Professional Documents
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Introduction
Engineering manuals are new teaching material for GEO5 software. They were developed as a reaction
to hotline and frequently asked questions of users. The objective of each chapter is to explain how to solve the
concrete engineering problems using GEO5 software.
Each chapter is divided to a few sections:
Introduction theoretical introduction to the problem
Assignment here the problem is described with all input data needed for solving the problem in selected the
program
Solution in this section, the problem is solved step by step
Conclusion has the conclusion of the problem and the final verification of the construction. It tells if the
structure is satisfactory or not and if there are any modifications needed.
In each chapter there are also notes, which explain the problem in general as well as links to other materials.
The basic educational materials of GEO5 software suite (from FINE s r.o.) are:
Video tutorials show the basic work with the software and its effective use
Verification manuals verify the satisfaction of the results, by comparing the results from programs
with hand calculation or other programs
The first chapter explains how to set standards and chose an analysis method, which is the same for all GEO5
programs. In further chapters one standard is selected, by which the construction is verified.
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Solution
Firstly, input the data about the construction and geological conditions in the frames: Geometry,
Assign and Soils. Skip the other frames because they are not important for this example.
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Soil
Unit weight
(Soil classification)
kN m
MG Gravelly silt,
firm consistency
19,0
of Cohesion
internal friction of soil
Angle
Angle of friction
structure
ef
cef kPa
30,0
15,0
soil
In the frame Assign, the first soil will be assigned automatically to the layer or layers. This can be
changed when necessary.
When the basic input of construction is done, we can choose standards, and then finally run the analysis
of the gravity wall.
In the frame Settings click the button Select and choose number 8 Czech Republic old
standards CSN (73 1001, 73 1002, 73 0037).
Note: The look of this window depends on standards that are currently active in the Settings administrator
more information in the help of the program (press F1). If the setting you want to use isn`t on the list in the
dialog window Settings list, you can activate it in the Settings administrator.
Now, open up the frame Verification and after analyzing the example record the utilization of
construction (in the frame Verification) - 53,1% resp. 66,5%.
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Again, open the frame Verification and record the result (55,6% and 74,7%) for EN 1997, DA1.
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Variant 5 (analysis using Safety factors) is not as simple. In the frame Settings click on Edit. This
will show you the current analysis settings. Change the verification methodology to Safety factors (ASD) and
then input safety factor for overturning and sliding resistance as 1.6.
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If you would like to use this setting more often, it is good to save this setting by clicking on Add to
administrator, rename is as shown below, and next time use it as a standard setting.
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Verification
Utilization in percentage using each standard is:
Overturning
Slip
1) CSN 73 0037
53,1
66,5
2) EN 1997 DA1
55,6
74,7
3) EN 1997 DA2
77,8
69,7
4) EN 1997 DA3
53,3
74,7
69,0
77,1
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Frame Geometry
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Then, define the parameters of soil by clicking Add in the frame Soils. Wall stem is normally
analyzed for pressure at rest. For pressure at rest analysis, select Cohesionless.
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Note: The magnitude of active pressure depends also on the friction between the structure and soil. The friction
angle depends on the material of construction and the angle of internal soil friction normally entered in the
interval 1 2
ef
Angle of
Cohesion
Angle of
of soil
friction
Soil
Profile
Unit weight
internal
(Soil classification)
kN m 3
friction
ef
cef kPa
0,0 4,0
17,5
28,0
0,0
18,5
from 4,0
18,0
26,5
30,0
17,5
structure soil
Frame Terrain
The ground water table is at a depth of 2,0 meters. In the frame Water select the type of water close to
the structure and its parameters.
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Frame Water
In the next frame define Surcharge. Here, select permanent and strip surcharge on the terrain acting as
a dead load.
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Frame FF resistance
Note: In this case, we do not consider the resistance on the front face, so the results will be conservative. The
FF resistance depends on the quality of soil and allowable displacement of the structure. We can consider
pressure at rest for the original soil, or well compacted soil. It is possible to consider the passive pressure if
displacement of structure is allowed. (for more information, see HELP F1)
Then, in the frame Stage settings choose the type of design situation. In this case,
it will be permanent. Also choose the pressure acting on the wall. In our case, we will choose active pressure,
as the wall can move.
