Heat and Mass Transfer CHEE330 Formula Sheet

Fouriers law

" =

For a real (non-ideal) surface

" = =

= emissivity [-] -> black bodies: =1, real surface: 0<<1

Irradiation

Heat transfer rate through area A [W]

Heat flux or heat transfer rate per unit area perpendicular to the
2
2
transport direction [W/m =J/(s m ]
2
Area perpendicular to heat flux [m ]
Thermal conductivity [W/(m K)]
Temperature gradient (driving force) [K/m]

= absorptivity of the surface [0< <1], for a grey surface =

Fouriers law expressions and solutions for heat fluxes, heat rates and thermal
resistances for steady-state, 1D heat transfer, constant k in various coordinate
systems

Fouriers law
Heat flux "
Heat transfer
rate

" =

Cylindrical Wall

" =

2
1
2

2
1
2

1
2

Spherical Wall

" =

Radiation

Stefan-Boltzmann law for an ideal radiator (black body)

"

= = 4

"

= radiation/heat flux emitted from the surface

Ts = absolute temperature of the surface [K]
= Stefan-Boltzmann constant

Version 05/12/2014

1 1
2
1
2
4
1 1

1
2
1 1

1
2
4

Thermal

resistance
#

Rcond
#
2
Ar=2rL for cylindrical, Ar=4r for spherical coordinates, r1=rin, r2=rout

"
4

= =

G = rate of incident radiation per unit area (W/m ) of the surface (radiation/heat
flux absorbed by the surface) originating from its surroundings
Tsur = absolute temperature of the surroundings [K]

1-Dimensional Fouriers law for different coordinate systems

Plane Wall
(Cartesian)

"

= = 4

Net radiation exchange

"
4

= = 4
= ( )

2 )
Radiative heat transfer coefficient for grey surface = ( + )(2
2
[W/m K]

Thermal circuits
=

R = thermal resistance [K/W]

Conductive resistance

Rcond = depends on geometry, see table left

Convective resistance
Radiative resistance

Thermal contact resistance

", =

TA,B = temperature contact surface A,B [K]

"

Page 8

Resistance in series (q=const):

Heat and Mass Transfer CHEE330 Formula Sheet

Concentrations in a binary system of A and B

= 1 + 2 +. . + =

Resistances in parallel (T =const):

1
1
1
1
=
+ +. . +
= 1/
1
2

Ideal gas law

= =

= pressure [Pa]
n = molar amount of substance [mol]
M = Molar mass of substance [mol/g]
R = universal gas constant = 8.3143 J/(mol K)

V = volume [m ]
m = mass of substance [kg]
T = Temperature in K [K]

Buckingham method:

Step 1: List all independent variables involved in the problem

Q0 = F(Q1, Q2, ... , Qn)
Step 2: Express each of the variables in terms of basic dimensions
Step 3: Apply Buckingham theorem / Determine number of groups:
Number of dimensionless groups required to describe the problem is
k=(n+1)-j.
n = number of independent variables identified for the problem
j = number of primary dimensions which have been used to express the variables.

Step 4: Selection of a dimensionally independent subset of (repeating)

j variables Q1...Qj (j n).
Step 5: Build groups by multiply one of the nonrepeating variables by
the product of the repeating variables, each raised to an exponent that will
make the combination dimensionless.
Step 6: Assume dimensional homogeneity and solve set of equations to
obtain groups
Step 7: Express result in form 1 = (2 , 3 . . )

Version 05/12/2014

Assumptions: ideal Gas

Diffusive molar and mass fluxes for binary system A in B

Diffusive Flux
Molar flux (Ficks Law)
=
Mass flux (Ficks Law)
=
Molar flux (de Groot)
Mass flux (de Groot)
2

Vector notation

molar flux [mol/(m s)] mass flux [ kg/(m s)]

1D planar (Cartesian)

, =

, =

, =

, =

Page 9

Heat and Mass Transfer CHEE330 Formula Sheet

Absolute molar and mass fluxes for binary system A in B

Absolute Flux

Vector notation

+ (
+ )

Molar flux

=
+ (

+ )

Mass flux
Molar flux for
equimolar counter
diffusion

( =
)
Molar flux for
unimolecular
diffusion stagnant

film (
= 0)

= DAB

1D planar (Cartesian)

, =

+ (, + , )

, =

+ (, + , )
,

Control volume balance on rate basis

DAB yA,1 yA,2

=
2 1

, =

(2 1 )
1 ,2
ln

1 ,1

In a defined control volume, there is

ACCUMULATION = INPUT - OUTPUT + GENERATION

Energy:

