Pakistan Movement

The Pakistan Movement or Tehrik-e-Pakistan (Urdu: Ta rk-i Pkistn) was a

historic and subsequently successfulpolitical movement that aimed for the independence
of Pakistan from the British Empire, to form the new independent nation state by the union of
the four provinces located in the far northwest of the subcontinent, the princely state of Jammu and
Kashmir , as well as the far northeastern region of Bengal.
The movement progressed alongside with the Indian independence movement which had the similar
views and motives, but the Pakistan Movement sought to establish a nation-state that protected the
religious identity and political interests of Muslims in South Asia. [2] The first organised political
movements were in Aligarh where another literary movement was led by Sir Syed Ahmad Khanthat
built the genesis of the Pakistan movement.[3] An educational convention held in 1906 with joint
efforts of Syed Ahmad Khan andVikar-ul-Haq, the Muslim reformers took the movement to the
political stage in the form of establishing the mainstream and then newly formed All-India Muslim
League (AIML), with prominent moderate leaders seeking to protect the basic rights of Muslims in
the British Raj.[4] During the initial stages of the movement, it adopted the vision of
philosopher Iqbal after addressing at the convention of theAIML's annual session.[5][6] Muhammad Ali
Jinnah's constitutional struggle further helped gaining public support for the movement in the four
provinces.[7] Urdu poets such as Iqbal and Faiz used literature, poetry and speech as a powerful tool
for political awareness.[8][9][10] Feminists such as Sheila Pant and Fatima Jinnah championed the
emancipation of Pakistan's women and their participation in national politics.[11]
The Pakistan Movement was led by a large and diversified group of people and their struggle
ultimately resulted in British Empireprofessing to the Indian Independence Act 1947, which created
the independent dominions of India and Pakistan. [12][13] The Pakistan Movement was a result of a
series of social, political, intellectual transformations in the Pakistani society, government, and ways
of thinking.[14] Efforts and struggles of the Founding Fathers resulted in the creation of
the democratic and independent government.[15]In the following years, another nationallyminded
subset went on to established a strong government, followed by the military intervention in 1958.
[16]
Grievousness and unbalanced economic distribution caused an upheaval which led the East
Pakistandeclared independence as the People's Republic of Bangladesh in 1971.[17] After a strong
concessions and consents reached in 1973, the new Constitution established a relatively strong
government, institutions, national courts, a legislature that represented both states in the Senate and
population in the National Assembly.[18][19] Pakistan's phase shift to republicanism, and the gradually
increasing democracy, caused an upheaval of traditional social hierarchy and gave birth to the ethic
that has formed a core of political values in Pakistan.[20]

History of the movement

Background
The East India Company was formed in 1600 and had gained a foothold in India in 1612 after
Mughal emperor Jahangir granted it the rights to establish a factory, or trading post, in the port
of Surat on the western coast. As the Mughal Empire quickly decline from thepower, the British

Empire expanded quick to gain control of the subcontinent in the 1700s. The economic, social,
public, and political influence of East India Company and the strong military projection further limited
the rule of the last Mughal emperor, Bahadur Shah II. The defeat of Tipu Sultan, the ruler of Mysore,
proved to be an event which led the most of the South India fell under the direct or indirect rule of
the East India Company.[21]
In all over the subcontinent, the British government took over the state machinery, bureaucracy,
universities, schools, and institutions as well establishing its own. [22] During this time, Lord
Macaulay radical and influential educational reforms led to the numerous changes to the introduction
and teaching of Western languages (e.g. English and Latin), history, and philosophy.[23][24] Religious
studies and the Arabic, Turkish, and Persian languages were completely barred from the state
universities. In a short span of time, theEnglish language had became not only the medium of
instruction but also the official language in 1835 in place of Persian, disadvantaging those who had
built their careers around the latter language.[24]
Traditional Hindu and Islamic studies were no longer supported by the British Crown, and nearly all
of the madrasas lost their waqf (lit.financial endowment).[23][24] Discontent by these reforms, Muslim
and Hindu rebels initiated the first rebellion in 1857 which was inverted by theBritish forces, followed
by final abdication of last Mughal emperor Bahadur Shah II, also the same year. Noting the
sensitivity of this issue,Queen Victoria removed the East India Company and consolidated the power
by gaining the control of subcontinent into British Empire. Directives issues by Queen Victoria led to
the quick removal Mughal symbols which spawned a negative attitude amongst some Muslims
towards everything modern and western, and a disinclination to make use of the opportunities
available under the new regime.[22] This tendency, had it continued for long, would have proven
disastrous for the Muslim community.[22]
In justifying these actions, Macaulay's notably argument that Sanskrit and Arabic were wholly
inadequate for students studying history,science, and technology. He argued, "We have to educate a
people who cannot at present be educated by means of their mother-tongue. We must teach them
some foreign language." The solution was to teach English.[25]

