Bentor, Sheena Estrella S.

BS in Management IV

January 23, 2013

P.I. 100
1st long Exam

Part 1
1. Illustrate (draw a diagram) and discuss about the ancient Philippine political institutions.

Datu

The unit of social organization with broader political, economic, and

religious features than the family was the barangay, headed by the native
chieftain called datu or rajah. Early Filipino settlements varied in
population sizes. Some were inhabited by thousands of people while
others were small, composed of some few scattered family members.

In the Ancient political institution we have the datus, babaylans, and the
panday/bagani. The datu is the head or the chieftain of the community. It
is the executive and legislative body (making and execution of laws.) The
community would serve the datu in times of war, travel, farming,
harvesting and fishing. Laws of the barangay may be written or unwritten.
Also, there is the council of leaders. In making the laws, the datu
recommends a law while the council of elders reviews and agrees while
the umalahokan announces to the barangay the agreed law. The datu are
the political leaders of the barangay. Next, we have the Babaylans. They
are female priest and is said that they can communicate with the gods.
The babaylans are the religious leader that is equivalent to the modern
day priests. People always ask for wisdom from the babaylans. Lastly, the Panday/Bagani are the
warriors and of military body.

Babaylans

Panday/Bagani

2. Illustrate (draw a diagram) and discuss about political institutions in the Philippines under Spanish rule.

Spanish Crown

Governor General

In 1565-1821, Captaincy-General was administered by the Spanish

King through the viceroyalty of Nueva Espana and the Real y Supremo
Consejo de las Indias are the administrator overseeing the colonies of the
Spanish empire. This is all what we call the Spanish Crown.

Bureaucracy in the colonial Philippines may be divided into different levels

of administration: Central or national level, provincial, city, municipal and
barrio. The central or national level is governed by the gobernadorAlcalde Mayor
general. He is the commander-in-chief of the army and the navy, the
President of the Supreme Court and the Vice-real patron who has the power
over ecclesiastical appointments in the church and the right to supervise
Ayuntamiento
mission work. The Alcalde Mayor/ Provincial Governor governed the
pacified provinces and districts while the Corregidors governs
corregimiento/unpacipied military zones. They exercise executive and
Gobernadorcillo
judicial powers and have the special privilege of engaging in the trade
through the indulto de comercio (privilege the alcaldes enjoyed between
1751-1844 before being abolished.) The ayuntamiento or the city
Cabeza de Barangay
government was formed in 1889. In 1894, there were 8 ayuntamientos:
Manila, Iloilo, Cebu, Jaro, Batangas, Albay, Nueva Caceres, and Vigan.
Ayuntamientos are composed of, for example Manila Cabildo, two alcaldes ordinaries, a number of
regidores, an alguacil mayor and escribano.

In the municipal level, it is headed by the gobernadorcillo or little governor. This is the highest
position that a Filipino could achieve during that time. If you are any Filipino or Chinese mestizo, 25 yrs.
old, literate in oral or written Spanish and is a former cabeza de barangay for 4 years, you could be a
gobernadorcillo. He is then assisted by 3 supernumeraries or inspectors in supervising matters such as
boundaries of cultivated fields, branding livestock, police and constables. Also, assisting are 4 tenientes
segundos. Lastly, we have the barrio governed by the cabeza de barangay which acts as the tax and
contribution collector for the gobernadorcillo. When you are a cabeza de barangay you are exempted from
taxation, and with your 25 years of service, you will be exempted from forced labor. To be able to hold this
position, you should have literacy in Spanish, has good moral character and has property ownership.
3. Analyze and compare the changes of the ancient Philippine political institutions and the Hispanized
Philippine political system and government.
Long before the Spaniards came to the Philippines, the natives had a civilization of their own, a
civilization that partly came from the Malay settlers and partly to the response to the new environment.
Since a datu rule a barangay and the word barangay originated from the word balangay (boat),Fr. Juan de
Plasencia speculated that the datu arose from the captain of a boat migrating to the Philippines with his
family, relatives and servants. During the pre-colonial period, trading was one of the reasons why there
are immigrants here in the Philippines that later on became the datu/raja. The datus/raja were those
wealthy and of high status immigrants from the neighboring places like Indonesia and Borneo. The factors
that influenced the creation of such pre-colonial political institutions are trading that brought the
rajas/datus in the Philippines and some other chieftains, religion which is visible during that time, and the
war wherein you will see the warrior class. In pre-colonial times, people strongly believed in diwatas, anito
and some other entity. This is the reason why there are babaylan (lady priest), because they are believed
to have the ability to talk to the higher beings and can grant your wishes with the use of rituals. Moreover,
at this point in time, war is already present between the barangays, caused by the death of someone
belonging to one barangay without just reasons, having the warriors as one of its political institution.
On the other hand, during the Spanish rule, there was another set of institution that was imposed.
The datus that were once the chieftains of the barangay and enjoying high priveleges were undressed of
this royalty and roles. The datus once hereditary position became subject to Spanish appointment. Now,
the basis for these political institutions is according to the colonizers, considering the Spanish to be the
ones to rule the natives or the indios. Indios were limited to gobernadorcillo as the highest position that
they can attain. The institutions were the result of dividing the regions by the Spaniards into areas based
on their bureaucratic structures. In such institutions, education or being well conversed with Spanish, the
goals of the royal crown and its functions, is of much importance. This serves as the basis in attaining
your post within these institutions.
With these differences and changes in the political institutions, the natives and the datus/raja learn
to adapt and grab the opportunities that are present in order to survive and still live with some of the
privileges that they have before.