= stored energy [J]

= outgoing energy rate [W]

Mass Species A

= - +

= ingoing energy rate [W]

= generated energy rate [W]

= , , + ,

= stored mass of A [kg]

, = ingoing mass rate of A [kg/s]
, = outgoing mass rate of A [kg/s] , = generated mass rate of A [kg/s]

Version 05/12/2014

Continious flow system

1
+ = (2 1 ) + (22 12 ) + (2 1 )
2

= net heat rate added to CV [W] = net rate of work done in CV [W]
= mass flow rate [kg/s]
= height [m]
= velocity [m/s]
= = specific enthalpy [J/(kg K)]
1 = inlet, 2=outlet

Differential Equations of Heat Transfer

)
for k = (

for k = constant

= ( ) +

= +

= volumetric generation term [W/m ] = density [kg/m ]

=

cp

= thermal diffusivity [m /s]

= specific heat capacity [kJ/(kg K)]

Boundary condition of first kind - Dirichlet condition

Constant Temperature

( = 0 , ) = .

Boundary condition of second kind - Neumann condition

Constant gradient at a boundary (=constant flux)

= .
=0

Boundary condition of third kind - Robin boundary condition

The gradient at a boundary is described with a function (e.g. Newtons Law of
cooling)

= ()
=0

Page 10

Heat and Mass Transfer CHEE330 Formula Sheet

Differential Equations of Mass Transfer

+
=

can be either the purely diffusive flux

or absolute flux of A
3
= volumetric rate of mass generation [mol/(s m )]

+
= ( )

=molar-average velocity [m/s]

Boundary condition of first kind - Dirichlet condition

Constant Temperature

( = 0 , ) = .

Vector operators for different coordinate systems

(f = scalar function, e.g. Temperature T or concentration c):

Vector
operators

Cartesian
(x,y,z)

Gradient

Boundary condition of second kind - Neumann condition

2
2
2
+ 2

2
+ 2

Constant gradient at a boundary (=constant flux)

= .
=0

Boundary condition of third kind - Robin boundary condition

The gradient at a boundary is described with a function

= ( )
=0

Other Boundary conditions for mass transfer

Evaporation and sublimation (Raoults Law)

, = ,

, = , = partial pressure of A in gas at the surface [bar]

, = saturation (vapor) pressure at the surface

Solubility of gases in liquids (Henrys Law)

= Henry constant [Pa]

Solubility of gases in solids

3

= solubility [Pa m /mol]

Version 05/12/2014

Laplace
=

Divergence

Cylindrical
(, , )

1 2
+ 2 2

2
+ 2

1 ( )

1
+
+

Spherical
(, , )

()

1 2

+ 2
()
()

1
2
+ 2

2 () 2

1 ( 2 )
2
( ())
1
+

()

1
+

()

, =
Page 11

Heat and Mass Transfer CHEE330 Formula Sheet

Convective heat transfer

Newtons law of Cooling

= " =
2
h = convective HT coefficient [W/(m K)]

= temperature difference [K]

Internal Flow

= , , =

Logarithmic temperature difference

Constant surface temperature

Energy balance results in

=
=

4
+
=0
,

m = mass flow rate [kg/s]

2
qs = heat flux at the surface [W/m ]

Average heat coefficient

Convective mass transfer

=

NA = molar convective mass transfer flux [mol/(m s]

= concective mass transfer coefficient [m/s]
3
= concentration difference [mol/m ]

Internal Flow

Use an analogy to HT

Analogy between Heat, Mass and Momentum Transport

Skin friction
Use local skin friction for analogy of local coefficients

=
=

Local mean temperature of the fluid:

() = , +

Tm,i= mean temperature inlet [K]

Version 05/12/2014

, =

q=

= total resistance of convective and conductive HT

built with

Constant heat flux:

1
=
0

= average heat transfer coefficient over a spatial dimension L

= local heat transfer coefficient at a certain position x

Constant external temperature

use modified Newtons Law

cp = specific heat capacity [kJ/(kg K)]

"

P=cross section perimeter [m]

2,
2

, = Local shear stress at position x [N/m ]

Use average skin friction for analogy of average coefficients

, =

2,
2

, = = Average shear stress = Drag force per surface area over spatial dimension

2
L [N/m ]

Reynolds analogy
=

=
= =
2

valid for Blasius solution (laminar flow) of the horizontal plate and Pr=1 and Sc=1

Page 12

Heat and Mass Transfer CHEE330 Formula Sheet

local skin friction

, =

0.664

average skin friction for averaged coefficients

Chilton-Colburn analogy

, =

1.328

For laminar and turbulent flow where is no form drag such as flow over flat plate
and internal flows

= =

= 2/3

valid for 0.5<Pr<50

valid for 0.6<Sc<2500

Prandtl analogy

2/3

For turbulent flows where is no form drag such as flow over flat plate and internal
flows

/2

1 + 5 2 ( 1)

for mass transfer Stanton number use Sc instead of Pr.