Renaissance vision
Eventually, many Muslims barred their children to be educated at the English universities which had
proved to be disastrous for the Muslim communities. Very few Muslim families had their children to
be sent at the English universities. On the other hand, the effects ofBengali
renaissance made Hindus population to be more educated and gained lucrative positions at
the Indian Civil Service; many would ascended to the influential posts in the British government.
During this time, influential Muslim reformer and educationist, Sir Syed Ahmad Khan began to argue
for the importance of the British education.[22] Sir Syed was a jurist and a scholar who
was Knighted by the British Crown for his services to British Empire. Witnessing this atmosphere of
despair and despondency, Sir Syed launched his attempts to revive the spirit of progress within the
Muslim community of British India.[22] At notable Muslim gatherings, he argued that the Muslims, in
their attempt to regenerate themselves, had failed to realize the fact that mankind had entered a very
important phase of its existence an era of science and learning.[22] Despite harsh criticism from

the Islamic orthodoxy, he helped convince many Muslim communities to realized that the very fact
was the source of progress and prosperity for the British. [22][26] Therefore, modern education became
the pivot of his movement for regeneration of the Indian Muslims. He tried to transform the Muslim
outlook from a medieval one to a modern one.[22]
In attendance, Sir Syed advised the Muslim communities to not to participate in politics unless and
until they got modern education.[27]He was of the view that Muslims could not succeed in the field of
western politics without knowing the system. [27] In the 1900s, Sir Syed was invited to attend the first
convention of Indian National Congress, and many persuaded him to join the party but he reportedly
refused to accept the offer.[27] Instead, he went onto urged the Muslims to keep themselves away
from the Congress and predicted that this convention would prove to be a pure Hindu party in the
times to come.[27] In response to this, Sir Syed called in and established the first All India
Muhammadan Educational Conference where he provided Muslims with a platform on which he
could discuss their political problems. He also became an instrument of leading the Aligarh
Movement to provide Western education to Muslim communities. [27] This led the establishment of
the Aligarh Muslim University (AMU) which became pivotal place of providing modern teachings
on science
and
technology,
modern
politics, law and justice, literature, history,
and
contemporary arts. Sir Syed's writings and scholar works played an important role in popularizing the
ideals for which the Aligarh stood whilst also helped to create cordial relations between the British
Crown and the Indian Muslims.[27] One of his biggest achievement was the removal of
misunderstandings about Islam and Christianity.[27] It was from this platform that Syed Ahmad Khan
strongly advised the Muslims against joining the Hindu dominated Congress and also promoted the
idea that Hindus and Muslims are two distinct nations. His writings, arguments, theory, and efforts
later conjoined and his idea was now popular as "Two-nation theory".[27] At the time of his death, Sir
Syed was now known as father of "Two-nation theory" and earned the title "Prophet of Education".[27]
The Aligarh movement and the two-nation theory provided the basis of the Pakistan Movement. With
the help of Sir Syed and Nawab Vakar-ul-Mulk, the All-India Muslim League(AIML) was founded in
1906, followed by the vision of Sir Mohammad Iqbal of a homeland for the Muslims floated in 1930,
on to the Pakistan Resolution of 1940, and the League gaining strength to finally attaining a separate
homeland for the Muslims of India.[28] After his death and the establishment of Pakistan, his name
continues to be extremely respected in Pakistan, even as of today; one of country's most notable
university is also named after him.[26]

