UNIT IV SOCIAL ISSUES AND THE ENVIRONMENT

1. State the declaration about the sustainable development.

The Rio declaration states that, human beings are at the center or concern for sustainable
development. They are entitled to a healthy and productive life in harmony with the nature.
Every generation should leave air. Water and soil resources without any pollution as pure as
it came to the Earth.
2. Define sustainable development.
Sustainable development is defined as meeting the needs of the preset without
compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.
3. What are the three important components of sustainable
development?
The three important components of sustainable development are
1. Economic development (like industrial development, creating job opportunities, utilization
of natural resources for developing the quality of life)
2. Community development (providing food, shelter, cloth, education, and other essentials
for the human beings).
3. Environmental protection (providing clear air, water and environment for the present and
future generations and utilization of resources in a sustainable manner).
4. Define urbanization.
Urbanization is defined as the process movement of human population from rural areas to
urban areas in search in search of better economic interests with better education,
communication, health, civic facilities and other day to day needs.
5. What are problems or discomforts faced by rural people?
1. Lack of modernization of agricultural sector.
2. Lack of job opportunities.
3. Poor life style.
4. Poor health facilities Poor education facilities.
5. Poor transportation facilities.
6. Poor availability of energy.
6. Define water conservation.

The process of saving water for future utilization is known as water conservation.
7. Define rain water harvesting.
Rain water harvesting is a technique of capturing and storing of rainwater for further
utilization.
8. What is watershed management?
Watershed management is a process aimed at protecting and restoring the habitat and water
resources of a watershed, incorporating the needs of multiple stakeholders.
9. What are the impacts of human activities on watershed?
1. Alteration of water course
2. Addition of pollution sources
3. Urbanization
4. Securing of channels.
10. Name some of the factors causing relocation of people.
a. Development activities
b. Natural and man-made disasters
c. Conservation initiatives.
11. Define environmental ethics.
Environmental ethics refers to the issues, principals and guidelines reading to human
interactions with their environment.
12. Define resettlement.
Resettlement is defined as the process of simple relocation or displacement of human
population without considering their individual, community or societal needs.
13. Define rehabilitation.
Rehabilitation is defined as the process of replacing the lost economic assets, rebuilding the
community system that have been weakened by displacement, attending to the psychological
trauma of forced separation from livelihood.
14. What are the factors that influence climate change on the
earth?
Climate change on the earth is influenced by the following factors.

1. Variations in the Earths orbital characteristics.

2. Atmospheric carbon dioxide variations.
3. Volcanic eruptions and Variations in solar output.
15. Define green house effect.
The green house effects may be defined as the progressive warming up of the earths surface
due to blanketing effect of manmade co2 in atmosphere.
16. Define global warming.
The increased the inputs of co 2 and other green house gases into the atmosphere from human
activities will enhance the earths natural green house effects of raising the average global
temperature of the atmosphere near the surface. This enhanced the green house effect is
called warming.
17. Define acid rain.
Normally rain water is always slightly acidic because of the fact that CO 2 present in the
atmosphere gets dissolved on it. Because of the presence the of SO 2 and NO2 gases as
pollutants in the atmosphere, the pH of the rain water is further lowered. This type
precipitation of water called acid rain or acid deposition.
18. Define waste land.
Waste lands are defined as the lands which re unstable in ecologically and topographically
with complete loss or its fertility status. In these types of lands the toxicity for the growth of
crops or trees are developed due to environmental or anthropogenic problems.
19. Nuclear holocaust.
It means distraction of biodiversity by nuclear equipments and nuclear bombs. In a
holocaust, large numbers of living beings are totally destroyed. Usually, these kinds of
distractions are happened in a nuclear war.
Part - B
1) What is rain water harvesting? Name and discuss in brief the
types of rain water
harvesting.

Rain water harvesting is a technique of capture and storing of rain water further utilization.
Draw necessary diagram.
Method of rain water harvesting:
The soil characteristics, topography, rainfall pattern and climatic conditions
should be understood. The most common method is roof top rain water harvesting.
Roof Top Rain Water Harvesting:
it is the low cost and effective technique for urban houses and buildings. The rain
water from the top of the roofs, road surface, play grounds, open lands is diverted into the
surface tank (or) recharge pits through a delivery system, which can be later used for
several purposes. Also, it can be used to recharge underground aquifers by diverting the
water from store water to dug well or bore wells.
The pit base is filled with stones and sand, which serves as a sand filter.
Advantages:
1. Reduction in the use of current for pumping water.
2. Increase the availability of water from well.
3. Raise in ground water levels.
4. Future generation is assured of water.
2) What is water shed management? What are the components of
integrated water
shed management?
1. Water Harvesting: Proper storage of water in watershed is done with provisions
that
the water can be used in dry seasons in low rainfall areas.
2. Afforestation and Agro forestry:
Help to prevent soil erosion and retention of moisture in water shed areas.
E.g.,: In high rainfall areas woody trees are grown in between crops to reduce the
runoff and loss of nutrients of soil.
3. Reducing Soil Erosion: By terracing bounding, contour cropping, strip cropping
etc.,