Note: Wall stem is dimensioned always on earth pressure at rest, i.e., the wall cant be moved. The possibility of
evaluating the stem and the wall of the active pressure is considered only in exceptional cases - such as the
effects of the earthquake (seismic design situation with partial coefficient equals 1.0).
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Now, open up the frame Verification, where you analyze the results of overturning and slip of the cantilever
wall.
Frame Verification
Note: The button In detail in the right section of the screen opens a dialog window with detailed information
about the analysis results.
Analysis results:
The verification of slip is not satisfactory, utilization of structure is
Overturning: 52,8 %
SATISFACTORY.
Slip: 124,6 %
NOT OK.
[kN/m]
Now we have several possibilities how to improve the design. For example, we can:
-
These changes would be economically and technologically complicated, so choose the easiest alternative. The
most efficient way is to change the shape of the wall and introduce a wall jump.
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Note: A base jump is usually analyzed as an inclined footing bottom. If the influence of the base jump
is considered as front face resistance, then the program analyses it with a straight footing bottom, but FF
resistance of the construction is analyzed to the depth of the down part of the base jump (More info in HELP
F1)
Then analyze the newly designed construction for overturning and slip.
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Frame Verification
Now, the overturning and slip of the wall are both satisfactory.
Then, in the frame Bearing capacity, perform an analysis for design bearing capacity
of the foundation soil 175 kPa.
Note: In this case, we analyze the bearing capacity of the foundation soil on an input value, which we can get
from geological survey, resp. from some standards. These values are normally highly conservative, so it is
generally better to analyze the bearing capacity of the foundation soil in the program Spread footing that takes
into account other influences like inclination of load, depth of foundation etc.
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Next, in the frame Dimensioning chose wall stem check. Design the main reinforcement into the stem
10 pcs. 12 mm, which satisfies in point of bearing capacity and all design principles.
Frame Dimensioning
Then, open up the frame Stability and analyze the overall stability of the wall. In our case, we will use
the method Bishop, which result in conservative results. Perform the analysis with optimization of circular
slip surface and then leave the program by clicking OK. Results or pictures will be shown in the report of
analysis in the program Cantilever wall.
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Overturning: 49,5 %
Slip: 64,9 %
Rd 151,06 175,00
SATISFACTORY
SATISFACTORY
[kN/m]
[kPa]
SATISFACTORY
SATISFACTORY
SATISFACTORY
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1st construction stage analyzing the existing wall for road traffic.
2nd construction stage analyzing impact of vehicle to the barrier on the top of the wall.
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In the frame Settings click on Select and choose Nr. 4 Standard EN 1997 DA2.
Frame Geometry
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In the next step, input the material of the wall and geological profile. Unit weight of wall is
24 kN m 3 . Wall is made from concrete C 12/15 and steel B500. Then define parameters of soil and assign
them to the profile.
Table with the soil parameters
Soil
Unit weight
(Soil classification)
kN m 3
MS Sandy silt,
firm consistency
Angle of
internal friction
Cohesion
of soil
Angle of friction
structure soil
ef
cef kPa
26,5
12,0
18,0
18,0
1 2
ef
. In this case we consider the influence of friction between the structure and soil with
value of 2 ef ( d =18 ), when analyzing earth pressure. (More info in HELP F1).
In the frame Terrain select the shape of terrain behind the wall. Define its parameters, in terms of
embankment length and slope angle as shown below.
Frame Terrain
In the next frame, define Surcharge. Input the surcharge from road traffic as Strip, with its location on
terrain, and as a type of action select Variable.
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rest for the original soil or well compacted soil. It is possible to consider passive pressure only if displacement
of structure is allowed. (More info in HELP F1).
In the frame Stage settings select the type of design situation. In the first construction stage,
consider the permanent design situation.
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When analyzing bearing capacity, we are looking for values of overturning and slip of the wall on the
footing bottom. Then we need to know its overall stability. In our case, the utilization of the wall is:
Overturning: 70,0 %
SATISFACTORY.
Slip: 90,6 %
SATISFACTORY.
SATISFACTORY.
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Then open the frame Stage settings change the design situation on accidental.
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Overturning: 116,3 %
NOT OK.
Slip: 102,9 %
NOT OK.
Conclusion
The existing gravity wall in case of bearing capacity satisfies only for the first construction stage, where
road traffic acts. For the second construction stage, which is represented as impact to the barrier on the top of
the wall by a vehicle of 5 tons, the wall is not satisfactory.
