You are on page 1of 8

Ch 5 OC (Operant Conditioning, etc.

) BIG REVIEW
Name___________________________________

MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.
1) Thorndike was known for his work with ________.
A) a puzzle box
B) a Skinner box

1)
C) monkeys

D) modeling

2) The two researchers most closely associated with operant conditioning are ________.
A) Bandura and Ellis
B) Skinner and Thorndike
C) Pavlov and Watson
D) Freud and Perls

2)

3) Instrumental conditioning is another term for ________.


A) classical conditioning
B) vicarious learning
C) cognitive restructuring
D) operant conditioning

3)

4) Operant conditioning is another name for ________.


A) classical conditioning
B) vicarious learning
C) instrumental conditioning
D) Pavlovian conditioning

4)

5) Emitted, voluntary behavior is BEST modified by ________.


A) operant conditioning
B) classical conditioning
C) trial and error
D) aversive conditioning

5)

TRUE/FALSE. Write 'T' if the statement is true and 'F' if the statement is false.
6) The step-by-step reinforcement of partial responses is called shaping.

6)

MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.
7) The person most closely associated with research on learned helplessness is ________.
A) Seligman
B) Bandura
C) Thorndike
D) Wolpe

7)

TRUE/FALSE. Write 'T' if the statement is true and 'F' if the statement is false.
8) Using the threat of punishment to change a behavior before punishment is needed, thus
avoiding the punishment altogether, is called avoidance training.

8)

MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.
9) Which of the following would be MOST appropriate for the use of biofeedback procedures?
A) conditioning children to be on time for school
B) conditioning coyotes to stay away from sheep
C) conditioning executives to reduce their blood pressure
D) conditioning delinquents to be less aggressive

9)

TRUE/FALSE. Write 'T' if the statement is true and 'F' if the statement is false.
10) Both positive and negative reinforcement result in the learning of new behaviors.

10)

11) A reinforcer can be anything that, when presented after a response, increases the likelihood of
the response being repeated.

11)

MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.
12) The basic difference between punishment and reinforcement boils down to a difference between
________.
A) presenting and removing stimuli
B) decreasing and increasing response rates
C) conditioned and unconditioned stimuli
D) stimuli and responses

12)

13) Which of the following statements about punishment is NOT true?


A) Effective punishment is consistent punishment.
B) Punishment does not always work.
C) The effectiveness of punishment depends primarily on its force.
D) Effective punishment is swift punishment.

13)

14) Each of the following is true of learned helplessness EXCEPT ________.


A) once established it generalizes to new situations
B) it decreases motivation to try different responses that might bring relief from an
unpleasant situation
C) it can be found in both people and animals
D) success in solving new problems is quite effective in eliminating it

14)

15) An operant conditioning technique in which a learner gains control over some biological
response is ________.
A) preparedness
B) contingency training
C) social learning
D) biofeedback

15)

16) In an experiment, two groups of dogs are given shocks to their feet. One group is able to escape
the shocks by jumping over a barrier. The second group is harnessed and cannot escape. After
several trials, both groups are put in situations where they CAN escape. The first group escapes
the shocks but the second group just sits and whines, refusing to attempt to escape. The
response of the second group is due to ________.
A) learned helplessness
B) contingency blocking
C) response generalization
D) latent learning

16)

17) An animal is placed in a box with a bar and also a wire floor that can deliver a mild shock. The
experimenter first sounds a buzzer, then a few seconds later turns on the shock. Pressing the bar
after the buzzer sounds but before the shock is delivered will prevent the shock from occurring.
This is an example of ________.
A) modeling
B) avoidance training
C) classical conditioning
D) punishment learning

17)

18) Punishment is a(n) ________ controller of behavior.


A) ineffective
B) sporadic

18)

C) powerful

D) weak

19) A problem with avoidance training is that ________.


