Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Abstract
The rise of the SAGD (steam-assisted gravity drainage)
technology over the last ten years as the leading technology to
develop oil sands in-situ is unquestionable. This despite the
youth and questions that still surround this technology.
Therefore, a review of most of the existing operations in
Canada has been undertaken (32 pads in 8 different
operations), which includes an analysis of their current
performance and particularities, trying to understand what
makes a SAGD project successful, and what determines its
performance. Moreover, SAGDs performance has been
compared with the performance of CSS (cyclic steam
stimulation), the other leading in-situ technology for oil sands.
The main finding of this work is that geology and reservoir
properties are by far the most dominant features for a
successful SAGD operation. SAGD targets must be reservoir
areas with average thickness above 15 m, good vertical
communication and no thief zones. Moreover, if the geological
conditions are known, the SAGD process has to be operated
properly as lack of operational excellence can be detrimental
to the performance of any SAGD project. SAGD operations
are badly compromised by lack of steam mainly, but also by
long boiler shutdowns, and by losing confined injectors early
on in the process, which lead to splitting big pads into smaller
ones.
Finally, as long as the steam chamber can grow, the
ultimate recovery of a SAGD operation can be expected to be
in the order of 60 to 70%. The cOSR (cumulative Oil-SteamRatio) can fluctuate between 0.30 and 0.50, with the higher
end values associated with high quality reservoirs (mainly oil
content), excellent operations, and large pads; while
operations at the lower end values have usually a combination
of operational issues, smaller oil content and shale baffles
(poor vertical connectivity).
Introduction
From 1985 to 1987 the government of Alberta, represented by
AOSTRA, built the Underground Test Facility (UTF), whose
IPTC 12860
Wt.Bitumen(%) =
So *
* 100
(2.65 * (1 )) + (1.0 * )
1 The
JACOS Hangingstone
Hangingstone is a unique operation in the sense that it has
not been developed as pads but more as couples of well pairs.
Nonetheless the existing operation is one of the oldest, it has
15 well pairs and a production in the order of 8000 bbl/d by
the end of 2006. Moreover, its oldest pad (2 wells) is finished,
and with the UTF Phase B are the only two pads where
production has been completed.
EnCanas Christina Lake
Christina Lake is EnCanas demonstration pilot and
playground. There are 6 well pairs, which have been drilled
two at a time. EnCana is trying the use of solvent in some of
its wells, and it has used 3D seismic as monitoring tool. The
operation is not commercial so EnCana is not obligated to
report monthly volumes. Therefore cumulative volumes are
known but rates are unknown.
ConocoPhillips Surmont
Surmont is a three well pair pilot, with two relatively short
pairs (350 m) and one long pair (1000 m). It is a pilot and a
significant amount of information has been made public such
as pressures and temperatures. Unfortunately the availability
of steam is limited, which has limited the operation of the pilot
in general, and especially of the long well. Therefore, its
performance is not really representative of a SAGD operation.
Nonetheless some of the data are used for analysis purposes.
Suncors Firebag
Probably the biggest SAGD operation being undertaken in
Canada with 40 well pairs (4 pads) in place by the middle of
2006, 20 more pairs being drilled or prepared (2 pads), and at
least 20 more approved (2 pads). By the middle of 2006 the
production was more than 30000 bbl/d out of 22 wells (steam
is limited presently but more capacity is being built).
Unfortunately the operation is too young to be included indepth in the analysis, so the results shown must be taken
cautiously.
Blackrocks Hilda Lake
Hilda Lake is a two well pair pilot operated in the Cold
Lake area by Blackrock, and recently bought by Shell. Its
performance cannot be compared on a one-to-one basis with
the other operations as the steam chambers of the wells have
not coalesced and there have been issues with steam
availability. The data are included for completeness, and
because it is the only SAGD operation outside Athabasca that
the author has had access data wise. A point worth noting here
is that on the basis of typical saturations and porosities from
Cold Lake, the cut-off to calculate OOIP must be in the order
of 8%, which is what Imperial Oil uses in its Cold Lake lease,
instead in the 10% of Athabasca areas.
