li
0.5
25
Staff (Supervisor)
350
1/10/0821/4/09
Hans Petter Bjornavold
300
4500
Student (30 CATs = 300 hours)
4900
09/01/2009
Micro-Hydro Sourcebook
Total
24.94
Consumable (book)
5274.94
Tariffs:
Academic and other staff (incl. postgraduate) = 50 per hour
Student = 15 per hour
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Appendix H
ZEEC correspondences:
18/10/2008 from me to Leslie and Joachim Meyer
Mr. and Mrs. Meyer,
Hope you're both well and that the new school year is going smoothly. Thanks for the update back in
September - exciting news about the truck!
I have some news I thought might interest you! I've been allocated a project based on small scale
hydro-electric power for isolated communities in developing countries. All similar projects in recent
years (from this supervisor) have been based on a village in Peru but, since I found continuing the
pattern a bit dull, I proposed doing my own thing and focusing my project on the implementation of
such a scheme in Sioma and coming up with a proposal. My supervisor was happy supporting this so
it is now officially my third year project, counting for 1/4 of this year. If I manage to come up with a
decent proposal and the idea proves itself beneficial as well as viable I do plan to pursue the project
past the academic "boundaries" which hopefully would result in concrete advancements for the
community of Sioma.
I find the potential outcomes of this project very exciting and I am hoping for both your and ZEEC's
support in realizing it. I look forward to hearing your thoughts - I will update you on more detailed
plans soon.
Regards,
Hans
2008/10/20 Joachim Meyer to me
Hello Hans-Petter,
This sounds like a great project and I would be happy to support and facilitate it in any way I can. I
am sure Joe would as well. what kind of scale would this project have. Could it benefit all of Sioma
or maybe just an institution like the Clinic. Could it power our community training workshop for
woodworking skills. This kind of power generation would make the workshop commercially viable
and we could pay a wage to the people running it because we could sell furniture at a competitive
price.
Anyway we should discuss this in more detail, through Joe apply to the local authorities and get
their backing.
Do you have a copy of the letter where the local community requests the establishment of he
training workshop?
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Best regards,
Joachim
22/10/2008 from me to Joachim Meyer
As I see it now, the scheme would produce enough electricity for all of Sioma as well as the
community training workshop. Of course this is very ambitious and would prove to be quite
expensive. Projects of similar scale have cost approximately $50,000 (US) but have proven very
effective in increasing not only quality of life but also attracting new businesses and revamping the
local economy.
An interesting project just being finished is the North West Zambia Development Trust
(www.nwzdt.org) - it gives an idea of what can be achieved. It is on a much bigger scale though, with
an output of approx 700KW whereas I am aiming for approx 30KW for Sioma.
I will be working on a more complete plan throughout the rest of the week, aiming to have it done
by the end of the weekend. I can then send it to you and, if you approve, we can pass it on to Joe
and the local authorities. If we get their backing, I imagine it will be easier to apply to various
charities for support. I do have a copy of the request for the establishment of the training workshop,
I assume it is the one I have attached?
Also, do you have an idea of the machinery that would be needed for the training workshop? It
would be useful in order to calculate the required power output for the turbine.
Sorry for the delayed reply,
Hans Petter
2008/10/22 from Joachim Meyer to me
Sounds promising.
Things to consider though.
Workshop is next to ZEEC sioma 10 miles away.
Sioma is above the sioma falls and Zeec 4kms below.
so I am am not sure how both can be helped other than running cables.
For the machine we have envisaged a 30kw Diesel generator driving.
A Band saw, a circular saw, a sander, a planer and some small turning and notching machines.
It is probably easier to give electricity to sioma and the clinic than the workshop.
I look forward to seeing your proposal.
Joachim Meyer
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Hi,
I have attached a brief letter/plan for the local government asking for a letter of support. Will we be
able to use this (or something like it)? If you have any suggestions please let me know.
Thanks,
Hans
Good morning hans,
I have had a long conversation with Joe this morning. He would be delighted to assist in any way.
The Western Province has recently suffered lengthy power cuts because development of economic
activity and power supply are not balanced.
I am sending your proposal to Joe who will in a week's time have a meeting with the minister of
energy for the Western Province and he is sure that you proposal will be supported and a letter send
to you.
This will work,
Joachim
That sounds fantastic, thanks a lot! I will continue with my research and make sure to let you know
when I have more news. Say hello to Joe for me!
Hans
Hi,
I was just wondering if there has been any news from Joe about the meeting?
Regards,
Hans
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Hello,
Not much feedback at this stage. But what we have sound promising.
Joe has met with the Director of Zesco responsible for the Western Province. You proposal outline is
therefore sitting on the desk of the top man running the Zambian Electricity Supply Company in the
area.
We await their reaction. I think it would be good to have their support particularly when it comes to
maintain the facility later.
Joachim
Hello Hans Petter,
Below a response from Joe the project looks like it will be signed off by the LOZI parliament KUTA.
All the best,
Joachim Meyer
22/1/2009 from Joe to Joachim Meyer
Dear Mr Meyer
All is fine, the peace parks has fenced the falls only the side of the road.
The small hydro project to the Litunga has been looked into and rumour has been that it is positive
for us to use the falls only that Im waiting for the letter from the kuta.
Kindly can't you write me a letter to open the account to the Manager , ZANACO,Senanga .If i can
take to the manager before 14hrs.
Did you receive the cash?
My Regards
Joe
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Appendix I
Clinic Correspondences:
14/11/2008 from me to Vanessa Scott and Richard White
Dear Richard White and Vanessa Scott,
In 2005 I visited Sioma with Lesley Meyer as a part of a school trip to ZEEC and was greatly
impressed by both the clinic as well as all the work being put into the surrounding area. As I am now
a third year manufacturing & mechanical engineering student at the University of Warwick in the UK
I have decided to embark on a third year project directly related to Sioma. This project currently
involves researching the viability of and writing a proposal for the implementation of a small scale
hydroelectric scheme for the Sioma community. This scheme would hopefully provide sustainable
energy for the clinic, the surrounding schools, the woodworking workshop currently being
developed by ZEEC as well as the villagers. Due to time restrictions I cannot complete the project
within the provided time, but as I see it now, I have all intentions of continuing the
project past its academic boundaries.
For now I am doing the preliminary research and brainstorming my ideas but I have a few questions
concerning the clinic which I hope you can help me with. As far as I remember, the equipment used
was powered by a diesel aggregate, do you have an idea of power output generated from
this? Would you be able to provide any information on the maximum consumption as well as the
average consumption of power when the equipment is in use? I would also be very greatful if you
had a list of the equipment requiring electricity as well as their consumption.
Thank you for any help, I greatly appreciate the work you put into the clinic in Sioma!
Kind regards,
Hans Bjornavold
14/11/2008 from Vanessa Scott to me
Dear Hans,
Your emails bring me great delight. About a month ago, Rich and I were talking about how our next
project was to raise money for a sustainable power source so that the clinic could have a working
refrigerator for medications and the lab, as well as a computer for patient histories. I am so happy
that you have decided to take on this project!
Unfortunately, I am not sure on the max or avg. consumption of power from the generator, but I'll
try and get in touch with someone down there and ask them. Any other information that you need?
When will you be going down to Sioma?
Cheers, Vanessa
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14/11/2008 from me to Vanessa Scott

