TASK INDIVIDUAL RESEARCH

ABOUT
Experiment, Correlation, Causal Comparative Research
LECTURER: Dra. Hj. HAMIDAH HASAN, M.Pd

BY:
BONI MARTA
VI A TBI

ENGLISH EDUCATION DEPARTEMENT

SEKOLAH TINGGI AGAMA ISLAM NEGERI
(STAIN) BENGKALIS
1436 H/2015 M

LIST OF CONTENT
Task Individual
Foreword.....................................................................................................i
List of content.............................................................................................ii
Introduction................................................................................................1
Discussion....................................................................................................2
1. Experimental............................................................................2
2. Correlation................................................................................5
3. Causal Comparative Research ...............................................10
Conclusion...................................................................................................14
BIBIOGRAPHY

FOREWORD
Praise be to Allah SWT. Lord of the worlds. The next successive
shallowest flattered greetings let us serve the natural fold of the Prophet
Muhammad, his family and his companions, because with him the grace and
guidance we can compile and complete the paper. This writer is like a drop of
water amid the sea of education. But the authors of this paper can participate for
the sake of advancing the educational success of the nation and state.
This paper in stacking to satisfy the knowledge, the material covered
in a variety of literature sources, the paper addresses the problem Experimental,
correlation, Causal-Comparative Research (Causal-Comparative Research)
writer also realize that in writing this paper, both the language and its compilation
steps are still many shortcoming, but the writer have tried their best to provide
good, for that critic and suggestions dear all parties that are built for the perfection
of this paper will receive the author be happy. Finally a rich introduction to
pronounce yours respectfully.

INTRODUCTION
1. Background
Research is one man's attempt to solve the problems that often arise
in the vicinity. A researcher in practice in the field will select one of the methods
that are considered most suitable for the research, which is in accordance with the

data to be obtained, the purpose, and the problem to be solved (effectiveness).

Another consideration is the issue of efficiency, is a researcher must consider the
limitations of funds, manpower, time and ability. Thus the research method that
can produce information that is complete and valid, done quickly, so as to save
cost, effort and time.
To be able to carry out a good research, it is necessary to first
understand everything related to the components of the study. Both with regard to
the types of variables, the nature of the study, the characteristics, goals, terms of
research, research steps and forms design. In this task will be discussed further on
experimental studies, correlation,
2. Formulation of the problem
Formulation of the problem is this task is:
1. What is the purpose of experimental research methods?
2. What is the purpose of the correlation method?
3. What is the purpose of Causal-Comparative Research (Causal-Comparative
Research?)

3. The purpose
The aim in this paper is:
1. Can know the definition of experimental research methods
2. Can know the kinds of research methods correlation
3. Can understand research methods of Causal Research (causalComparative research).

DISCUSSION
1. Experimental
Experimental is a special form of investigation which is used to determine
what are the variables, as well as how to form relationships with each other.
Experimental research method is a method of research used to search for a
specific treatment effect against the other. For example, in physics research can
use experimental designs because variables can be selected and other variables
can affect the process of experimentation and can be precisely controlled, as for
example in the field of physics are looking for the effect of heat on the long
expansion of an object. In this case the variation of the heat and the long
expansion can be measured carefully, and research conducted in laboratory, so that

the effects of other variables from the outside can be in control. While in social
research, especially education, experimental design used for research would be
difficult to get accurate results, because many external variables that influence and
difficult to control as for example, look for the influence of contextual methods to
speed the understanding of students in math, or influence on the achievement of
learning media use student learning.
Experimental research method is widely used in research that is
laboratories and can now be used for social research. However the use of this
method would be very complicated given the observed object of human
interactions with the environment or between the man himself.
A. Characteristics
There are three things that characterize experimental research:
1. Manipulation, where researchers make one of the independent variables to
be in accordance with what is desired by the researcher, so that other
variables that can be used as a comparison to distinguish between who
obtained / manipulation with who did not receive treatment / manipulation.
2. Control, where the researcher wants variables measured was experienced
in common according to the researcher wishes to add another factor to the
variable or dispose of unwanted factors researchers of the variables.
3. Observations, where researchers conducted an activity observed to
determine whether there was an effect of manipulation of variables (free)
which has been done to other variables (bound) in experimental studies
done.
B. Steps Experiment Research
In general, experimental research carried out by taking steps such as the
following, namely:
1. Conduct a study inductively closely related to the problem to be solved.
2. Identify and define the problem.
3. To study the literature and some of the relevant sources, formulate research
hypotheses, determine the variables, and formulate an operational
definition and the definition of the term.
4. Make a research plan that includes the following activities:
Identify external variables that are not necessary, but allows the
experimental process contamination.
Determine how to control.
Selecting appropriate research design.