= Stefan-Boltzmann constant = 5.67x10-8 W/(m2K4)

NA = Avogadro number 6.022 1023 mol1

Units of selected physical quantities:

[Pressure] atm (standard) = 101325 Pa
bar = 105 Pa
Pa = N/m2
[Force] N = kg m/s2
[Work] J = N m
[Power] W = J/s
[Charge] C
[Current] A = C/s
[Voltage] V = J/C
[Electrical resistance] = V/A
[Dynamic viscosity] Pa s
[Kinematic viscosity] m2/s
Laminar-Turbulent transition criterion:
Forced convection cylindrical pipe flow 2300
Forced convection along vertical/horizontal plate 5105
Forced convection over cylinder/sphere 2105
Natural convection along vertical plate 109

Constants
g = Gravitational acceleration =9.81 m2/s
k B = Boltzmann constant =1.38 10-23J/K

R = Universal gas constant = 8.3143 J/(mol K)

Version 05/12/2014

Page 13

Heat and Mass Transfer CHEE330 Formula Sheet

Correlations for natural Convection

Use analogy for mass transfer. Arithmetic mean temperature for properties

Geometry

Charact.
length

Range of
Raleigh No.
RaL < 109

= 0.68 +

RaL = 104-109
RaL = 1010-1013
entire range

RaL = 104-107
RaL = 107-1011

RaL = 105-1011

Version 5/12/2014

4
9 9
16

0.492
1 +
1/4

= 0.825 +

0.3876

8
27

0.492 16
1 +

Use vertical plate equations for the

upper surface of the cold plate and the
lower surface for the hot plate
Replace g by g cos() for 0 < < 60o
1/4

= 0.54

1/3

= 0.15

1/4

= 0.27

A vertical cylinder can be treated as a

vertical plate when
35
1/4

1
0.6704

= 0.59
1/3
= 0.1

Nu = f (Ra)

12

10

= 0.6 +

1
0.3876

8
27

0.559 16
1 +

Page 14

Heat and Mass Transfer CHEE330 Formula Sheet

with

1011
0.7

1 < < 10

= 2 +

1
0.5894

4
9 9
16

0.469
1 +
1/4

= 2 + 0.43

Correlations for forced convection in internal flow

For mass transfer, use appropriate analogy.
Geometry
Flow regime

Cylindrical
pipe of
diameter D
or
Noncylindrical
duct with
Dh=4Ac/P

Restrictions

Nu = f (Re,Pr)

Laminar & fully

developed
(Graetz solution for
long pipes)

Properties are evaluated at arithmetic mean

Version 5/12/2014

Page 15

Heat and Mass Transfer CHEE330 Formula Sheet

Cylindrical
pipe of
diameter D

Laminar within
velocity & thermal
entrance length
(short pipes)

1/3 0.14
0.0044 9.75 = 1.86

=viscosity bulk temperature

0.6 5
=viscosity wall temperature
Al other properties are evaluated at
bulk temperature

2L/D20
20<L/D<60

Cylindrical
pipe of
diameter D

Turbulent & fully

developed

0.7 100
> 104
L/D>60
0.7 17000
> 104
L/D>60

= 1 + ()0.7

= 1 + 6()

= value for fully-developed regime

4

= 0.023 5

n=0.4 for heating (Ts>Tm)

n=0.3 for cooling (Ts<Tm)
properties at arithmetic mean

= 0.023

2 0.14
1

5 3

All properties, except w evaluated at

bulk temperature

Correlations for forced convection for external flow

Plates: For mass transfer, use appropriate analogies.
Spheres, Cylinders: Analogies break down, use appropriate correlation
Geometry
Flow regime
Restrictions

Flat plate of
length L

Laminar
(Blasius solution)

Flat plate of
length L

Cylinder
of diameter D
in crossflow

Version 5/12/2014

Turbulent

Laminar

0.6
or
0.6 2500
< 2 105
> 3 106

Pr = 1

Nu = f (Re,Pr)