As a solution to increase bearing capacity for overturning and slip it is possible to introduce soil
anchors. alternatively it is possible to place a barrier on the edge of the road, so the wall is not loaded by a force
from the crashing car.
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Cohesion
of soil
ef
cef kPa
17,5
29,5
0,0
14,0
1,5 2,5
18,5
27,0
8,0
14,0
from 2,5
21,0
19,0
12,0
14,0
Soil
Profile
Unit weight
(Soil classification)
kN m 3
0,0 1,5
SC Clayey sand,
medium dense soil
CL, CI Clay with
low or medium
plasticity,
firm consistency
Angle of friction
structure soil
In the frame Geometry, select the shape of bottom of the excavation and input its depth.
Frame Geometry
Note: coefficient of reduction of earth pressure below the ditch is considered while analyzing braced sheeting
(retaining wall with soldier beams) only; for a standard sheeting pile wall it equals 1,0 For more information,
see HELP (F1).
In this case, we do not use the frames Anchors, Props, Supports, Pressure determination,
Surcharge and Applied forces. The frame Earthquake also has no influence for this analysis, because the
construction is not located in seismic-active area. In the frame Terrain, it remains horizontal.
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Frame Analysis
Note: For cohesive soils is recommended by many standards to use minimal dimensioning pressure acting on
the retaining wall. The standard value for the coefficient of minimal dimensioning pressure is Ka = 0,2.
It means that minimum pressure on the structure is 0,2 of geostatic stress never less.
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Within the design of pile sheeting retaining wall, we are interested in the depth of construction in the
soil and internal forces on the structure. For the 1st construction stage, the results of analysis are:
Length of structure:
4,83 m
2,33 m
Q1,max 56,98 kN m
In the next stage, we are going to show you how to analyse the minimum depth in soil and internal
forces in the soil for the accidental design situation floods.
Basic input Construction stage 2
Now, select stage 2 on the toolbar Stage of construction on the upper left corner of your screen. (If
needed, add a new one)
Frame Water
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Then, in the frame Stage settings, select the design situation Accidental.
Frame Analysis
In the 2nd construction stage the analysis results are:
Length of structure:
6,56 m
4,06 m
Q2,max 185,17 kN m
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Analysis result:
In the design of non-anchored restraint retaining wall, we are verifying values of minimum depth of the
structure in the soil, and the internal forces in the structure:
2,33 m
4,06 m
So, we will design a pile sheeting with depth in the soil of 4,1 m and overall length of 6,6 meters.
Conclusion:
The designed pile sheeting retaining wall VL 503 from S 270 steel with length of 6,6 meters satisfies.
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Frame Anchors
In the frame Analysis select support at heel. For now, select Wall fixed at heel. Now perform the
analysis.
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In our case, we need to know the sheet pile embedment depth and also the anchor force. For the wall fixed at
heel, the values are:
Length of construction:
Depth in soil:
5,72 m
Anchor force:
165,77 kN
Maximum moment:
89,16 kNm/ m
128,27 kN / m
10,72 m
Now, perform an analysis for wall hinged at heel (construction stage 2). Then, compare the results
and, depending on comparison, design the embedment depth.
Basic input: Analysis 2
Now, add a new verification in the upper left corner of the frame.
Toolbar: Verification
Select the option Wall hinged at heel and perform the analysis.
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Length of construction:
Depth in soil:
2,85 m
Anchor force:
201,68 kN
Maximum moment:
119,35 kNm/ m
69,84 kN / m
7,85 m
Conclusion
In our design, we will use pile sheeting VL 503 from steel S 270 with an overall length of 9,0 m,
anchors with size of force 240 kN with anchor spacing of 2,5 m. In the next chapter, we will check this
structure in the program Sheeting check.
Note: The design cannot be taken as the final and it needs to be checked in the Sheeting check program, because
on the real structure there is redistribution of earth pressure due to anchoring.
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In the frame Settings, select again the number 5 Standard EN 1997, DA3. Select the analysis of
depending pressures as Reduce according to analysis settings. Leave the coefficient for minimum
dimensioning pressure as 0,20.
Frame Modulus k h
Note: the modulus of subsoil reaction is an important input when analyzing a structure by the method
of dependent pressures (elasto-plastic nonlinear model). The modulus k h affects the deformation, which is
needed to reach active or passive pressures. (More info in HELP F1)
In the frame Soils enter the following values for each soil type. Poissons ratio and the oedometric modulus
were not entered in the previous program, so they must be entered here.
