UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA PERAK

FACULTY OF ARCHITECTURE, PLANNING & SURVEYING

DEPARTMENT OF BUILDING
BUILDING SERVICES ENGINEERING I
DBG 213
AAP 116
ASSIGNMENT : COLD & HOT WATER SUPPLY

PREPARED BY :
NAME
NOR FIRDAUS AFIQ BIN NORZIAN
MUHAMMAD NUR SHAFIQ BIN MESRAN
MUHAMMAD NAIM BIN MOHD RAMLI
MUHAMMAD FARID BIN AZMI
MUHAMMAD FAREZ AMRI BIN ROSLAN
MUHAMMAD ZAID BIN ISMAIL

MATRIC NUMBER
2013121433
2013784679
2013109367
2013569773
2013331411
2013756753

GROUP

: AAP116 ( 3A)

LECTURER NAME

: PN NURUL HUDA BINTI ABDUL HADI

TABLE OF CONTENT

N
O
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0

CONTENT
Chapter 1
Chapter 2 : Theoretical Review
Chapter 3 : Case Study
Conclusion
References
Appendix

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

PAGE

We would like to express our gratitude towards everybody that have be co-operation and
encouragement with helps us in completing of this report. However, it would not have been
possible without the kind support and helps of many individuals. We would like to extend our
sincere thanks to all of them.
In performing our report, we had to take the help and guideline of some respected persons,
who deserve our greatest gratitude. The completion of this report gives us much pleasure. We
would like to show our gratitude Puan Nurul Huda Binti Abdul Hadi who are lecturer the
subject of Building Services Engineering (DBG 213) for giving us a good guideline for report
throughout numerous consultations. We would also like to expand our deepest gratitude to all
those who have directly and indirectly guided us in writing this report.
Last but not least , thanks to our classmates and team members itself, have made valuable
comment suggestions on this report which gave us an inspiration to improve our report. We
thank all the people for their help directly and indirectly to complete our report. We hope that
this report can be a stepping stone for us to understand better the Building Services
Engineering in Malaysia or oversea standards and thus preparing for the coming final exam.

CHAPTER 1.0

1.1 INTRODUCTION

Firstly , It is a necessity not only for domestic uses but also for commercial uses such as in
hotels and hospitals. Hence, functional cold and hot water system is essential to meet the
needs of different buildings from residential houses to high rise buildings.
There are many different types of cold or hot water supply systems which can be separated
into two main categories such as localised and centralised system. These both systems are the
methods they distribute the water and are then branched out to meet each personalised
requirements. Localised system is mainly for domestic use which emphasise more on its
small-scaled instantaneous yet affordable heating system. On the other hand, centralised
system has an advantage of having a large storage to accommodate its huge demand while
having efficient pipework to deliver to each drawing-point. It also have direct and indirect
system for cold and hot water supply.
Finally, the awareness of going green has gradually become more wide-spread. These
methods have their own specialised for example like design , services , function and another
else.

1.2 OBJECTIVE

Furthermore, the site visit was carried out in order to completing the objectives below:
i.
ii.
iii.

To identify the type of system that used in the cold and hot water supply in hotel.
To study basic on the operation and maintenance of cold and hot water supply
equipment.
To study the problems and solutions in hotel.

1.3 SCOPE OF STUDY

The location of study at M.S. GARDEN HOTEL KUANTAN , Lot 5 & 10, Lorong Gambut,
Off Jalan Beserah , 25300 Kuantan , Pahang Darul Makmur. Then, to study the factor that be
considered when determining the suitable type for the hotel. For examples , required
consumption, peak demands, operation, required storage capacity, insulation of pipework and
further action that has been minimise future problems. In addition, there are some advantages
and disadvantages in using indirect cold and hot water supply. For examples , separate circuit
for the water drawn off at taps, used in hard water areas to prevent scaling of pipes, used
when heating is combined with the system and less maintenance cost.