Dear Vanessa,
Thanks for your very quick reply! I'm glad to hear you approve of the project, I am currently waiting
for a letter of support from Zesco (Zambian Electricity Supply Company) in the Western Province,
which should hopefully help in terms of funding applications and other practicalities.
As far as other information goes, I'm in close contact with Mr and Mrs Meyer so they've been able to
help a lot. If there is anything else though I will make sure to contact you.
Hopefully I'll be heading to Sioma during my easter break, but I can't confirm that yet due to certain
practical issues. If not, I'll be aiming for a trip in July or August. Of course, this all depends on the
outcome of my research and the acquisition of funding.
I'll keep you updated on any news,
Kind regards, Hans
1/1/2009 Vanessa Scott to me
> Dear Hans,
> Please see the email below from Sister Catherine. I hope this information
> helps?
> Please let me know if you need anything else and please keep us updated on
> your funding and timeline. We're very excited about the possibility of a
> hydroelectric power system and would like to help in any way possible.
> Best Regards,
> Vanessa and Richard
> On Tue, Dec 30, 2008 at 8:18 PM, CATHERINE PHIRI <chimuzakazi@yahoo.com>
> wrote:
>
>> Hello from sr. Catherine. The lab is connected 2 the diesel generator but
>> the generator is not used because of lack of enough funds 2 buy diesel 2 run
>> in so as at now solar power is being used. Other equipment that need power
>> are: centrifuge, rpr spinner and auto haematology analyzer. All these need a
>> maximum of 310watts and 240volts. The generator has output of 440volts.
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6/1/09 me to Vanessa Scott and Richard White

