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LECTURE 15 - OUTLINE

The Finite Element Method


2D and 3D Problems - Nonlinear materials
(a) Solution procedures
- Incremental method: elasto-plastic model
- Initial stress method: no-tension model
(b) Examples

ROCK MECHANICS 2
Giovanni Barla
Politecnico di Torino
STRUCTURAL AND GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

FEM
FEM FOR
FOR NONLINEAR
NONLINEAR MATERIALS
MATERIALS

FEM
FEM FOR
FOR NONLINEAR
NONLINEAR MATERIALS
MATERIALS

INCREMENTAL APPROACH (this approach is the one most frequently used, as in


geotechnical engineering the interest is often to simulate excavation and
construction stages in incremental form)

With the first increment (i=1):

True
solution

Incremental
solution

[u]1 = [K]0-1 [R]1 (14.1)

d
KG2

c
R2

1) Evaluate the tangent stiffness


element by element based on the state of
stress - strain computed at the end of
increment 1 and obtain the global system
stiffness [K]1

KG0
R1

Tangent stiffness solution


a
u1 u2

[u]i = [K]i-1-1 [R]i (14.3)


where the stiffness matrix [K]i-1 is computed using the stresses and strains
appropriate to the end of increment i. It is possible to use the tangent
parameters so as to obtain the tangent global stiffness matrix.

With the second increment (i=2):

KG1

With increment i:

DIAGRAMMATIC REPRESENTATION
OF THE INCREMENTAL APPROACH

2) We can compute:

[u]2 = [K]1-1 [R]2 (14.2)


continue

There are different ways for evaluating [K]i-1, with the main purpose
to improve the solution to be obtained for each incremental step
It is clear from the diagrammatic representation of the incremental
approach that the accuracy of the solution is highly dependent on the
number of increments and the size of each increment. As the loading
level is increased, one is moving away from the true solution, so that
care need be exercised with respect to the constitutive law which is
introduced to analyse the problem
continue

FEM
FEM ELASTOPLASTIC
ELASTOPLASTIC SOLUTION
SOLUTION
incremental
incremental approach
approach -- example
example

INPUT GEOMETRY, MATERIALS, INITIAL STRESSES

Displacement u0 is applied

COMPUTE [k]0 ELEMENT BY


ELEMENT AND [K]0 FOR THE FEM MODEL

The material behaviour is elastoplastic ideally plastic with the MohrCoulomb yield criterion and the
associated flow rule:
F([],[k]) = Q([],[m])

h = v = 50 kN/m2

DIVIDE [R] IN INCREMENTS

E=10 MPa, =0.2, c=0.0, =30=


APPLY INCREMENT [R]i
AND COMPUTE [u]i,[]i, ,[]i
i=m

YES

c
Obtain: F([],[k]) --> F([],[k]) = J - ( tan + p) g()=0
J

which is written: F([],[k]) =

STOP

( c + p) g()
tan

J(kPa)

NO

-1 = 0

1000

6
800

COMPUTE [k]i AND [K]i

J = 0.866 (p-50)

600
400

FLOW DIAGRAM - INCREMENTAL APPROACH

200

continue

5
4
J = 0.693 p

1
300

600

900

displacement Increments of displacements with:


a = 3% in the vertical direction
elastic: J = 0.866 (p-50) (14.2)
at yielding: J = 0.693 p (14.3)

1200

from Potts e Zdravkovic,1999

p (kPa)

FEM
FEM FOR
FOR NONLINEAR
NONLINEAR MATERIALS
MATERIALS

FEM
FEM FOR
FOR NONLINEAR
NONLINEAR MATERIALS
MATERIALS
a)
no-tension
a) no-tension material
material

INITIAL STRESS Approach: applied in two different cases of interest:


a) no-tension material
b) elastoplastic behaviour

EXAMPLE: Axial loading of a specimen


R

The specimen is loaded axially. The elements shown


(i.e. A) attain a no-tension behaviour; the other elements
follow a linearly elastic law (ILE)
It is known from a FEM-ILE solution in plane strain
conditions that element A will undergo a state of stress
with 3 < 0 (tensile stress) and 1 > 0 (compressive
stress), as shown in the diagram below

u=v=0

a) no-tension material

b) elastoplastic behaviour

Illustration of the
initial stress approach
It is once again an iterative approach!!!

continue

1
n
continue

The stress transfer of (0, 3) can take place as follows:

It is obvious that the state of stress in A is not in line with the no-tension
stress strain law. The unbalanced state of stress in A is to be transferred
to the surrounding elements as illustrated in the figure below:

y
y

x = 3 cos2 + y sin2 - 2xysin2

1 = 0

y = 3 sin2 + ycos2 + 2xysin2

x = 3 cos2

3
A

Unbalanced state of stress which is to


be transferred from element A to the
surrounding elements

From which:

xy = xy (cos2 - sin2) + (3 - y ) sincos

y = 3 sin2
xy = 3/2 sin2

We can write:

[R] =v [B]T [] dV
Following a FEM-ILE analysis, the state of stress
in A is such that 3< 0. A stress transfer is to
take place so that the new state of stress is as
shown in A

where:

[]T = [x y xy]

continue

FEM
FEM FOR
FOR NONLINEAR
NONLINEAR MATERIALS
MATERIALS
a)
a) no-tension
no-tension material
material

We perform a new FEM-ILE analysis, where the model is loaded with the
only system - [R], where the tensile stresses are assumed to be zero

CASE STUDIES

At the end of this step the FEM model may again be subjected to tensile
stresses (in our case the A element), which are to be transferred to the
surrounding elements. The process is iterated up to obtaining 3 ~ 0
3

3
elastic solution

g
g

h
h

g
g

Iteration nr.
g

DIAGRAMMATIC REPRESENTATION OF THE STRESS TRANSFER APPROACH

no-tension solution

Underground Cavern

CRACKING OF A REINFORCED CONCRETE BEAM


DISTRIBUTION OF CONCRETE STRESSES AT VARIOUS SECTIONS

From Zienkiewicz,1971

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