Figure 1.3.1 : Location ( Street Map )

1.4 METHODOLOGY

The research of hot and cold water system has been done by using all of this method;
1. REFERENCES
Information from internet that has been used is htttp://www.hse.gov.uk/legionnaires/hot-andcold.htm, http://www.terreal.com.my/faq.php?id=92 and http://msgarden.com.my/. There are
the references that have been used to get more information about this method.

2. OBSERVATION
In the observation, down feed distribution is the system that the building use. There are water
storage tank placed on the roof level. Besides, there are solar water heater system placed on
the roof level. M.S. Garden Hotel use solar water heater as the hot water supply connect to all
essential parts of the hotel. Hot water is necessary to bathroom, kitchen and utility area of the
building.

3. SITE VISIT
The site visit has been done on Saturday, 21 February 2015 with the cooperation of M.S.
Garden Hotel. The building placed at Lot 5&10, Lorong Gambut, Jalan Beserah, 25300,
Kuantan, Pahang Darul Makmur. Besides, the building was at the middle of Kuantan City,
surrounded with other high rise building. The

4. INTERVIEW
The interview has been done with En. Hazman Bin Kadir, Chief Maintenance of M.S. Garden
Hotel. En. Hazman are very kind and helpfull person. There are a lot of information in doing
the research of hot and cold water system with this method.

CHAPTER 2.0 : THEORETICAL REVIEW

2.1 INTRODUCTION OF HOT & COLD WATER SUPPLY

2.1.1 Hot Water Supply

In a centralised system, the water is heated in the storage vessel and boiler that is located in an
appropriate position of the building. The water is fed to and fro from the boiler by what it is
called as primary flow and return pipes. This water circulates throughout the whole system by
convection or the aid of circulating pumps. Moreover, the temperature of the water stored
inside the storage vessel should not exceed 60C. If the temperature drops below 60C, health
issues will arise as Legionella bacterias survival time increases. An easy way to eliminate this
risk is to install a thermostat to monitor its temperature. the water in a centralised system is
heated in a hot storage vessel, a boiler or a small gas circulator. They are connected by supply
pipework and circulatory pipework. The instruments are placed in a position where it is able
to reach to every draw-off points of the building through a system of pipework. There are two
type of system such as direct and indirect hot water system. (Burberry. P, 1997).
A source of hot water for residences and public and industrial enterprises to satisfy domestic
and production needs; also, the complex of equipment and structures that provide it. Hot
water supply systems consist of heat sources, water treatment apparatus, water heaters,
pipelines to transport the water, and devices to regulate and control the waters temperature.
(Greeno.R., 1997 )
To prevent cooling of the water in hot water supply delivery pipelines, a constant circulation
is maintained during low-demand periods with the help of so-called circulation pipelines. In
baths and showers there are heaters connected to the circulating system; with these the rooms
are warmed and the towels are dried. In a local hot water supply system, the water heaters are
installed right at the locations where the hot water will be used (baths, showers, washing
machines, production equipment) and are heated by the burning of fuel (gaseous, liquid, or
solid) or electric power. These devices usually require considerable expenditures of time and
labor for servicing and, as a rule, do not operate continuously. ( Klien. G, 2005 )

The delivery of hot water to faucets, showers, clothes washers, dishwashers, and other hot
water-using products in the typical home is an important driver in the water use profile of that

home. In some homes, the design of the plumbing system is such that water is wasted while
the user is waiting for hot water to arrive at the end fixture. This waste may be avoidable with
a properly designed plumbing system. In new homes, the emphasis is upon structured
plumbing, while in older homes (where it is usually not cost-effective to install a new
structured plumbing system), certain add-on pieces of equipment can sometimes be
installed to reduce water waste.( Blower, G. J. , 2002a )
2.1.2 Cold Water Supply
Under the Water Supply ( Water Fittings ) Regulations 1999 every dwelling is required to
have a wholesome water supply and this should be provided in sufficient quantities for the
needs of the user and at a temperature below 20 C . They may be occasions during summer
months when mains water could rise as high as 25 C. Precautions should be taken to amke
sure that this temperature is not exceeded. Water may be supplied to cold taps either directly
from the mains via the supplly pipe or indirectly from a protected cold water storage cistern.
In some case a combination of both methods of supply may be the best arrangement. A supply
direct from the mains is preferred because water quality from storage cannot be guaranteed.
However , pressure reliability of the mains supply should be considered especially where
connections are made near to the ends of distributing mains. Where constant supply pressure
may be a problem , storage should be considered. There are two type of system of cold water
such as direct and indirect water supply system.(Greeno.R., 1997 )