Dear Vanessa and Richard,
Thank you very much for your help, I can only apologise for such a late reply. If you have some more
general statistics on the clinic, this would be very helpful (as in how many people are treated there a
year, the max. Amount of patients at one time, the amount of staff etc.), simply so I can provide a
more detailed picture of the requirements for my report.
As for updates, I have a progress report due for the project on Friday, so I will pass this on to you
over the weekend.
Kind regards,
Hans
Dear Hans,
I wanted to check in with you regarding your project for Sioma and also let you know that our
program will be sending two groups of students to Sioma this summer. One in May/June, and
another group in August.
Please let me know if you need me to have them collect any information or data on your behalf!
Thank you and hope you are well.
Sincerely,
Vanessa
23/3/2009 me to Vanessa Scott
Dear Vanessa,
Thanks for your e-mail. I am in the finishing stages of writing my final project report for university,
and so the planning is progressing relatively quickly. I am currently in Brussels and hope to meet
with Joachim Meyer of ZEEC within the next few days to discuss how we will proceed with the
project. I have had no news as to whether the project has been approved of by the Lozi parliament
but I hope this will come soon. Once I have that I can begin searching for funding. My project
supervisor has suggested that I could continue the development of the scheme as a part of a PhD or
M.sc project once I finish my current course, however, that obviously relies on a lot of other factors.
As for measurement/information collection, this could be very useful as concrete documentation of
the areas needs and requirements would help the feasibility study greatly. Anyways, I'll get back to
you on that after I have met with Mr. Meyer (hopefully within the next week).
Best regards,
Hans
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Dear Hans,
Please tell Joachim hello for me! He was in Sioma with me in August of 2007.
Let me know if you have any assignments for the students going down there in May/June or in
August, I'm happy to give them any sort of project!
Cheers,
Vanessa
27/3/2009 me to Vanessa Scott
Hello again!
I met with Joachim and Lesley yesterday afternoon and had a long chat with them regarding the
project and Sioma in general. They are both very motivated to work with me on the project, which is
great. Mrs. M is actually off to Sioma tomorrow evening with a group of 22 students from the
European School and so I gave her a list of questions and issues that I asked her to make notes on. If
there is anything else I need notes on I will make sure to let you know, but it is difficult to give
instructions on possible site locations etc over e-mail and not in person.
However, it looks like I might be able to go travel down there in early June with Joachim (as long as
my provisional exam timetable doesn't change), which would be fantastic and would really help the
project along. As I'm sure you can imagine, it's difficult to base everything on "guesstimates"! :-)
Hopefully that will be sorted out fairly rapidly, and once we've been down there to check the site out
we can look towards sponsorships etc..
Regards,
Hans
Sounds fantastic Hans- so happy you were able to meet Joachim and Lesley and that you may be
able to visit Sioma in June.
I'll have about 5 students in Sioma until June 9th- and while I wish i was going down with them, i'm
too busy at work and won't be able to make it down there until December or next summer.
Keep in touch and let me know how the project is progressing- i would love to help out in any way
possible as I know it will have huge benefits for the medical clinic.
Cheers,
Vanessa
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Appendix J
Sioma Falls from the air:
Image source: http://www.siomacamp.com/images/galler16.jpg, retrieved April 20 2009
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Appendix K
Satellite image of Sioma Falls area:
Image source: Google Maps, http://maps.google.com, retrieved 10 February 2009
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Appendix L
Gannt Chart of Project Work:

Week*
10
Christmas Break
11 12 13
14 15 16 17 18 19
20
Easter Break
21
22
Literature Review
Initiate Contact with ZEEC
Produce Plan for ZEEC/Zambia
Initiate Contact with Zambia / Apllication for backing of local government
Initiate Contact with NWZDT
Research possible sponsors for trip/project as a whole
Meeting with ZEEC in Brussels / Discussion in further detail
Apply to Lord Rootes Memorial Fund + other potential sponsors
Organise notes - finalise structure
Writing of report
Finish draft report
Review suggestions/changes
Finalisation of report
Preparation of oral report
* Note: Academic weeks. Start date: 29.09.2008 End date: 01.05.2009
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Hans Petter Bjornavold - Implementation of A Microhydro Power Scheme - 2009 - REPORT

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School of Engineering, University of Warwick

ES327 Project Report

Hans Petter Bjrnvold

School of Engineering, University of Warwick

Authors Self Assessment

School of Engineering, University of Warwick

Zambezi Environmental Education Camp, registered Zambian charity

School of Engineering, University of Warwick

Authors Self Assessment...........................................................................................................2

Final Project Specification ...........................................................................................8

1.3 Research Methodology ....................................................................................................9

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3.3 The potential contribution to the local community.......................................................56

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List of Tables and Illustrations

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School of Engineering, University of Warwick

1.2 Final Project Specification

Research possibility and prove viability of hydroelectric scheme in Sioma, Zambia

Produce a proposal for such a scheme

Network with engineering charities for support

Put plan into action (outside academic boundaries)

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Additional completed objectives are:

Apply for letter of support from local government

Complete initial technical analysis, calculations and design

1.3 Research Methodology

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Section II - Literature Review

2.1 Hydropower Generation:

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No fuel burnt causing minimal pollution

Low operation and maintenance costs

Reliable and historically proven technology

Water is free and completely renewable through continued rainfall

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2.2 Micro-Hydro and Rural Development

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2.3 Technical aspects

Figure 2 Run of the river micro-hydro

The potential energy of water is hence:

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The power available at a hydropower station will always be proportional to the

Where P = Power (W), = efficiency of system, = density of water (kg/m3), g = acceleration

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Figure 3 Turbine Classification Chart

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Figure 4 Turbine Selection Chart [10]

Figure 5 - Francis Turbine

Figure 6 - Tube type propeller turbine

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Figure 7 Pelton Wheel

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Figure 8 Turgo Turbine

The Crossflow turbine (figure 9)

Figure 9 Crossflow Turbine

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School of Engineering, University of Warwick

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2.6 Generators and Control

The generator operates at a speed directly linked to frequency when not

An asynchronous induction generator requires some form of external excitation to operate

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