1
= 0.332Re2x
1/2
= 0.664ReL

3
1/3

Properties are evaluated at

arithmetic mean

= 0.0288 4/5 1/3

= 0.036 4/5 1/3

Properties are evaluated at

arithmetic mean

= 1/3

Page 16

Heat and Mass Transfer CHEE330 Formula Sheet

Cylinder
of diameter D
in crossflow

Laminar &
turbulent

= 0.3 +

Pr > 0.2

0.622 3

1 +

1
2 4
(0.4/)3
5 4/5

8

1 +
282,000

Properties are evaluated at

arithmetic mean

20 105

Sphere
of diameter D

Laminar

0.71 380
3.5 < < 7.6 104

Falling spherical droplet of diameter D

For flux of species
A from a sphere
into an infinite sink
of stagnant fluid B

Sphere
of diameter D

For mass transfer

into liquid streams

For mass transfer

into gas streams

Version 5/12/2014

0.31 ( )0.6

= 2 + 0.4
1
0.42

1/4

2
0.063

Properties are evaluated at T,

except s which is evaluated at Ts
1/2

= 2 + 0.6 1/3
= 2

< 10,000
> 10,000

2 < < 800

0.6 < < 2.7
or
1500 < < 12000
0.6 < < 1.85

= 4 +

1
2 2
3
1.21

= 1.01 1/3
1/2

= 2 + 0.552

1/3

Page 17

Heat and Mass Transfer CHEE330 Formula Sheet

List of dimensionless groups

L= characteristic length scale external flow; R = characteristic length scale internal flow/particle
u= characteristic velocity; HT = heat transfer; MT = mass transfer, D = diffusivity
Dimensionless Groups Definition
Interpretation
3
3
Archimedes number

gravitational force / viscous force
=
=
2
2

Arrhenius number
activation energy / thermal energy
=

Biot number (heat)

convective HT / conductive HT
=

Biot number (mass)
convective MT / diffusive MT
=

Bodenstein number
convective MT / axial diffusive MT
=
(Peclet number for chemical

reactors, =axial diffusion

coefficient)
2
Bond Number
gravitational force / capillary force

=

2
Brinkmann number
viscous dissipation / thermal
=
conduction
( 0 )

Capillary number
viscous force / capillary (surface
=

tension) force
Dean number
centrifugal force / viscous force

=
=

Eckert number
Euler number
Fourier number HT
Fourier number MT
Inertial friction factor
Viscous friction factor
Froude number
Galileo number

Version 5/12/2014

2
=
( 0 )

= 2

= 2 =

= 2

=
2
2
=

2
=

2
=
=

kinetic energy flow / boundary

layer enthalpy
pressure force / inertial force

heat conduction / enthalpy

change; also dimensionless time
diffusion rate / species
accumulation; dimensionless time
specific pressure drop / inertial
force
specific pressure drop / viscous
force
inertial force / gravitational force
Reynolds x gravity force / viscous
force

Page 18

Heat and Mass Transfer CHEE330 Formula Sheet

Graetz number HT

Graetz number MT
Grashof number
Knudsen number
Lewis number
Mach number
Nusselt number
Ohnesorge number
Peclet number HT
Peclet number MT
Prandtl number
Raleigh number
Reynolds number
Schmidt number
Sherwood number
Stanton number HT
Stanton number MT
Stokes number
Strouhal number
Weber number

Version 5/12/2014

=
=

( 0 )3
=
2

=
=

=
=
=

=
=

= =

=
=

/
/
= =

=
=

=
=


=

2
=

thermal capacity flow / conductive

HT
mass capacity (flow) / diffusive MT
buoyant force / viscous force
length of free mean path /
characteristic length
thermal diffusivity / mass
diffusivity
velocity / speed of sound
convective HT / conductive HT
(at boundaries)
viscous force / SQRT(inertial force
x capillary force)
convective HT / diffusive HT
(in bulk liquid)
convective MT / diffusive MT
in bulk liquid
viscous diffusivity / thermal
diffusivity
natural convection HT /
conductive HT
inertial force / viscous force
momentum diffusivity / mass
diffusivity
convective MT / diffusive MT
(at boundaries)
convective HT / heat capacity
(at boundaries)
convective MT / mass capacity
(at boundaries)
particle relaxation time /
convective time scale
characteristic frequency /
characteristic timescale-1
inertial force / capillary force

Page 19