2.2 HISTORY

Though not very popular in North America, another type of water heater developed in Europe
predated the storage model. In London, England, in 1868, a painter named Benjamin Waddy
Maughan invented the first instantaneous domestic water heater that didn't use solid fuel.[4]
Named the geyser after an Icelandic gushing hot spring, Maughan's invention made cold
water at the top flow through pipes that were heated by hot gases from a burner at the bottom.
Hot water then flowed into a sink or tub. The invention was somewhat dangerous because
there was no flue to remove heated gases from the bathroom. A water heater is still sometimes
called ageyser in the UK. The terms electric water boiler, electric dispensing pot or electric
water urn are also commonly used there.(Mammothplumbing.posterous.com, n.d. )
Maughn's invention influenced the work of a Norwegian mechanical engineer named Edwin
Ruud. The first automatic, storage tank-type gas water was invented around 1889 by Ruud
after he immigrated to Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (US). The Ruud Manufacturing Company,
still in existence today, made many advancements in tank-type and tankless water heater
design and operation.(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki, n.d. )

2.3 TYPE OF COMPONENT

Components and symbols used in this book, where possible based on those given in BS 1192 :
Part 3. However, there are many components not included in BS 1192, so symbol from others
sources have been used. In plumbing system coponents have pipe, vavle, meter, pump, auto
pneumatic pressure vessel, tap, water storage tank and water heater. ( Gareth R.H , 2000 )

Figure 2.3.1 : Flow Chart Operation Of Cold And Hot Water Supply (http://visual.merriamwebster.com, n.d.)

Figure 2.3.2 : Flow Chart Process Of Cold And Hot Water Supply
(http://www.processwatercirculationsystem , n.d. )

Figure 2.3.3 : Graphical symbol and abbreviations (continue)

Table 2.3.3 : Component Of Cold And Hot Water Supply ( Gareth R.H , 2000 )

CHAPTER 3.0 : CASE STUDY

3.1 INTRODUCTION
The location of the case study at M.S. GARDEN HOTEL KUANTAN , PAHANG. The
building is newly renovated. The accommodations of hotel is a choice of 204 contemporary
designed and elegantly furnished spacious guestrooms including 117 Deluxe, 49 Family
Deluxe, 30 Executive Suites, 4 Premier Suite and a luxurious Penthouse . Guestrooms are
large and spacious ranging from 30 sq meters onwards which are comfortably spaced out
between the Hotels Tower and Podium Blocks. Then , 15 -storey Tower Block houses 50
rooms including the Penthouse while the balance of 152 rooms are located at the 5-storey
podium Block.

Figure 3.1.1 : View Infront Of The Hotel

The expansion tank capacity is about 23 000 litres water.The type of services used in the hotel
is indirect system.
Beside that , for the cold water supply this system is all the sanitary fittings except drinking
water offs at sinks and fountains from cold water storage cistern. It supply cold water to
baths, basin, showers and feeds the hot water cylinder. Then, the capacity in litres will be
approximately double that required for direct system. It must follow the Water Requlations
require a cistern of 227 litres minimum capacity and will have to be accommodated in the
roof space then will require lagging. Therefore, it not always possible at the early design stage
to know the exact the number of people that will occupy the building. So, the solution is
calculate the number and type of sanitary fittings are known.
In addition , hot water supply is used in temporary hard water disticts or when heating. It used
indirect cylinder which this every pipe connection to the boilers must be provided with valves
for isolating purposes. There are three way vent valves will ensure the boilers are open to
atmosphere at all times. Thus , it avoid the risk of an explosion at the hotel. Then, the
calorifiers may be sited at various strategic points in the building and must close to the
various hot water draw off points. Each floor is zone with valves because if a repair on one
floor may be carried out without draining to the whole of the secondary pipework. This may
provide a supply of hot water at all times and in order to accomplish when the boilers is
shutting down.
Then , the hotel used solar system. This system is made up of feed and expansion cistern, hotwater cylinder and solar panel.Solar panel (Solar collector) is installed at the roof to collect
sufficient amount of solar energy for water heating. Its be save the electricity and also the
money for paid the high of billing. The hotel also have a addition tank for emergency happen
to used it.
Finally , the water storage heater which is located above the ceiling of the bathroom. Each of
these water storage heaters has the capacity of 135 litre and each hotel room is allocated with
one. The hotel must compared it with the standard 60-70 litre domestic water heater that can
be found in residential areas to show how high the hot water supply hotels require to maintain
its business flow. By then, it can safely deduce that the system this hotel uses is localized
instantaneous water storage heater powered by electricity.