Sagd Performance
The ultimate recovery of SAGD and its energy efficiency are
still very controversial issues by reasons such as the current
operation of most of the existing pads, the lack of
predictability of simulators, the variability of results in
contiguous pads, and so on. Table A-1 shows the performance
details and size of the pads analyzed in this report, and Figure
1 shows the current performance of the 32 SAGD pads. In an
attempt to remove the time component, the data are plotted as
hydrocarbon pore volume produced versus hydrocarbon pore
volumes injected. Moreover this plot has an advantage that the
slope of any line in this space is the inverse of the Oil-Steam
IPTC 12860
2.1
1.8
MacKay River
Foster Creek
UTF (Dover)
Hangingstone
Christina Lake
Surmont
Firebag
Hilda Lake
Finished
O
SR
2.4
=0
.2
2.7
0
R=
OS
.3
0
R=
OS
.4
Finished
1.5
=0.5
OSR
1.2
0.9
0.6
0.3
0.0
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
HCPV Produced
Operation
MacKay
River
Foster
Creek
Hangingstone
18
46/46 as of
Sept-06
30
0.46
50
7/108 as of
May-06
27
0.39
15
16/90 as of
Dec-06
37
0.31
IPTC 12860
cOSR
0.30
0.35
0.40
0.45
0.50
0.8
0.55
10
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
0.20
0.25
0.30
0.35
0.40
0.45
Finished
MacKay River
Foster Creek
UTF (Dover)
Hangingstone
Christina Lake
Surmont
Firebag
Hilda Lake
0.6
HCPV Produced
0.25
0.20
0.4
0.2
Firebag lack
steam early on
0.5
COSR
0.4
0.3
Foster Creek - A
Foster Creek - B
Foster Creek - C
Foster Creek - D
MacKay - A
MacKay - B
MacKay - C
MacKay - D
Hangingstone - AB
Hangingstone - CDE
0.2
0.1
0.0
20
40
0.50
cOSR
Finished
60
80
100
Time (months)
0.0
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
Months in Production
IPTC 12860
60
10
15
20
25
30
Recovery Factor (% )
MacKay - A
MacKay - B
MacKay - C
OSR=0.3
OSR=0.4
OSR=0.5
MacKay - D
OSR=0.2
2.1
O
SR
20m
25m
35m
35m
2.4
20
=0
.2
2.7
40
R=
OS
0.3
0
R=
OS
1.8
.4
1.5
=0.5
OSR
1.2
0.9
0.6
0.3
0.0
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
HCPV Produced
120
Steam Injected / OOIP (%)
80
100
80
60
40
20
0
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Foster - B
OSR=0.4
OSR=0.5
Foster - C
Foster - D
OSR=0.2
OSR=0.3
IPTC 12860
k
v
2.1
1750 kPa
2250 kPa
2800 kPa
4800 kPa
O
SR
2.4
=0
.2
2.7
R=
OS
0.3
0
R=
OS
1.8
.4
1.5
=0.5
OSR
1.2
0.9
0.6
0.3
0.0
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
HCPV Produced
IPTC 12860
2.1
O
SR
7.4 kPa/m
12.9 kPa/m
14 kPa/m
15 kPa/m
16 kPa/m
2.4
0
R=
OS
.3
R=
OS
1.8
1.5
0.4
=0.5
OSR
1.2
11.0
0.9
10.5
Viscosity (cP)
=0
.2
2.7
0.6
0.3
0.0
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
HCPV Produced
10.0
1750 kPa
9.5
9.0
8.5
2250 kPa
8.0
7.0
S=
where
H
H lv
H = AT Cvr h s + k t C vo t
O = Ah s ( S oi S or )
cSOR =
kC t
S T
C vr + t vo
=
O H lvS 0
h s
1500 kPa
7.5
8.0
8.5
9.0
9.5
10.0
10.5
11.0
Time (years)
IPTC 12860
0.44
7.44 years
cOSR
0.43
0.42
10.45 years
0.41
9 years
0.40
0.39
7.44 years
0.38
1500
1600
1700
1800
1900
2000
2100
2200
2300
PAD Size
Well pair interaction between pads has been shown to be
important in the different pads analyzed at EnCanas Foster
Creek. Therefore, it is expected that pad size could have a
meaningful impact on the performance of SAGD operations.
