Analysis of Reinforced Concrete (RC) Control Beam Using Nonlinear

Finite Element Techniques MSC/Marc

16 September 2013 : D2
Rev x

Prepared By:
David R. Dearth, P.E.

Applied Analysis & Technology, Inc.

16731 Sea Witch Lane
Huntington Beach, CA 92649
Telephone (714) 846-4235
E-Mail AppliedAT@aol.com
Web Site www.AppliedAnalysisAndTech.com

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Slide 1 of 19

Introduction

16 September 2013 : D2
Rev x

Kachlakev et. al. 2001 (1.) tested a reinforced concrete (RC) Control Beam used for
baseline calibration of analysis to compute effects of adding fiber reinforced polymer
(FRP) composites to strengthen full-size reinforced concrete beams. The purpose of the
original work was to predict improvements to adding FRP composite reinforcement
similar to the transverse beams use at the Horsetail Creek Bridge. The beams were
fabricated and tested at Oregon State University (Kachlakev and McCurry 2000).
The purpose of this summary is to present results of revising the RC Control Beam
and computing the load deflection curve using MSC/Marc for comparison to the
experimental test data. Results using Ansys and Abaqus are also compared.
As additional information, the loading to produce (a.) initial cracking and (b.) ultimate
capacity is computed using ACI 318.
For comparison purposes the finite element idealization mesh density used in the
Kachlakev paper is reproduced as a closely as possible.

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Slide 2 of 19

Control Beam Geometry with Rebar Definition

from Reference 1 No Scale
P/2

16 September 2013 : D2
Rev x

P/2

Figure 2.13: Typical steel reinforcement locations (not to scale) (McCurry and
Kachlakev 2000)
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Slide 3 of 19

Quarter Symmetric RC Beam with Boundary Conditions & Loading

X-Y Symmetric
Plane, BC = Tz

16 September 2013 : D2
Rev x

Symmetric Loading,
Ptot/4 for Qtr Sym
Idealization

Y-Z Symmetric
Plane, BC = Tx

Vertical Reaction,
BC=Ty

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Slide 4 of 19

Concrete : Isotropic Properties

16 September 2013 : D2
Rev x

The concrete is idealized using 3D solid elements. Youngs modulus of elasticity for the concrete is given as:

Concrete Material Properties

Es= 2.806x 106 psi =0.2
Critical Cracking Stress (Rupture Stress) fr = 329 psi
Crushing Strain, c = 0.0017 in/in

Note: Plasticity definition data for MSC/Marc is defined as post-yield, or plastic, portion of the stress strain curve; e.g. yield
stress zero net plasticity. Typical engineering data for stress-strain curves are defined as total nominal strain.

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Slide 5 of 19

Concrete : Isotropic Properties

16 September 2013 : D2
Rev x

The concrete is idealized using 3D solid elements. Youngs modulus of elasticity for the concrete is given as:

Concrete Material Properties

Elastic : Es= 2.806x 106 psi =0.2
Cracking : Critical Cracking Stress (Rupture Stress) fr = 369 psi
Crushing Strain, c = 0.0017 in/in
Plasticity : Elastic-Plastic, Isotropic Hardening, Buyukozturk Concrete

Concrete Isotropic Material Input Dialog

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Slide 6 of 19

Quarter Symmetric RC Beam Rebar Idealization

16 September 2013 : D2
Rev x

#5 Rebar at Plane of
Symmetry
Area/2 = 0.155 in2

#5 Rebar at Plane of
Symmetry
Area/2 = 0.155 in2
2- #5 Rebar at Plane of
Symmetry (Merged)
2* (Area/2) = 0.31 in2

#7 Rebar at Plane of
Symmetry
Area/2 = 0.30 in2
#6 Rebar
Area = 0.44 in2

Y-Z Symmetric
Plane, BC = Tx

#7 Rebar
Area = 0.60 in2

Rebar Material Properties

Es= 29x 106 psi =0.3
Yield Stress Fty = 60,000 psi
Bi-Linear-Plastic Modulus = Perfectly Plastic

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Slide 7 of 19

Comparison ACI 318 Hand Calculations to Kachlakev Control Beam

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16 September 2013 : D2
Rev x

Slide 8 of 19

Kachlakev Control Beam Test Deflections vs Marc FEA

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16 September 2013 : D2
Rev x