Rise of organised movement and Muslims minority

In 1876, Queen Victoria took the additional title of Empress of India. Passed by the Queen, the 1833
act appointed Lord William Bentinck as Governor-General of British India. The success of All India
Muhammadan Educational Conference as a part of the Aligarh Movement, the All-India Muslim
League, was established with the support provided by Syed Ahmad Khan in 1906.[31] It was founded
in Dhaka in a response to reintegration of Bengal after a mass Hindu protest took place in the
subcontinent. Earlier in 1905, viceroy Lord Curzon partitioned the Bengal which was favored by the
Muslims, since it gave them a Muslim majority in the eastern half. [32]
In 1909, Lord Minto promulgated the Council Act and met with a Muslim delegation led by Aga Khan
III to meet with Viceroy Lord Minto, [33][34][35][36] a deal to which Minto agreed because it appeared to

assist the British divide and rulestrategy.[citation needed] The delegation consisted of 35 members, who each
represented their respective region proportionately, mentioned hereunder.
1. Sir Aga Khan III. (Head of the delegation); (Bombay).
2. Nawab Mohsin-ul-Mulk. (Aligarh).
3. Nawab Waqar-ul-Mulk. (Muradabad).
4. Maulvi Hafiz Hakim Ajmal Khan. (Delhi).
5. Maulvi Syed Karamat Husain. (Allahabad).
6. Maulvi Sharifuddin (Patna).
7. Nawab Syed Sardar Ali Khan (Bombay).
8. Syed Abdul Rauf. (Allahabad).
9. Maulvi Habiburrehman Khan. (Aligarh).
10.Sahibzada Aftab Ahmed Khan. (Aligarh).
11. Abdul Salam Khan. (Rampur).
12.Raees Muhammed Ahtasham Ali. (Lucknow)
13.Khan Bahadur Muhammad Muzammilullah Khan. (Aligarh).
14.Haji Muhammed Ismail Khan. (Aligarh).
15.Shehzada Bakhtiar Shah. (Calcutta).
16.Malik Umar Hayat Khan Tiwana. (Shahpur).
17.Khan Bahadur Muhammed Shah Deen. (Lahore).
18.Khan Bahadur Syed Nawab Ali Chaudhary. (Mymansingh).
19.Nawab Bahadur Mirza Shuja'at Ali Baig. (Murshidabad).
20.Nawab Nasir Hussain Khan Bahadur. (Patna).
21.Khan Bahadur Syed Ameer Hassan Khan. (Calcutta).
22.Syed Muhammed Imam. (Patna).

23.Nawab Sarfaraz Hussain Khan Bahadur. (Patna).

24.Maulvi Rafeeuddin Ahmed. (Bombay).
25.Khan Bahadur Ahmed Muhaeeuddin. (Madras).
26.Ibraheem Bhai Adamjee Pirbhai. (Bombay).
27.Maulvi Abdul Raheem. (Calcutta).
28.Syed Allahdad Shah. (Khairpur).
29.Maulana H. M. Malik. (Nagpur).
30.Khan Bahadur Col. Abdul Majeed Khan. (Patiala).
31.Khan Bahadur Khawaja Yousuf Shah. (Amritsar).
32.Khan Bahadur Mian Muhammad Shafi. (Lahore).
33.Khan Bahadur Shaikh Ghulam Sadiq. (Amritsar).
34.Syed Nabiullah. (Allahabad).
35.Khalifa Syed Muhammed Khan Bahadur. (Patna).[37]
The Muslim League's original goal was to define and protect the interests of
educated upper and gentry class of the Indian Muslims.[38] Its educational activities were based
onAMU, Calcutta University, and Punjab University; though its headquarter was in Lucknow.[38] British
thinker, John Locke's (16321704) ideas on liberty greatly influenced the political thinking behind the
party's movement.[38] It was the dissemination of western thought by John Locke, Milton and Thomas
Paine at the AMU that initiated the emergence of Muslim nationalism. [38] Sir Aga Khan III was
appointed its first and founding president; Ali Johar wrote party's first constitution.[38] Despite its
activism and educated mass, the party remained less influential in various areas as compared to
political movements such as Khaksars, Khudai Khidmatgar, Ahrar, and Hirat until the 1930s.
By the 1930s, Muhammad Iqbal had joined the party whose writings, speeches, philosophical ideas,
and his British education training played a crucial role in the expansion of the Muslim League.
[39]
Furthermore, Muslim League's pro-British stance, Jinnah, Ali Khan, and many other leaders
constitutional struggle for Muslim rights made it extremely popular party in the Muslim dominated
areas of the Subcontinent.[40] Furthermore, the success of Muslim League in 1934 elections in the
Muslim dominated areas played a crucial role in the split between the Muslim League and Congress
became apparent when Congress refused to join coalition administrations with the Muslim League in
areas with mixed religion.[40] The political scene was set that was to lead to post-1945 violence in
India.[40]