 Determine the population, selecting a sample (sample) representing

and choose a number of research subjects.
Divide the subjects in the control group and the experimental group.
Made instruments, validate the instrument and perform a preliminary
study in order to obtain instruments that meet the requirements to take

the necessary data.

Identifying the data collection procedure. And determine hypothesis
Carry out the experiment.
Collecting raw data and the experimental process.
Organizing and describing data in accordance with a predetermined

variable.
Analyze the data and perform statistical tests of significance with the
relevant techniques to determine the significance of the results stage.
Interpret basil, formulating conclusions, discussion, and report
generation.
C. Validity Experimental Results
An experiment as valid if the results obtained only due to the independent
variables are manipulated, and if these results can be generalized to situations
outside the experimental setting (Emzir: 2009) So there are two conditions that
must be accepted that the internal and external factors.
1. Validity Internal
Validity refers to the condition that the differences observed in the
independent variable are a direct result of the independent variables is
manipulated and not of other variables. Campbell and Stanley (in Gay: 1981) as
cited Emzir (2009) identified eight major threats to internal validity, among
others:
Historically, where the emergence of an event that is not part of the
treatment in the experiments carried out, but it affects the model, the
characters, and the appearance of the independent variables.
Maturation, where there is a change or a physical or mental
researchers studied objects that may arise during a given period that
affects the measurement process in the research.
Testing, where frequent ineffectiveness of a study using a test method
as an activity test conducted by using the pre-test and post-test,
especially with a long enough time span, and sometimes the value of
the pre-test and post-test were the same.

 Instrumentation, instrumentation often arises because of lack of

consistency in measurement instruments that may generate invalid
performance assessment. Where if two different tests are used to
pretest and posttest, and the tests are not the same level of difficulty,
the instrumentation may arise.
Regression Statistics, where statistical regression is often arise when
subjects were selected based on the extreme scores and refers to the
tendency of the subjective scores highest on pretest, To lower scores
on the posttest, and vice versa.
Selection of different subjects, which usually appears when there is a
group that is used and refers to the fact that the group may be different
before research begins.
Mortality, which is often the case that subjects who sometimes drop
out of the scope of research and have strong characteristics that may
affect the results.
2. Validity External
Validity refers to the generalize ability of a study. Where necessary the
ability of a sample population could actually be generalized to other populations
at the time and other conditions.
Campbell and Stanley in Gay (1981), quoted Emzir (2009) identified
several threats to external validity, including:
Interaction Prates-treatment, which usually often arise when subjects
respond differently to each treatment by following the pre-test.
Selection-treatment interaction, where the effect that appears when the
subject is not selected at random so that the selection of different
subjects associated with the internal invalidity.
Specificity variable is threats to that ignore generalize ability of
experimental design used.
Reactive settings refer to the factors associated with how research is
done and the feelings and attitudes of the subjects involved.
Interference Multiple treatments, usually often arise when the same
subject received more than one treatment in turn.
Contamination and Bias Actors Experiment, often appears when the
familiarity of the subject and the researcher affect the results
2. Research Correlation.

