Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Issues
ver. 1
• Processes
• Analysis
• Defects
• D i rules
Design l
• Economics
• Shrinkage
• Porosity
• Piping
• Mi
Microstructure
t t
TABLE 5.1
Volumetric Volumetric
solidification solidification
Metal or alloy contraction (%) Metal or alloy contraction (%)
Aluminum 6.6 70%Cu–30%Zn 4.5
Al–4.5%Cu 6.3 90%Cu–10%Al 4
Al–12%Si 3.8 Gray iron Expansion to 2.5
Carbon steel 2.5–3 g
Magnesium 4.2
1% carbon steel 4 White iron 4–5.5
Copper 4.9 Zinc 6.5
Source: After R. A. Flinn.
• Control atmosphere
– vacuum
– gases with less solubility
• Proper venting to let gases out
• Proper design of runners and gates to
avoid turbulence
• Heating or cooling
certain areas to maintain
uniform cooling (thermit
or chills))
• Uniform part thickness
– leads to uniform cooling
cooling,
less residual stress
• D
Due tto shrinkage
hi k giving
i i rise
i tto
a funnel-like cavity
• Solutions
– insulate top (glass wool)
– heat top (exothermic mixture -
thermit)
• Finer structure at
walls
• Grains / dendrites
grow to center
ME 6222: Manufacturing Processes and Systems 21
Prof. J.S. Colton © GIT 2009
Microstructure - Dendrites
• Die casting
Labor, CL ($/hr) 20 20 20 20
• Th
The ttough
h partt iis getting
tti the
th process
cost data.
• Defects
• Design rules
• Economics