Professional Documents
Culture Documents
SJ
786%8)+-'*-2%2'-%01%2%+)1)28 7)1)78)6
1EVOW
5 E
8LI I\TIGXIH RYQFIV SJ TEWWIRKIVW MW HIVMZIH JVSQ XLI HIQERH EX IEGL I\GLERKI VEXI
)\TIGXIH HIQERH
6W
6W
!
=IEV
'SRXVEGX *IIW
%WWIX 4YVGLEWI 7EPI
4YVGLEWI ERH MRWYVERGI
2IX GEWL JPS[
(MWGSYRX JEGXSV
4VIWIRX ZEPYI
2IX TVIWIRX ZEPYI
36
!
8LI GSRXVEGX SYX STXMSR MW RSX TVIJIVVIH FIGEYWI MX LEW PIWW 24: SJ 6W
;SVOMRKW
7EPIW VIZIRYIW
(MVIGX QEXIVMEPW
:EVMEFPI SZIVLIEH
:EVMEFPI GSWXW
6W
0EFSYV GSWX
=IEV
\
=IEV
\
=IEV
\
=IEV
\
=IEV
\
4YVGLEWI ERH MRWYVERGI MR LSYWI
\
4YVGLEWI ERH MRWYVERGI SYXWSYVGI
4VSZMWMSR SJ GEXIVMRK WIVZMGI F] SYXWMHI WYTTPMIV
\ HE]W
8LIWYKKIWXIHERW[IVWTVSZMHIHSR ERH QEHI EZEMPEFPI XLVSYKLXLI -RWXMXYXI W[IFWMXI QE] SRP]FI VIJIVVIH VIPMIHYTSR SVXVIEXIH EWEKYMHIERHWYFWXMXYXI JSVTVSJIWWMSREP
EHZMGI8LI-RWXMXYXIHSIWRSXXEOIER]VIWTSRWMFMPMX]EFSYXXLIEGGYVEG]GSQTPIXIRIWWSVGYVVIRG]SJXLIMRJSVQEXMSRTVSZMHIHMRXLIWYKKIWXIHERW[IVW8LIVIJSVIXLI-RWXMXYXIMW
RSXPMEFPIXSEXXIRHSVVIGIMZIER]GSQQIRXWSFWIVZEXMSRWSVGVMXMGWVIPEXIHXSXLIWYKKIWXIHERW[IVW
79++)78)( %27;)67
SJ
786%8)+-'*-2%2'-%01%2%+)1)28 7)1)78)6
1EVOW
G
8LI PSWW SJ EFMPMX] XS GSRXVSP XLI UYEPMX] ERH VIPMEFMPMX] SJ XLI WIVZMGI MJ XLI WIVZMGI MW
GSRXVEGXIH SYX 8LIWI JEGXSVW QE] MRJPYIRGI XLI RYQFIV SJ TEWWIRKIVW GLSSWMRK XS
XVEZIP [MXL 7O] [E]W 0XH
MM
-QTEGX SR WXEJJ QSVEPI EW E VIWYPX SJ XLI VIHYGXMSR MR PEFSYV GSWXW )\MWXMRK WXEJJ QE]
FI GSRGIVRIH XLEX XLIMV NSFW EVI YRHIV XLVIEX ERH QE] PIEZI XLI GSQTER]
MMM
8LI HMJJMGYPX] ERH LMKL GSWXW SJ GLERKMRK FEGO XS MR WIVZMGI TVSZMWMSR SRGI XLI
GSQTER] LEW GSRXVEGXIH SYX XLI WIVZMGI
MZ
;MPPMRKRIWW SJ XLI WYTTPMIV XS VIWTSRH XS GLERKIW MR QEVOIX HIQERH
%R] XLVII
TSMRXW $ QEVO !
