Petrochemical engineering lab.

Title : Standard Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of

Transparent and opaque Liquids (The Calculation of
Dynamic Viscosity) D445
1.2 objective

To determine the kinematic viscosity, U, of both transparent

and opaque products.
petroleum To calculate the dynamic viscosity using kinematic
viscosity
1.2 Introduction
The viscosity of a fluid is a measure of its resistance to flow.
Viscosity and transportation. It is used in reservoir simulators to
estimate the production, refining characterizes the fluidity of
fluids. It is a useful property in petroleum or gas flow and their
production. and it is needed in calculation of power required in
mixers or to transfer a fluid. the amount of pressure drop in a pipe
or column. flow measurement devices and design and operation
of oil water separators (sometimes called absolute viscosity) is
the ratio between the applied Dynamic viscosity shear stress and
rate of shear of a liquid, it is numerically the product of kinematic
iscosity and the density of the a liquid, both at the same
temperature. It h the dimensions it has dimensions of mass per
length per time (ML.t). in terms of force Therefore in the si
dimensions as the product of pressure and time (F.L2). same that
is system the unit of viscosity is Pa.s (N m3. In the cgs system the
unit is g called poise (p) and its hundredth is called centipoises
(cp) which is equivalent to m Pa.s
Kinematic viscosity is the absolute viscosity of a fluid divided by
its density at the same temperature of gravity. To determine
measurement. It is the measure of a fluid's resistance to flow
under flow through a calibrated kinematic viscosty, a fixed volume
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of the test fluid is allowed to temperature. The kinematic capillary

tube (viscometer) that is held at a closely controlled viscosity, in
centistokes (cSt), is the product of the measured flow time in
seconds and the calibration constant of the viscomoter. The cgs
unit of kinematic viscosity is the stoke which has the dimensions
centimeters-squared per second. In the petroleum industry
kinematic viscosity is usually expressed in centistokes, cSt
(mm2s), so that 1 St3100 cSt. The kinematic viscosity of many
petroleum fuels is important for their proper use, for example,
flow of fuels through pipelines, injection nozzles, and orifices, and
the determination of the temperature range for proper operation
of the fuel in burners. The quantity of oil flowing up a wick is
related to the height of the top of the wick above the level of oil in
the container and the viscosity and surface tension of the oil. The
kinematic viscosity
viscosity

, is directly proportional to the dynamic

, as described by the following equation:

v = /

Viscosity Index (VI) is an arbitrary scale used to show the

magnitude of viscosity changes in lubricating oils with changes in
temperature. Oils with low VI number such as V-0 have high
dependence of viscosity change on temperature. The viscosity of
oils with high VI number such as VI-200, will still change with
temperature, but again not as much as low VI oil Crude oil
viscosity is affected by the following factors:
Oil composition: described by API, as API increases, oil
viscosity decreases.
Temperature: oil viscosity decreases with temperature rise.
Dissolved gas: as solution gas oil ratio increases, oil viscosity
decreases.

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Pressure: oil viscosity increases almost

linearly with pressure
1.3 Materials and Apparatus
The apparatus consists of
1- viscometer, U-shaped glass tube, the
arm, L has a larger diameter and a
reservoir at the bottom, it is used to fill
the viscometer with sample. The other
arm, N with capillary has two bulbs:
the lower bulb has two marks E & F
2- Viscometer holder,
3- Temperature control bath,
4- Temperature controller,
5- temperature measuring device
6- timing
device
fig.(1.1)

1.4 Procedure
1- Adjust and maintain the viscometer bath at a required test
temperature.
2- Select a clean, dry, calibrated viscometer having a range
covering the estimated kinematic viscosity (that is, a wide
capillary for a very viscous liquid and a narrower capillary for a
more fluid liquid). The flow time shall not be less than 200 s.
3- Charge the viscometer and draw the test portion into the
working capillary and timing bulb, place rubber stoppers into
the tubes to hold the test portion in place, and insert the
viscometer into the bath. (10-15 minutes)
4- Allow the viscometer to reach bath temperature
5- Remove the stopper from capillary arm and allow the
sample flowing freely, measure, in seconds to within 0.1 s, the
time required for the meniscus to pass from the first (E) to the
second (F) timing mark, (the flow time should not be less than
200 s)
6- Find the viscometer constant from the table and calculate
the kinematic viscosity of the sample.
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1.5 Results & calculations:

Flow time of the sample = 686 s.
Density of the sample = 0.825 g/cm3
Calibration constant of the viscometer c = 0.035 mm2 /s2
Kinematic viscosity is measure from the following equation:
V = C.t
v = 0.035 * 686 = 24.01 mm2/s
Then dynamic viscosity is measured
=v .

24.01 * 0.825

=19.808 mpa . s

1.6 Discussion
1.
Measuring of viscosity for crude oil is important for the
purpose of determining the crude oil capacity to flow through
pipe line maybe from city to city or through long distances or
we can say for transportation of crude oil
Measuring of viscosity for lub oil is important for the purpose
of decreasing the friction between two bodies for example the
cylinders and the walls that cylinders moves through them
into an engine
Measuring of viscosity for fuel oil is important for the purpose
of determining its capacity to ignite perfectly during Difficult
conditions like cold countries and the relationship between
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viscosity and temperature is when temperature increase

viscosity decreases.
2.

For liquids When temperature increase viscosity decreases or

its Opposite relationship. Viscosity = 1 / temperature
For gases when temperature increase viscosity increases
Viscosity = temperature

3. Viscosity Index (VI) is an arbitrary scale used to show the

magnitude of viscosity changes in lubricating oils with
changes in temperature. Oils with low VI number such as V-0
have high dependence of viscosity change on temperature.
The viscosity of oils with high VI number such as VI-200, will
still change with temperature The viscosity index can be
calculated using the following formula:

Where V indicates the viscosity index, U the kinematic viscosity at

40 C
(104 F), and L & H are various values based on the
kinematic viscosity at
100 C (212 F) available in ASTM D2270

4. We need an fluid of known viscosity and we will put

viscometer in the fluid until it reaches the upper line of
viscometer and we will record the time from the upper line till
lower line and we will get the time and we have a viscosity so
through the equation ( V = C.t ) we can determine ( C ).

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