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Soil Type
Poissons ratio
Oedometric Modulus
(Soil classification)
Eoed MPa
0,30
21,0
0,35
12,5
0,40
9,5
In the frame Geometry define the parameters of the sheet pile type of wall, section length,
coefficient of pressure reduction below ditch bottom, geometry and material of the construction. From the sheet
pile database, select the VL 503 (500 340 9,7 mm).
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Now, in the frame Excavation define the first ditch depth 2,50 m for the first construction stage.
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overall excavation. We cannot change the frames Settings, Profile, Modulus Kh, Soils and Geometry,
because these data are the same for all construction stages. We will only change data in the frames Excavation
and Anchors.
In the frame Excavation, change the depth of the ditch to the final depth 5,0 m.
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Note: The stiffness of the anchors is taken into account in next stages of construction. Due to the deformation of
construction the forces in anchors are changing. (More info in HELP F1).
We dont change any other input data. Now, perform the analysis to view the maximums of internal
forces and maximum displacement of the anchored structure.
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Frame Internal stability not satisfactory result (anchor length 7,0 m, k = 0,2)
The reason for this is that the anchor is too short, so in the frame Anchors, change its length to 9,0
meters. This newly designed anchor then satisfies the internal stability requirements.
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The last needed check is overall stability of the structure. Click on the button External stability. This
will open the Slope stability program. In the frame Analysis click on Analyze. We can now see, that the
slope stability is acceptable. For external stability we consider length of anchor 7,0 m.
SATISFACTORY.
SATISFACTORY.
SATISFACTORY.
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Profile
m
CL, CI Clay
with low or
medium
0,0 2,0
plasticity,
firm consistency
CS Sandy
clay,
2,0 4,5
firm consistency
R4 (good rock),
4,5 12,0
low strength
R3 (good rock),
12,0
Unit
Weight
kN m 3
Poissons
Ratio
Angle of
internal
friction
ef
Cohesion
of soil
cef kPa
Deformation
modulus
Edef MPa
19,5
20
16
6,0
0,4
19,5
22
14
7,0
0,35
21
27,5
30
40,0
0,3
22
40
100
50,0
0,25
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medium
strength
R5 (poor rock),
very low
strength
R5 (poor rock),
very low
strength
R5 (poor rock),
very low
strength
16,6
16,6
17,4
19
24
20
40,0
0,3
17,4
25,0
21
30
35
55,0
0,25
from 25,0
21
40
100
400,0
0,2
Angle of friction between structure and soil is 7,5 for all layers. Also, the saturated Unit
weight equals the Unit Weight above. Note that the Modulus of deformation is being used for soil
materials.
Depth
z m
Length
l m
Root
l k m
Slope
Spacing
b m
Anchor force
F kN
1
2
3
4
5
2,5
5,5
8,5
11,0
13,0
19,0
16,5
13,0
10,0
8,0
0,01
0,01
0,01
0,01
0,01
15,0
17,5
20,0
22,5
25,0
4,0
4,0
4,0
4,0
4,0
300,0
350,0
400,0
400,0
400,0
All anchors have a diameter d 32,0 mm , modulus of elasticity E 210,0 GPa . Anchor
spacing is b 4,0 m .
Solution
For solving this task, use the GEO5 program Sheeting Check. The analysis will be performed
in the classical way without reduction of input data so the real behavior of the structure will be
grasped. Internal stability of the anchor system and overall stability will be checked with a safety
factor of 1,5. This solution assumes you have entered the soil types and profiles, and permanent load as
listed above.
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In the frame Settings select option no. 1 Standard safety factors. Then, go to frame
Geometry and input the basic dimensions of the section, and also the coefficient of pressure
reduction below the ditch bottom, which is in this case 0,4.
Note. The coefficient of reduction of earth pressures below the excavation reduces the pressures in the
soil. For classical retaining walls this is equal 1,0. For braced sheeting it is less than or equal to one.
It depends on size and spacing of braces (More info in help F1).
Now, we will describe the building of the wall stage by stage. It is necessary to model the task
in stages, to reflect how it will be constructed in reality. In each stage it is necessary to look at values
of internal forces and deformation. If the braced sheeting is not stable in some stage of construction or
if the analyzed deformation is too large, then we need to change structure for example to make the
wall embedment longer, make the ditch shallower, increase the anchor forces etc.
