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163-169 (2005)
163
ABSTRACT
Effects of different cavity closure models on the development
sheet supercavitation of two-dimensional hydrofoils were examined
in this report. The study was carried out under the assumption of
potential flow for which a cavity closure model was needed. A
potential-based boundary element method has been developed for this
purpose. The models we employed included the constant velocity
model and the short plate termination model. Several different airfoil
shapes were tested. Their effects on the cavity shape, lift coefficient,
cavity volume and computation efficiency were studied. Careful
investigations show that closure models have insignificant influence
on physical quantities, but do have strong effects on computational
efficiency.
INTRODUCTION
Cavitation is a challenging hydrodynamic phenomenon both in physical science and engineering
applications. In physical science, cavitating flows involve many complicated and interdisciplinary physical
phenomena in which both physicists and applied mathematicians are interested. In engineering applications,
erosion and corrosion of structures are almost unavoidable wherever cavitation occurs. Detrimental noise
ensues from collapse of cavitating bubbles. More
recently, new generation of underwater weapons has
been developed by the concept of supercavitation.
In the past two decades, there has been significant
progress in the study and observation of sheet cavitation
phenomena, primarily due to the fast development of
high-speed computation science and more advanced
experimental techniques. Nevertheless, the investigation of cavitation modeling has a very long history that
can be traced back to Kirchhoff [8]. Major pioneering
development was theoretical [5, 9]. The successful
Paper Submitted 06/30/04, Accepted 03/16/05. Author for Correspondence:
Jiahn-Horng Chen. E-mail: b0105@mail.ntou.edu.tw.
*Department of Systems Engineering and Naval Architecture National
Taiwan Ocean University Keelung, Taiwan, R.O.C.
164
(1)
(2)
P = PV
Foil Sb
Cavity Sc
= U (icos + jsin ),
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(x) = (x d) + |u c|s,
(7)
P pv
=
=
1 U 2
2
uc
U
1,
(8)
B.C. Wu & J.H. Chen: Effects of Closure Models on Supercavitating Bubble Development
(x ) = U x +
165
Sw
Sc
q ( )s dS
S b +S c
()(n x ) dS
w ( ) (n x ) dS
i = U x i +
q j ij k= 1 k ik + w iw
j =1
ij = 1
2
ln rdS
Sj
Cavity surface
End point
Inflow
Wake
Wake
Foil
Cavity
(9)
Foil
Short plate = /2
166
ik =
1
2
Sj
ln r dS , i k ,
n k
1,
2
(10)
i =k
1.00E+01
L2-norm
1.00E-01
Simple model
1.00E-03
Plate model
1.00E-05
1.00E-07
1.00E-09
1.00E-11
50
100
150
200
Numbers of iterations
250
300
L2-norm
50
100
150
200
Numbers of iterations
250
300
L2-norm
(b) NACA16004
1.00E+01
1.00E-01
1.00E-03
1.00E-05
1.00E-07
1.00E-09
1.00E-11
y
0.30
0.25
0.20
0.15
0.10
0.05
0.00
-0.05
0.00
y
0.12
0.10
0.08
0.06
0.04
0.02
0.00
-0.02
-0.04
0.00
Simple model
Plate model
x/c
0.20
0.40
0.60
0.80
(a) Flat plate.
1.00
1.20
1.40
x/c
0.20
0.40
0.60
0.80
(b) NACA16004
1.00
1.20
1.40
y
0.15
0.10
50
100
150
Numbers of iterations
200
250
0.05
x/c
0.00
-0.10
0.00
0.20
0.40
0.60
0.80
(c) Eppler foil.
1.00
1.20
1.40
B.C. Wu & J.H. Chen: Effects of Closure Models on Supercavitating Bubble Development
L2-norm
1.00E-01
Simple model
1.00E-03
167
Plate model
1.00E-05
1.00E-07
1.00E-09
1.00E-11
100
200
400
500
300
Numbers of iterations
600
700
L2-norm
1.00E-01
1.00E-03
y
0.30
0.25
0.20
0.15
0.10
0.05
0.00
-0.05
0.00
Simple model
Plate model
x/c
0.50
1.50
2.00
2.50
1.00E-05
1.00E-07
0.30
1.00E-09
1.00E-11
0.20
0
200
600
400
Numbers of iterations
800
1000
0.10
0.00
(b) NACA16004
1.00E+01
x/c
-0.10
0.00
0.50
1.00
1.50
(b) NACA16004
2.00
2.50
y
0.40
0.30
0.20
0.10
0.00
-0.10
0.00
0.50
1.00
1.50
(c) Eppler foil.
2.00
2.50
1.00E-01
1.00E-03
L2-norm
1.00
1.00E-05
1.00E-07
1.00E-09
1.00E-11
100
200
300
Numbers of iterations
400
500
x/c
168
1.0E+03
1.0E+01
L2 norm
1.0E-01
1.0E-03
1.0E-05
1.0E-07
1.0E-09
1.0E-11
10
20
30
40
Numbers of iterations
50
60
L2 norm
1.0E+01
1.0E-01
1.0E-03
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
1.0E-05
1.0E-07
1.0E-09
1.0E-11
200
800
400
600
Numbers of iterations
1000
12000
1.0E+01
L2 norm
1.0E-01
Plate model (N = 202)
1.0E-03
1.0E-05
1.0E-07
1.0E-09
1.0E-11
50
100
150
200
250
Numbers of iterations
300
350
B.C. Wu & J.H. Chen: Effects of Closure Models on Supercavitating Bubble Development
5. Efros, D.A., Hydrodynamical Theory of Two-Dimensional Flow with Cavitation, Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR,
Vol. 51, pp. 267-270 (1946).
6. Furuya, O. and Acosta, A.J., A Note on the Calculation
of Supercavitating Hydrofoils with Rounded Noses, J.
Fluid Eng-T ASME, Vol. 95, pp. 222-228 (1973).
7. Kinnas, S.A. and Fine, N.E., A Numerical Nonlinear
Analysis of the Flow Around Two and Three-Dimensional Partially Cavitating Hydrofoils, J. Fluid Mech.,
Vol. 254, pp. 151-181 (1993).
8. Kirchhoff, G., Zur Theorie freier Flussigkeitsstrahlen, Z. Reine Angew. Math., Vol. 70, pp. 289-298 (1869).
9. Kreisel, G., Cavitation with Finite Cavitation
Numbers (Technical Report No. R1/H/36), Admiralty
Research Laboratory, Teddington, UK (1946).
10. Krishnaswamy, P., Andersen, P., and Kinnas, S.A., Reentrant Jet Modeling for Partially Cavitating Two-Dimensional Hydrofoils, Proceedings of the 4th International Symposium on Cavitation, CAV2001, Pasadena,
CA (2001).
11. Lee, C.S., Kim, Y.G., and Lee, J.T., A Potential-Based
Panel Method for the Analysis of a Two-Dimensional
Super- or Partially-Cavitating Hydrofoil, J. Ship Res.,
Vol. 36, pp. 168-181 (1992).
12. Riabouchinsky, D., On Steady Fluid Motion with a Free
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