H
9RMX WEPIW
%RRYEP GSRXVMFYXMSR
36
-X MW EWWYQIH XLEX [SVOMRK GETMXEP [MPP FI VIGSZIVIH EX XLI IRH SJ ]IEV 8LI MRMXMEP SYXPE]
[MPP FI QEHI MR =IEV
8LI 24: SJ IEGL TVSNIGX GER RS[ FI GEPGYPEXIH
(MWGSYRX
*EGXSV
<
'EWL *PS[
4:
24:
6W
4VSNIGX
=
=IEV
>
'EWL *PS[
4:
'EWL *PS[
4:
8LI TVSJMXEFMPMX] MRHI\ TVSZMHIW E QIERW SJ STXMQM^MRK XLI 24: [LIR XLIVI EVI QSVI
TVSNIGXW EZEMPEFPI [LMGL ]MIPH E TSWMXMZI 24: XLER JYRHW XS MRZIWX MR XLIQ 8LI TVSJMXEFMPMX]
MRHI\ QIEWYVIW XLI VEXMS SJ XLI TVIWIRX ZEPYI SJ GEWL MRJPS[W XS XLI MRMXMEP SYXPE] ERH
VITVIWIRXW XLI RIX TVIWIRX ZEPYI TIV 6W MRZIWXIH
6W
4VSNIGX
<
=
>
4: SJ MRJPS[W
-RMXMEP SYXPE]
6EXMS
6EROMRK
8LIWYKKIWXIHERW[IVWTVSZMHIHSR ERH QEHI EZEMPEFPI XLVSYKLXLI -RWXMXYXI W[IFWMXI QE] SRP]FI VIJIVVIH VIPMIHYTSR SVXVIEXIH EWEKYMHIERHWYFWXMXYXI JSVTVSJIWWMSREP
EHZMGI8LI-RWXMXYXIHSIWRSXXEOIER]VIWTSRWMFMPMX]EFSYXXLIEGGYVEG]GSQTPIXIRIWWSVGYVVIRG]SJXLIMRJSVQEXMSRTVSZMHIHMRXLIWYKKIWXIHERW[IVW8LIVIJSVIXLI-RWXMXYXIMW
RSXPMEFPIXSEXXIRHSVVIGIMZIER]GSQQIRXWSFWIVZEXMSRWSVGVMXMGWVIPEXIHXSXLIWYKKIWXIHERW[IVW
79++)78)( %27;)67
SJ
786%8)+-'*-2%2'-%01%2%+)1)28 7)1)78)6
1EVOW
4VSNIGX > LEW XLI LMKLIWX 4- VEROMRK ERH MW XLIVIJSVI XLI JMVWX GLSMGI JSV MRZIWXQIRX 3R XLMW
FEWMW XLI JYRHW EZEMPEFPI WLSYPH FI MRZIWXIH EW JSPPS[W
6W
4VSNIGX -RMXMEP 3YXPE] 8SXEP 24: 8EOIR 'YQYPEXMZI 3YXPE]
>
=
<
8SXEP 24: KIRIVEXIH
%GXYEP 24:
4YVGLEWIW
(E]W SYXWXERHMRK
(E]W TE]EFPIW
SYXWXERHMRK
!
6W
6W
6W
%PXIVREXMZIP] SRI GSYPH WMQTP] VIGSKRM^I XLEX EGGSYRXW TE]EFPI QYWX FI GYX XS LEPJ SJ MXW
I\MWXMRK PIZIP FIGEYWI HE]W MW LEPJ SJ HE]W
K
+MZIR XLI PMQMXIH MRJSVQEXMSR XLI HIGMWMSR QYWX FI FEWIH SR XLI VYPISJXLYQF
GSQTEVMWSRW WYGL EW XLI JSPPS[MRK
(IFX VEXMS !
'YVVIRX VEXMS !
5YMGO VEXMS !
!
!
!
8LI GSQTER] ETTIEVW XS FI GEVV]MRK I\GIWW MRZIRXSV] ERH JMRERGMRK I\XIRWMZIP] [MXL HIFX
&ERO FSVVS[MRKW EVI EPVIEH] LMKL ERH XLI PMUYMHMX] WMXYEXMSR MW TSSV
3R XLI FEWMW SJ XLIWI SFWIVZEXMSRW XLI PSER WLSYPH FI HIRMIH ERH XLI XVIEWYVIV WLSYPH
FI EHZMWIH XS WIIO TIVQERIRX GETMXEP IWTIGMEPP] IUYMX] GETMXEP
8LIWYKKIWXIHERW[IVWTVSZMHIHSR ERH QEHI EZEMPEFPI XLVSYKLXLI -RWXMXYXI W[IFWMXI QE] SRP]FI VIJIVVIH VIPMIHYTSR SVXVIEXIH EWEKYMHIERHWYFWXMXYXI JSVTVSJIWWMSREP