In construction stage 1, the ditch is made to depth of 3,0 m. In the stage 2, anchor is placed at a
depth of 2,5 m. The GWT behind the structure is at a depth of 10,0 m beneath the surface.
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In the 11th, and last, construction stage, the ditch is excavated to a depth of 15,0 m. We will not
add new anchors. The GWT in front of the wall is at a depth of 15,5 m. Behind the wall it is at a depth
of 10,0 m.
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Results of analysis
On the pictures below are the analysis results of the last, 11th construction stage.
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Note: If the program does not find a solution in some of the construction stages, then the data must be
revised e.g. to make the structure longer, make the forces in anchors larger, change the number or
position of anchors, etc.
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237,24 kN m
220,80 kNm m
Frame Envelopes
The bending moment is calculated per one meter (foot) of structure, so we have to calculate the
moment acting on the soldier beam. The spacing of soldier beams in our example is 2,0 m, so the
resulting moment is 220,80 * 2,0 = 441,6 KNm.
Users can perform the verification of cross-section I 400 manually or using another program
such as FIN EC STEEL.
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Note: Dimensioning and verification of concrete and steel walls is not part of the program Sheeting
Check, but is planned for a future version.
Note : The verification is done this way. At first we iterate the force in the anchor, resulting in
equilibrium of all forces acting on the earth wedge. This earth wedge is bordered by construction,
terrain, the middle of the roots of anchors and the theoretical heel of structure. If an anchor is not
satisfactory the best way to resolve the issue is to make it longer or decrease the pre-stressed force.
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Conclusion
The structure was successfully designed with a maximum deformation of 28,8 mm. This is
satisfactory for this type of construction. Additionally, the limits of forces in anchors were not
exceeded.
Verification of bearing capacity of cross-section SATISFACTORY
Internal stability SATISFACTORY
Anchor nr. 4 (analyzed safety factor):
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Then, input the geological profile, define the parameters of soil, and assign them to the profile.
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Unit weight
kN m 3
Angle of internal
friction ef
Cohesion of soil
cef kPa
19,0
29,0
8,0
17,5
31,5
0,0
18,0
26,5
16,0
Assigned Soil
Region
1
3
4
Model the gravity wall as a Rigid Body with a unit weight of 23,0 kN m 3 . The slip surface
does not pass through this object because it is an area with large strength. (More info in HELP F1)
In the next step, define a surcharge, which we consider as permanent and strip with its location
on the terrain surface.
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Skip the frames Embankment, Earth cut, Anchors, Reinforcements and Water. The
frame Earthquake has no influence on this analysis, because the slope is not located in seismically
active area.
Then, in the frame Stage settings, select the design situation. In this case, we consider it as
Permanent design situation.
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SATISFACTORY.
Analysis 2:
Now select another analysis on the toolbar in upper right corner of your Analysis frame in
GEO5.
Toolbar Analysis
In the frame Analysis, change the analysis type to Standard and as method select All
methods. Then click on Analyze.
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Note: Using this procedure, the slip surface made for all methods corresponds to critical slip surface
from the previous analysis scenario using the Bishop method. For better results the user should choose
the method and then perform an optimization of slip surfaces.
The values of the level of slope stability are:
Bishop:
SATISFACTORY.
Fellenius / Petterson:
SATISFACTORY.
Spencer:
SATISFACTORY.
Janbu:
SATISFACTORY.
Morgenstern-Price:
SATISFACTORY.
achuanc:
SATISFACTORY.
Note: the selection of method of analysis depends on experience of the user. The most popular methods
are the method of slices, from which the most used, is the Bishop method. The Bishop method does
yield conservative results.
For reinforced or anchored slopes other rigorous methods (Janbu, Spencer and Morgenstern-Price)
are preferable. These more rigorous methods meet all conditions of balance, and they better describe
real slope behavior.
It is not needed (or correct) to analyze a slope with all methods of analysis. For example, the Swedish
method Fellenius Petterson yields very conservative results, so the safety factors could be
unrealistically low in the result. Because this method is famous and in some countries required for
slope stability analysis, it is a part of GEO5 software.
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SATISFACTORY.
