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IJPGC2000-15064
ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION
KEYWORDS
Large Eddy Simulation, Combustion, Eddy Dissipation
Concept Model, Eddy Characteristic Time, Three Step Global
Reaction Mechanisms
i
[.y . .
[
. ,
,.
: universal ~ , l l ~ t
Rij
' l~eynolds
Ri
~[m
of gases [J mol a K l l
i m ' ~ ~2 ]
chemical ~ b n
rate [tool m s
s'll
[s'll ',
Sij
strain rate
S,
time [sl
temperature IK]
velocity component in i direction [m s a]
xi
/1 viscosity [Pa s]
NOMENCLATURE
A : pre-exponential factor of rate constant [cm 3 mol l s ~ K l ]
: enthalpy [J kg -l]
'pressure [Pa]
~ : generalized variable
or equivalence ratio [-]
Mass
Axial
momentum
/teff
of
d;) l o(
0;3 i o (
/~eff
of
o:] l o (
o;3 l o f
<subscripts>
Art
: Arrhenius
eff
: effective
eddy
: eddy mixing
fu
:fuel
Radial
momentum
"7"t,'~'~ 7 j
m
in
: inlet
ox
: oxidant
Tangential
momentum
ttff
,~,{
: spatial average
Mass
m"/
fraction
SIMULATION METHOD
Governino Eauation
(,o: ) + O---f/;: l+ !
Ox - -
"
l + '-
rot"
"
r O0 ~
I
"
(')
o+
oxk
o~)
fork
or)
rook
~oo)
t,o:,JJ,o:{
~w
OP
rO 0
,f
/5f1(o;
o=
=,~?l\
\+fo;q:+V;Lf o= +=)2
\ t~-J tTJ t,~ ;j
'
Oh
0.4
0.4
VW--~" C
T~7 ) ,
Mathematical Modelino
(2)
(3)
,~ ,,t J i = l
-:
~/
O'm
f f fo,
or
am
Enthalpy
t~eff
o=,31
o(
<superscripts>
og) o-~
(4)
(5)
1(0~ ag)
ff~ = -min~,a~,~),
Reaction Modelino
We use three step global reaction mechanisms to express
methane-air combustion reaction as:
CH4+0.502~CO+2H2,
(9)
(10)
CO+0.502~::~CO2,
H2+0.502~::~H20,
(11)
p
(m-ox-- "1
= 4.0__mm/__,mr, oq
.
(12)
Numerical Solution
The SIMPLE algorithm with TDMA method (Patanker,
1980) is used to solve the partial differential equations shown
in (1). In this simulation, equations of continuity, momentum,
enthalpy and gas species mass fractions are discretized in
space by a control volume method. The convective terms are
differenced in space with the quadratic upstream interpolation
for convective kinematics method (Leonard, 1979) and the
diffusive terms are differenced in space with the second-order
central difference scheme. The fully implicit scheme is used
for time marching and time step is 0.05s. The schematic
diagram of computational domain is shown in Fig. 1. The
coaxial combustor has 200mm in internal diameter and
800mm in length. The inner pipe diameter is 6 5mm and the
annulus pipe diameter is ~ 23mm. A computational grid
number in axial, radial and tangential direction are 120 40 x
50, respectively.
1~
J'
where ~ is a stoichiometric oxidant requirement to burn lkg
of fuel, Reddyis eddy mixing rate of fuel and oxygen and ~ is
eddy characteristic time. The eddy characteristic time z is
estimated with considering Kolmogorov scale as below:
Air
where e is eddy dissipation rate. From the assumption that
turbulence energy generation and dissipation are locally equal,
eddy dissipation rate is written as below (written in Cartesian
geometry):
(14)
(15)
(16)
o-.
800
~[
. . . . . . . "~. . . . . ~.
l ~
....
JJ
......
.amp.in . eWallo .o o
0.1 lml
Combustor
Air
CI%
Fig. 4 Calculated instantaneous eddy characteristic time
distribution in computational domain.
f\
ii2compro
/
Gas chromatograph
Methane cylinders
1800
1600
[-]
CI-h [Nm3 h"l]
Air [Nm3 h a]
Temperature [K]
ReD [-]
1.0
0.20
1.90
293.15
33228
140o
~ 12oo
~ 100o
~ 800
w 600
Experiment
.......... LES
400
2OO
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
r/D [-I
Fig. 5 Radial distribution of temperature at 0. lm from
burner at ~ =1.0.
Figure 6 shows the radial distribution of CFL mole fraction
in the equivalence ratio 6=1.0 at x=0.1m downstream from
the burner. This calculation result ,agrees well with the
measured results of CH4 mole fraction.
[ o Experiment}1LEs
0.8
O
0.6
0.1 [ml
0.4 [m|
0.4
~
"~u/U~=l.O [-]
0.2
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
rid [-]
0.08
LEsEXperiment I
0
0.06
0.04
0.02
,Oo,o
o
0
0.1
; .
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
r/D [-]
CONCLUSION
A three-dimensional Large eddy simulation turbulent
combustion simulation in a coaxial combustor is carried out.
We construct an eddy characteristic time model derived from a
large-scale motion to estimate the combustion reaction rate
using eddy dissipation concept model for saving a
computational time. An estimation of eddy characteristic time
considering Kolmogorov scale is effective for knowing subgrid
scale motion of flame region and the present model is more
suitable for the assumption of eddy dissipation concept model
than a model using time averaged turbulent energy and eddy
dissipation rate. In this study, the calculation results of
temperature and CI-h mole fraction distribution agree well with
the measured results, however the calculated result of CO mole
fraction distribution does not well agree with measured result
for the sake of using simple CO reaction mechanism. If we
want to apply LES combustion simulation on engineering
applications such as gas turbine combustor, we should
thoroughly check the reaction model with reaction mechanism
whether it could be suitable for LES combustion simulation or
not.
REFERENCES
Cook, A. W. and Bush, W. K, 1999, "A Subgrid-Scale
Model for the Scalar Dissipation Rate in nonpremixed
combustion," Physics of Fluids, Vol. ll, pp. 746-748.
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Simposium (Internatinal) on Combustion, The Combustion
Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, pp. 1257-1264.
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18A, pp. 237-248.
Leonard, B. E, 1979, "A stable and accurate convective
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3, pp. 99-164.