Inkjet Ink Formulation-The Art of Color Chemistry

Ink Jet Formulation- The
Art of Color Chemistry

Presented by Michael A. Andreottola
President & C.E.O., American Ink Jet Corporation
World Expo 2005, August 24-26, 2005, Las Vegas
ISO 9001:2000
Certified
AMERICAN INK JET CORPORATION
History & Qualifications of

American Ink Jet
Corporation
v Privately
Held Company founded in 1984

by Michael Andreottola, President & CEO
v Over
30 years experience focused only on

ink jet inks
ISO 9001:2000
Certified
Background
v Leading
manufacturer of compatible inks

v 1st to address fine art inks
v 1st to offer fade resistant dye based inks
v Produce inks for several wide format
OEM printer manufactures
ISO 9001:2000
Certified
Accomplishments
1985 Developed High Color Gamut Ink for Applicon Ink Jet Printers
1988 First Company to Produce SWOP Inks for Ink Jet Printers
1990 Introduced NASH Inks for Fine Art Market
1991 Developed First Waterproof Ink/Paper System for U.S. Army
1992 Developed First Graphic Arts Ink for Use in Encad Ink Jet Printers
1995 First Company to Introduce Ink Refill Kits, Compatible Cartridges &
Papers to Staples
1996 Achieved ISO 2001 Certification
1999 Developed Jasmine Inks for Encad Printers
2000 Toll Manufacturing; Developed Pinnacle Gold Lightfast Ink for Iris
Printers
ISO 9001:2000
Certified
History of Ink Jet Printing

1867
1878
1929
1938
1951
1968
1968
1968
1977
1984
1984
1986
1992
1992
1994
1994
1995
Lord Kelvin
Lord Rayleigh
Hansell
Genschmer
Elmquist
AB Dick
Sweet/Cumming
Hertz
Endo
Hewlett-Packard
Seiko Epson
Dataproducts
Kodak
HP
Canon
Lexmark, Xerox
Tektronix
ISO 9001:2000
Certified
First practical experiments

Basic physics of drop formation
Electrostatic deflection to write
Pulsed pressure drop ejector
First application - recorder
Videojet 9600 coding printer
Binary jet array
Continuous Jet (Hertz)
Bubble Jet
Thinkjet
Piezo ink jet
SI-480 solid ink jet printer
Thermal ink jet
DeskJet 500C
Bubble Jet 200
Thermal ink jet
Phaser 340 phase change transfer
Facilities
v
Research and Development

carried on in Billerica,
Massachusetts USA
Manufacturing in Billerica,
Massachusetts USA
Zhuhai, China (2nd QTR 2005)
ISO 9001:2000
Certified
Ink Manufacturing
ISO 9001:2000
Certified
Ink Manufacturing
ISO 9001:2000
Certified
Ink Manufacturing
ISO 9001:2000
Certified
ISO 9001:2000
Certified
Calibrated Color Chemistry

v
C3 Calibrated Color ChemistryTM

v
Synergy rather than Trade-offs

v
C3 optimizes color, stability and economic characteristics to the

requirements of the application.
Science enabling Art

v
Culmination of AIJs standards, techniques, and procedures for

manufacturing emerging & traditional ink jet inks.
C3 fosters synergy by advancing color science, physics & chemistry

principles.
The Future of Ink Jet Printing

v
AIJs C3 approach to ink jet manufacturing is dedicated to realizing

the findings of color science to build and deliver the best imaging and
output technology available.
ISO 9001:2000
Certified
Dual Aspects of Ink

Development
CHEMICAL SCIENCE
vMust
be designed for
compatibility with hardware
vMust be suitable to application
vMust be a reliable
solution/suspension
ISO 9001:2000
Certified
COLOR SCIENCE
vMust
be designed for
compatibility with software
vMust be suitable to application
vMust maintain consistent density
and accuracy
Desktop & Wide Format

