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. (2)
Problems are extracted from the Compulsory Textbook, Cengel Y.A & Ghajar A.J.,
Heat and Mass Transfer-Fundamentals and Applications, 4th Edition in SI Units,
McGraw Hill:
12-58
Properties: The total absorptivity of the plate is given to be 0.40.
Analysis: (a) Applying energy balance on the surface ,
Air, 300 K
G = J + qcony = J + h (Ts - TrfJ )
h =40 W/m 2'K
= 4000 W/m 2 + (40 W/m 2 . K)(350 - 300) K
= 6000 W/m 2
(b)
p
(c)
= 1-
0.40 - 0 = 0.60
= 4000 W/m 2 -
E=J-p:;
(0.60)(6000 W/m 2)
= 400 W/m 2
G=~=~=
s, aT/
400W/m
=0.470
(5.67 x 10- 8 W/m 2 . K 4)(350K)4
Air
Too = 25C
Tsky = 15C
=0
=
Ts = ?
as = 0.87
E = 0.09
Insulation
4
6CT(Ts -
Ts y) + h(T s
(0.87)(720W/m 2 )
Tair )
13-13
Analysis: We number different surfaces as
the hole located at the center of the base
the base of conical enclosure
the conical side surface
(1)
(2)
(3)
Surfaces 1 and 2 are flat, and they have no direct view of each other.
Therefore,
F I I = F22 = F12
= F21 = 0
summation rule : F I 1 + F I 2 + F 13
= 1 ~ F 13 = 1
nd 2
nDh
d2
reciprocity rule: A,F;3 = A3F31~--(l) = - - F3 \ ~F;\ = - 4
2
2Dh
.
13-15
The view factors between the rectangular surfaces shown in the figure are to be
determined.
Assumptions The surfaces are diffuse emitters and reflectors.
Analysis
We designate the different surfaces as follows :
4m
shaded part of perpendicular surface by (1),
bottom part of perpendicular surface by (3),
shaded part of horizontal surface by (2), and
front part of horizontal surface by (4).
(a)
From Fig.13-6
L2
W
=~ = 0.25
4
~=~=0.25
W
F 23
= 0.26 and
~=~=0.25
W
F 21
+ F 23 ~ F 2 1 = F2~ (1+3 )
~=~=l
D 3
~=~=0.67
- F 23
~ = %= 1
)
F(2+4) -4(1+3)
=0.15
and
=0.07
i," ".. . ..
(1)
(3)
...;--
~=!=0.33
D
3m
We designate
shaded part of top surface by (1),
remaining part of top surface by (3),
remaining part of bottom surface by (4), and
shaded part of bottom surface by (2).
F2~(1+3) = 0.33
reciprocity rule :
(c)
W : 42 =0.5)
+:::1
1 ~<::.: .: r (~i")
1 -,"'"
~I
m
1 ..... 1 m
L. .
(2)
Fi4 = 0.082
= F (2+4)-43
F.
- F.
( 2+4 ) ~ 1
reciprocity rule :
AI F I -4(2+4)
superposition rule:
(2+4 )-43 -
= A (2+4)F(2+4 HI
~(2)FI-4(2+4)
\J
13-31 .
Analysis: From the Hottel 's crossed-strings method, we have
F
= L (Crossed strings) -
L (Uncrossed strings)
2 x (String on surface i)
HJ
I'
'I
= L 2 = (w 2 + w 2 ) 1/ 2 = (w 2 + w 2 ) 1/ 2 = J2w
and
L 4 =W
(L 3 +L 4)-(L1 +L 2 )
..:.......:"--------'-'-------'----'---=..:...
2w
13-40
Properties: The emissivities of surfaces are given to be
and E2 = 0.4.
Analysis: This geometry can be treated as a two
surface enclosure since two surfaces have identical
properties. We consider base surface to be surface
1 and other two surface to be surface 2. Then the
view factor between the two becomes F12 = I . The
temperature of the base surface is determined from
.
QI2
u( 11 4 - T/ )
=- - - - ' - - - ' - - - = - - - . . : - 1-\
A,el
A IF12
A2e2
8
4
2
800W= (5 .67 xI0- W/m . K )[(T\ )4 -(600K)4]
1-0.8
1
1-0.4
----+
+---(1 m 2)(0 .8) (1 m 2 )(1) (2 m 2)(0.4)
TI =630 K
and A2 = 2 m 2
= 0.8
b=2m
1-2
--+--+--
Note that AI = 1m 2
E}
13-70
Properties: The emissivities of surfaces are given to be 1 = 0.7, &2 = 0.4. and
Analysis: The surface areas of the cylinders and the shield per unit
length are
D 2 = 0.5 m
= 0.2.
Tz = 500 K
2 =
0.4
(J"(~ 4
.
Q I2,one shield
= 1_
_
+_ _ +
_I
AI~3
1-
3,1
T/ )
1-
3,2
3 =
1-
0.2
+ __2
A 3F3,2
A2 2
4)[(750K)4
(5.67xl0- W/m K
-(500K)4]
1-0.7
1
2 1-0.2
1
1-0.4
- - - -- +
+
+
+ - -- (0.314 )(0 .7) (0.314 )(1)
(0.628)(0.2) (0.628)(1) (1.571)(0.4)
AIB I
A3 B 3,I
A3 B 3,2
=725.8 W
If there was no shield (Eq. 13.40),
.
QI2,no shieid
Ala(~4
-r/)
= .l. + 1- 2 (~J =
1
D2
= 2615.4 W
Then their ratio becomes
QI 2,oneshi eid
Q12,no shield
725,8 = 0.2775
2615.4 W
13-105
.
Q
rad, fromsensor
(j(r..
- r/ )
=(5.67x10-
(1)
1)
- -1 (2--1
0.7
52
0.15
ccr, -490)=209.5W/m
~Tf
f -
th
ctha(Tth - Tw
+
h
~:w=320
=492K
Thermocouple
Air, Tf
4)[(490K)4
-(320K)4]
Tlh = 490 K
1;,=0.7
1;2=0.15
13-114
Properties: The emissivity of the bottom surface is 0.90.
3m
T 1 = 700 K
=?
Surface 1:
T2 = 950 K
2
0,90
= F 13 = 0.80,
F23
2
4
1--GI
(5,67 xl0 -8 W/m.K
)(700K) 4 =.1, +
- [O.20(.I j - . I 2)+O,80(.I, -.13 ) ]
GI
1-G?[F
]
rrT2 4 =.1 2 +--2 1(.I2 -.I I)+F23(.I2 -.1 3 )
G2
Surface 2:
(5.67 xl0- 8 W/m 2.K 4)(950K)4 =.12 + 1-0.90[0 ,20(.12 -.1,)+0.80(.12 -.13 ) ]
0,90
aT3 = J 3
Surface 3:
=A 2[F2 1 (J 2 -.I})+F23(.I2 -.13)]= (9m 2)[0 .20(.I2 -.1 1)+0 .80(.12 -.13 ) ]
=0.44,
.II
=11,736W/m
J 3 =2325W/m 2
The rate of heat transfer between the bottom and the top surface is
Al
=A 2 =(3m)2 =9m 2
Q21 = A 2 F2 \ (.12
= 54.4 kW
The rate of heat transfer between the bottom and the side surface is
A 3 =4A\ =4(9m 2)=36m 2
.
Q23