Political campaigns and support

Punjab
The Western Punjab had become a major center of activity of the Muslim League's pushed for
Pakistan Movement. On 29 December 1930, Sir Muhammad Iqbal delivered his monumental
presidential address to the All India Muslim League annual session held in Lahore. He said

I would like to see Punjab, North-West Frontier Province [now Khyber P

On 28 January 1933, Chaudhry Rehmat Ali, founder of Pakistan National Movement voiced his ideas
in the pamphlet entitled "Now or Never: Are We to Live or Perish Forever?" [53] In a subsequent book
Rehmat Ali discussed the etymology in further detail. [54] "Pakistan' is both a Persian and an Urdu
word. It is composed of letters taken from the names of all our South Asia homelands; that is,
Punjab, Afghania, Kashmir, Sindh and Balochistan. It means the land of the Pure".
In 1940 Muslim League conference in Lahore in 1940, Jinnah said: "Hindus and the Muslims belong
to two different religions, philosophies, social customs and literature.... It is quite clear that Hindus
and Muslims derive their inspiration from different sources of history. They have different epics,
different heroes and different episodes.... To yoke together two such nations under a single state,
one as a numerical minority and the other as a majority, must lead to growing discontent and final
destruction of any fabric that may be so built up for the government of such a state." [55] At Lahore
the Muslim League formally recommitted itself to creating an independent Muslim state, including
Sindh, Punjab, Baluchistan, the North West Frontier Province and Bengal, that would be "wholly
autonomous and sovereign". The resolution guaranteed protection for non-Muslim religions.
The Lahore Resolution, moved by the sitting Chief Minister of Bengal A. K. Fazlul Huq, was adopted
on 23 March 1940, and its principles formed the foundation for Pakistan's first constitution. Talks
between Jinnah and Gandhi in 1944 in Bombay failed to achieve agreement. This was the last
attempt to reach a single-state solution.[56]
In the 1940s, Jinnah emerged as a leader of the Indian Muslims and was popularly known as Quaide-Azam (Great Leader). The general elections held in 1945 for theConstituent Assembly of British
Indian Empire, the Muslim League secured and won 425 out of 496 seats reserved for Muslims (and
about 89.2% of Muslim votes) on a policy of creating an independent state of Pakistan, and with an
implied threat of secession if this was not granted. The Congress which was led
by Gandhi and Nehru remained adamantly opposed to dividing India. The partition seems to have
been inevitable after all, one of the examples being Lord Mountbatten's statement on Jinnah: "There
was no argument that could move him from his consuming determination to realize the impossible
dream of Pakistan."[57]
The Western Punjab was home to a small minority population of Punjabi Sikhs and Hindus up to
1947 apart from the Muslim majority.[58] In 1947, the Punjab Assembly cast its vote in favor of
Pakistan with supermajority rule, which made many minority Hindus and Sikhs migrated
to India while Muslim refugees from India settled in the Western Punjab and across Pakistan.[59]

Sindh
The local leaders and Sindhi nationalists never submitted to British crown, and the Hurs led by
Sindhi nationalist, Pir Pagara-I has fought against the British forces in 1857.[60] After Western Punjab,
Sindh had been an influential and ideological place of Muslim League, since theJinnah family were
hailed from Karachi.[61] When the support for Pakistan Movement reached to Sindh, it became an
important center of activities during the Khilafat Movement.[61] These activities led Sindh to be
separated from the Bombay Presidency when the Muslim Leaguepassed a resolution in 1925 urging
separation of Sindh.[61] Furthermore, Sindh was also a birth place of Muhammad Ali Jinnah who had
spent his teenage years in Karachi.[60]
A convention held by Muslim League in 1938, the Muslim League devised a scheme of constitution
under which Muslims may attain full independence. [60] It was the province of Sindh which first
adopted the resolution for an independent Muslim state. [61] The Muslim League had secured an
exclusive mandate of Sindh during the general elections held in 1945. The Muslim majority in Sindh
was in support of the policy and the programme of the Muslim League as the Muslim League had
good equation with the Sindhi nationalists.[61]
Sindhi nationalist leader, G. M. Syed, who reaffirmed his role as one of the leading figure in the
movement.[60] His role as founding father and key role in the Muslim League, G. M. Syed proposed
the 1940 Pakistan Resolution in the Sindh Assembly, which ultimately resulted in the creation of
Pakistan.[61] On 26 June 1947, the special session held in Sindh Assembly decided to join the new
Pakistan Constituent Assembly. Thus, Sindh became the first province to opt for Pakistan.

Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
Unlike Punjab, Balochistan, and Sindh, the Muslim League had little support in Khyber
Pakhtunkhwa where Congress and thePashtun nationalist Abdul Ghaffar Khan had considerable
support for the cause of the Independent India.[62][63] Abdul Ghaffar Khan(also known as Bacha Khan)
initiated a Kudai Kidmatgar movement and dubbed himself as "Frontier Gandhi" due to his efforts
in following in the foot steps of Gandhi.[63]
Alongside, another movement, known as Red Sirts (now known as Awami National Party) and the
people
of
the Khyber-Pakhtunkhwainterpreted
their
program
in
their
own
way.
For Pashtun intelligentsia, the Red Sirts political program was based on the promotion ofPashtun
culture and
elimination
of
non-Pashtun influence
in
the their
province.[64] For Islamic
hardliners and Ulemas, their program was mainly Anti-British and their religious stand became a
cause of attraction for the poor peasants which meant to check economic oppression of the Britishappointed political agents.[64] Furthermore, the strong emphasis on Pashtun identity created by Bacha
Khan made it extremely difficult for Muslim League's support for the Pakistan Movement. The Red
Shirts and the Congress were able to contain the Muslim League to non-Pashtun regions, such
as Hazara Division and Attock District.[64]
The Red Shirts membership rose to about 200,000 activists, which shows its fame and popularity.
[64]
The Kudai Kidmatgar, Red Shirts, and Bacha Khan himself joined hands with
the Congress against the Pakistan Movement.[64] During the 1945 general elections, the Muslim

League could only managed to win 17 seats against Congress who secured 30 seats. The Muslim
League was highly benefited with its activists who played crucial role in gathering support for the
Pakistan Movement, specifically Jalal-u-din Baba, an ethinc Hazara. His strong activism with
the Muslim League captured a strong mandate of Hazara District and Attock District.[64] Many
activists, such as Roedad Khan, Ghulam Ishaq,Sartaj Aziz, and Abdul Qayyum Khan, helped up
lifted the cause and image of the Muslim League in the province.[64] Finally, a referendum was held in
1946 to decide the fate of the NWFP as to whether the people of the NWFP ( now KhyberPakhtunkhwa) want to vote for Pakistan or India. In this refrendum, majority of vote was cast in favor
of Pakistan , despite Bacha Khan wanting to accede with India.[64]
It is well documented when the Congress accepted the referendum without consulting the Kudai
Kidmatgar, Bacha Khan told the Congress "you have thrown us to the wolves." [65] The spirit of
the Kudai Kidmatgar movement took its last breath when it was proclaimed as a political party
after the creation of Pakistan.[64] The aims and objectives were changed and gradually people lost
their interest in the movement.[64]

Balochistan
he province of Balochistan had mainly consisted of Nawabs and local princely states, under
the British Indian Empire.[66] Three of these states willingly joined with Pakistan when the referendum
was held in 1947 at the Balochistan Assembly.[66] However, the Khan of Kalat chose independence
as this was one of the options given to all of the 535 princely states (out of which 534 accede with
Pakistan) by British Prime Minister Clement Attlee.[67]
However, "Nehru persuaded Mountbatten to force the leaders of the princely states to decide
whether to join India or Pakistan", [67] and hence independence "was not an option". [67] Nehru later
went on to annex other princely states like Hyderabad with military force. [67]The Muslim League's
Pakistan Movement programme was generally supported by the people of Baluchistan. [68] One of its
leader and founding father of Pakistan, Jafar Khan Jamali (whose nephew later became the Prime
Minister of Pakistan in 2002) was an important and key figure of the Muslim League.[68] Jafar Khan
Jamali's heavily lobbying for Balochistan to accede with Pakistan highly benefited the Muslim
League.[68] Another influential Baloch figure was Akbar Bugti who well received Jinnah who came to
visit Balochistan.[69]
Bugti was a staunch supporter and loaylist of Jinnah who played crucial role in supporting the idea of
Pakistan in Baluchistan.[69]Another young activist, Mir Hazar, helped initiate student rallies and public
support for Pakistan Movement in Balochistan. [70][71] In 2013, Mir Hazar Khoso, who noted and
described Jinnah as his inspiration, also became Prime Minister of Pakistan in 2013.[70][71] In 1947,
the Balochistan Assembly passed the resolution and cast its vote in favor of Pakistan, with a majority
approving the accession with Pakistan.[66]