Digital Imaging Cross-Over
v WHERE
v Fine Art Printing
v Fine Art Reproduction
v Photographic Reproduction
v WHY
v Advances in
v Ink Jet Droplet Sizes
v Printhead Technology
v Photo and Fine Art Ink Jet
Media
v Ink Jet Printer Cost Down
ISO 9001:2000
Certified
Applications:
Driving the New Ink Technology
v
FINE ART PRINTING

v Types of Paper Used
v Somerset
v Arches
v Ink Requirements
v Highly Chromatic
v Highly Saturated
v Lightfast
ISO 9001:2000
Certified
Applications:
Driving The New Ink Technology
v
TEXTILE
v Cloth
v Pre and Post Treatments to acquire
Permanence
v Ink Requirements
v Specific Dye Class to react with
Cloth
v Inks must be Highly Saturated
ISO 9001:2000
Certified
What do customers want from

their ink?
v Consistency
v
Repeatability
Color Match
Print Image Quality
ISO 9001:2000
Certified
Ink Formulation Requirements
INK
Good Stability
Low Viscosity
High Surface Tension
Conductivity
Long Shelf Life
Non-Flammable
Non-Toxic
No Biological Growth
Dye Solubility
ISO 9001:2000
Certified
MATERIAL
COMPATIBILITY
DROP
EJECTION
Non-Corrosive
Plastics Compatible
Adhesives Compatible
No Particulate Formation
Uniform Drop Size

High Drop Velocity
High Drop Frequency
No Orifice Wetting
Non-Crusting
Non-Clogging
PRINT
High Optical Density
Color Quality
Fading Resistance
Lightfastness
Waterfastness
Solvent Resistance
Smear Resistance
Off-Setting
Crack Resistance
Media Sensitivity
Spreading
Feathering
Dry Time
Ink Formulation Trade-Offs

Dry Time
Print
Quality
Nozzle
Maintenance
TRADITIONALLY:
Optimizing ink composition for one requirement happens
at the expense of another requirement
ISO 9001:2000
Certified
Design of Ink Jet Inks

v Physical
Properties
vViscosity
vSurface
Tension
vConductivity
v Purity
vFiltration
v End
Properties of Dyes & Pigments
User Properties
v Print
ISO 9001:2000
Certified
Quality of Samples
Its All in the Ink

Viscosity
pH
Surface Tension
Conductivity
Filterability
Particle Size
Color
ISO 9001:2000
Certified
Viscosity
DEFINITION:
How easily an ink will flow. A property of a fluid that
characterizes its perceived thickness or resistance to
pouring. Viscosity along with surface tension determines
drop size.
vIf
too high ink may not flow through print head,

starvation may also occur.
vIf
too low ink will leak through print head
UNTIS OF MEASUREMENT: Centipoise(cP)
ISO 9001:2000
Certified
Viscometer
EQUIPMENT:
Viscometer at a cost of $1,000 to $7,000 US. Requires a
constant temperature bath at a cost of $2,000 to $10,000.
Must check daily and calibrate at least annually.
TEST PROCESS:
Ink must be run at a constant temperature, volume and speed
to ensure accurate & consistent measurements
ISO 9001:2000
Certified
DEFINITION:
pH
The acidity or alkalinity of the finished ink. Colorants also can

determine the pH of ink as each dye has its own stable pH
range.
vIf too acidic cogation/damage to print head electronics
and other metal components.
vIf too alkaline cogation/damage to print head.
UNITS OF MEASURMENT:
A scale of 0 to 14. A pH of less than 7 is acidic; a pH of
greater than 7 is alkaline. A pH of 7 is neutral.
ISO 9001:2000
Certified
pH Chart
What is pH?
The term pH derives from a combination of p for the word
power and H for the symbol of the element Hydrogen.
ISO 9001:2000
Certified
Surface Tension
DEFINITION:
A measure of energy necessary to increase the surface area
of a liquid. This along with viscosity determines drop size and
determines how much a drop of ink will penetrate and spread
on the paper.
vIf too high ink droplets will be too small and the
droplets may not spread enough resulting in white space
or underbanding; image will appear too light.
vIf too low ink droplets may spread too much causing
excessive bleed, wicking and overbanding. Also, the drops
may become too large reducing image resolution.
UNITS OF MEASUREMENT: Dynes per centimeter
ISO 9001:2000
Certified
Conductivity
DEFINITION:
This is a crucial measurement in determining the purity
of an ink. Since dyes usually contain a quantity of
salts i.e. NaC1 and Na2O4S, significant amounts of
these salts can precipitate from the ink and cause
clogging of the jets.
UNITS OF MEASUREMENT: milli Siemens(mS)
ISO 9001:2000
Certified
Conductivity Probe
EQUIPMENT:
Conductivity probe at a cost of $200 to $2,000.
TEST PROCESS:
Ink should be measured within a predefined temperature range
for consistency and accuracy of readings. The conductivity
probe and/or cell constant of the probe is key, as different
probes accurately measure conductivity only within specific
conductivity ranges. The probe being used must match well to
the sample.
ISO 9001:2000
Certified
Filterability
DEFINITION:
Determines if the ink been filtered properly. Ability to filter
the ink through a sub micron filter in a specified amount
of time.
If an ink is not filtered properly then clogging of the print
head can occur.
If too high-may indicate bad components or biogrowth.
UNITS OF MEASUREMENT: A scale of 0-20
ISO 9001:2000
Certified
Filterability Test(SDI)
EQUIPMENT:
Lab flask, filter assembly and vacuum pump at a cost of
$100-$900.
TEST PROCESS:
In this test, one measures the time ratio it takes for a
specific volume of ink to pass through a filter paper of a
predefined pore size.
ISO 9001:2000
Certified
Color
DEFINITION:
Color accuracy of dye concentration
vIf too high bleed, precipitate, image will be too
dense resulting in loss of detail.
v If too low image will be too light resulting in
loss of detail
Absorbance, % Transmission and Cie L*a*b*
ISO 9001:2000
Certified
How to Measure Color

