Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Sebutkan
rincian kegiatan pada setiap tahapan dan carilah pembanding rincian
kegiatan pada setiap kegiatan dari referensi lain.
yaitu penetapan: (1) topik penelitian, (2) rancangan (design) penelitian, (3)
pelaksanaan (do) penelitian, dan (4) gambaran hasil penelitian. Sistematika
keseluruhan tahapan suatu penelitian kualitatif dan kuantitatif disajikan pada
Gambar 2. Pada pendekatan kuantitatif, keempat tahapan tersebut secara rinci
disajikan pada tersebut. Dari skema tesebut dapat diketahui kedudukan/posisi dari
literature review.
mendahului
Saling
yang
menajamkan
lainnya.
Mekanismenya
lebih
bersifat
Peneliti
umumnya sepakat, bahwa kerja penelitian bermula dari masalah yang hendak
dipecahkan. Masalah tersebut memiliki rentangan dari yang samar sampai
pada
proposisi
yang merupakan
kesimpulan
sementara.
masalah
yang
disusun, bukan dari deduksi suatu perilaku sosial yang diverifikasi dari dunia
nyata, atas dasar asumsi a priori. Pada penelitian pendekatan kualitatif, tahapan
Design your research, do your research, dan describe your research tampak
secara
simultan
atau
that the rationale for doing the project will be accomplished only if the
study is done well. By showing that you have devised a plan to study your
topic that looks plausible and seems feasible, you reinforce the sense that
the purpose will be achieved. The value of the project lies on only in what
it alone will produce, but also in how it may add to or challenge other
research in the area.
The ethical issues are often confronted in the data collection stage,
for examples, in maintaining the confidentiality of the data, in gaining
access to the field, and in avoiding deception as to the role of the
researcher. If these will be major isuues in your study, they should be
addressed.
Stage 6: Operationalize Cocepts and Design the Reasearch Instrument
This refers to the nuts and bolts of the study. In a survey, the
questionnaire or interview schedule is the operasionalization of the
independent variable is the actual stimulus. in field studies, this process of
operationalizing occurs rather differently. It often must wait until the field
notes have been gathered.
Concepts are sometimes better measured using more than one
indicator of the concept. In a survey, how the concepts are operationalized
in the questionnaire will determine what will be produced from the survey.
If the concepst are poorly operationalized, the best national sample and the
fanciest statistical routines will not make something useful of the data. In
the proposal, the actual way that the concepts will be operationalized
should be spelled out. If a survey is to be carried out, it is usually
appended to a proposal. In addition, the critical questions that measure the
most important concepts in the study should be discussed and their level of
adequacy addressed.
Stage 7: Select a Sample of Subjects to Study
The selection process for deciding what or whom you will study
rest on a large body of thought about the nature of sampling.When
probability samples are used, it is possible to determine haow
representative your sample is off all the other out there (the population)
who might have gotten into your study. Sampling plans may be very
complex or quite straightforward. When the rules probability are not
followed and you merely select a sample of subject who seem to fulfill the
needs of your study, you have a non-probability sample. For many studies,
such a sample is sufficient; and for some, it is the best that can be
achieved. Whatever the design of your sample, it needs to be explained in
detail in your proposal. It should be so precise that someone else could
generate a similar sample by following your procedures.
Stage 8: Collect the Data
Each form of the data collection has its special concerns which
need to be considered fully before doing the study. This is why prestesting
is so valuable, because it helps you to find and address potential problems
before they enter your study and cause bigger problems.
For the proposal, the plans for collecting data should be described
carefully. In a field project, it is more difficult to be precise, and you may
need to make changes once the field is entered. Nevertheless it is better to
have a clear plan can that be altered as you go along than only some vague
ideas that subsequently you cannot be sure you have followed. For an
experiment, data collection procedures can usually described very
precisely. This is also true of a survey. Mail surveys tend to have multiple
stages in the data collection procedure to increase the response rate. If you
are using already available data, you need to describe at this stage how you
will obtain the data.
Stage 9: Process the Data
Once the data are collected, they must be put into a form which
will enable them to be analyzed, if they are quantifiable data, you usually
have to prepare them for the computer. In the proposal, a concise statement
may be included to address this subject. It may describe what type of
computer ficilities are at the disposal of the research, what possible
sources of assistance are available. And what efforts are being made to
increase accuracy in the handling of the data.
Stage 10: Analyze The Data
How you plan to analyze the data must be thought through
carefully while the study is being desaigned. Its true that once the data are
collected, there may be some changes in these plans. The proposal should
indicate the anlyses planned; it may suggest that some analytic strategies
will depend on how earlier ones turn out. In a field study, only very
preliminary plans will problaby be possible.
Stage 11: Present The Result
For research projects which are funded, final reports must be
written. Most social research projects become