Figure 12 shows that most of the best performers are pads with
4 or more well pairs. Thus, the UTF Phase B, which is an
excellent operation with an excellent reservoir quality, is a 3
well pair pad and may not achieve the level of performance of
bigger pads as in MacKay River, which is a nearby operation.
Moreover, it implies that single well pair pilots, such as Hilda
Lake, which are good indicators of whether the steam chamber
can develop and SAGD operations are feasible, are not good
indicators of the full performance of SAGD operations, and
will underestimate the cOSR and ultimate recovery that can be
expected in multi-well pads. The pads with 10 well pairs
belong to Firebag, and they are underperforming due to two
major reasons:
lack of steam for the entire project: not all the 10 well
pairs have been steamed in the pads
distance between well pairs is 150 m (much larger than
the typical 100 m spacing of other operation): the steam
chamber will take longer to coalesce.
2.7
2.4
2.1
=0
.2
0.45
70 m
90 m
100 m
150 m
O
SR
7.44 years
0.46
0
R=
OS
.3
R=
OS
1.8
1.5
0.4
=0.5
OSR
1.2
0.9
0.6
0.3
2.1
2 Wells
3 Wells
4 & 5 Wells
6 Wells
7 Wells
10 Wells
O
SR
2.4
=0
.2
2.7
0
R=
OS
R=
OS
1.8
1.5
0.0
0.0
.3
0.4
=0.5
OSR
0.9
0.6
0.3
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
HCPV Produced
1.2
0.0
0.0
0.1
0.8
HCPV Produced
Figure 12. Impact of number of well pairs per pad on the efficiency
of SAGD operations
IPTC 12860
10
IPTC 12860
Acknowledgements
The author thanks Shell International Exploration &
Production B.V. for permission to publish this paper.
References
1. Imperial Oil, 2006. Cold Lake Annual Performance Review.
www.ercb.ca/ November 28, 2006
2. Petro-Canada, 2006. MacKay River Performance Presentation
Approval No. 8668. www.ercb.ca/ October 27, 2006.
3. Encana, 2006. Foster Creek Development. www.ercb.ca/ May 30,
2006.
4. Devon, 2005. Dover SAGD Progress Review. www.ercb.ca/
April 28, 2005.
5. Butler, R. 1997. Thermal Recovery of Oil and Bitumen, 528 p.
6. ORourke, J.C., Begley, A.G., Boyle, H.A., Yee, C.T., Chambers,
J.I. and Luhning, R.W., 1997. UTF project status update May 1997.
48th Annual Technical Meeting of the Petroleum Society in Calgary,
Alberta, Canada, June 8-11.
7. Edmunds, N. and Peterson, J., 2007. A unified model for
prediction of CSOR in steam-based bitumen recovery. 8th Canadian
International Petroleum Conference, Calgary, June 12-14.
8. ConocoPhillips, 2007. Surmont Pilot Performance and Resource
Management Presentation to the EUB. www.ercb.ca/ April 23, 2007
9. Batycky, J.P., Leaute, R.P. and Dawe, B.A., 1997. A mechanistic
model of cyclic steam stimulation, SPE 37550.
Appendix
Table A-1. Performance and pad details of the SAGD operations analyzed
RF (%)
Water
Project
Operator
PAD
No.
OOIP
Bitumen
Prod.
Wells (1000m3)
Prod.