Note: Optimization of a polygonal slip surface is gradual and depends on the location of the initial slip
surface. This means that it is good to make several analyses with different initial slip surfaces and with
different numbers of sections. Optimization of polygonal slip surfaces can be also affected by local
minimums of factor of safety. This means the real critical surface does need to be found. Sometimes it
is more efficient for the user to enter the starting polygonal slip surface in a similar shape and place
as an optimized circular slip surface.
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Local minimums
Note: We often get complaints from users that the slip surface after the optimization disappeared.
For non-cohesive soils, where cef 0 kPa the critical slip surface is the same as the most inclined line
of slope surface. In this case, the user should change parameters of the soil or enter restrictions in
which the slip surface cant pass.
Conclusion
The slope stability after optimization is:
Bishop (circular - optimization):
SATISFACTORY.
SATISFACTORY.
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SFs 1,50 . All stability analyses are performed using the Bishop method with optimization of circular
slip surface.
Scheme of assignment
The wall is made from concrete class C 30/37, the thickness of the wall is h 0,5 m . The
calculated shear resistance of the wall is VRd 325 kN m .
Solution:
For solving this task, use the GEO5 program Slope Stability. In this text, we will describe the
solution of this task step by step.
Construction stage 1: slope modeling, determination of safety factor of the existing slope;
Construction stage 2: making the earth cut for the parking (only as a working stage)
Construction stage 3: construction of the wall, analysis of internal and external stability;
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Interface coordinates
Note: If data is entered incorrectly, it can be undone using the button UNDO (shortcut Ctrl-Z). In the
same manner, we can use the opposite function REDO (Shortcut Ctrl-Y).
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Then define the soil parameters and assign them to the profile.
Table with the soil parameters
Soil
(Soil classification)
SM Silty sand,
medium dense soil
ML, MI Silt with low or
medium plasticity, stiff
consistency, S r 0,8
MS Sandy silt,
firm consistency
Unit weight
kN m 3
Angle of internal
friction ef
Cohesion of soil
cef kPa
18,0
29,0
5,0
20,0
21,0
30,0
18,0
26,5
12,0
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Satisfactory.
Add the earth cut to the interface by adding individual points of the considered earth cut (similar to
adding points to the current interface) in the frame Earth cut. The excavation for the sheeting wall is
0,5 m wide. After you are done with adding the points click on OK.
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Note: If you define two points with same x coordinate (see picture), the program asks if you want to
add the new point to the left or right. The scheme of resulting input of the point is highlighted with red
and green color in the dialog window.
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Frame Embankment
Analysis 2 internal stability of retaining wall
To verify the internal stability on the circular slip surface it is necessary to model the
structure as a stiff soil with fictitious cohesion, and not as rigid body. If it is modeled as a rigid body,
the slip surface cannot intersect the structure.
Note: shear resistance of the RC retaining wall is modeled with help of fictitious cohesion, which we
can determine as:
c fict
where: h m
VRd 325,0
650 kPa
h
0,5
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VRd kN m
Now return to the 1st construction stage and add a new soil with name Material of the retaining
wall. Define the value of the fictitious cohesion as cef 650 kPa , the angle of internal friction as a
small value (for example ef 1 ) since the program doesnt allow to input 0. Define the unit weight
as 25 kN m 3 , which corresponds to structure from reinforced concrete.
Analysis 3 slope stability behind the earth cut and retaining wall (internal stability)
The analysis results of internal stability show that the slope with the earth cut and the retaining
wall is stable:
Satisfactory.
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Before running the analysis of the external slope stability, add restrictions on the optimization
procedure using lines that the slip surface cant intersect when it executes the optimization procedure
(More info in HELP F1). In our example the restriction lines are the same as the borders of the pile
sheeting.
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Analysis 4 slope stability with earth cut and retaining wall (external stability)
From the results of external stability we can see, that the slope with the earth cut and retaining
wall is stable:
Conclusion
The objective of this chapter was to verify the slope stability and design of earth cut with
retaining wall for the construction of a car park with analysis of internal and external stability. The
results of analyses are:
This slope with earth cut and retaining wall from concrete (with width of 0,5 m) in terms of long-term
stability satisfies evaluation criteria.
Note: this designed retaining wall would need to be checked for stress from the bending moment of
loading from active earth pressure. This bending moment can be analyzed in the GEO5 programs
Sheeting design and Sheeting Check.
For the same bending moment it is also necessary to design and check reinforcements for example in
program FIN EC Concrete 2D.