3.2 THE OPERATION OF BUILDING SERVICES

ITEMS

FIGURE

OPERATION
Temperature of solar collector is

Solar system

about 10oC higher than the water

temperature in the storage tank,
the circulation pumps will be
switched on and the pumps will
be

switched

off

when

the

temperature difference is around

5oC.

The hot water from the storage

tank will flow into existing hot
water generators and will be
discharged to the existing hot

Expansion
Tank

ITEMS

FIGURE

water piping system.

Install the panel at the roof top.

The expansion tank will allow

the water to heat exchangers.

The capacity of tank is 24 000

litres.
Have 2 tank on the roof top.
Intallation of tank at roof top.

OPERATION
To flows the water to storage

Circulation

tank and supply the water to

Pump

whole of the hotel faster.

Increase the poor water supply.

Meter to know the pressure of

water is supply.
Combine
meter

for

two

circulation pump.
Meter Pump

Supply the water for each room

or place in the hotel.

Flow the water correctly with

Hot & Cold

Water Storage

the system have been done.

Ball Valve

Control the water flow to water

storage and flushing cistern.

Automatically shut off the
supply when reached corect
water level

ITEM
Heat

FIGURE

OPERATION

It produce the heat of water to

Pump

uses in the hotel.

The pump will increase the

pressure of hot water.

Each unit has a capacity of
producing around 2,000 Liter
of hot water at50oCper unit.

Heat

To control the heat of water

flow.
Set the meter with suitable

temperature.
It be adjustable meter reading.

The room that heating the

water from storage.

It be supply to all the uses.
Must be precaution when enter

Pump
Meter

Boiler
Room

this room.

ITEM
ABS

and

FIGURE

OPERATION

The blue ABS pipe

Copper

which

carries

cold

Pipes

water.
The copper pipe which

carries hot water.

The pipe will supply
the water every draw
off points in the room.

Hot

and

The

from roof to each room.

The hot and cold water

be supply.
The uses can used it.

Its located at the infront

of the hotel.
Measured bulk flows of

Cold Tap

Bulk Meter

finally

process

cold potable water for

revenue billing.
Then, its distibution
system monitoring.

3.3 BUILDING BY LAW OR LOCAL AUTHORITIES REGULATION

3.3.1 BUILDING BY LAW 1984

123. PIPES AND SERVICE DUCTS

1.Where ducts or enclosure are provide are in any building to accommodate pipes, cable or
conduits the dimensions of such ducts or enclosure shall beAdequate for the accommodation of the pipes, cables or conduits and for crossings of
branches and main together with support and fixing.
Sufficiently large to permit access to cleaning eyes, stop cocks and other control there to
enable repairs, extension and modification to be made to each or all of the services
accommodated.
2. The access openings to ducts or enclosure shall be long enough anf suitably placed to
enable lengths of pipe to be installed and removed.
3.3.2 WATER SUPPLY (WATER FITTINGS) REGULATION 1999.
WARNING AND OVERFLOW PIPES
G16.8 All cisterns, except automatically operated urinal flushing cisterns, should be provided
with a warning pipe, or some other no less effective device, installed in such a manner that it
discharges immediately the water in a cistern reaches the defined overflowing level. Where an
alternative no less effective device is installed instead of a warning pipe, an overflow pipe
should also be installed. The outlet end of a warning or overflow pipe is not to be at a higher
level than the inlet end; it should be installed on a downward inclined plane, and not
comprise, include, or have connected to it, any flexible hose.
G16.9 Warning or overflow pipes from any cistern should not be installed to discharge into
any other cistern.
G16.10 A warning/overflow pipe should be not less than 19 mm internal diameter, but the
actual internal diameter of the pipe(s) installed should be capable of taking any possible flow
in the pipe arising from any failure of the inlet valve.

