N

Paradigma

Functionalist

Interpretivist

Radical Humanist

Goals

To search for regulaties and test in

order to predict and control

To describe and explain in order

to diagnose and understand

Theoretical
Concerns
Theory-Building
Approaches
Opening Work
SELECTING A
TOPIC
REVIEWING
LITERA TURE:
FINDING A
GAP:
PUTTING A
FRAME- WORK
TOGETHER:
ARTICULATING
THE THEORY:
DESIGNING
RESEARCH:

RELATIONSHIPS CAUSATION
GENERALIZATION
DISCOVERY through CODE ANALYSIS

SOCIAL CON- STRUCTION OF REALITY

REIFiCATION PROCESS INTERPRETATION
DISCLOSURE through CRitiCAL ANALYSIS

To DESCRIBE and CRitiQUE in order

To IDENTIFY sources of domination
CHANGE (achieve freedom through revision and PERSUADE in order GUIDE
of consciousness)
revolutionary practices (achleve
freedom through revision of
structures)
SOCIAL CONSTRUCTION OF REALITY
DOMINATION ALIENATION MACRO
DISTORTION INTERESTS SERVED
FORCES EMANCIPATION
LIBERATION through STRUcruRAL ANALYSIS
REFINEMENT through CAUSAL
ANALYSIS

What are the issues?

What are the research questions?
What do we know?

What are the issues?

What are the research questions?

What are the issues?

What are the research questions?

What is missing?
What are the relevant theories and
variables?
FORMULATING HYPOTHESES
How is the topic a "potential" special
case of a grand theory?

What are data?

Where to find data?
How to measure data?
Data Collection PROBING REPRESENTATIVE SAMPLES
OF SUBJECTS: according to the
hypotheses formulated
Analysis

What are the issues?

What are the research questions?

Radical Structuralist

TESTING HYPOTHESES: Evaluate the

significance of the data according to
initial problems and hypotheses

Theory Building WRITING UP RESULTS: Show how the

theory is refined. supported. or
disconfirmed. Show what it tells the
scientific community and the
practitioners

What are data?

Where to find data?
How to record data?
IDENTIFYING SPECIFIC CASES QUESTIONING
INFORMANTS: according to what is relevant
to them in context

What are data?

Where to find data?
How to record data?
IDENTIFYING SPECIFIC CASES OR EXISTING
RESEARCH QUESTIONING INFORMANTS:
according to what is relevant to them;
contextual information pertaining to deep
structure
CODING: Provide a description at the Iirst
CODING: Provide information at the first
and sometimes at second level of
level of abstraction
abstraction
FORMULATING A DESCRIPTION DEEP
FORMULATING CONJECTURES: Identify the
ANALYSIS:Reflect on what makes people
relations between concepts at first level or construct their world the way they do
across levels of abstraction
CRITICIZING: Unveil how deep forces
EVALUATING CONJECTURES: Validate with
influence the first level of abstraction,
informants through new data collection
Identify whose interests are served
FORMULATING THEORY: Identify the
emerging concepts and relationships
REVIEWING LITERATURE:Identify what was
already known
WRITING UP A SUBSTANTIVE THEORY: Show
WRITING UP DIALECTICAL ANALYSIS: Show
how it all fits together
how the level of consciousness should
change

PROBING HISTORICAL EVIDENCE:

according to a grand theory

ARGUING: Use specific instances to

further validate the theory
STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS: Identify the
sources of domination and the
potential points of leverage

WRITING UP RHETORICAL ANALYSIS:

Showing how the praxis should
change

N
o

Paradigma

Functionalist

Interpretivist

Radical Humanist

Radical Structuralist

Goals

untuk mencari regulaties dan uji

untuk memprediksi dan kontrol

untuk menggambarkan dan menjelaskan

untuk mendiagnosa dan memahami

untuk menggambarkan dan kritik agar

mengganti (mencapai kebebasan melalui
revisi kesadaran)

Theoretical
Concerns
Theory-Building
Approaches
Opening Work
SELECTING A
TOPIC
REVIEWING
LITERA TURE:
FINDING A
GAP:
PUTTING A
FRAME- WORK
TOGETHER:
ARTICULATING
THE THEORY:
DESIGNING
RESEARCH:

hubungan penyebab generalisasi

social construction of reality reification

process interpretation
pengungkapan melalui
analisis kritis

social construction of reality distortion

kepentingan served
pembebasan melalui
analisis strucrural

untuk mengenali sumber dominasi dan

membujuk dalam praktek revolusioner
agar memandu (mencapai kebebasan
melalui revisi struktur)
dominasi keterasingan pasukan makro
emansipasi
perbaikan melalui
analisis penyebab

what are the issues?

what are the research questions?

what are the issues?

what are the research questions?

apakah isu-isu?
apa pertanyaan penelitian?

discovery through
code analysis
what are the issues?
what are the research questions?
what do we know?
what is missing?
what are the relevant theories and
variables?
formulating hypotheses

how is the topic a "potential" special

case of a grand theory?

what are data?

where to find data?
how to measure data?
Data Collection probing sampel perwakilan subyek:
menurut hipotesis dirumuskan

Analysis

pengujian hipotesis:
evaluasi pentingnya data
sesuai dengan masalah
awal dan hipotesis

Theory Building hasil penulisan up: tunjukkan

bagaimana teori halus. didukung. atau
tidak dibenarkan. tampilkan apa yang
memberitahu komunitas ilmiah dan
praktisi

what are data?

where to find data?
how to record data?
identifikasi kasus khusus mempertanyakan
informan: menurut apa yang relevan bagi
mereka dalam konteks
coding: memberikan keterangan di pertama
dan kadang-kadang pada tingkat kedua
abstraksi
dugaan merumuskan: mengidentifikasi
hubungan antara konsep-konsep di tingkat
pertama atau di tingkat abstraksi
mengevaluasi dugaan: validasi dengan
informan melalui pengumpulan data baru
merumuskan teori: identifikasi konsep yang
muncul dan hubungan
meninjau sastra: mengidentifikasi apa yang
sudah diketahui
menulis up teori substantif: tampilkan
bagaimana semuanya cocok bersama-sama

apakah data?
di mana menemukan data?
bagaimana untuk merekam data?
identifikasi kasus khusus atau yang ada
informan mempertanyakan penelitian:
menurut apa yang relevan bagi mereka;
informasi kontekstual yang berkaitan dengan
struktur dalam
coding: memberikan informasi pada tingkat
pertama abstraksi
penyusunan uraian analisa mendalam:
renungkan apa yang membuat orang
membangun dunia mereka dengan cara yang
mereka lakukan
mengkritik: menyingkap bagaimana kekuatan
dalam mempengaruhi tingkat pertama
abstraksi, identifikasi yang kepentingannya
dilayani
menulis up analisis dialektis: tunjukkan
bagaimana tingkat kesadaran harus
mengubah

probing bukti sejarah: menurut teori

besar

alasan: gunakan contoh-contoh spesifik

untuk lebih memvalidasi teori
struktur analisis: identifikasi sumber
dominasi dan titik potensi leverage

menulis up retoris analisis:

menampilkan bagaimana praksis harus
mengubah