For

Presentation

at

7th

Fluidization

Conference

CONF-920502--I

May 3,,

1992

DE92 002879

HYDRODYNAMICS
OF CIRCULATING
FLUIDIZED
KINETIC THEORY APPROACH

BEDS"

by

i
[

Dimitri

Gidaspow,

Rukmini

Bezburuah

Department of Chemical
IU;nois Institute of Technology,

and J. Ding

Engineering
Chicago, IL 60616

ABSTRACT
Rigorous methods of kinetic theory were used to derive particldar
phase
viscosities and granular conductivities.
This new kinetic theory predicted
flow behavior and oscillations in _, complete loop of a CFB. The results were
compared to computations
with in-posed gas phase turbulence in the riser.
The computations
were repeated for production of synthesis gas from char.
The hydrodynamics
of solids processing plants, slmh as circldating fluidized
bed combustors that are being b,lilt to burn high sulfilr coals is not well
understood.
As an aid for better design for such systems, a particulate multiphase Navier-Stokes' equation solver w.-_sdeveloped. Partic, tlate viscosities
and solids pressures can be comp,lted by a subroutine that solves a fllmtuating kinetic energy equation for the particles.
Kinetic Theory

Model

Savage (1) and Jenkins and Savage (2) have shown how to obtain constitutive equations and conservation laws for granular flow. Ding and Gidaspow
(3) extended their approach to gas-particle flow. Since Ding and Gidmspow
used a Maxwelfian distribution their approach was restricted to dense flow.
Recently Gidaspow extended this approach to cover dilute and dense particlefluid flow. The mathematics
is very similar to that described in detail in the
classical text on kinetic theory by Chapman and Cowling (4). A summary
of the techniq, ms and the results is pre_nted
below.
|
-

"__..
_,...

Starting with the Boltzmann integral-differential

equation for the freq_mncy
of particle velocity distrib,ttions, f, the dense phase transport theorem shown
below was obtained by the authors cited above.
0

,J

%.
::_

0--7 < >) +

<

>

0,/,
=< "f' 37v,.
>

where F, is the body and the drag force acting on the system,
and < _/, >= l f Cfd

(1)
n = f f(tc

lrl

c_
_

P -- --_go,e,)d_
lt

-lgo(,,)d_
i

frf

(, - ,)/,
,

f2fc(,2,

fc)dkde, dg.2

(2)

(, - ,)f,f2Vln(-f_)g(e,2
.
i

Dimitri

Gidaspow

_ *_

_ _

DISTRIBUTION OF THIS DOCUMENT IS UNLIMITED

q

_'

and

/ / f

+ ' -

- '

'

(3)

The particle conservation of mass and momentum eq, lations are obtained by
setting 7_= rn and _
me.-',respectively as done by Ding and Glda. pow and
previous authors. The new part of tlm theory was to note that for the first.
perturbation
upon the Maxwellian distribution
the collision integral given
by Equation (2) consists of two integrals which became ms shown below.
Pc = Pcl + Pc't

- 2(1
5+

g_pp_, <

(4)

> +c I)

(5)

O.9

Pc2 = 2e.,t,cV i)' + e,_,V +7I

(6)

o,
where _' is the rate of shear tensor, [SI and p,c is the coefficient of viscosity, simply called viscosity by Ding and Gida.spow (3). For a Maxwellian
distribution
the first integral does not contribute to the viscosity since the
non-diagonal terms of < CC > vanish. The expressions for the viscosity
and the granular conductivity given here have been generalized to the first
perturbation
for the frequency distribution.
They are thus valid for dihlte
and dense flow. Equation (T1.5C) gives this shear viscosity. The standard
dilute phase viscosity is given by Equation (T1.5d). Note that the kinematic
viscosity is simply a product of the mean free path times a random velocity.
A conservation equation for this random veiocity can be obtained by substituting = _1mc into Equation (1). The result is the fluctuating energy
equation for the granular temperature 0 given by Equation (T1.6). The conductivity given by Equation (T1.6c) was obtained from Eq, mtion (2) and
the collisional dissipation "7 due to the non- elasticity of the particles was
obtained from Equation (3). The restitution coefficient "e" is the normal
restitution coefficient. There also exists a tangential restitution coefficient
associated with particle rotation that was not considered in the theory developed so far.
CFB LOOP
The equations shown in Table 1 were solved for the loop shown in Fig 1. Fig
2 shows that 8 sec. after start-up, there is the expected dense flow in the
downcomer, strong downflow at one wall of the riser, a reasonable vahie of
the solids granular temperature and viscosity. Such reasonable viscosities and
particle oscillations were achieved by adjusting the value of the restitution
coefficient until the viscosity matched Miller's (5) measurements, _.s shown in
Figure 2. Miller has also observed the fluctuations of the particle velocities,
as computed in Fig. 4. The discharge velocity from the standpipe to the riser
is shown in Fig. 5. The 1 m/see velocity is of the order of discharge velocity
from hoppers.
The new kinetic theory model computations
do not differ
greatly from Ding's (6) earlier computations
using the turbulent viscosity
shown in Table 1 and dense kinetic theory (e.g. Fig. 5). Time averaged