Slide 9 of 19

Concrete Crack Progression FEA to Kachlakev Control Beam

16 September 2013 : D2
Rev x

22K Last Load Step Prior to Cracks

Crack Progression vs. Total Beam Loading

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Slide 10 of 19

16 September 2013 : D2
Rev x

Comparison FEA to Kachlakev Control Beam Test: Ansys, Abaqus & Marc

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Slide 11 of 19

References

16 September 2013 : D2
Rev x

1) Kachlakev, D., Miller, T. , Yim, S., Chansawat, K. , Potisuk, T. Finite Element

Modeling of Reinforced Concrete Structures Strengthened with FRP Laminates;
California Polytechnic State University Oregon State University, for Oregon
Department of Transportation, May 2001
2) Sinaei, H., Shariati, M., Abna, A.H., Aghaei, M. and Shariati, A., Evaluation of
reinforced concrete beam behavior using finite element analysis by ABAQUS,
Islamic Azad University, Sirjan, Iran. 10 January, 2012

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Slide 12 of 19

16 September 2013 : D2
Rev x

Appendix A
Summary ACI 318 Hand Calculations & Analysis Notes

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Slide 13 of 19

Analysis of RC Beams using Nonlinear Finite Element Techniques

9 September 2013

RC Beam Tested by Kachlakev 2001

Stage 1: Linear Elastic Moment of Inertia Calculations for Composite Section
The concrete compressive strength at 28 days is given as:
fc 2423 psi
Using ACI 318 8.5.1 the modulus of elasticity of the concrete is calculated as follows:
6

Ec 57000 fc 2.806 10

psi Concrete Modulus

The tensile capacity stress of the concrete, fr, is defined using ACI 318 9.5.2.3. This value fr
is also referred to as the modulus of rupture.
fr 7.5 fc 369

psi Concrete Cracking Stress for normal weight concrete

Beam Section Gross Dimensions

bc 12

inches, Base

hc 30.25 inches, Height

Beam Section Gross Moment of Inertia
Ic_gross

bc hc

27680.6

12

inches4

Beam Cross Section A-A Through Constant Moment Region

Per ACI 9.5.2.3 the crack initiation moment Mcr_gross=
Mcr_gross

Pcr_gross

fr Ic_gross
hc

2
Mcr_gross
72

675645

in lbs

9384 lbs Loading to crack initiation neglecting DW of concrete & rebar

The Total maximum Beam loading = PTot_Crack 2 Pcr_gross 18768

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lbs Total

Page 14 of 19

Analysis of RC Beams using Nonlinear Finite Element Techniques

9 September 2013

To calculate stress in the rebar then Transformed section properties are needed.
Compute modular ratio, n, to be used for transformed inertia
6

Ec 2.806 10
n

Es
Ec

10.336

psi Concrete Es 29 10

psi Steel

Where "n" is modular ratio of Esteel/Econcete

Transform area of Steel to equivalent or effective area of concrete, As_eff_Lwr & As_eff_Upr
Lower Steel #6-2 #7-3 As_6 0.44 in2 for each #6 rebar nrebar_6 2 number of #6 rebar
As_7 0.60 in2 for each #7 rebar nrebar_7 3 number of #7 rebar
As_eff_Low n nrebar_6 As_6 nrebar_7 As_7 27.7
Upper Steel #5-2

in2

drebar_L 2.5 in from Bottom

As_5 0.31 in2 for each #5 rebar nrebar_5 2 number of #5 rebar

As_eff_Upr n nrebar_5 As_5 6.408 in2

Concrete Area Aconc hc bc 363

in2

drebar_U 20

in from Bottom

hc
15.125 in
2

yc_ref

The location of the centroid of area for the effective composite section, concrete & steel rebar
ybar

Aconc yc_ref As_eff_Low drebar_L As_eff_Upr drebar_U

Aconc As_eff_Low As_eff_Upr

The transformed composite area moment of inertia is computed

using parallel axis theorem

14.323 inches
measured from the
Lower surface

Itr Ic_gross Aconc yc_ref ybar 31993

2
As_eff_Low drebar_L ybar
2

inches4

2
As_eff_Upr drebar_U ybar

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Page 15 of 19

Analysis of RC Beams using Nonlinear Finite Element Techniques

9 September 2013

Compute the equivalent loading, P lbs, to just exceed the maximum allowable concrete tension
stress to initiate first cracking.
Recall: con_elastic fr 369