G16.11 When determining the size of an overflow pipe account should be taken of any insect
or vermin screen installed, which may reduce the nominal flow capacity of the overflow pipe.

G16.12 When two or more cisterns have a common warning pipe the pipework should be
arranged so that the overflow from any cistern cannot enter another. The location of the
cistern overflowing must be readily identifiable and the discharge should be in a conspicuous
position.
COLD WATER STORAGE CISTERNS
G16.13 Cisterns storing water for domestic purposes should be watertight and, where
required, be lined or coated with a suitable impermeable material; they shall be provided with
warning and overflow connections, as appropriate, which are so constructed and arranged as
to exclude insects. They should have a rigid, close fitting and securely fixed cover which is
not airtight but which excludes light and insects from the cistern; be made of a material or
materials which do not shatter or fragment when broken and which will not contaminate any
water which condenses on its underside; and, in the case of a cistern storing more than 1,000
litres of water, be constructed so that the cistern may be inspected and cleansed without it
having to be wholly uncovered.
G16.14 Every cistern should be adequately supported to avoid distortion or damage and only
installed in a place or position where the inside may be readily inspected and cleansed, and
any float-operated valve or other controls may be readily installed, repaired, renewed or
adjusted.
TEMPERATURE OF HOT WATER WITHIN A STORAGE SYSTEM.
G18.1 Irrespective of the type of fuel used for heating, the temperature of the water at any
point within a hot water storage system should not exceed 100C and appropriate vent pipes,
temperature control devices and other safety devices should be provided to prevent this
occurring.

HOT WATER DISTRIBUTION TEMPERATURE.

G18.2 Hot water should be stored at a temperature of not less than 60oC and distributed at a
temperature of not less than 55C. This water distribution temperature may not be achievable
where hot water is provided by instantaneous or combination boilers.
G18.3 The maintenance of acceptable water temperatures may be achieved by efficient
routing of pipes, reducing the lengths of pipes serving individual appliances and the
application of good insulation practices to minimise freezing of cold water pipes and to
promote energy conservation for hot water pipes. For references, see Comments and
Recommendations of Clause 2.6.4 of BS 6700.
VENT PIPES.
but not less than 19 mm internal diameter. They may terminate over their respective cold
water feed and expansion cisterns, or elsewhere providing there is a physical air gap, at least
equivalent to the size of the vent pipe, above the top of the warning pipe, or overflow if there
is one, at the point of termination.
G20.2 Vent pipes from hot water secondary storage systems should be of adequate size but
not less than 19 mm internal diameter and be insulated against freezing.
G20.3 Where vent pipes, from either a primary or secondary system, terminate over their
respective cold water feed cisterns, they should rise to a height above the top water level in
the cistern sufficient to prevent any discharge occurring under normal operating conditions.
EXPENSION AND SAFETY DEVICE.
G22.1 Expansion valves, temperature relief valves or combined temperature and pressure
relief valves connected to any fitting or appliance should close automatically after an
operational discharge of water and be watertight when closed.
G22.2 Expansion valves should comply with BS 6283: Part 1. They should be fitted on the
supply pipe close to the hot water vessel and without any intervening valves, and only
discharge water when subjected to a water pressure of not less than 0.5 bar (50 kPa) above the
pressure to which the hot water vessel is, or is likely to be, subjected to in normal operation.

3.4 PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS

PROBLEMS

SOLUTIONS

Leaks

Leakages in boilers and pipes happen

due to the corrosion of pipes and

These boilers and pipes should be

regularly checked every 15-20 years

problems in the boiler limit control.