4. Scientific Mining and Quarrying: Due to improve mining, the stability of the
hills
get disturbed resulting in landslides and rapid soil erosion. Planting soil binding plants,
contour trenching at an interval of 1m on over burden dump in the mined area are
recommended for minimizing the destructive effects of mining in watershed areas.
5. Public Participation: People must be motivated for protecting a freshly planted
area
and maintaining a water harvesting structure, implemented by the government.
6. Minimizing livestock population: Livestock population, present in the
surrounding
villages of the water shed should be reduced.
3) Write short note on watershed management.
Water Shed or Drainage Basin:
Water shed is defined as a land area from which water drains under the influence of
gravity into a steam, lake, reservoir or other bodies of the surface water.
Watershed Management:
The management of the rainfall and resultant runoff is called watershed management.
Factors Affecting Watershed:
1. The water shed are found to be degraded due to uncontrolled, unplanned and
unscientific land use activities.
2. Overgrazing, deforestation, mining, construction activities also affect and degrade
various watersheds.
Need or objectives of Watershed Management:
1. To decrease the risk of floods, droughts, landslides.
2. To raises ground water level.
3. To protect soil from erosion by runoff.
4. To develop rural areas for improving the economy of the region.
5. To promote social forestry and horticultural activity on all suitable areas of land.
Concept of Watershed Management:

It integrates construction management and budgeting of rain water through simple

but discrete hydrological units.

Watershed Management Technique

I. Trenches: dug at equal intervals to decrease ground water storage.
II. Earthern dam: to check runoff water.
III .Farm Pond: to improve water storage capacity of catchment area.
IV. Underground Barrier: built along nullahs to raise water table.
4) Explain the role of NGO in environmental protection.
Non government organization is a peoples organization; it can be a real force for
the protection of the environment in any community. The success of Indias
environmental programmes depends mainly on the awareness and consciousness of the
people.
The following are some environmental organization in India.
1. Voluntary organization helps the government in local environment issues and
interacts at grass root level.
2. The NGO, mahila mandals creates awareness amongst the women of remote
villages to educate them and help them to become healthy and economically self
dependent.
3. Narmada bachao andolan was organized by kalpav viksh.
4. Kerala sastra sahitya parishad, centre for science and environment(CSE). The
report as per CSE on permissible limits of pesticides in the cola drinks sensitized
the public all over the country.
5. Bombay natural history society(BNHS) , madras naturalists society (MNS) ,
Chennai, world wide fund for nature (WWF) , India are some of the NGOs taking
many steps for the environmental protection and health.
6. Chipko movement works for the conservation of trees by darholi gram swarajya
mandal in gopeshwar.
7. NGOs also act as action group.

5) Define urbanization and explain the urban problems related to

energy.
URBANISATION:
Urbanization is the moment of human population from rural areas to urban areas for
the want of better education , communication , health, employment , etc.,
Urban Sprawl:
The urban growth is so fast and it is difficult to accommodate all the commercial,
industrial, residential and educational facilities within a limited area . As a result there is
spreading of the city into sub-urban or rural areas. This phenomenon is known as urban
sprawl.
Energy Demanding Activities:
The urban people have a higher standard of life and their life style demands more
energy inputs.
Example of Energy demanding activities:
1. Residential and commercial lightings.
2. Transportation means including, motor cycle, car and public transport for moving
from residence to work place.
3. Industries using a large proportion of energy.
4. Modern life-style using a large number of electrical gadgets (fan, fridge, washing
machine, A/C, water heater, etc., I n everyday life.
Thus due to high population growth and high energy demanding activities, the
urban problems related to energy are much more magnified as compared to the
rural population.
Solution for Urban Energy Problem:
1. Urban people may use public transport instead of using motor cycles and cars.
2. Energy consumption must be minimized in all aspects.
3. Production capacity may be increased.
4. Using solar energy and wind energy.
6) What are types of nuclear accident and explain the effects of
nuclear radiation.

Nuclear Energy:
The energy released during a nuclear reaction is called nuclear energy.
Nuclear Energy and Nuclear Accidents:
The most serious hazard to human and environmental health from the
nuclear accident is the release of large amounts of nuclear energy and radioactive
roducts into the atmosphere.
Types of Nuclear Accidents:
1. Nuclear power plant accidents: the nuclear power plant located in the seismic
vulnerable area make cause nuclear accidents.
2. Nuclear test: nuclear explosion, carried out in underground, because settling down
the radioactive materials on the earth surface and radioactive particles, radioactive
rays into the atmosphere.
3. Improper disposal of radioactive waste: drums stored underground can rust and
leakage of radioactive materials into water, land and air.
4. Accident during transport: trucks carrying radioactive waste or fuels are involved
in frequent accidents.
5. Core melt down: the major accident at a nuclear power plant is a core melt down
.
Effects of Nuclear Radiation:
1. Radiations may break chemical bonds such as DNA in cells.
2. Exposure at low dose of radiation (100-250 rads) , people do not die, but begin
to suffer from fatigue, vomiting and loss of hair .
3. Exposure at higher dose of radiation (400-500 rads), affect bone marrow,
blood cells, natural resistance and blood to fail clot.
4. Exposure at very high dose of radiation (10000 rads) kills the organisms by
damaging the tissues of heart, brain.
7) What is nuclear holocaust and how it affects the environment?
Nuclear Holocaust:
It means destruction of biodiversity by nuclear equipments and nuclear bombs in a
holocaust, a large number of living beings are totally destroyed. Usually, these kinds of