Useful correlation to measure the strength of the relationship between two

variables (sometimes more than two variables) with certain scales, for example,
should the data Pearson interval or ratio scale; Spearman and Kendal are using an
ordinal scale; Chi Square using nominal data. Weak strong relationship between
the measured distance (range) of 0 to 1. The correlation is the possibility of testing
the hypothesis of two-way (two-tailed). If the direction of the correlation
coefficient values were found positive correlation; otherwise if the value of the
correlation coefficient is negative, correlation is called is not unidirectional. The
meaning of the correlation coefficient is a statistical measurement ovaries or
association between two variables. If the correlation coefficient is found not equal
to zero (0), then there is dependence between two variables. If the correlation
coefficient is found +1. It is referred to as a perfect correlation or perfect linear
relationship with a slope (slope) is positive.
If the correlation coefficient is found -1. It is referred to as a perfect correlation or
perfect linear relationship with a slope (slope) negative. In a perfect correlation
hypothesis testing is no longer needed, because the two variables have a perfect
linear relationship. This means that the variable X affects Y is perfect. If the
correlation is equal to zero (0), then there is no relationship between the two
variables.
In virtually unknown correlation terms independent variable and
dependent variable. Typically used in calculating the symbol X for the first
variable and Y for the second variable. In the example of the relationship between
variable remuneration and job satisfaction, the variable remuneration is a variable
X and job satisfaction is a variable Y.
Correlation Theory
A. Correlation and Causality
There is a fundamental difference between correlation and causality. If two
variables are said to be correlated, then we are tempted to say that one variable
affects another variable or in other words there is a causal relationship. In fact, not
necessarily. Causality occurs if the variables X affect Y. If both variables are
treated symmetrically (value measurement remains the same if the role of these
variables exchanged) then although both correlated variables can not be said to

have a causal relationship. Thus, if there are two variables are correlated, there
should not be a causal relationship.
There is a dictum that says "correlation does not imply causation". This
means that correlation can not be used validly to see the causality in the variables.
In correlation of the underlying aspects of relationship between variables may be
unknown or indirectly. Hence the correlation set in conjunction with the studied
variables will not provide adequate conditions to establish causality into these
variables. Yet it does not mean that the correlation can not be used as an indication
of a causal relationship between variables. Correlation can be used as a proof of
the possibility of the presence of causality but can not give any indication of
causality as if it was happening in the variables studied, e.g. recursive models,
where X affects Y or non-recursive, i.e. X affects Y and Y affects X.
With to identify causal relationships can not simply be viewed with glasses
correlation but should use the models more precise, e.g. regression, path analysis
or structural equation models.
B. Correlation and linearity
There is a close relationship between the notion of correlation and
linearity. Pearson correlation, for example, shows the strength of the linear
relationship in two variables. Yet if the normality assumption is wrong then the
correlation value will not be sufficient to prove the existence of relationship
linearity. Linearity means that the assumption of a relationship in the form of a
straight line between the variables. Linearity between the two variables can be
assessed through observation vicariate scatter plots. If both variables are normally
distributed and interconnected in a linear, then the scatter plot oval; if not
normally distributed scatter plot not oval.
Sometimes the data used will produce a high correlation but the
relationship is not linear, or conversely a low correlation but a linear relationship.
Thus, in order linearity of the relationship are met, then the data used should have
a normal distribution. In other words, the correlation coefficient is only a
summary statistic that can not be used as a means to examine the data
individually.
C. Assumptions

The basic assumption of correlation among them as shown below:

The two variables are independent of one another, meaning that each
independent variable and not dependent on each other. No term
independent variable and dependent variable.
The data for both variables with normal distribution. The data has a
normal distribution of data means that the distribution is perfectly
symmetrical. If used in common parlance is called a bell-shaped
curve. According to Johnston (2004) the characteristics of the data that
has a normal distribution is as follows:
a. The normal frequency curve shows the highest frequency is in the middle,
which is the average (mean) value distribution with parallel curves and
exactly the same on the left and right side. In conclusion, the value that
appears most frequently in the normal distribution is the mean (average),
with half being below the average and the other half is above average.
b. The normal curve, often also referred to as a bell curve, perfectly
symmetrical.
c. Because the two side sections of the middle completely symmetrical, then
the frequency of values above the average (mean) will actually fit with
frequency values below the average.
d. The total number of all values in the population will be in the area under
the curve. Keep in mind that the total area under the curve represents the
possible emergence of these characteristics.
e. The normal curve can have different shapes. That determines these forms
are the average value and standard deviation (standard deviation) of the
population.
X and Y have a linear relationship. Linear relationship means a
relationship between the two variables form a straight line.
D. Correlation Characteristics
Correlations have characteristics such as:
a. Correlation Range
Range correlations ranging from 0 to 1. The correlation can be positive
and can also be negative.