Jl

Dimitri

_,Idaspow

values of the
Figs. 6 to 9.
geometry.
As
the turbulent
COAL

mass fluxes, solids concentrations

and velocities
are given in
At 2 m/see there is a strong asymmetry
caltsed by the inlet
expected,
the bed is denser near the inlet. A color video shows
structure
of the particles
as a function of time.

REACTIONS

Ding's (6) turbulence

model and dense kinetic theory were llsed to simulate
the reactions
of char particles
for the conditions
given in Fig. 1. Char was
assumed
to consist of 88% carbon.
The CFB was initially filled with the N2
a.t 1300K. At the riser bottom
a mixt_ire of 40% 0= and 60% H20 entered
at 700K, at a pressure of 3.71 atm. Table 2 summarizes
the energy and the
species equations
while Table 3 gives the principal reactions.
Figure 10 shows typical mole fractions
profiles in the reactor 1.5 seconds
start-up.
The oxygen was ali consumed
near the inlet. Fig. 11 shows
hot spots. Fig. 12 shows that the exit compositions
reach a near steady
10 seconds after start-up.

after
some
state

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Thi.q study w_,_._,pport, ed hy a U.S. Dc'part.ment of Energy
89PC89769.

grant,

DE-FG-22-

NOTATION
c fluct,ating velocity of particle
P press, re ten.qor
C fluchtating minus bydrodynnmic velocity
q flux vector of fluctlmt.intg energy
C,t drag cnemcient
R,. Reynolds n,_mlmr
dj, particle diameter
r i reaction rate
D diffusivit, y
S deformation rate t_,nsor
e coefficient of restitution
Tq,T,, temperature of gas and solid
g gravity
t:q,,,., gas and sr,lid vel,,t'ity vector
g,, radial di._trihution f, nction
Y,, weight, fraction of gn.qof species n
h, volumO.ric heat, trrmsfer coefficient
t time
h enthalpy
AH standard heat.of reaction
Greek Letters
[',q eq,ilibri,m cnn.ct.anf,of reaction
_ f.wophn.,_edrag coemcient
Kr,i
rate consf.ant, of reaction i
7 colli._intml ent,rgy ,li._.qipnt.itm
k 9, k, thermal conductivities of the gas nrel solid 7,,, .qtoichiometric ec,emcient of .qpecies n
M m.,lecular weight.
_, _* ga.q anti solid vol,mo fracti,,,._
Nu gn._ particle Nusselt. numlmr
_/ effect.ivene.qs factor for renctinn i
_. _-mnductivit.y of granular temperaf.,lro
p presmre
lt shear viscosity
( bulk vi._co_ity
p den.city
0 gran, lar temperatltre = I < C 2 >
LITERATURE CITED
1.

Savage, S.B. in "Theory of Dispersed Mulliph;t_eFlow,"cd. R.E. Meyer, Academic Press,

2.
3.
4.

Jenkins,J.T. _nd Savage, S.B.J. Fluid Mech., 13___0,

187 (198._).
Ding, J. and D. Gid:tspcvs,,AIChE Journal, 36. 523 (1990).
Chapman,S. andT.O. Cowling."the MalhemalicalTheory of Non-UniformGase.,;."2nd Etl.,
Cambridge Univ. Press (1961).
Miller, Aubrey, Ph.D. Thesis, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago 1991.
Gidaspow, D., J. Ding and U.K. Jaya._ral. in "NumeticMMethods for Multiphase Flows,"
FED-Vol. 91, American Society of MechanicM Engineering.p. 47 (1990).