1. Measurement versus a standard:
CIELAB- Commission International de lEclariage
v L=lightness
v a=red to green
v b=yellows to blues
v The three dimensional color standard by which we
measure inkjet colors using Gretag equipment.
2. Visual, subjective judgment

ISO 9001:2000
Certified
Color Measurement
EQUIPMENT:
Spectrophotometer $9,000 to $50,000. The prices vary
based on the instrument and the options on the instrument.
TEST PROCESS:
You are measuring the absorbance or percent
transmission of an ink at a specific wavelength. The ink is
diluted to a known volume (ie 1000 L of ink in a 500 ml
volumetric flask).
ISO 9001:2000
Certified
Primary Particle Size

DEFINITION:
Parameter used to quantify the size or mean value of a
pigment particle in the ink after final filtration. This
value is given in microns.
Microns() (One millionth of a meter)
ISO 9001:2000
Certified
Particle Size Analyzer
vParticle size
distribution
ISO 9001:2000
Certified
Particle Size Analyzer

EQUIPMENT:
Particle Size Analyzer at a cost of $20,000 to $60,000.
TEST PROCESS:
Ink is loaded into a sample chamber, where, for example,
a laser is beamed through the sample and the amount of
light scattering is related to the size of the particles in the
ink. With these instruments, the average particle size and
the particle size distribution can be measured.
ISO 9001:2000
Certified
Component Chart
COMPONENT
Surfactants
Humectants
EXAMPLES
Ethoxylated alcohols, Ethoxylated
Amines, Diphenyl sulfonate derivatives
Glycols
Colorants
KCI & HCI, Borax & HCI, Borax &

NaOH, KCI & NaOH
AB9, DK168, RR31, DY132
Water
Reverse osmosis, De-ionized
pH Buffers
ISO 9001:2000
Certified
Surfactants
Surfactants are used to help the ink coat the media
properly and to reduce drop size(to increase image
resolution).
vMultiple
vToo
surfactants are sometimes needed
much or the wrong surfactant can cause poor dry
time.
ISO 9001:2000
Certified
Humectants/Viscosity
Modifiers
Humectants are used to improve the drying properties of
the ink and helps maintain the components solubility.
vIf
too much humectant is used there could be longer dry

times. Adding humectants increases viscosity
vIf
not enough humectant is used the inks could dry on

the nozzle surface.
ISO 9001:2000
Certified
pH Buffers
pH buffers can become necessary if the pH of an ink is
not stable.
vThere
can often times be a change of pH due to interactions

between components
vReactive
ISO 9001:2000
Certified
dyes will hydrolyze over time dropping the pH.
Colorants
Dyes
and/or Pigments are used to provide

color to the inks
Dye
Not Usually Waterfast
Brighter Colors
Less UV Stability
Larger Color Gamut
Lower Optical Density
Use with many medias
ISO 9001:2000
Certified
Pigment
Usually
Waterfast
More Dull Colors
UV Stable
Smaller Color Gamut
Higher Optical Density
More Media Specific
Complexities of Ink Formulas

v
PAST
v
v
v
v
H2O
Glycerine
Biocide
Dye
ISO 9001:2000
Certified
85-90
10-15
<1%
2-8%
Inks: Past, Present & Future

v
PRESENT
v
v
v
v
v
v
v
v
Printheads More Sophisticated

Smaller Orifice
Smaller Drop Size
Dyes are Cleaner (salts, heavy metals, etc. removed)
Ultra-Filtration and Ion Exchange used
New Methods of Manufacturing being used
More versatile applications for ink jet are being introduced which
translates into more ink R&D
Disciplines of Bio-chemistry, Chemical Engineering, Organic
Synthesis, Polymer Chemistry, Colloid Science, & Color Science
now being utilized
ISO 9001:2000
Certified
Complexities of Ink Formulas