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Frame Settings
Note: Usually, spread footings are analyzed for drained conditions= using the effective parameters of soil
( ef , cef ). Analysis for undrained conditions is performed for cohesive soils and short-term performance using
total parameters of soil ( u , cu ). According to EN 1997 total friction considered is always u 0 .
In the next step enter the geological profile, soil parameters and assign them to the profile.
Soil, rock
Profile
Unit weight
(classification)
kN m 3
0,0 6,0
17,5
29,5
0,0
from 6,0
22,5
23,0
50,0
Angle of internal
friction ef
cef kPa
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In the next step, open up the frame Foundation. As a type of foundation, choose Centric spread footing and
fill in the dimensions such as depth from the original grade, depth of footing bottom, thickness of foundation
and inclination of finished grade. Also, input the weight of overburden, which is the backfill of spread footing
after construction.
Frame Foundation
Note: The depth of the footing bottom depends on many different factors such as natural and climatic factors,
hydrogeology of the construction site and geological conditions. In the Czech Republic the depth of footing
bottom is recommended to be at least 0,8 meters beneath the surface due to freezing. For clays it is
recommended that the depth be greater, such as 1,6 meters. When analyzing the bearing capacity of a
foundation, the depth of the foundation is considered as the minimal vertical distance between the footing
bottom and the finished grade.
In the frame Load enter the forces and moments acting on the upper part of foundation: N , H x , H y , M x , M y .
These values we obtained from a structural analysis program and we can import them to our analysis by clicking
on Import.
Frame Load
Note: For design of dimensions of spread footing, generally the design load is the deciding load. , However, in
this case we are using the analysis settings EN 1997-1 - DA1, and you must enter the value of service load too,
because the analysis requires two design combinations.
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Conclusion:
The bearing capacity of designed foundation (2,0x2,0 m) is satisfactory.
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Basic Input:
The design of spread footing in the last task was performed using the standard EN 1997, DA1.
Eurocodes do not order any theory for the analysis of settlement, so any common settlement theory can
be used. Check the setting in the frame Settings by clicking on Edit. In the tab Settlement select
the method Analysis using oedometric modulus and set Restriction of influence zone to based on
structural strength.
Note: The structural strength represents the resistance of a soil against deformation from a load. It is
only used in Czech and Slovak Republic. In other countries, the restriction of the influence zone is
described by percentage of Initial in-situ stress. Recommended values of structural strength are from
CSN 73 1001 standards (Foundation soil below the foundation)
In the next step, define the parameters of soils for settlement analysis. We need to edit each soil
and add values for Poissons ratio, coefficient of structural strength and oedometric modulus, resp.
deformation modulus.
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Unit
weight
kN m 3
Angle of Coeff. of
Deformation Poissons
internal structural
modulus
ratio
friction Strength
Edef MPa
ef
m
17,5
29,5
0,3
15,5
0,3
22,5
23,0
0,3
500,0
0,25
Analysis:
Now, run the analysis in the frame Settlement. Settlement is always analyzed for service
load.
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Frame Settlement
Initial in-situ stress in the footing bottom is considered from the finished grade
Note: the value of in-situ stress in the footing bottom has influence on the amount of settlement and the
depth of influence zone a larger initial in-situ stress means less settlement. The option of in-situ
stress acting on the footing bottom depends on the time the footing bottom is open. If the footing
bottom is open for a longer period of time, the soil compaction will be less and it is not possible to
consider the original stress conditions of the soil.
-
In Reduction coefficient to compute settlement, select the option Consider foundation thickness
effect (1).
Note: the coefficient 1 reflects the influence of the depth of the foundation and gives more realistic
results of the settlement
Results of analysis
The final settlement of the structure is 16,9 mm. Within an analysis of limit states of
serviceability we compare the values of the analyzed settlement with limit values, which are
permissible for the structure.
Note: The stiffness of structure (soil-foundation) has a major influence on the settlement. This stiffness
is described by the coefficient k if k is greater then 1, the foundation is considered to be stiff and
settlement is calculated under a characteristic point (located in 0,37l or 0,37b from the center of the
foundation, where l and b are dimensions of foundation). If coefficient k is lower then 1, the settlement
is calculated under the center of foundation.
-
Note : Informative values of allowable settlement for different kinds of structures can be found in
various standards for example CSN EN 1997-1 (2006) Design of geotechnical structures.