5.
6.

lm

Dimitri Gidaspow

TABLE

1.
FOIl.

I:KINETIC

CONT|NUITY
PIIASE
k(=

TIIEORY

MODEL

EQIJATION

FOR

MUI,TIPIIASg

FLOW

2. I_[OMENTIJM
EQIIATION
PHASE
k(-- g,_; I-- g,.q)

g,_)

FOP,.

(w;.i)
3.
C;ONSTITUTIVE
FOR STRESS

EQ[JATION
4. Gna

Phone

Strpsa
_ = 2r,dl ,. _q

T, Irh.l,'nt
agn only)

_hore

J-v
.I

Vi_ro_ily

([l_,'d

(TI.

!)

['or rnml,ari-

l,. = ,, + t,, = pj.,/_y(2,_,. },)_, ! p,

(TI. t,,)

(7"1 ..'b0
with r, = 0.1 and A = x/_..--_
_. Solh]

Phase

Stress

glnr'tic
"l'hr'ory Modr'l
((;i,la_po,x,',
19.ql Gid_qpow's.
exten_ion oi"19li0
Sav._g-,lg_3
and toDinll_
and
r;xprt,ssions
di2
I.te

_.

FI,UCTIIATING
_ < C_ >) EQUATION

ENERGY

(6) =

and dense, flow)

Sollrl_ Pha._

Pr_,._._,re

_3
2

r, =/,,_,0[I +_(i _).qo,,]

(7"l..s,_)

Solids Pha._e Ihflk Viscosity

_. = _,_p,d_.9,.(14

__,p,O) F V (,,p,,,,O)

-v._-7
Collisional

e)( O---)
I_.

(Tl.Sb)

EnrrRy

Fl.x

(! 21,..,,
t- e).q,, [ 1 t- _(I
4

I e).q,,_. 1'

+ g,.,,a,..(l
4 ,
t-_}(;O)|
Solid,

Pha._e Dil,,to

('ond,,ctivity

(7'i.5e)

r.

_ (_ _-,).q.
2
II

(t'._a)

50':"'

, n
_(

EnorRy
(7"!.6b)

! ._,),.,.

1'

_,,

.t.2,:e,a, qo(__ _)(_)t

(Wl.n,)
t)i_,,,,,t,l,_,e ('_,,1,1y"ry,,,") C.,an,,iar

7_"_5_.
v/_PrdrF3t

(7"1.6d)

(T_..s,-)
DRAG

COEFFI-

For r, < 0.8 (ha._e,I Mn Ergnn eq,oation)

1.75e':'l

flI.
,d_ +
For r, > O.R (based

Cond.ctivity

F.nction

_. = g ! - (_)I
- SOLID

gn0re:y

q_

_cail=

7. GAS
CIENTS

( 4;( O )_ - V ' ".)

{7"1._.)

q=-.gT63
of Fl,,ctua_in_

Viscosity

S__v_,a,ol
/'.ai, 96
ll.adiAi Di_trihntlon

of Fl.ct.atinlg

cr!.n)

I)i._._ipation 7

7 = 3( i - e')'_.P..q.63

Soli,h Pha-_- Shear Viscosity

!'. -

= r, : V,,

whr're

- v'l

C, =

_,

(TI.7n)
on empirical corre-

lation)

24
_

[I ;-O.

Ca = 0.44,for

,n,'0,,
ISR n
I fnrRr_,< lO0,,
'
(7"1.7c)
Re n > lO00

(7'1.7d)

3C ":,r'_l",- ",l-_s
fl = _ -a

_I

(TI.7b)

".l d,
R% = _P,l"_He

Dtmitri

(TI.7,)

Cidaspo_

TABLE
1.

2" CONSERVATION

CONSERVATION

OF SPECIF.qAND ENERGY

EQUATION

OF GAS COMPONENT
#
,

(4R_*__"," 2oo< n_< 2ooo

"n"

N% -- 0.123 _ dp ]

"l,

-_(,p,}.) + v.(,p,v.,,o) = m. _ v...,.

2. ENERGY

(2.1)

EQUATIONS

He > 2000

N,% = 0.61ReonvS_,.