the nobles

the
freemen
the
dependents

4. Illustrate (draw a diagram) and discuss about the ancient Filipino social
stratification.
The ancient Filipino social stratification was divided into three classes: the
nobles, the freemen, and the dependents. The nobles, consisting of the chiefs
or the datus and their families, they are the ruling class which had started to
accumulate land that it owned privately or administered in the name of the clan or
community. They wielded tremendous influence in the barangay and enjoyed
certain rights that were not usually enjoyed by the other members of the society.
Next, we have the intermediate class of freemen called the maharlika. This social
class was composed of free men and dependents who had earned their freedom,
but they are bound to follow the chief to war. Also, they pay no taxes. Moreover,

occupying the lowest stratum were the dependents or oripuns and known as alipin among the
Tagalogs. There were two kinds of alipin, the aliping namamahay and the aliping sagigilid. The aliping
namamahay had his own family and house and only serve his mater during planting and harvest season,
helped in the construction of his house and served visitors. The sagigilid, on the other hand, owns no
property, lives with the master and could not marry without the latters consent.
5. Illustrate (draw a diagram) and discuss about Hispanized Filipino social straticifation.
The Peninsulares which included the Spanish friars are the highest class in the
Hispanized Filipino social stratification. They are the pure blooded Spaniards
born in Spain (the Iberian peninsula). These Peninsulares are considered the
wealthiest and most politically powerful among the social classes. Moreover,
Insulares
they have the highest positions in the government and are referred to as
Kastilas. Next in the stratum are the Insulares. They are of Spanish ancestry but
born in the Philippines. The clase media or middle class consisted of four
Mestizos
subclasses: the Spanish mestizos (mestizos de Espanol); the principales;
ilustrados; and the Chinese mestizos (mestizos de Sangley). The mestizos
or half breed, which initially referred only to those of Spanish-native descent, had
Ilustrados
an indio parent and a Spanish or Chinese parent. Mestizos, in general,
constituted no more than 2% of the population. In addition to, a principales is
someone that is a previous datu/raja during the pre-hispanic period, the rich
Principales
plantation owners, and the local officials or ex-officials such as the
gobernadorcillo. During the colonization, the Spaniards bought the loyalty of the
datus and collaborated with the elite. The Ilustrados (Spanish for erudite,
Indios
learned or enlightened ones), constituted the wealthy Filipino educated class
during the Spanish colonial period in the late 19th century. It is said that they
were the middle class educated in Spanish and exposed to Spanish liberal and European nationalist
ideals. Lowest in the social classes were indios. They are all native Filipino, born in the Philippines with
both indio parents.

Peninsulares

6. Analyze and compare the changes between the ancient Philippine social stratification and the
Hispanized Filipino social stratification.
The ancient Philippine social stratification as I have observed, is that it is based on whether they
have descended from the ruling class or the datus, the intermediary class wherein they have not acquired
debts that will subject them to slavery and/or slaves or the dependents that were freed from their
indebtedness. This social stratification follows a simple structure, and belonging to a lower class is the
result of indebtedness, caught during the baranganic wars and if you were born with parents from the
lower stratum.
On the other hand, during the Spanish rule, the social stratification was based on the nationality or
the place of your origin (place of birth) and genetic make-up. If you are a pure blooded Spanish and were
born in Spain, you belong to the highest class in the social stratification. Belonging to the ruling class
during the pre-colonial period gives you a higher rank than the ordinary masses but lower than those with
Spanish blood or mestizos.

Test II.
1. What is political socialization theory? Discuss how it can be utilized in the study of the life and works or
Jose Rizal.