Other regions
Although, Jinnah, Iqbal and other Founding Fathers of Pakistan were initially struggling for the
independence
of Four
Provinces to
create
a nation-state, Pakistan.[12] The
concept
and phenomenon of Pakistan Movement was highly popular in the East Bengal, which was also the

birthplace of the Muslim League, in the 1940s.[12] The Muslim League's notable statesman and
activists were hailed from the East Bengal, including Husyen Suhrawardy, Nazimuddin, and Nurul
Amin, who later became Prime ministers of Pakistan in the successive periods of Pakistan.
[72]
Following the partition of Bengal, the violence erupted in the region, which mainly maintained
toKolkata and Noakhali.[73] It is documented by the historians of Pakistan that Huseyn
Suhrawardy wanted Bengal to be an independent state that would neither join Pakistan or India but
to be remained unpartitioned.[74] Despite the heavy criticism from the Muslim League, Jinnah realized
the validity of Suhrawardy's argument gave his tacit support to the Bengal's plan for independence. [75]
[76][77]
However, the plan failed after a successful involvement of Congress in Western Bengali;
therefore the Muslim-majority Eastern Bengalwas left no choice but to became a part of Pakistan.[78]
During the Pakistan Movement in the 1940s, Rohingya Muslims in western Burma had an ambition
to annexe and merge their region into East-Pakistan.[79] Before the independence of Burma in
January 1948, Muslim leaders from Arakan addressed themselves toJinnah, the founder of Pakistan,
and asked his assistance in annexing of the Mayu region to Pakistan which was about to be formed.
[79]
Two months later, North Arakan Muslim League was founded in Akyab (modern: Sittwe, capital of
Arakan State), it, too demanding annexation to Pakistan.[79] However, it is noted that the proposal
was never materialised after it was reportedly turned down by Jinnah.[79]
In 1947, another armed revolution took place in Jammu and Kashmir over the issue of referendum to
either join India or Pakistan.[80] Kashmir's Sikh maharaja, Hari Singh, fearing the lost of control
requested the Indian intervention in Kashmir.[81] The conflict remained stalemate as the "Line of
Control" became the permanent border of both countries. [82]The Western Kashmir acceded
with Pakistan while the Eastern Kashmir acceded with India in 194748.[83]

Conclusion
Sir Syed Ahmad Khan (18171898) philosophical ideas plays a direct role in the Pakistan
Movement.[38] His Two-Nation Theorybecame more and more obvious during the Congress rule in the
Subcontinent.[84] In 1946, the Muslim majorities agreed to the idea of Pakistan, as a response to
Congress's one sided policies,[84][85] which were also the result of leaders like Jinnah leaving the party
in favour of Muslim League,[86] winning in seven of the 11 provinces. Prior to 1938, Bengal with 33
million Muslims had only ten representatives, less than the United Provinces of Agra and Oudh,
which were home to only seven million Muslims. Thus the creation of Pakistan became inevitable
and the British had no choice but to create two separate nations Pakistan and India in 1947.[87][88]
[89][90]

But the main motivating and integrating factor was that the Muslims' intellectual class wanted
representation; the masses needed a platform on which to unite. [38] It was the dissemination of
western thought by John Locke, Milton and Thomas Paine, at the Aligarh Muslim University that
initiated
the
emergence
of
Pakistan
Movement. [38] According
to Pakistan
[91]
Studies curriculum, Muhammad bin Qasim is often referred to as the first Pakistani. Muhammad
Ali Jinnah also acclaimed the Pakistan movement to have started when the first Muslim put a foot in
the Gateway of Islam.[92]