Gas Phase

_ > 0.8

?Iuv = (2 + 0.16 Ren_z).qp,

0p

Re._<200

(,a,h,)+ v. (,ash,us)= _(_-4-,-Vr,)

+c2__r,,AIIo+h,(T,_T,)+V.(kt(VT,)

Nu, = 8.2Ren_Sp,

(2.2)

Solid Phnse

200 < Re _<lO00

Nu, = 1.06fte'4ssT.Fp,
O (_,p,h,)+
V.(,,pph,v,) +he(Ts-Ts )

where

+v-(t,_,VT,) (2.3)
Gas - Pmrtlele Heat Trnnsfer
For _ < 0.8,

Re > I000

Re--dppsi"s
- v,l
Ils

h,,
6

N%

= (24-1.1Re'_Pr})Sp,

oel,= ,_;

Re >_200

TABLE

and

N%, = h,dp/k e

3. KEY REACTIONS

_.(p,- p.)
rl

----" di#

4- di#_{i-a)/rf
I=,o,,.,

4- ,,,_ _,.,c_,

-'_-Afl".,l_.OSat
= 40.3

1. COMBUSTION
REACTION
C+_/tO_ ---* 2(1- Tr)CO + (2"!!- 1)C02
where"ft lJ determined by
_
CO
2(1 7t)
10_.4exp(
CO_
2-It - l -

K,,t -- 1.79x

(b)C 4- ll,O ---* CO 4- II_

-4.5ooo)

K,_ = 930*'xp( R.--_ '

)

Plt_Pco = exp(17.3
K._ = (l,;t,o)_

s
-27000
lO exp(R----ff_)

3. WATER

16326.1
T, )

All.41_98k = 32.4
SIIIFT REACTION

Co 4- ll=O _

CO_ 4- ll_

An._1=9S%
= (- 97.7)(2>,-t )4-2(-2S.7t4)
( l - "ts) 4- 2.4 and p_, = 0.0
2. GASIFICATION
REACTIONS

rs = 0.775exp(

-8421.3 )paS- _ (2coztt,

Ts

=co, zm )( ! - ;V_)t,_t_,
K,,,t

(a)C 4- CO_ ---* 2C0

7860)
K,,e = 0.027 exp(-_--.ts

-45000

K,, = 930exp(_)

Anl,OSt=

-9.84

pc.--_ = t._ x t0' _p(-4'_"

moo,
_.--_7-,
_

II

Dlmltrl

Gldaspow

pwelM

fi

MPe

........
!,

(_q flow r_Le aL hnLt.nm .1".qLn.,ll,ipe ---. 2..5 rm/e

(Mi.h..m
II.irli_aLin. vr'lncil.y)
....
"|_rmln_l vel.cil.y .f parLiclo._ ---- I.I m/_

I
I I_"_'_"_"'/'_'__'e_
li
j.5_:_.__._

Vw. - _lt

Inlet (/n.rlillr,._

|q,_,_ll_l
-||

Air inlel. (ri_er)w, lnciLy

2,./q

- _l_ft,mle

FIOURR I. C1FRLeap lndudlnS InllUI andInlet

.;_.;.:_:_

II xe_x

P x,e.q

......

.....

FIOURI_.Z Prank'le
Co,_entrmlan,
Veladlle_,
Or_ulerTemper_ture_
(_nA_)
_ _nd _Id Vl_mn_Itles_
(Pol_e)
_

__

!
....

I0 "'

(Y|_ee)slty

fr--.

Miller'._

=
:

O.gggog
0.g19

--

0.9

O.O

_._.

men_,,rement._

"_ I0

"-

9.0_'I0"')

n_

"'

I:::

,-.,

".----

..............
,'Infl

Rm_l,.I

Fig.

Ill_t_nee

3. F,F.fect
on Solid_

Irrnm

the

l_ff

111'tll ni' the

oi Restitution
Vl_eo_ty

Hifar

(eta)

I
_-----J
" _._

Coefficient

Figure

II

:_.

--

--'_

I .._j
il .....