psi

Using bending equation cr_tr = (Mcr_tr *yc)/Itr, where Mcr_tr = Pcr_tr*72 in-lbs
Mcr_tr
Pcr_tr

fr Itr

hc ybar
Mcr_tr
72

741575

10300

in lbs

lbs Loading to crack initiation using transformed section properties and

Neglecting DW of concrete and rebar

The Total maximum Beam loading =

PTot_cr_tr 2 Pcr_tr 20599

lbs Total

The corresponding stress in the steel rebar at this loading is rebar = n(Mcr_tr*yrbar)/Itr
s_elastic

n Mcr_tr drebar_U ybar

Itr

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1360

psi

Page 16 of 19

Analysis of RC Beams using Nonlinear Finite Element Techniques

9 September 2013

Stage 2: Elastic Moment of Inertia Calculations for Cracked Section

When the maximum tensile stress in the concrete exceeds modulus of rupture, fr, the cross section
is assumed to be "cracked" and all the tensile stress is assumed to be carried by the Lower steel
reinforcement. The compressive stress in the remaining concrete is assumed to remain elastic.
Calculate the location of the neutral axis for the cracked section from the top of the beam, "ccrack".

As_eff_Low
ccrack

bc

bc
2
2

As_eff_Low 2 4 2 As_eff_Low hc drebar_L

9.243

in

The moment of inertia of this transformed area w.r.t. the neutral axis for "cracked" section is
calculated using the following for Lower reinforcement only in the RC section; i.e Neglecting the 2
#5 Upper Compression Rebar:

bc ccrack 3
2
A
Icrack
s_eff_Low hc drebar_L ccrack 12646
3

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inches4
Neglecting Upper
Compression Rebar

Page 17 of 19

Analysis of RC Beams using Nonlinear Finite Element Techniques

9 September 2013

Stage 3: Ultimate Strength Calculations for Cracked Section

For ultimate load carrying strength capability tension stress in the concrete is assumed nonexistent
and maximum compressive strain is assumed to equal c = 0.003. The magnitude of compressive
strain is representative of concrete with compressive strength from 2,000 < f'c < 6,000 psi. The
balancing tensile loading is assumed fully carried by the steel reinforcement with the steel material
at yielding at fs_ty. Calculate the location of the neutral axis for the cracked section from the top of
the beam, "ccrack".
Equivalent Whitney Stress Block definitions
Moment Reduction factor u neglected, set equal to 1.0 to compute Ultimate moment
Uniform distribution rectangular stress block, stress intensity factor 1.

fc
0.929
1000

1 1.05 .05

fs_ty 60000 psi, rebar steel yield stress

nrebar_6 As_6 nrebar_7 As_7 fs_ty

au
6.506
.85 fc bc
au
cu
7.005 inches to N-A
1

inches

Mu u nrebar_6 As_6 nrebar_7 As_7 fs_ty hc drebar_L

The maximum loading at Each Load Pad, Pu

Mu
72

54710

The Total maximum Beam loading =PTot_Ult 2 Pu 109419

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u 1

au

3939095 in lbs

2
lbs

lbs Total
Page 18 of 19

Analysis of RC Beams using Nonlinear Finite Element Techniques

9 September 2013

Calculate Deflections from Elastic Moment of Inertia Calculations

for Cracked Section
At the estimated Ultimate Moment capacity, effective inertia is calculated using ACI 318 9.5.2.3.
To be conservative, the gross section properties, Ic_gross, and concrete modulus, Ec, are used.
4

Recall Ic_gross 27681 in

Ieff

Recall Mcr_gross 675645

in lbs

3
Mcr_gross 3
Mcr_gross

Ic_gross 1
Icrack 12722
Mu
Mu

ab 72

in

Lb 3 ab 216 in

Recall ultimate loading on Each Load PadPu 54710

yu

in

Pu ab 4 ab2 3 Lb2
24Ec Ieff

0.548

lbs

inches

Note: When the transformed section properties (Itr & Mcr_tr) are used in place of gross (Ic_gross
& Mcr_gross) properties deflections at ultimate loading equal -0.546".
Linear Elastic Deflection at Mid-Span using gross section properties =
ycr_gross

Pcr_gross ab 4 ab2 3 Lb2

24Ec Ic_gross

0.043 inches

Linear Elastic Deflection at Mid-Span using transposed section properties =

ycr_tr

Pcr_tr ab 4 ab2 3 Lb2

24Ec Itr

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0.041 inches

Page 19 of 19