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ISSN: 2278-0181
Vol. 3 Issue 10, October- 2014
I.
INTRODUCTION
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SONAR TRANSMITTER
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Sonar signal
Parameters
DC Voltage
Signal
generator
Isolation
and drive
circuit 1
Comparator2
Phase shifter
(180O)
Comparator2
Vcontrol
Vtri
0
-0.5
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
-4
x 10
H1
0.5
D1
D6
D2
D12
D7
0
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
-4
x 10
L1
0.5
0
0
0.1
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0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
Time
0.6
0.7
0.8
2
-4
x 10
0
0
L2
2
-4
x 10
0.5
0
0
2
-4
H-Bridge
0.5
0.1
H2
0.5
IV.
-1
0
1
Triangular
wave
Generator
-1
Isolation
and drive
circuit 2
Control Signal
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Carrier Signal
1
0.9
1
-4
x 10
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PWM1
PWM1
G1
PWM2
PWM2
G2
DSP
PRCESSOR
PWM3
PWM4
MOSFET/
SIGNAL
IGBT
ISOLATION
CIRCUIT PWM3 DRIVER
CIRCUIT
T1
G3
T2
G4
PWM4
T3
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High Voltage DC
H-Bridge
T4
CrystalFrequency FCY
(3)
1
f c 2 PTMR prescalar
Sine wave is divided into 12 or more in time scale.
This no (ratio of carrier frequency to modulating
frequency) can be any even number more than 12
which can be implemented using selected
microcontroller. For example 360O is divided into 12
equal parts of 30O as shown in Fig 4.
PTPER
ii.
SONAR
PARAMETERS
Feed back
circuitry
Signal Generation
1
0.5
0
-0.5
D. Power Filter
The power filter normally consists of inductor and
capacitors that suppresses the high frequency harmonics. The
filter used in sonar power amplifier can be of second order,
which is designed using a single inductor element and a
capacitor.
The empirical formula for designing the values of
inductor (L) and capacitor (C) are given in [14] is presented
in equation 1 and 2.
1.414 RL
(1)
L
2f
0.707
2fR L
(2)
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-1
30
60
90
120
150
180
210
240
270
300
330
360
H1
30
60
90
120
150
180
210
240
270
300
330
360
TABLE I.
ANGLES OF A SINE WAVE FOR SPWM
GENERATION USING DIGITAL METHOD
P1
P2
P3
P4
P5
P6
15
45
75
105
135
165
P7
P8
P9
P10
P11
P12
195
225
255
285
315
345
PTPER
PTPER
sin( pt ))
2
2
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(4)
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v.
PROTOTYPE DEVELOPMENT
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0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Normalised Frequency (f/fm)
70
80
90
100
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Normalised Frequency (f/fm)
80
90
100
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VRMS=91V
VRMS=40V
50V
20V
VRMS=167 V
200
-200
-600
VRMS=215 V
100V
0dB
-3dB
-6dB
-12dB
-21dB
600
-0.0002
100V
-0.0001
0
0.0001
Time, (s)
0.0002
0.0003
VRMS=282 V
200V
200V
VRMS=334 V
Fig.7. Output Voltage and current of digital SMPA at different power levels
when connected across a transducer load
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IJERTV3IS100058
10000
1000
Power Ouput(W)
Fig. 9. Output Voltage and Input Current (supply current from the
DC source)
100
10
0.1
0
-10
-20
-30
-40
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50
90
IX.
Efficiency(%)
88
86
84
82
80
1000
100
10
Power (Watts)
0.1
VII. CONCLUSION
[1]. A.D. Waite. Sonar for practising engineers. John Wiley,Third Edition,
2002.
[2]. R. Coates and Sciche. The Sonar Course. Seiche Technical Education,
2003.
[3]. Carsten Wallenhauer, Bernhard Gottlieb, Roland Zeichfl and
Andreas Kappel, Efficiency Improved High-Voltage Analog Power
Amplifier for Driving Piezoelectric Actuators, IEEE Transactions On
Circuits And SystemsI: Regular Papers, Vol. 57, No. 1, January
2010, pp: 291-298.
[4]. C. Baylis, L. Wang, M. Moldovan, J. Martin, H. Miller, L. Cohen and
J. de Graaf, Designing transmitters for spectral conformity: power
amplifier design issues and strategies IET Radar Sonar Navig., 2011,
Vol. 5, Iss. 6, pp. 681685
[5]. David M. J. Cowell, Peter R. Smith and Steven Freear, Harmonic
Cancellation in Switched Mode Linear Frequency Modulated (LFM)
Excitation of Ultrasound Arrays, IEEE International Ultrasonics
Symposium Proceedings, 2011, pp: 454-457
[6]. Kenle Chen, Xiaogu and Liuand Dimitrios Peroulis, Widely Tunable
High-Efficiency Power Amplifier With Ultra-Narrow Instantaneous
Bandwidth, IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory And
Techniques, Vol. 60, NO. 12, Dec 2012, pp: 3787-3797
[7]. Michael Karpelson , Gu-Yeon Wei,Robert J. Wood, " Driving high
voltage piezoelectric actuators in microrobotic applications", Sens.
Actuators A: Phys. (2012), doi:10.1016/j.sna.2011.11.035
[8]. Kodjo Agbossou, Jean-Luc Dion, Sylvain Carignan, Meftah Abdelkrim
and Ahmed Cheriti, "Class D Amplifier for a Power Piezoelectric
Load", IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics, and
Frequency Control, vol. 47, no. 4, july 2000:pp: 1036-1041
[9] Negareh Ghasemi, Firuz Zare, Pooya Davari, Christian Langton, Peter
Weber, Arindam Ghosh," Power Electronic Converters for High Power
Ultrasound Transducers", IEEE Conference on Industrial Electronics
and Applications (ICIEA), 2012, pp: 647-652
[10]. T. Wrtz, H. Janocha, M. Ressing, Compact Lightweight Power
Amplifier for Piezoelectric Actuators,ACTUATOR 2008, 11th
International Conference on New Actuators, Bremen, Germany, 9 11
June 2008, pp:546-549
[11]. Dennis Nielsen, A High-Voltage Class D Audio Amplifier for
Dielectric Elastomer Transducers", IEEE, 2014 , pp: 3278-3283
[12]. Bineesh P chacko, V N Panchalai, N Sivakumar, Modified Unipolar
Switching Technique for PWM Controlled Digital Sonar Power
Amplifier IJEIT Volume 3, Issue 5, November 2013, pp:147-154
[13]. A.Y. Broverman, Optimum transformer design for a pulsed power
system, ORNL/TM-10620.
[14]. Apex Micro Technology, PWM low pass filtering Applications Note
32, volume12, pp. 750-759.
[15]. dsPIC30F2010 Datasheet, Microchip Technology Inc, USA, 2004
[16]. dsPIC30F2010 family reference manual, Microchip Technology Inc,
USA, 2005
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It can be seen from the experimental data (Fig 10) that the
system is very linear over the power ranges of interest. The
dynamic range that the sonar transmitter expected to work is
well within this linearity range. The efficiency >86% in all
power levels (Fig 11) ensure the less heating of the power
devices and hence the system is very compact
REFERENCES
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