EHZMGI8LI-RWXMXYXIHSIWRSXXEOIER]VIWTSRWMFMPMX]EFSYXXLIEGGYVEG]GSQTPIXIRIWWSVGYVVIRG]SJXLIMRJSVQEXMSRTVSZMHIHMRXLIWYKKIWXIHERW[IVW8LIVIJSVIXLI-RWXMXYXIMW
RSXPMEFPIXSEXXIRHSVVIGIMZIER]GSQQIRXWSFWIVZEXMSRWSVGVMXMGWVIPEXIHXSXLIWYKKIWXIHERW[IVW
79++)78)( %27;)67
SJ
786%8)+-'*-2%2'-%01%2%+)1)28 7)1)78)6
1EVOW
5 E
7LEL 0XH
3VHMREV] WLEVILSPHIVW VIUYMVIHVEXI SJ VIXYVR
SV
6YTIIW
\
EW FIJSVI
6YTIIW
7MRGI XLI RI[ WLEVILSPHIVW QEOI RS KEMR XLI WLEVIW WLSYPH FI MWWYIH EX 6W
IEGL
8LIWYKKIWXIHERW[IVWTVSZMHIHSR ERH QEHI EZEMPEFPI XLVSYKLXLI -RWXMXYXI W[IFWMXI QE] SRP]FI VIJIVVIH VIPMIHYTSR SVXVIEXIH EWEKYMHIERHWYFWXMXYXI JSVTVSJIWWMSREP
EHZMGI8LI-RWXMXYXIHSIWRSXXEOIER]VIWTSRWMFMPMX]EFSYXXLIEGGYVEG]GSQTPIXIRIWWSVGYVVIRG]SJXLIMRJSVQEXMSRTVSZMHIHMRXLIWYKKIWXIHERW[IVW8LIVIJSVIXLI-RWXMXYXIMW
RSXPMEFPIXSEXXIRHSVVIGIMZIER]GSQQIRXWSFWIVZEXMSRWSVGVMXMGWVIPEXIHXSXLIWYKKIWXIHERW[IVW
79++)78)( %27;)67
SJ
786%8)+-'*-2%2'-%01%2%+)1)28 7)1)78)6
1EVOW
G
6YTIIW
6MKLXW MWWYI
:EPYI SJ XSXEP WLEVILSPHMRKW EJXIV MWWYI \
:EPYI SJ XSXEP WLEVILSPHMRKW FIJSVI MWWYI \
+EMR MR ZEPYI SJ WLEVILSPHMRKW
0IWW 'EWL WYFWGVMFIH SR VMKLXW MWWYI
2IX KEMR QEHI
MM
6IXEMRIH IEVRMRKW
-RGVIEWI MR I\HMZ ZEPYI SJ WLEVIW \
6IHYGXMSR MR GYVVIRX HMZMHIRH
2IX KEMR QEHI
MMM
2I[ MWWYI
-RGVIEWI MR I\HMZ WLEVI ZEPYIW \
8LI KEMR QEHI MW XLI WEQI MR EPP XLVII GEWIW ERH IUYEP XS XLI 24: SJ XLI TVSNIGX EX
H
8LI TVMGI SJ XLI VMKLXW MWWYI MW MVVIPIZERX TVSZMHIH XLEX EPP XLI GEWL EWOIH JSV F] XLI
GSQTER] MW VIGIMZIH 8LI I\MWXMRK WLEVILSPHIVW EVI GSRXVMFYXMRK GEWL MR XLI TVSTSVXMSRW MR
[LMGL XLI] LSPH WLEVIW EX XLI QSQIRX ERH [MPP GSRXMRYI XS LSPH XLI WEQI TVSTSVXMSR SJ XLI
GSQTER] MJ XLI] XEOI YT XLI SJJIV
8LI VMKLXW MWWYI GEPGYPEXMSRW GER FI VITIEXIH EWWYQMRK E SRI JSV JMZI MWWYI EX 6W TIV
WLEVI ERH XLI KEMR QEHI F] WLEVILSPHIVW [MPP FI JSYRH XS FI XLI WEQI VIKEVHPIWW SJ XLI
JEGX XLEX XLI WLEVI TVMGI WIXXPIW EX E LMKLIV JMKYVI 8LMW XLISVIXMGEP GSRGPYWMSR MW FEGOIH YT
F] SFWIVZEXMSR SJ WLEVI TVMGIW HYVMRK VMKLXW MWWYI
5 E
%PTLE 0XH
6YTIIW
SJ 6W
! 6W