v
PRESENT -FINE ARTS / GRACHIC ARTS

v H2O
v Humectants
v Solvent
1
v Solvent 2
v Surfactant
v Dyes
v Biocides
v Buffer
v Ultrafiltration
v Ultrasonics
ISO 9001:2000
Certified
Formulations
v TEXTILE
INKS
Dye or Pigment
v Biocide
v Glycols
v Glycol Ether
v Alcohol
v Surfactants
v Resins
v Electrolyte
v Manufacturing Process
v
Filtration
ISO 9001:2000
Certified
Formulations
v UV
CURABLE INKS
Dye or Pigment
v Solublizer
v Biocide
v Resins
v Glycol
v Glycol Ether
v UV Initiator
v Manufacturing Procedure
Filtration
ISO 9001:2000
Certified
Design of Ink Jet Inks

v Droplet
Generation & Jet Stability
vPolymer
Solution Thermodynamics
vRheology
& Jet Restoring Energy
v Reliability
vChemical
& Ageing Stability on a Molecular Level
vFormulation
Sensitivities
v Functionality
vBuild
ISO 9001:2000
Certified
in Application Features
Good Print Quality Starts with

Good, Uniform Drops of Ink
v
Are the ink drops uniform in shape-round?
Is the distance between ink drops similar?
Are the drops of ink in a consistent pattern?
Does the ink wick into the paper (or paper fibers)?
Does there appear to be extra drops of ink?
ISO 9001:2000
Certified
Calculation of Drop Velocity
ISO 9001:2000
Certified
Examples of Good & Poor Drop Formation Due to

Varying Dynamic Surface Tension
ISO 9001:2000
Certified
AIJ-Poor
AIJ-Poor
Competitor-Poor
Competitor-Poor
AIJ-Good
AIJ-Good
OEM-Good
OEM-Good
Dot Quality
Multipurpose Copy Paper
Poor Dot Quality
ISO 9001:2000
Certified
Good Dot Quality
This image is of a
period after an 8 point
font and is comprised
of several drops of ink.
Dot Gain
vDot Gain is the degree of spreading of a
given dot
vControlled = smaller dots =better print quality
vNot Controlled = larger dots = poor print quality
ISO 9001:2000
Certified
Measuring Dot & Text Quality
Image
ImageAnalyzer
Analyzer
ISO 9001:2000
Certified
Color Gamut (plain paper)

Epson Printer on Plain Paper
a* b* projection, D65 2deg obs

100
100
80
80
60
60
yellow
red
40
green
-100
-80
-60
20
-40
0
-20
0
-20
cyan
20
40
-80
80
20
100
-100
-80
magenta
-40
-60
60
40
blue
-60
-40
0
-20
0
-20
20
40
60
80
100
-40
-60
-80
-100
-100
OEM ink
3rd party ink
Not much difference on plain paper
ISO 9001:2000
Certified
imageXpert inc.
Color Gamut (plain paper)

yellow
100
80
60
red
40
green
20
0
-100
-80
-60
-40
-20
20
40
-20
cyan
-80
80
100
magenta
-40
-60
60
OEM ink
3rd party ink
blue
-100
Superimposition shows small differences

ISO 9001:2000
Certified
imageXpert inc.
Color Gamut (Photo Paper)

Epson Printer on Photo Paper

120
120
100
100
80
80
60
60
40
40
20
20
0
-100
-80
-60
-40
-20
-20
20
40
60
80
100
-100
-80
-60
-40
0
-20
0
-20
-40
-40
-60
-60
-80
-80
-100
-100
OEM ink
20
40
60
80
100
3rd party ink
Much more difference on photo paper

ISO 9001:2000
Certified
imageXpert inc.
Color Gamut (Photo Paper)

120
100
80
60
40
20
0
-10
0
-80
-60
-40
-20
-20
20
40
60
80
100
OEM ink
3rd party ink
-40
-60
-80
-100
Superimposition shows significant differences