(1000m3) (1000m3)
Christina Lake
EnCana
Foster Creek
EnCana
Surmont
ConocoPhillips
MacKay River
Petro-Canada
Hanginstone
JACOS
Dover
Petro-Canada
Firebag
Suncor
Hilda Lake
BlackRock
A2+A3
A4
A5+A6
A
B
C
D
E
Exp1
Exp2
F
G
A+B
C
A
B
C
D
A+B
C+D+E
F+H+I
J+K
L+M+N
O+P+Q
Phase B
Phase D
Phase E
Phase F&G
Pad1
Pad2
I1P1
I3P3
2
1
2
4
6
6
6
6
6
4
6
6
2
1
7
7
6
5
2
3
3
2
3
2
3
2
1
2
10
10
1
1
900
450
683
1746
2844
3114
3237
3133
2690
1960
3502
2574
1128
1214
2073
3578
4358
2581
757
998
949
996
1217
808
1065
851
504
930
19100
18000
509
509
518
159
160
1048
768
1183
1360
1128
565
235
210
180
278
68
490
1171
1169
790
555
460
469
277
280
101
697
440
155
46
2157
1321
170
102
1583
2522
2447
1742
1848
1420
1299
776
662
298
1661
1019
350
125
702
399
42.8
35.3
23.4
60.0
27.0
38.0
42.0
36.0
21.0
12.0
6.0
7.0
24.6
5.6
23.6
32.7
26.8
30.6
73.3
46.1
49.4
27.8
23.0
12.5
65.4
51.7
30.8
4.9
6.5
3.8
33.4
20.1
COSR
0.48
0.38
0.38
0.43
0.29
0.40
0.43
0.36
0.40
0.42
0.50
0.48
0.33
0.25
0.27
0.48
0.53
0.36
0.29
0.29
0.32
0.34
0.39
0.32
0.42
0.35
0.35
0.27
0.32
0.26
0.29
0.22
Start
Latest
Well
Average
HCPV
Well
Steam
Injected/ Produced Spacing Thickness Length Production Data
(m)
(m)
(m)
OOIP
1.21
0.92
0.61
1.41
0.92
0.95
0.99
0.99
0.53
0.28
0.12
0.15
0.75
0.22
0.89
0.68
0.50
0.85
2.52
1.59
1.52
0.82
0.60
0.39
1.57
1.47
0.87
0.18
0.35
0.28
1.15
0.91
0.58
0.35
0.23
0.60
0.27
0.38
0.42
0.36
0.21
0.12
0.06
0.07
0.25
0.06
0.24
0.33
0.27
0.31
0.73
0.46
0.49
0.28
0.23
0.13
0.65
0.52
0.31
0.05
0.11
0.07
0.33
0.20
90
90
90
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
120
150
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
70
90
90
90
150
150
-
25
25
20
30
27
30
30
25
24
26
31
23
47
41
19
25
34
29
20
20
18
20
22
22
16
22
22
22
44
39
23
23
700
700
450
700
700
700
700
700
700
700
700
700
300
700
700
700
700
700
500
750
750
750
700
700
500
750
750
750
900
900
1000
1000
Oct-02
Oct-03
Sep-04
May-97
Nov-01
Nov-01
Nov-01
Nov-01
Nov-03
Nov-04
Sep-05
Oct-05
Oct-97
Jun-00
Nov-02
Nov-02
Nov-02
Nov-02
Jun-99
Jul-00
Feb-02
Aug-03
Jul-04
Aug-05
Jan-93
Jun-96
Jun-99
Dec-03
Feb-04
Feb-04
Oct-97
Oct-00
Apr-07
May-06
May-06
May-06
May-06
May-06
May-06
May-06
May-06
May-06
May-06
May-06
Mar-07
Mar-07
Sep-06
Sep-06
Sep-06
Sep-06
Dec-06
Dec-06
Dec-06
Dec-06
Dec-06
Dec-06
Feb-05
Feb-05
Feb-05
Feb-05
Feb-07
Feb-07
May-07
May-07
Months in
Production
54
31
20
108
54
54
54
54
30
18
8
7
113
81
46
46
46
46
90
77
58
40
29
16
145
104
68
14
36
36
115
79