Dynamic Fields

Nandini Gupta
Department of Electrical Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur

Eletromagnetic fields

Electric charges induce electric field.

Electric currents induce magnetic fields.

If source of charges and currents vary with time:
Fields vary with time.
Electric and magnetic fields couple to produce electroelectromagnetic waves
Faradays Law: Time
Time--varying magnetic fields give rise to
an electric field.
Amperes law: Time
Time--varying electric field gives rise to a
magnetic field.

Faradays Law
The induced emf generated in a stationary
loop due to a timetime-varying magnetic field
is:

B
U = N
dS
t
S
d
d
U = E dl = B dS =
dt S
dt
l
B

d
S
=

S
S t dS
E =

B
t

Faradays law relates induced

emf to the rate of charge of flux.
Lenz Law states that the current
in the loop is always in such a
direction as to oppose the change
of magnetic flux that produced it.
Maxwells Equation

Eddy Currents

The current flowing in the loop due to variation of B is called

an induced current.

If the material of the cylinder is conducting, induced
currents circulate within the material. Presence of a
physical circuit is not required for establishment of Electric
Field.

The currents circulating in the material impede further
increase in B, resulting in a low net flux density in the
material (external flux density + flux density due to induced
currents.).

The induced currents cause Joule heating, and is lost as
heat.
This effect is productive if it is desirable to heat up a device.
Induced currents are needed in induction motors to
generate torques. On the other hand, heating of
transformers is entirely undesirable and one would to limit
the eddyeddy-current devices in this case.

PDE
The magnetic circuit is nonnon-conducting.
The piece P is made of conducting material.

J s = J s k; J e = J e k;
J = J s + J e ; H = J; J e = E
( A ) = J; = 1 /

E =

= ( A )
t
t

Since no potential difference is

applied:

A
A

E +
= V
= 0; E +
t
t

( A ) = J s

A
E=
t

A
t

In two dimensions:

Az Az
( A ) =

= A
x x y y
Equation reduces to:

(A )

A
+ Js = 0
t

Time--discretisation:
Time

A A(t + t ) A(t )
=
t
t
A (t + t )
A(t )
(A (t + t ) )
+
+ J s (t + t ) = 0
t
t

FE Discretisation
First term reduces to:
F1 = A(t + t )

F1 (S i )d = (Si ) F1d = (S i ) A(t + t )d

T

A1
[K ] A2
A3

( t + t )

q1q1 + r1r1 q1q2 + r1r2 q1q3 + r1r3 A1

A
=
q
q
+
r
r
q
q
+
r
r
q
q
+
r
r
2
1
2
1
2
2
2
2
2
3
2
3
2
2D
q3 q1 + r3r1 q3 q2 + r3 r2 q3q3 + r3r3 A3

( t + t )

The surface integral in the first term is zero for Dirichlet and zero
Neumann conditions, and yields a non-zero term otherwise, which is
added to the source vector on the RHS of the discretised equation.

S F dS = 0
i

Second Term:

A (t + t )
( t + t )
S i
d = S i d [A ]
t

The integral is the volume of the pyramid defined by the shape function Si on
the element base.
The third term may be dealt with similarly. Note that A(t) are known.
Fourth Term:

( t + t )
S i J s (t + t ) d = S i d [J s ]

The terms in the matrix equation may be assembled in the form:

[K ][A](t + t ) = [F ]

[K] comes from the coefficients of A(t + t )first and second terms. [F] will
come from the cpntributions of the third term in terms of A(t) and the source
currents evaluated in the fourth term.
An initial solution is assumed. The matrix equation must be solved iteratively
to obtain the solution at every t. For an accurate solution, the timetime-step must
be sufficiently small.

Complex Vector Equation

The excitation is sinusoidal.
Material is linear.

J s (t ) = J s cos t = Re( J s e jt )
The system response at steady state:

~ jt
(t ) = Re( Ae );

~
A = Ae j

~
~ jt
Ae jt
Ae
+ J s e jt = 0
t
~
~
A
A j
+ Js = 0
t

( )

[] []

~
~
[K ] A = Q

The source term is complex. Solution is

therefore complex, yielding both magnitude and
phase in relation to Js.