ISO 9001:2000
Certified
imageXpert inc.
Color Charts
2D Color Plots
3D Gamut
ISO 9001:2000
Certified
CIELAB Gamut Volume

v Chroma
v Hue
v Lightness
ISO 9001:2000
Certified
AIJ Pinnacle Gold Watercolor

How to Measure Color

Spectrophotometer
vmeasures dye concentration for ink development in
matching colors.
Color Profile System
ISO 9001:2000
Certified
Defining Fade
v
No industry standard for measuring ink jet

print life at this time
v
v
Commonly measured as loss of optical

density
v
Currently using textile and photographic

testing models
ANSI Std. IT9.3 in process; defines method for
testing but not endpoints nor extrapolation for
print life
Common endpoint 30% loss of weakest

primary
Two key factors overlooked

v
v
Resulting color changes (E)

Fade rates for individual colors (vs. average)
ISO 9001:2000
Certified
Catalytic Fading
v
When inks are more stable individually than in

combination, accelerating their own fading.
Excited dyes can produce singlet oxygen leading to

oxidative fading as well as transfer their absorbed
energy to another dye at a lower energy level
resulting in more radiative exposure & fading.
ISO 9001:2000
Certified
Reductive Fading of Azo Dyes

R1
R2
N
Dye reduced to its corresponding

amines by abstracting a hydrogen
atom from a hydrogen donor
Many ink vehicle and media

components are hydrogen donors
and can function as photocatalysts.
h? DH
R1
R2
R1
R2
R1
Alcohols, amines, ketones, carboxylic acids,

ethers & esters
R2
NH2
H2N
ISO 9001:2000
Certified
The reaction is accelerated when the

hydrogen donor or dye is photoexcited.
Oxidative Fading of Azo Dyes

R1
R2
HO
R1
R1
O
R2
O
N
The reaction is promoted by singlet

oxygen sensitizers. Some dyes are
themselves sensitizers.
R2
OH
The initial reaction leads to the

formation of an unstable peroxide
which then undergoes decomposition
R1
R2
O
O
The attack of singlet oxygen on the

hydrazone tautomer of an azo dye
N
1O
R1
R2
O + OHN2
ISO 9001:2000
Certified
Black Magic vs. Molecular

Modeling
H(24)
v
v
v
Chromophore
Partial charges on selected
atoms for substituted
1-phenylazo-2-naphthols
O(20)
C(15)
H(30)
H(26)
C(13)
C(10)
C(6)
N(7)
H(29)
C(12)
H(25)
N(8)
C(1)
C(5)
C(11)
C(19)
C(2)
S(21)
C(4)
H(31)
C(3)
H(28)
ISO 9001:2000
Certified
H(9)
C(14)
C(16)
C(18)
H(27)
C(17)
H(22)
H(23)
Fade Testing
Atlas Ci3000
Xenon Weather-Ometer
ISO 9001:2000
Certified
Standards For Ink Jet

Print Output
For years there has not been standard
for ink jet prints
FADING
vWilhelm
vKodak
vEpson
ISO 9001:2000
Certified
Ink & Media Relationship
Poor spread
& excess penetration
Excess penetration
& spread
Ideal spread & penetration

ISO 9001:2000
Certified
Media Independence
AIJ
AIJ11on
onCanary/Paper
Canary/Paper11Poor
PoorWetting
Wetting
AIJ
AIJ11on
onXerox/Paper
Xerox/Paper22Good
GoodWetting
Wetting
ISO 9001:2000
Certified
Media Independence
AIJ
AIJ22on
onCanary/Paper
Canary/Paper11Good
GoodWetting
Wetting
AIJ
AIJ22on
onXerox/Paper
Xerox/Paper22Good
GoodWetting
Wetting
ISO 9001:2000
Certified
How Important is it to Choose the

Proper Surfactants & Co-Solvents?
Pigment
PigmentBlack
Black
AIJ
AIJ11
Poor Wetting
Pigment
PigmentBlack
Black
OEM
OEM
Acceptable Wetting
Pigment
PigmentBlack
Black
AIJ
AIJ22
ISO 9001:2000
Certified
Improved Wetting
Specific Inks vs. Universal

Type Inks
Good Color Match
Poor Color Match

Original Photo
Image
ISO 9001:2000
Certified
Universal Type Inks
What is Intercolor Bleed?