According to the discussion of Prof. Pernia, political socialization is the process by which
individuals in a given society become acquainted with the political system and which to a significant
degree determines their perceptions of politics and their reactions to political phenomena(Lawson). Also,
according to Fred Greenstein, we use past events as foundations in our understanding with the present
and a springboard for the future. So in the study of the life and works of Jose Rizal we can use the three
levels of analysis: personal level that refers to the events in ones personal life, nation-state or domestic
level indicating the immediate environment, and global or world system levels that influenced his works
greatly. To further understand the life and works of Rizal, we can take a look at the agents of socialization.
First, we have the institutions. It consists of the educational system, mass media and military
(conscription). We can dig into what type of educational system or institutions were so directly linked that
contributed to Rizals knowledge and intellect. Second, peer groups are those people who share a level of
social standing and age (school or work). Who were the individuals influential to Rizal? Third, we have the
primary groups. These are the groups where people have close and informal relationships and share
same values. Who and what constitutes Rizals family and immediate friends? As a child, who was the
most influential to him and served as his first teacher? We all know, probably, that Rizals mother was the
most influential person to him during his childhood and she was his first teacher. Lastly, we have the
secondary groups. These are groups where people have formal and impersonal relationships (church,
parties, unions). Upon growing, we may ask, who were Rizals immediate association outside his family?
Who were those friends and circles lose and influential to him and in what sense? When Rizal was
growing up and was sent to study abroad, he joined some unions wherein he gained connections that
helped him in his endeavors for his country.
Thus, with these guidelines, we will be able to see and evaluate the story behind the big picture of
the life and works of Jose Rizal. It will help us in understanding the situations or the era where Rizal
belongs.
2. What is your stand regarding the debate between Jose Rizals reformation movement and Andres
Bonifacios nationalist revolutionary struggle? Who do you think should be the Philippine National Hero?
What do you think constitutes being a hero?
I stand for the reformation movement of Jose Rizal. Why? Because claiming for the Philippine
independence is not an easy step and bloodshed will not guarantee the well-being of our motherland and
its inhabitants. Reform is needed because the people governing the country including the friars are
abusing the powers that were given to them that resulted to the sufferings of the natives. If we can have
reform, we can be properly represented in the Spanish Congress so that they will know the exact and
factual situations that are happening in the Philippines. Another is that the natives will be given the
opportunity to learn the Spanish language and to remove the friars that are very abusive of their powers.
In my point of view, during those times, the Philippine is not yet ready for complete independence
because no one is still capable of handling and giving a structure to the complex archipelagic situation of
the Philippines. I also believe in 1Rizals political view that a conquered country like the Philippines should
not be taken advantage of but rather should be developed, civilized, educated and trained in the science
of self governance. I think Rizal should be the Philippine National Hero because even though he did not
approved of the revolution and bloodshed, he inspired a lot of people and triggered their desire for
independence and reform. He was the one who made them see the realities of the Philippines. For me,
what constitutes a hero is that, a hero is someone who died fighting for his own principle, independent
thinker and is nationalistic.

3. Enumerate the economic and socio-cultural institutions in the Philippines under Spanish rule and
discuss its effect on the development of Jose Rizals ideas and writings.
The economic and socio-cultural institutions in the Philippines under the Spanish rule are Taxation without
representation, Polo y Servicio, Encomienda: Royal and Private, Manila-Acapulco Galleon Trade, Royal

Economic Society of Friends of the Country (1780-1895), Royal Philippine Company (1785-1814), and
Infrastructure, Telecommunications and Public Utilities Development. Because of the injustices happening
in these economic and socio-cultural institutions, it sparked the drive for reformation of Rizal. He was able
to illustrate in his works the things that he wants to express, the events happening in the Philippines that
the Spanish Crown and the world doesnt know. He was able to illustrate how the friars abuse their
powers, the violations of human rights of the people and the tyrannical governance of the Spanish
administrators.
4. Enumerate the socio-political and economic events in Europe that help to shape Jose Rizals ideas and
works.

Renaissance the rebirth of the classical ideas of the Greek.

Cultural movements where political phenomenon should be interpreted through religious doctrines
Great Age of Exploration or Discovery the period of Portuguese and Spanish pioneer oceanic
explorations
First European colonization wave the creation of colonies in India and other Asian countries.
The French Revolution
The Age of New Monarchs
Formation of states and the rise of modern states
Wars of Religion: Catholic Church and Protestant Reformation
Spread of Mercantilism