b. Correlation Equals Zero

Correlation equal to zero has the meaning there is no relationship between
the two variables. When viewed from the distribution of the data, then the picture
will be as shown below:
c. Correlation Equal to One
Correlation equal to + 1 means that both variables have a perfect linear
relationship (straight line) is positive. Perfect correlation like this has meaning if
the value of X rises, then Y also rose as the picture shown below:
Correlation equal to -1 means that both variables have a perfect linear
relationship (straight line) is negative. Perfect correlation like this has meaning if
the value of X raises, then Y down (and vice versa) as shown in the figure below:
E. Correlation coefficient
Correlation coefficient is statistically measurement covariance or
association between two variables. The magnitude of the correlation coefficient
ranges from +1 s / d -1. Correlation coefficient indicates the strength (strength)
and direction of a linear relationship between two random variables. If the
correlation coefficient is positive, then the two variables have a unidirectional
relationship. This means that if the value of the variable X is high, then the value
of the variable Y will be higher as well. Conversely, if the correlation coefficient
is negative, then the two variables have an inverse relationship. This means that if
the value of the variable X is high, then the value of the variable Y will be low
(and vice versa). To facilitate interpretation of the strength of the relationship
between two variables the authors give the following criteria (Sarwono: 2006):
o 0: There is no correlation between the two variables
o> 0 to 0.25: The correlation is very weak
o> from 0.25 to 0.5: Correlation enough
o> 0.5 to 0.75: Correlation strong
o> 0.75 to 0.99: The correlation is very strong
o 1: Correlation perfect
1.3.6 Significance
What exactly is the significance of it? In common English, the word
"significant" has an important meaning; being in the statistical sense of the word

has the meaning of "true" based not by chance. The research results can be true
but not essential. Significance / probability / gives an overview of how the
results of the research have the opportunity to correct. If we choose a significance
of 0.01, it means that we determine the results of the research have the
opportunity to correct later at 99% and for one of 1%.
In general, we use a number of significance of 0.01; 0.05 and 0.1.
Consideration of the use of these figures are based on the level of confidence
(confidence interval) desired by the researcher. Figures 0.01 significance has the
sense that the level of confidence or general language we desire to obtain the truth
in our research is at 99%. If the number of significance of 0.05, then the
confidence level is 95%. If significant numbers of 0.1, then the confidence level is
90%.
Another consideration is regarding the amount of data (sample) which will
be used in research. The smaller the number of significance, then the sample size
will be even greater. Instead the larger the significance, the sample size will be
smaller. For obtain significant numbers of good, usually required a large sample
size. Conversely, if the smaller the sample size, the possibility of error is getting
there. SPSS is used for testing the following criteria:
o If the number of significance to research <0.05, significant relationship
between both variables.
o If the numeric significance of research results> 0.05, then the
relationship between the two variables are not significant
3. Causal-Comparative Research (Causal-Comparative Research)
A. Purpose
The purpose of the causal-comparative research is to investigate the possibility of
a causal relationship in a way, based on observations of the effects there and
looking back the factors that may be the cause through specific data. This is in
contrast to the experimental method to collect data on the time now in controlled
conditions.
B. The principal characteristics
Causal-comparative research is ex post facto, meaning that data is collected after
the events in question took place (past). The study took one or more result (as