,
._, \1._1 .... o
I
_/i--"
l_..il --- ---li_l_"-_n

,,v.l..--_

&

Dlmitrl

Cldaspow

Ii.,.il_I.|(- I.Illl
Mw,i'e il,.l,,l
(.lob l.tm.d*_ew|
o_l_

ll-,,,,
II.4oI . Ill)
"_'__ nine-, I,.,4ol (.,.Ilk t.tk,_l,,,,,*-)

0ro,lm

_n4

iimlm

i..
i

' tj\

I'-

olen lwl

.Imlll,

i_
(,,m,I
r--.--L-llr_--11_r---,-11_l--"--

i1_3--'-

1!I/o

F1('IIIRE

.
_lnmll,

S. l'_rlie

from

Sinndl'_pe

'.itlr'l_l-'irlll
lo

lanl #-,_1
'pllli'l_li'I7

'iii

At

__

ll,.-, u,,,l,,i Rtnor

(,. = ifpliihl
ni,ni

-- -

_-

-#
i

(,o
-- 111
,, 2
m m/,)
.
l*llrilrlill.nee
('ii " _! m/li)

I)lnlI

lilodel

wttil

lllnlI'll

M_l_41,1wtlh

Tilrkilll,

nell

(l i

__

:ii ,1 mini

lA
.,<.,
Bt_clrANIL-I_.
_

I_IGUlllP_.6. _

LIIII'T llllllJ. _

AveniledIll(lbl

Itlm, r

Hew 14,J4.1 (.,

_ _ lllni'9

Ib.lliht

--

II1

(i,m)

Dtitl'O

__ I)#nii'l

__

lte.

Mllm Fliri I'l_,lflks

-tlh

T,l,,lt,ll,,nee

(% ..-lm/oi

Hod-1

,,llill

Tllrk,.llt.n,"ll

(,lie-.'lm/I

lie,4,.I

-i_-_'

FIGURE

_l

/J_AL

lll_llllL

Mil,4,.I

(itlh

tillrhliii'n'-I

(.

-- ii.Ni)(n

L'-'l_l._lf--"-lqlii

lltlP'lr vail.

lltq'Tlltt:l_. IMintl iJ!ll'l' IAll

I,'"i

l_ICtUli! "#."11n_ Avei_lecl

Illldllll Y,z_idllVolume Frllc"iloePiffle

i .-li'n/ni

-.

N#",

,",

\\\

PlY_ANt_IRI

.-O.000)

in

lod#l

.--

in

o._I---'-_--'---illl---_-*i_l_'--'_ ....

ii _
_ _

l0

'.

"_'""t-.,.,
\ ""

--

rt .--___

-'_,I
_---_- _--ilr'-i_ -'--'illl
....
_

_l

llpllht

ii

"II

Ilflit

Ill_lpr

ni_il

%
%

li, Iii.

I'll_l'l_l'il_tl

ill_r

Id,_4,.I

rll.l',l

(*

II.l,,,I

O IOO}

(wOk

tllrh.ll,

fir,,)

' '_
_

't JI--.I

8. Tlme AversBed R_Hal ,_olidl Velodty Profile

"nn'.....

FIOURE

..........

_i_tf"--'---_'-lll_

Ill--TR ill, lt:rtr

(-ml

9. Areil Averaged Axial _

Volume Frxcllon Profile

DISCLAIMER
Th.:s report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States
Government.
Neither the UrAted States Government nor any agency thereof, nor any of their
employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or
process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark,
manufacturer, or otherwise does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States Government or any agency thereof. The views
and opinions
Unit_,_l_S!.at_

of authors expressed herein do not nexessarily

Government or any agency thereof.

state

or reflect those of the

m

0.8
['_00 t
1
1450-]

t,A_ T_I4PERATURE
AT IIEl_lrr : 4.._(m) HF.AR 0.S
__ c1re:i_
nv RISER
":
_o0.4
=
.... _
WALLn_ ms_e
.,,
_
_ _ n,ClIT ealJ. or mse:e
/ : _o3
,

3 1400
_d

:'
: ....
; ',
-

1350 _

-,

'"-

71

', 0.t

-..:..:
_'...-.........................

- ,-:.

,D

_,_/_.-. _,_
'..

15

m (ssc1 lo

,s

FIGURE 12. Outlet Gas Comlx_itions

for the CFB Synthesis Gas Producer

II. Gas Temperature

Ii

"

', "0_-

..__//
""
_- _-,.---_"--. .... ,
t300 ..........
, .........
t .......
0
5
I0
_uv. (sr.c)
FIGURE

'

'

OOTL_
_UZ r_cxzo_o,
.....
COt
__co
--

Mi,
r'

Dimitr_

C,Id aspow

' I!

IPI

'