A) it tends to take effect when it is too late to make a difference in avoiding the problem
situation
B) it tends to produce latent learning
C) the learned behavior sometimes persists when it is no longer effective or necessary
D) its effects tend to last only for a short time

19)

20) Punishment is particularly useful in situations in which a behavior is ________ and must be
changed ________.
A) dangerous; gradually
B) dangerous; quickly
C) harmless; gradually
D) harmless; quickly

20)

21) Learning a positive behavior that prevents an undesirable situation from occurring is called
________ training.
A) aversive
B) reconditioning
C) avoidance
D) modeling

21)

22) A reinforcer that removes something unpleasant from a situation is a(n) ________ reinforcer.
A) primary
B) negative
C) positive
D) secondary

22)

23) When someone uses punishment to change a behavior, the probability of the behavior occurring
is likely to ________.
A) generalize
B) remain the same
C) increase
D) decrease

23)

24) Which of the following statements is true?


A) Punishment does not always work.
B) Punishment should be applied intermittently.
C) The effectiveness of punishment depends solely on its force.
D) Punishment usually enhances the learning process.

24)

25) A puppy has ruined four pairs of shoes by chewing them up at times when the family is not
home. Which of the following is the MOST effective way to use punishment to teach the puppy
not to chew shoes?
A) Smack it with a newspaper whenever you catch it in the act of chewing shoes, but not at
other times.
B) Smack it with a newspaper whenever you come home and find shoes chewed up.
C) Smack it with a newspaper whenever you come home and find shoes chewed up, but then
hug it and give it a bone so that it won't be afraid of you.
D) Smack it with a newspaper whenever you catch it in the act of chewing shoes, but then
hug it and give it a bone so that it won't be afraid of you.

25)

26) After being told all morning not to play baseball near the house, a small boy continues to play
ball and breaks a window. Of the following methods of discipline, the one likely to be MOST
effective in changing the boy's subsequent behavior is to ________.
A) immediately take away his bat and ball and not let him use them for a week
B) punish him only if he fails to come inside and tell you what he just did
C) immediately take away his bat and ball, then kiss him and let him know that you are not
really angry
D) tell him calmly and firmly that he will be punished later in the day, then give him milk
and cookies to take his mind off the upcoming punishment.

26)

27) Each of the following makes punishment more effective EXCEPT when it is ________.
A) sufficient
B) consistent
C) arbitrary
D) swift

27)

28) Research on the use of rewards to facilitate learning indicates that ________.
A) linking rewards to learning reduces motivation but not creativity
B) even when used properly, linking rewards to learning actually reduces natural motivation
and creativity
C) linking rewards to learning does not compromise either motivation or creativity
D) linking rewards to learning reduces creativity but not motivation

28)

29) Any event whose presence decreases the likelihood that ongoing behavior will recur is ________.
A) punishment
B) negative reinforcement
C) an aversive stimulus
D) a secondary reinforcer

29)

30) A child is scolded for using his fingers instead of his fork to eat some spaghetti. The scolding
stops when he picks up his fork. Stopping the scolding is an example of ________ reinforcement.
A) positive
B) secondary
C) negative
D) tertiary

30)

31) ________ reinforcers result in the learning of new behaviors or the strengthening of existing
ones.
A) Negative, but not positive
B) Neither positive nor negative
C) Positive, but not negative
D) Positive and negative

31)

32) In negative reinforcement, the ________ of a(n) ________ stimulus follows a response and
changes the likelihood of that response reoccurring.
A) termination; pleasant
B) onset; pleasant
C) onset; aversive
D) termination; aversive

32)

33) A reinforcer that adds something rewarding to a situation is a(n) ________ reinforcer.
A) positive
B) secondary
C) additive
D) primary

33)

34) An example of a behavior that is learned through operant conditioning is ________.


A) pulling one's hand away from a flame
B) blinking in response to a flash of light
C) sneezing in response to dust
D) cleaning up your room to get your parents' approval

34)

35) There are ________ kinds of reinforcers.


