Professional Documents
Culture Documents
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Squillace and Erondu; 2004, Bender and Heywood (2006), on the issue of University teaching staff satisfaction
in a developing country in a somewhat different culture.
Purpose of the Study
Many researches have been conducted on the matter of job satisfaction, but the segment of university teachers,
which is the important contributor of the moral, social and economic values, was ignored and no or very less
research have been conducted to see the job satisfaction level of the university teachers, especially in the
developing country like Pakistan. Thus, this study explores the degree to which, the different demographic
variables like age, gender and the highest level of education of teachers affect the job satisfaction level of the
university teachers.
LITERATURE REVIEW
Stapples and Higgins (1998) found that, Employee satisfaction reflects the degree to which the individuals
needs and desires are met and the extent to which this is perceived by the other employees, it is generally
perceived as: . . . . .the scope of work and all the positive attitudes regarding the work environment.
Job satisfaction is an attitude that people have about their jobs and the organizations in which they perform these
jobs. Mosadeghrad (2003) found that, methodologically, we can define job satisfaction as an employees
affective reaction to a job, based on a comparison between actual outcomes and desired outcomes.
Manger and Eikeland (1990) examined factors that influence academics intention to leave the university, and
found that, although salary and economic resources did not appear to influence intentions to stay or go, general
employee satisfaction and relations with colleagues were the strong predictors of an intention to leave.
Hagedorn (1994) examined the satisfaction of academic staff as a result of a number of variables including
salary, perceived support of colleagues, satisfaction with the administration, enjoyment of student interaction,
and perceived level of stress. The results indicated that satisfaction with the salary, total number working hours,
and the perceived support of colleagues directly influenced the level of stress, which in turn, directly affected
satisfaction.
Several researchers have examined the relationship between job satisfaction and gender (Mottaz, 1986; Mason,
1995). However, the results of the many studies concerning the relationship between job satisfaction and the sex
of the employees have been contradictory. Researchers of (Bartol and Wortman, 1975; Murray and Arkinson,
1981; Clark, 1996; Ward and Sloane, 1998) found that, woman are more satisfied than men. Few other
researches conducted by (Shapro and Stern, 1975; Forgionne and Peters, 1982) found that men are more
satisfied than women.
METHODOLOGY
Sample of the study consisted of 130 public sector university teachers who responded to the questionnaires.
Data was collected from different public sector universities in Rawalpindi and Islamabad. The questionnaires
were distributed among the public sector university teachers, on the basis of convenience sampling. A sample of
200-university teacher was considered and 130 respondents responded to the questionnaires, by producing
65.0% response rate. Among which 69.2% were male respondents and 30.8% were female respondents.
Cronbachs Alpha was calculated to confirm its reliability, which resulted into a score of 0.835.
Different dimensions of the satisfaction of teachers were taken into consideration to get the maximum output
regarding job satisfaction such as salary, working conditions, promotions, benefits, authority, job security,
relationship with subordinates and seniors, rewards, etc. Independent variables considered in this paper were
age, and highest level of education among both the sexes.
The questionnaire was adopted from the study of job satisfaction within the Scottish Academic Profession by
(Ward and Sloane, 1999). Each of the scales employed in the questionnaire was measured from a range
representing (1) extremely dissatisfied to (7) extremely satisfied. Thus, (4) on the scale represented indifference,
i.e. neither satisfied nor dissatisfied.
To study how satisfied are teachers within the universities, with their job, the relationship of age, gender, highest
level of education, was checked by applying regression. The analysis enabled us to examine the individual
impact of the independent variables on the level of satisfaction.
FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION
There were three demographic independent variables that are age, gender, and highest level of education, which
were discussed and compared with the dependent variable of job satisfaction.
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Table- 1
Regression coefficient, standard errors in parenthesis, t- values in brackets and p- values in italics.
Constant
IV 1
IV 2
IV 3
6.114
-.071
-.331
-.203
(.271)
(.061)
(.144)
(.100)
[22.559]
[-1.161]
[-2.294]
[-2.029]
.000
.248
.023
.045
R square
.105
F stat
4.951
.003
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have got masters degree or the higher. There are very few who are competing with the people having higher
education. Moreover there are different responses observed from the people who opt for tenure track system.
Further Researches
Further studies may be conducted on the different dimensions of the job Satisfaction of university teachers like
the effect of marital status and the number of children on the job satisfaction level, similarly the effect of
colleagues and family on the satisfaction level of the employees etc. or studies may be conducted to check the
job satisfaction level in the public and private sector organizations in Pakistan.
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