After the independence in 1947, the violence and upheavals continued to be faced by Pakistan,
as Liaquat Ali Khan becoming the Prime Minister of Pakistan in 1947.[93] The issueinvolving the equal
status of Urdu and Bengali languages created divergence in the country's political ideology. [17] Need
for good governance led to the military take over in 1958 which was followed by
rapid industrialization in the 1960s.[93] Economic grievances and unbalanced financial payments led
to a bloody and an armed struggle of East Pakistan in the 1970s, in which eventually resulted
with East Pakistan becoming Bangladesh in 1971.[17]
Realizing the problems and causes of the East Pakistan's separation led another nationalist subset
to work on the more reform constitution that guaranteed equals rights in the country. [20] Much
of Islamic texture and basic rights defined by Holy Quran were inserted in the Constitution of
Pakistan in 1973; the year when the Constitution of Pakistan was promulgated.[20] In the successive
periods of tragedy of East-Pakistan, the country continued to rebuild and reconstruct itself in terms
constitutionally and its path to transformed into republicanism.[14] After 1971 catastrophic episode,
Pakistan's phase shift to parliamentary republicanism and the gradually increasing
in democracy caused an upheaval of traditional social hierarchy and gave birth to the ethic that has
formed a core of political values in Pakistan. [20] The XIII amendment (1997) and XVIII amendment
(2010) transformed the country into becoming a parliamentary republic as well as also becoming
a nuclear power in the subcontinent.[19]

Non-Muslims contribution and efforts

innah's vision was supported by few of the Hindus, Sikhs, Parsis, Jews and Christians that lived in
Muslim-dominated regions of undivided India. [94][95] The most notable and influential Hindu figure in the
Pakistan Movement was Jogendra Nath Mandal from Bengal. Jagannath Azad was from the Urduspeaking belt.[96] Mandal represented the Hindu contingent calling for an independent Pakistan, and
was one of the founding-fathers of Pakistan. [94] After the independence, Mandal was given ministries
of Law, Justice, andWork-Force by Jinnah in Liaquat Ali Khan's government.[94] He, however, realised
his folly in 1950, when some lower caste Hindus were died in clases in East Bengal, generating a
wave of refugees to India. He himself fled to India and submitted his resignation to Liaquat Ali Khan,
the then-Prime Minister of Pakistan. Another person, Zafarullah Khan who was an Ahmedi who
stood with Jinnah.
Some local Christians also stood behind Jinnah's vision, playing a pivotal role in the movement.
[97]
The notable Christians included Sir Victor Turner and Alvin Robert Cornelius.[98]Turner was
responsible for the economic, financial planning of the country after the independence. [98] Turner was
among one of the founding fathers [98] of Pakistan, and guided Jinnah and Ali Khan on economic
affairs, taxation and to handle the administrative units. [98] Alvin Robert Cornelius was elevated as
Chief Justice of Lahore High Court bench by Jinnah and served as Law Secretary in Liaquat Ali
Khan's government.[98] The Hindu, Christian, and Parsi communities also played their due role for the
development of Pakistan soon after its creation. [97]

As an example or inspiration
The cause of Pakistan Movement became an inspiration in different countries of the world.
Protection of one's beliefs, equal rights, and liberty were incorporated in the state's constitution.
Arguments presented by Ali Mazrui pointed out that the South Sudan's movement led to the partition

of the Sudan into Sudan proper, which is primarily Muslim, and South Sudan, which is primarily
Christian and animistic

Memory and legacy

The Pakistan Movement has a central place in Pakistan's memory.[100] The founding story of Pakistan
Movement is not only covered in the school and universities textbooks but also in innumerable
monuments.[101] Almost all key events are covered in Pakistan's textbooks, literature, and novels as
well.[101] Thus, Fourteenth of August is one of major and most celebrated national day in Pakistan.
[102]
To many authors and historians, Jinnah's legacy is Pakistan.[103]
The Minar-e-Pakistan is a monument which has attracted ten thousand visitors. [104] The Minar-ePakistan still continues to project the memory to the people to remember the birth of Pakistan.
[104]
Jinnah's estates in Karachi and Ziarat has attracted thousands visitors. [105]
Historian of Pakistan, Vali Nasr, argues that the Islamic universalism had became a main source of
Pakistan Movement that shaped patriotism, meaning, and nation's birth. [10] To many Pakistanis,
Jinnah's role is viewed as a modern Moses-like leader;[106] whilst many other founding fathers of the
nation-state also occupies extremely respected place in the hearts of the people of Pakistan