Back siphonage

This phenomenon occurs due to the

The solution is measures such as air

excessive demand of water by user or

gap to separate supply pipework from

when there is water supply failure.

The risks of back siphonage are

the installation pipework.

contamination risk, health risk and

water quality affecting risk.
Poor water flow

Air locks, clogged pipes, mineral

The larger cold feed pipe can be

clogging in the water tank or tankless

inserted or the storage cistern can be

coil or insufficient water supply and

raised so that the pressure of water

even air drawn through the ventcause

flow will increase.

poor flow of water in the hot water

services.

PROBLEMS
Noises

SOLUTIONS

These noises occur due fluctuations in

These pipes will need to be descaled

or replaced with new pipes.

Pipes should not be in direct contact

with building structure.

Use rubber insulated clips to clip

overpipes.
Design suitable size of pipework to

velocity of water flow which causes

the pipes to vibrate and make
knocking or hammering sounds
then occurs in metal pipes but it can

also happen in plastic pipes.

Noises are one of the main defects in

avoid excessive velocity water

boilers.
Insufficient Hot Water

Lack of hot water supply from

unsuitable size of hot water cylinder

Need to be checked regularly.

Replace with new.

or boiler excessive primary flow and

return pipes, and leakages.

Due to mineral deposits and blockage
in a hot water tank

4.0 CONCLUSION
In conclusion able to determine the types of systems in cold and hot water services and
understand the differences between each system. Then, the installation and requirements of
the different types of cold and hot water supply system. Besides that, able to study the
problems and solutions that may be encountered in cold and hot water supply system.

Knowledge of the benefits and problems can help to determine how to choose the right water
supply system which is to be installed in a particular building. Hence, it also enables to
determine how to properly maintainenace the system so that can avoid and prevent problems
in the system .There have a better, functional and long-term hot water supply system. As the
technology is improving, able to identify several improvements that could be made to cold
and hot water supply system in order to enhance the system and eliminate or reduce
problems in the system. Then, the advantages of uses the solar system in hot water supply can
reduce the cost of billing the electricity.
The opportunity to M.S. GARDEN HOTEL as a part of the case study. From this case study,
were able to understand how does an instantaneous water supply looks like and also where it
could be located in building. This case study enabled to understand better about the
application of different types of

cold and hot water supply system according to the

requirements of the building.

5.0 REFERENCES
5.1 Greeno, R. (1997). Building Sevices, Technology and Design. England: Pearson
Education Limited.
5.2 Blower, G. J. (2002a). Plumbing Mechanical Services Book One. 4th ed. England:
Pearson Education Limited.

5.3 History of Cold Water Supply Cistern. (n.d.). Retrieved February 22, 2015, from http://
Mammothplumbing.posterous.com

/articles/85190-85190-history-of-cold-water-supply-

cistern/.
5.4 History of Hot Water Supply Systems. (n.d.). Retrieved February 22, 2015, from http://
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/history-of-hot-water-supply-systems /
5.5 Chart Operation Of Cold And Hot Water Supply. (n.d). Retrieved February 24, 2015,
from http:// http://visual.merriam- webster.com /chart-operation-of-cold-and-hot-watersupply/
5.6 Chart Process Of Cold And Hot Water Supply. (n.d). Retrieved February 24, 2015, from
http:// http://visual.merriam- webster.com /chart-process-of-cold-and-hot-water-supply/
5.7

Burberry, P. (1997). Centralised Hot Water Supply. 8th ed. Harlow, England: Addison

Wesley Longman.
5.8

Klien

G.

(2005).

Hot

Water

Distribution

System.

Retrieved

from

http://www.renewtech.co.uk/UVHWOSG Part 1.pdf

5.9 Gareth R.H. (2000). Hot And Cold Water Supply . 2th ed. England: Blackwell Publishing
Company.

APPENDIX

Distributing Pipes. Its used to supply water on appliances each floor

Filter water. Its filter cold water from the main pipe. The water supply is from main pipe.
Then, it filter the corrosion of water