Ribosome

Structure - non-membraneous, spherical bodies composed of

RNA (ribonucleic acid) and protein enzymes

Function - site of protein synthesis

Golgi Apparatus

Structure - stacks of flattened sacs of unit membrane (cisternae)

- vesicles pinch off the edges

Function - modifies chemicals to make them functional

- conceals chemicals in tiny vesicles
- stores chemicals
- may produce endoplasmic reticulum

Mitochondrion

Structure - composed of modified double unit membrane (protein, lipid)

- inner membrane infolded to form cristae

Function - site of cellular respiration ie. the release of chemical

energy from food

Glucose + Oxygen ------> Carbon Dioxide + Water + Energy (ATP)

Lysosome

Structure - membrane bound bag containing hydrolytic enzymes

- hydrolytic enzyme = (water split biological catalyst)
i.e. using water to split chemical bonds

Function - break large molecules into small molecules by

inserting a molecule of water into the chemical bond
Cell Membrane

Structure - composed of protein and lipid (fat) molecules.

Function - acts as a boundary layer to contain the cytoplasm (fluid in cell)

- interlocking surfaces bind cells together
- selectively permeable to select chemicals that pass in and
out of cells

Cell Wall

Structure
- a non-living secretion of the cell membrane, composed of
cellulose
- cellulose fibrils deposited in alternating layers for strength

- contains pits (openings) that make it totally permeable

Function
- provides protection from physical injury
- together with vacuole, provides skeletal support

Nucleus

The nucleus consists of the nuclear envelope, nucleolus, chromatin, and nucleoplasm.

Nuclear Envelope

Structure -two unit membranes with a fluid-filled space

-nuclear pores present
-outer membrane may be continuous with endoplasmic
reticulum

Function -selectively permeable to control movement in or out

-contains nuclear contents
Chromatin

Structure -composed of long thin strands of DNA

Function -contains instructions that control cell metabolism and heredity

Nucleolus

Structure -non-membraneous matrix of RNA (ribonucleic acid)

and protein

Function - instructions in DNA are copied here

- works with ribosomes in the synthesis of protein

Chloroplast

Structure
- composed of a double layer of modified membrane (protein,
chlorophyll, lipid)
- inner membrane invigilates to form layers called "grana"
(sing., granum) where chlorophyll is concentrated

Function - site of photosynthesis

chlorophyll
Carbon Dioxide + Water ---------------> Glucose + Oxygen
radiant energy (food)

Centriole

Structure - nine triplets of microtubules form one centriole

- two centrioles form one centrosome

Function - forms spindle fibers to separate chromosomes during cell

division
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

Structure - sheets of unit membrane with ribosomes on the

outside
- forms a tubular network throughout the cell

Function - transports chemicals between cells and within cells

- provides a large surface area for the organization

of chemical reactions and synthesis.