5. Discuss the six patterns of local responses or resistance waged by the Filipinos against Spanish
regime.
The Native Revolts. The Filipinos began to fight Spaniards the moment they settles permanently in 1565
and continued this resistance to the end of their rule in 1898. The revolts were categorized into three:
personal and religious motives, resistance to Spanish-imposed economic and religious institutions, and
land problems. The revolts were personally led by former datus and maharlikas, as well as babaylans and
katalonas, who had lost their prestige and power in their communities with the coming of the Spaniards,
and were supplanted by leaders chosen by the Spaniards and by the Spanish friars. Also, the Spanish
institutions of taxation, forced labor, galleon trade, indulto de commercio, and monopolies were persistent
irritants that caused a lot of revolt to happen. And these revolts all failed because of the absence of a
national leader, lukewarm spirit of nationalism among Filipinos due to its archipelagic nature, and
inadequate training and preparation for warfare.
The religious movement was an uprising due to the continuous Hispanization of the Filipinos through
religion was in line with Spains policy of Gospel, Gold, and Glory. There were various attempts to
Christianize the community however, there are still some who keep their old beliefs instead of embracing
the new religion. Some of the uprisings were: Miguel Lanab and Alababan (1625-1627) compelled the
Isnegs to turn back from Christian faith and escape to the mountains; Tapar who proclaimed himself as
God Almighty.; Francisco Rivera (1718) who instructed his adherents to give back the rosaries,
scapularies and other religious objects to the Dominican missionaries; and Ermano Apolinario de la Cruz
of the Cofradia de San Jose.
The secularization movement. Secularization is a process by which the society is slowly transforming
from that having close identification with the religious institution to a more separated relationship. It was
also considered as the dawn of Philippine Nationalism, particularly after the execution of the GomBurZa.
During this time, there were two kinds of priest: the regulars and the seculars. The regular priests
belonged to religious orders. Their main task was to spread Christianity (e.g. Franciscans, Dominicans,
Recollects and Agustinians.) On the other hand, the secular priests did not belong to any religious order.
They were specifically trained to run the parishes and were under the supervision of the bishops. A royal
decree was issued on November 9, 1774, which provided for the secularization of all parishes or the
transfer of parochial administration from regular friars to the secular priests. The GomBurZa headed the

secularization movement which alleviated the plight of Filipino priests by insisting on the prior right of the
native secular clergy to assignment in parishes over that of the friars newly arrived from Spain. Sad to
say, a mock trial at Fort Santiago on February 15, 1872, they were sentenced to death by means of the
garrote, a Spanish strangulation by an iron collar tightened by a screw.
About 200 Filipino military personnel of Fort Felipe in Cavite staged a mutiny on January 20, 1872 that
led to the execution of the GomBurZa. The mutineers were led by Sergeant Fernando La Madrid. The
mutiny was caused by the removal of personal benefits of the workers such as tax and forced labor
exemptions upon the order of the new Governor General Rafael de Izquierdo. With the mutiny, Izquierdo
used it to target the GomBurZa and other notable Filipinos known for their liberal thinking. During those
times, the Central Government in Madrid was already strongly considering a decree that disallowed the
friars to concern themselves with these kinds of matters. Afraid of losing power, they presented the Cavite
mutiny to the Central Government as a conspirary, allowing them to condemn, exile and execute many.
The Propaganda Movements (reformation) was waged by the ilustrados like Jose Rizal. It is also the
height of La Solidaridad. They used the media as a form of expressing their ideas against the Spaniards.
The motive of this movement is reformation but in the following forms: Philippines being represented in
the Spanish Congress, Philippine to become a province of Spain. Reforms are what they wanted, not
separation, reforms to remove the friars and to learn the Spanish language so that all natives can
understand. In addition to, the KKK & Nationalist revolution was the last of the six patterns. The aid of
Andres Bonifacio was to kill the Spaniards so the natives will live. One solution was to wage an armed
revolution on a national level. During this time, the Filipinos were united,

Sources:
1

http://www.slideshare.net/RizdelRio/rizal-as-a-political-philosopher

http://www.philippinealmanac.com/history/the-social-classes-in-the-history-of-the-philippines-1498.html
http://books.google.com.ph/books?id=gUt5v8ET4QYC&pg=PA40&lpg=PA40&dq=precolonial+period+in+the+philippine+history&source=bl&ots=gv4jTMX5XD&sig=4Dn9gDokwMat8wRLzOq0EVSTjY&hl=en&sa=X&ei=gJfUN2sO62fiAfSy4G4Cw&ved=0CFUQ6AEwBg#v=onepage&q=precolonial%20period%20in%20the%20philippine%20history&f=false
http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/456399/Philippines/23714/The-Spanish-period
http://www.slideshare.net/Noctis747/social-classes-12942253
http://www.thepinoywarrior.com/2012/01/spanish-filipino-caste-system.html
Agoncillo, Teodoro (1970) History of the Filipino People
Philippine History 2004 Edition by M.C. Halili

P.S. Sir walay enye ako laptop :D dili mugana ang alt+164.. :D