"dependent variables") and test data by tracing back to the past to find the causes,
mutual relationships and meaning.
Excellence
Causal-comparative method is good for a variety of circumstances that stronger
methods, namely the experimental method, cannot be used when: a) If it is not
always possible to select, control and manipulate the factors that need to
investigate the causal relationship directly. b) When controlling for all variables
except the independent variable is not very realistic and made-up, which prevents
the normal interaction with other variables take effect) If the control in the
laboratory for various research purposes is impractical, too expensive, or is seen
from ethically doubtful / questionable.
Weakness
The main drawback any ex post facto design is the absence of control over the
independent variables. Within the limits of the election to do, researchers must
take the facts that he met with no opportunity to set the conditions or manipulate
the variables that affect the facts that happened to it. In order to achieve a healthy
conclusion, researchers should consider all possible reasons exist or rival
hypotheses that might be asked are possible affect the results achieved. As far as
the researchers were able to successfully make the justification of the conclusion
of the other alternatives, he is in a relatively strong position.
C. Procedure Causal Comparative research
There are five stages of causal comparative research, namely:
Determination of the research problem
Determination of the group that has the characteristics to be observed
Selection of a group appeal
leverage the data
Data Analysis
Comparative study to identify causal relationships that may lead
experimental study. The causal link established through causal comparative
research very little and tentative.
Causal comparative research is often done for the following reasons:
Data already exists or has finished.

 Causal comparative study allows investigation of variables that cannot

or should not be examined in experimental.
Causal comparative study complements the initial instructions for
experimental studies.
Research causal comparative cheaper than experimental research.
According to Gay (1981: 200-201) the basic design of a causal
comparative research is very simple, and although the independent variable is not
manipulated, no control procedure that can be applied.
Control procedures
According to Gay (1981) deficiency randomness, manipulation, and
control that are characteristic of the experimental study is a comparative
disadvantage in causal research.
Matching (matching)
Matching is one technique that is sometimes also used in experimental
research. If someone Researchers has identified a variable that is believed to be
associated with the dependent variable, then he can control these variables by
means of matching pairs of subjects. In other words, for each subject in the group,
researchers must find a subject in the second group with the same score in the
control variable.
Comparison of homogeneous groups or subgroups
Another way to control the extra variable, which is also used in
experimental studies, is to compare homogeneous group regarding these variables.
Analysis of covariance
Analysis of covariance which is also used in experimental research is a
statistical method that can be used to group the same them on one or more
variables. In essence, the analysis of covariance set of scores on a variable bound
to other in variable initial difference.
Examples of causal comparative research
Examples of causal comparative study are as follows: Assessment Aspect
Production and Forest Conservation against Public Participation (Research in
Forest Areas Banyuwangi East Java, 2004) conducted by Kamaludin. Other
research design can be described as follows:

Method (A)

Method of Social Forestry

Productivity (B)
High productivity
Low productivity

Cultivation Forestry
Methods

A1B1
A2B1

A2B1
A2B2

As explained at the beginning of other research papers that ex post facto

independent research that has variables that cannot be manipulated so for more
details if it relates to the study of language as an example is: "The relationship
between the level of intelligence of children of the ability to speak English", "The
relationship between educational background of the mother to the child's ability to
speak English. ", and others.

CONCLUSION
1. Experimental
Experimental is a special form of investigation which is used to determine
what are the variables, as well as how to form relationships with each other.
Experimental research method is a method of research used to search for a
specific treatment effect against the other.
2. Research Correlation.
Correlation Characteristics
Correlations have characteristics such as:
d. Correlation Range
Range correlations ranging from 0 to 1. The correlation can be positive
and can also be negative.
e. Correlation Equals Zero
Correlation equal to zero has the meaning there is no relationship between
the two variables. When viewed from the distribution of the data, then the picture
will be as shown below:
f. Correlation Equal to One
Correlation equal to + 1 means that both variables have a perfect linear
relationship (straight line) is positive. Perfect correlation like this has meaning if
the value of X rises, then Y also rose as the picture shown below:
Correlation equal to -1 means that both variables have a perfect linear
relationship (straight line) is negative. Perfect correlation like this has meaning if
the value of X raises, then Y down (and vice versa) as shown in the figure below:
3. Causal-Comparative Research (Causal-Comparative Research)
According to Gay (1981: 200-201) the basic design of a causal
comparative research is very simple, and although the independent variable is not
manipulated, no control procedure that can be applied

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