8LIWYKKIWXIHERW[IVWTVSZMHIHSR ERH QEHI EZEMPEFPI XLVSYKLXLI -RWXMXYXI W[IFWMXI QE] SRP]FI VIJIVVIH VIPMIHYTSR SVXVIEXIH EWEKYMHIERHWYFWXMXYXI JSVTVSJIWWMSREP
EHZMGI8LI-RWXMXYXIHSIWRSXXEOIER]VIWTSRWMFMPMX]EFSYXXLIEGGYVEG]GSQTPIXIRIWWSVGYVVIRG]SJXLIMRJSVQEXMSRTVSZMHIHMRXLIWYKKIWXIHERW[IVW8LIVIJSVIXLI-RWXMXYXIMW
RSXPMEFPIXSEXXIRHSVVIGIMZIER]GSQQIRXWSFWIVZEXMSRWSVGVMXMGWVIPEXIHXSXLIWYKKIWXIHERW[IVW
79++)78)( %27;)67
SJ
786%8)+-'*-2%2'-%01%2%+)1)28 7)1)78)6
1EVOW
MM
&IXE 0XH
6YTIIW
-X MW PS[IV FIGEYWI &IXE 0XH YWIW PIWW HIFX MR MXW GETMXEP WXVYGXYVI %W XLI IUYMX]
GETMXEPM^EXMSR MW E PMRIEV JYRGXMSR SJ XLI HIFXXSIUYMX] VEXMS [LIR [I YWI XLI RIX
STIVEXMRK MRGSQI ETTVSEGL XLI HIGPMRI MR VIUYMVIH IUYMX] VIXYVR SJJWIXW I\EGXP] XLI
HMWEHZERXEKI SJ RSX IQTPS]MRK WS QYGL MR XLI [E] SJ GLIETIV HIFXJYRHW
F M
:EPYI MJ YRPIZIVIH
6W
)&-8
4VSJMX FIJSVI XE\IW
8E\IW
4VSJMX EJXIV XE\IW
VIUYMVIHIUYMX]VIXYVR
:EPYI MJ YRPIZIVIH 6W QMPPMSR
6W
(YI XS XLI XE\ WYFWMH] XLI JMVQ MW EFPI XS MRGVIEWI MXW ZEPYI MR E PMRIEV QERRIV [MXL
QSVI HIFX
MM
:EPYI MJ YRPIZIVIH
8LI EQSYRX [MPP VIQEMR WEQI EW GEPGYPEXIH MR M
EFSZI MI 6W QMPPMSR
:EPYI [MXL 6W QMPPMSR MR HIFX
:EPYI !
6W ?
A \ 6W
6W
:EPYI !
6W ?
A \ 6W
6W
8LIWYKKIWXIHERW[IVWTVSZMHIHSR ERH QEHI EZEMPEFPI XLVSYKLXLI -RWXMXYXI W[IFWMXI QE] SRP]FI VIJIVVIH VIPMIHYTSR SVXVIEXIH EWEKYMHIERHWYFWXMXYXI JSVTVSJIWWMSREP
EHZMGI8LI-RWXMXYXIHSIWRSXXEOIER]VIWTSRWMFMPMX]EFSYXXLIEGGYVEG]GSQTPIXIRIWWSVGYVVIRG]SJXLIMRJSVQEXMSRTVSZMHIHMRXLIWYKKIWXIHERW[IVW8LIVIJSVIXLI-RWXMXYXIMW
RSXPMEFPIXSEXXIRHSVVIGIMZIER]GSQQIRXWSFWIVZEXMSRWSVGVMXMGWVIPEXIHXSXLIWYKKIWXIHERW[IVW
79++)78)( %27;)67
SJ
786%8)+-'*-2%2'-%01%2%+)1)28 7)1)78)6
1EVOW
8LI TVIWIRGI SJ TIVWSREP XE\IW VIHYGIW XLI XE\ EHZERXEKI EWWSGMEXIH [MXL
GSVTSVEXI HIFX %W PSRK EW XLI TIVWSREP XE\ SR WXSGO MRGSQI MW PIWW XLER XLEX SR
HIFX MRGSQI LS[IZIV XLI RIX XE\ EHZERXEKI XS HIFX MW TSWMXMZI %W E VIWYPX XLI
ZEPYI SJ XLI JMVQ VMWIW [MXL QSVI HIFX FYX RSX EW VETMHP] EW MJ XLIVI [IVI RS
TIVWSREP XE\IW SV MJ XLI TIVWSREP XE\ VEXI SR WXSGO ERH HIFX MRGSQI [IVI XLI
WEQI
5 E
: !
X
X
6W
6W
4VIJIVVIH 7XSGO
8LI TVIJIVVIH WXSGO LEW E ZEPYI SJ
4TW !
'SQQSR 7XSGO
8LI QEVOIX ZEPYI SJ XLI GSQQSR WXSGO MW
!