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The Spread footing program also provides results for the rotation of the foundation, which is analyzed
from the difference of settlement of centers of each edge.
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Assignment:
Determine the settlement value under the centre of an embankment constructed
on impermeable clay one year and ten years after its construction. Make the analysis using CSN 73
1001 standards (using oedometric modulus), limit of influence zone consider using coefficient of
structure strength.
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Solution:
The GEO 5 Settlement program will be used to solve this task. We are going to model this
example step by step:
1st construction stage interface modeling, calculation of the initial geostatic stress.
2nd construction stage adding a surcharge by means of an embankment.
3rd up to 5th construction stages calculation of embankment consolidation at various time
intervals (according to the assignment).
Evaluation of results (conclusion).
Basic assignment (procedure): Stage 1
Check the "Perform consolidation analysis" field in the "Settings" frame. Then select specific
settings for calculation of the settlement from "Settings list". This setting describes the analysis method
for calculation of the settlement and restriction of influence zone.
Frame "Settings"
Note: This calculation considers the so called primary consolidation (dissipation of pore pressure).
Secondary settlement (creep), which may occur mainly with non-consolidated and organic soils, is not
solved within this example.
Then we enter the layer interface. The objective is to select two layers between which
the consolidation takes place.
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Frame "Interface"
Note: If there is a homogeneous soil, then in order to calculate the consolidation, it is necessary to
enter a fictitious layer (use the same parameters for the two soil layers that are separated by the
original interface), preferably at the depth of the deformation zone.
Then we define the "Incompressible subsoil" (IS) (at a depth of 10 m) by means of entering
coordinates similarly to interface modeling. No settlement takes place under the IS.
The soil parameters are entered in the next step. For soils being consolidated, it is required to
specify either the coefficient of permeability " k " or the coefficient of consolidation " c v ".
Approximate values can be found in HELP (F1).
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Poissons
Ratio
Clayey soil
18,5
Embankment
Sandy silt
Soil
(Soil classification)
Oedometric
modulus
Eoed MPa
Coeff. of
structural
strength
m
Coeff. of
permeability
k m day
0,3
1,0
0,1
1,0 10 5
20,0
0,30
30,0
0,3
1,0 10 2
19,5
0,30
30,0
0,3
1,0 10 2
Then we assign the soils to the profile. The frame surcharge in the 1st construction stage
is not taken into consideration, since in this example it will be represented by the actual embankment
body (in stages 2 to 5). In the next step, we shall enter the ground water table (hereinafter the "GWT")
using the interface points, in our case at ground level.
In the frame Stage settings, you can only modify layout and refinement of holes, so leave the
standard settings.
The first "Calculation" stage represents the initial geostatic stress at the initial construction
time. However, it is necessary to specify the basic boundary conditions for the consolidation
calculation in further stages. The top and bottom interface of the consolidating soil is entered, as well
as the direction of water flow from this layer i.e. the drainage path.
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Note: The embankment acts as a surcharge to the original ground surface. It is assumed that a wellexecuted (optimally compacted) embankment theoretically does not settle. In a practice, settlement
may occur (poor compaction, soil creep effect), but the program Settlement does not address this.
In the "Analysis" frame enter the time duration of the 2nd stage corresponding to the actual
embankment construction time. The actual calculation of the settlement cannot be performed yet
because, when determining consolidation, it is first necessary to know the whole history of the
earthwork structure loading, i.e. all construction stages.
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Since the embankment is built gradually, we are considering the linear load growth in the 2nd
construction stage. In subsequent stages, the duration of the stage is entered (1 year i.e. 365 days 3rd
stage, 10 years i.e. 3,650 days 4th stage and the overall settlement 5th stage) and the whole
loading is introduced at the beginning of the stage.
The calculations are performed after enter the last construction stage, which is on the "Overall
settlement", is turned on (you can check it at any stage apart from the first one).
Analysis results
Upon the calculation of the overall settlement, we can observe partial consolidation values
below the centre of the embankment. We have obtained the following maximum settlement values in
individual construction stages:
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As we are interested in the embankment settlement after its construction, we will switch to the
results view in the 3rd and 4th stages (the button "Values") to "compared to stage 2" which subtracts
the respective settlement value.
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Conclusion:
The embankment settlement (under its centre) within one year from its construction is 84.5 mm
(= 113.7 29.2) and after ten years 282.5 mm (= 311.7 29.2).
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