When printing two different color inks next to each
other the objective is to have clean, distinct borders
between the colors. When one color migrates into
the space of the other color & the border becomes
tattered & uneven.
Spreading - overall expansion of the printed area.
Feathering - wicking of ink along a narrow band or
line away from the image area.
ISO 9001:2000
Certified
Inter-color bleed
ISO 9001:2000
Certified
imageXpert inc.
How to Measure
Image Quality
vCompare samples printed on the same paper
type and brand
vPrint and measure on both low cost and higher
cost substrates since print quality varies widely
vUse the same driver settings
vFlush printing system between ink sets to avoid
contamination...
ISO 9001:2000
Certified
imageXpert inc.
Intercolor Bleed
Compatible
Compatibleink
inkon
ondifferent
differentmedia
media
Multipurpose
Copy Paper
Bright White Inkjet

Paper
Photo glossy paper

ISO 9001:2000
Certified
Intercolor Bleed HP Colors

v
FORMULA
v
v
v
v
v
v
v
v
v
H2O
Humectant 1
Humectant 2
Humectant 3
Surfactant 1
Surfactant 2
Dye
Biocide
Dye
To Solve the Problem:

v
v
Replace Surfactant 2 with Penetrant

This allows the ink to be absorbed vertically into the paper &
decrease the lateral spreading of the inks
ISO 9001:2000
Certified
Most Promising To Date

v ASTM,
International (American Standard for

Testing & Measurements)
vDesignation:
F 1944-1998
Standard Practice for Determining the Quality of Text, Line

- and Solid Fill
Output Produced by Ink Jet Printers
vDesignation:
F 1857-1901
Standard Terminology Relating to Ink Jet Printers &

Images Made There from
ISO 9001:2000
Certified
More information on Ink Jet

Inks
Ink Jet Technology & Product
Development Strategies
Handbook of Imaging Materials 2nd

Edition Revised & Expanded
By Stephen F. Pond, Ph.D. & Torrey Pines Research
Co-edited by Art Diamond of Diamond Research

Corp. & Dr. David S. Weiss of Heidelberg Digital
LLC
Copyright 2000
ISBN# 0-9700860-0-8
Website: www.tpr.com
ISO 9001:2000
Certified
Copyright 2001
ISBN# 0-8247-8903-2
Website: www.imagingnews.com

Inkjet Ink Formulation-The Art of Color Chemistry

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Inkjet Ink Formulation-The Art of Color Chemistry

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Ink Jet Formulation- The

Art of Color Chemistry

AMERICAN INK JET CORPORATION

History & Qualifications of

Held Company founded in 1984

30 years experience focused only on

AMERICAN INK JET CORPORATION

manufacturer of compatible inks

AMERICAN INK JET CORPORATION

AMERICAN INK JET CORPORATION

History of Ink Jet Printing

First practical experiments

AMERICAN INK JET CORPORATION

Research and Development

Zhuhai, China (2nd QTR 2005)

AMERICAN INK JET CORPORATION

AMERICAN INK JET CORPORATION

AMERICAN INK JET CORPORATION

AMERICAN INK JET CORPORATION

AMERICAN INK JET CORPORATION

Calibrated Color Chemistry

C3 Calibrated Color ChemistryTM

Synergy rather than Trade-offs

C3 optimizes color, stability and economic characteristics to the

Science enabling Art

Culmination of AIJs standards, techniques, and procedures for

C3 fosters synergy by advancing color science, physics & chemistry

The Future of Ink Jet Printing

AIJs C3 approach to ink jet manufacturing is dedicated to realizing

AMERICAN INK JET CORPORATION

Dual Aspects of Ink

AMERICAN INK JET CORPORATION

Desktop & Wide Format

AMERICAN INK JET CORPORATION

FINE ART PRINTING

AMERICAN INK JET CORPORATION

AMERICAN INK JET CORPORATION

What do customers want from

Print Image Quality

AMERICAN INK JET CORPORATION

Ink Formulation Requirements

Uniform Drop Size

AMERICAN INK JET CORPORATION

Ink Formulation Trade-Offs

AMERICAN INK JET CORPORATION

Design of Ink Jet Inks

Properties of Dyes & Pigments

AMERICAN INK JET CORPORATION

Its All in the Ink

AMERICAN INK JET CORPORATION

too high ink may not flow through print head,

too low ink will leak through print head

UNTIS OF MEASUREMENT: Centipoise(cP)

AMERICAN INK JET CORPORATION

AMERICAN INK JET CORPORATION

The acidity or alkalinity of the finished ink. Colorants also can

AMERICAN INK JET CORPORATION

AMERICAN INK JET CORPORATION

AMERICAN INK JET CORPORATION

UNITS OF MEASUREMENT: milli Siemens(mS)

AMERICAN INK JET CORPORATION

AMERICAN INK JET CORPORATION

AMERICAN INK JET CORPORATION

AMERICAN INK JET CORPORATION