Professional Documents
Culture Documents
ROCK MECHANICS 2
Giovanni Barla
Politecnico di Torino
STRUCTURAL AND GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
FEM
FEM FOR
FOR NONLINEAR
NONLINEAR MATERIALS
MATERIALS
FEM
FEM FOR
FOR NONLINEAR
NONLINEAR MATERIALS
MATERIALS
True
solution
Incremental
solution
d
KG2
c
R2
KG0
R1
KG1
With increment i:
DIAGRAMMATIC REPRESENTATION
OF THE INCREMENTAL APPROACH
2) We can compute:
There are different ways for evaluating [K]i-1, with the main purpose
to improve the solution to be obtained for each incremental step
It is clear from the diagrammatic representation of the incremental
approach that the accuracy of the solution is highly dependent on the
number of increments and the size of each increment. As the loading
level is increased, one is moving away from the true solution, so that
care need be exercised with respect to the constitutive law which is
introduced to analyse the problem
continue
FEM
FEM ELASTOPLASTIC
ELASTOPLASTIC SOLUTION
SOLUTION
incremental
incremental approach
approach -- example
example
Displacement u0 is applied
The material behaviour is elastoplastic ideally plastic with the MohrCoulomb yield criterion and the
associated flow rule:
F([],[k]) = Q([],[m])
h = v = 50 kN/m2
YES
c
Obtain: F([],[k]) --> F([],[k]) = J - ( tan + p) g()=0
J
STOP
( c + p) g()
tan
J(kPa)
NO
-1 = 0
1000
6
800
J = 0.866 (p-50)
600
400
200
continue
5
4
J = 0.693 p
1
300
600
900
1200
p (kPa)
FEM
FEM FOR
FOR NONLINEAR
NONLINEAR MATERIALS
MATERIALS
FEM
FEM FOR
FOR NONLINEAR
NONLINEAR MATERIALS
MATERIALS
a)
no-tension
a) no-tension material
material
u=v=0
a) no-tension material
b) elastoplastic behaviour
Illustration of the
initial stress approach
It is once again an iterative approach!!!
continue
1
n
continue
It is obvious that the state of stress in A is not in line with the no-tension
stress strain law. The unbalanced state of stress in A is to be transferred
to the surrounding elements as illustrated in the figure below:
y
y
1 = 0
x = 3 cos2
3
A
From which:
y = 3 sin2
xy = 3/2 sin2
We can write:
[R] =v [B]T [] dV
Following a FEM-ILE analysis, the state of stress
in A is such that 3< 0. A stress transfer is to
take place so that the new state of stress is as
shown in A
where:
[]T = [x y xy]
continue
FEM
FEM FOR
FOR NONLINEAR
NONLINEAR MATERIALS
MATERIALS
a)
a) no-tension
no-tension material
material
We perform a new FEM-ILE analysis, where the model is loaded with the
only system - [R], where the tensile stresses are assumed to be zero
CASE STUDIES
At the end of this step the FEM model may again be subjected to tensile
stresses (in our case the A element), which are to be transferred to the
surrounding elements. The process is iterated up to obtaining 3 ~ 0
3
3
elastic solution
g
g
h
h
g
g
Iteration nr.
g
no-tension solution
Underground Cavern
From Zienkiewicz,1971