8LIVIJSVI LIVI MW XLI JMVQW QEVOIX ZEPYI GETMXEP WXVYGXYVI [LMGL [I EWWYQI XS
FI STXMQEP
6W
0SRKXIVQ HIFX
4VIJIVVIH WXSGO
'SQQSR IUYMX]
4VIJIVVIH GSWX
8LIVIJSVI OTW !
8LIWYKKIWXIHERW[IVWTVSZMHIHSR ERH QEHI EZEMPEFPI XLVSYKLXLI -RWXMXYXI W[IFWMXI QE] SRP]FI VIJIVVIH VIPMIHYTSR SVXVIEXIH EWEKYMHIERHWYFWXMXYXI JSVTVSJIWWMSREP
EHZMGI8LI-RWXMXYXIHSIWRSXXEOIER]VIWTSRWMFMPMX]EFSYXXLIEGGYVEG]GSQTPIXIRIWWSVGYVVIRG]SJXLIMRJSVQEXMSRTVSZMHIHMRXLIWYKKIWXIHERW[IVW8LIVIJSVIXLI-RWXMXYXIMW
RSXPMEFPIXSEXXIRHSVVIGIMZIER]GSQQIRXWSFWIVZEXMSRWSVGVMXMGWVIPEXIHXSXLIWYKKIWXIHERW[IVW
79++)78)( %27;)67
SJ
786%8)+-'*-2%2'-%01%2%+)1)28 7)1)78)6
1EVOW
'SQQSR IUYMX] GSWX
8LIVI EVI XLVII FEWMG [E]W SJ IWXMQEXMRK OW '%41 ('* ERH VMWO TVIQMYQ
SZIV S[R FSRHW
'%41
;I [SYPH YWI O6* ! *SV 641 [I [SYPH YWI ! *SV FIXE [I
[SYPH YWI E FIXE 'SQFMRMRK XLIWI ZEPYIW [I SFXEMR XLMW VERKI SJ ZEPYIW
JSV OW
OW !
('*
FV
!
4
OW !
5 E
;%'' !
;%'' !
6W Q Q
\
_ WLEVIW \ Q WLEVIW
a
6W \ QMPPMSR
8LIWYKKIWXIHERW[IVWTVSZMHIHSR ERH QEHI EZEMPEFPI XLVSYKLXLI -RWXMXYXI W[IFWMXI QE] SRP]FI VIJIVVIH VIPMIHYTSR SVXVIEXIH EWEKYMHIERHWYFWXMXYXI JSVTVSJIWWMSREP
EHZMGI8LI-RWXMXYXIHSIWRSXXEOIER]VIWTSRWMFMPMX]EFSYXXLIEGGYVEG]GSQTPIXIRIWWSVGYVVIRG]SJXLIMRJSVQEXMSRTVSZMHIHMRXLIWYKKIWXIHERW[IVW8LIVIJSVIXLI-RWXMXYXIMW
RSXPMEFPIXSEXXIRHSVVIGIMZIER]GSQQIRXWSFWIVZEXMSRWSVGVMXMGWVIPEXIHXSXLIWYKKIWXIHERW[IVW
79++)78)( %27;)67
SJ
786%8)+-'*-2%2'-%01%2%+)1)28 7)1)78)6
1EVOW
F
9RMUYI 0XH IEVRMRKW TIV WLEVI
)EVRMRKW 6W MR QMPPMSR
6W Q 6W Q 6W Q
2YQFIV SJ WLEVIW QMPPMSR
Q Q
)EVRMRKW TIV WLEVI 6W WLEVI
6W Q Q
_ \
a
\ 6W
\
Q WLEVIW $ 6W
Q WLEVIW $ 6W
6W Q 6W Q
SV
8,) )2(
8LIWYKKIWXIHERW[IVWTVSZMHIHSR ERH QEHI EZEMPEFPI XLVSYKLXLI -RWXMXYXI W[IFWMXI QE] SRP]FI VIJIVVIH VIPMIHYTSR SVXVIEXIH EWEKYMHIERHWYFWXMXYXI JSVTVSJIWWMSREP
EHZMGI8LI-RWXMXYXIHSIWRSXXEOIER]VIWTSRWMFMPMX]EFSYXXLIEGGYVEG]GSQTPIXIRIWWSVGYVVIRG]SJXLIMRJSVQEXMSRTVSZMHIHMRXLIWYKKIWXIHERW[IVW8LIVIJSVIXLI-RWXMXYXIMW
RSXPMEFPIXSEXXIRHSVVIGIMZIER]GSQQIRXWSFWIVZEXMSRWSVGVMXMGWVIPEXIHXSXLIWYKKIWXIHERW[IVW