A) four
B) two

35)
C) three
4

D) five

36) When someone uses negative reinforcement to change a behavior, the behavior is likely to
________.
A) occur at the same rate
B) occur less frequently
C) completely stop
D) occur more frequently

36)

37) Positive reinforcement ________ the likelihood that the behavior preceding it will happen again
while negative reinforcement ________ the likelihood that the preceding behavior will happen
again.
A) decreases; decreases
B) increases; increases
C) decreases; increases
D) increases; decreases

37)

38) The 5-year-old child of two very busy parents has been throwing tantrums. Whenever the child
gets angry or upset, one or both of his parents immediately come to his side and fuss over and
cajole him. Nevertheless, his tantrums do not diminish. In fact, they seem to occur more often.
We may assume that for this child his parents' fussing over him serves as a(n) ________.
A) negative reinforcer
B) unconditioned response
C) punisher
D) positive reinforcer

38)

39) Any event whose presence increases the likelihood that an ongoing behavior will recur is a(n)
________.
A) conditioned stimulus
B) unconditioned stimulus
C) negative reinforcer
D) positive reinforcer

39)

40) A child learns that whenever he eats all of his dinner he gets a cookie for dessert. This type of
learning is BEST explained by ________.
A) biofeedback theory
B) classical conditioning
C) social learning theory
D) operant conditioning

40)

41) Any event whose reduction or termination increases the likelihood that an ongoing behavior
will recur is a(n) ________.
A) punisher
B) positive reinforcer
C) negative reinforcer
D) antecedent

41)

42) Spontaneous, voluntary behaviors that you engage in by choice are called ________ behaviors.
A) operant
B) latent
C) manifest
D) vicarious

42)

43) Any stimulus that follows a behavior and decreases the likelihood that the behavior will be
repeated is called a(n) ________.
A) aversive stimulus
B) negative reinforcer
C) punisher
D) antecedent

43)

44) Changing behavior through the reinforcement of successive approximations of a desired


response is called ________.
A) negative reinforcement
B) classical conditioning
C) shaping
D) modeling

44)

45) A box used in operant conditioning of animals, which limits the available responses and thus
increases the likelihood that the desired response will occur, is called a ________ box.
A) response
B) Watson
C) Skinner
D) trial

45)

46) According to the law of effect, a behavior is MOST likely to be repeated when it is ________.
A) followed by reinforcement
B) paired with a neutral stimulus
C) preceded by reinforcement
D) ignored

46)

47) The idea that a behavior will increase or decrease based on the consequences that follow that
behavior is crucial to ________.
A) classical conditioning
B) vicarious learning
C) operant conditioning
D) insight learning

47)

48) Operant conditioning operates on the principle that behaviors occur more often when they are
________.
A) modeled
B) ignored
C) reinforced
D) punished

48)

49) Any stimulus that follows a behavior and increases the likelihood that the behavior will be
repeated is called a ________.
A) higher-order conditioner
B) reinforcer
C) cue
D) situational artifact

49)

ESSAY. Write your answer in the space provided or on a separate sheet of paper.
50) Explain the steps involved in modifying your own behavior. (use p. 163) GIVE AN EXAMPLE, please.

Answer Key
Testname: CH 5 OC (OPERANT CONDITIONING, ETC.) BIG REVIEW

1) A
2) B
3) D
4) C
5) A
6) TRUE
7) A
8) TRUE
9) C
10) TRUE
11) TRUE
12) B
13) C
14) D
15) D
16) A
17) B
18) C
19) C
20) B
21) C
22) B
23) D
24) A
25) A
26) A
27) C
28) C
29) A
30) C
31) D
32) D
33) A
34) D
35) B
36) D
37) B
38) D
39) D
40) D
41) C
42) A
43) C
44) C
45) C
46) A
47) C
48) C
49) B
7

Answer Key
Testname: CH 5 OC (OPERANT CONDITIONING, ETC.) BIG REVIEW

50)

You might also like