destruction are happened in a nuclear war.

Effect of Nuclear Holocaust:
(1) Nuclear Winter: in stratosphere, there wont be significant moisture rain-out the
thick soot. Thus, due to nuclear explosion, a process known as opposite to global
warming will occur. This is called Nuclear winter.
Effects of Nuclear Winter:
(a) Lowers the global temperature, even in summer the temperature will be at around
freezing temperature,
(b) Crop productivity will be reduced causing famines and human suffering.
(2). It ignites all combustible materials; destroy all the living beings, material crushing,
and destruction of homes.
Examples of nuclear Holocaust:
Nuclear War: Japan, Hiroshima and Nagasaki are the example of nuclear holocaust,
which had happened at II world war.
I. At Chernobyl: when the operators lost the control of water- cooled, graphite
moderated reactor during a low power tests at Chernobyl in Ukraine, the nuclear
reactor exploded.
Chernobyl Victims:
I. 31 deaths at the time.
II. An estimated 200 extra cases of cancer in Europe over the next 50 years.
III. A much greater loss of life and damage to health can still be attributed to the cold
industry.
Control Measures:
I. Suitable precaution are to be taken and training must be given to people for
handling these materials to avoid accident.
II. Constant monitoring of the radiation level has to be carried out, limit exposure to
the workers.
8) Give a detailed account of ozone layer of depletion.
Ozone is a gas (o3) found throughout the atmosphere, but most highly concentrated in the
stratosphere between 10 and 50 km above sea level is known as ozone layer.

Importance of the ozone layer:

Without the ozone layer, life on the earths surface would not be possible. It
protects us from the damaging ultra violet radiation of the sun.
Recent evidence has shown that certain part of the ozone layer becoming thinner
and ozone holes have developed.
The consequence of any thinning of the ozone layer is that more UV B radiation
reaches the earths surface.
Formation of ozone:
Ozone is formed in the stratosphere by photochemical reaction,
O2 + h O + O
The atomic oxygen rapidly reacts with molecular oxygen to form ozone.
O + O2 + M O3 + M
Where , M= third body such as nitrogen.
Mechanism of ozone layer depletion: (or) Formation (or) causes of
ozone hole:
In 1970, it was found that the ozone layer was attacked by chloro fluoro carbons
(CFCs) which are released into the atmosphere by refrigeration units, air conditioning
systems, aerosol sprays and cleaning solvents.
Then the following reaction will occur,
CF2Cl2 + h Cl + CF2Cl
CF2Cl + O2 CF2O + ClO
ClO + O Cl + O2
A 1% loss of ozone results in a 2% increase in uv rays reaching the earths surface.
Ozone depleting substance:
The ozone depleting substances essentially consists of chlorine or bromine atoms
which are extremely reactive while they are in the free state.

1. Chloro Fluoro Carbon(CFC):

Sources: Refrigerants (Freon) in refrigerators, propellant in aerosol spray cans , blowing

agent , foam plastic blowing agent.

2. Hydro Chloro Fluoro Carbon(HCFC):
Sources - refrigerants , blowing agents.
3. Bromo Fluoro Carbons(BFC):
Sources fire extinguishers.
4. Other Chemicals:
(a) Certain halogen compounds are potential ozone destroyers up to ten times more
powerful than the CFCs.
(b) The atmospheric sulphur dioxide is converted into sulphuric acid which greatly
increases the rate of ozone depletion.
Effects (or) Environmental Impacts (or) Consequences of Ozone layer depletion:
As the ozone layer gets deteriorated the harmful UV rays will reach the ground and
cause various adverse effects.
1 .Effect on Human Health:
(i) The UV rays damage genetic material in the skin cells which cause skin cancer.
(ii) For the fair skinned people lifelong exposure to the high level radiation of UV rays
increases the risk of non melanin skin cancer.
2. Effect on Aquatic System:
UV rays directly affect the aquatic forms such as phytoplankton, fish, and larval crabs.
3. Effect on Materials:
Degradation of paints, plastics and other polymeric material will result in economic
loss due to effects of UV radiation.
4. Effect on Climate:
It increases the average temperature of the earths surface.

Measurement of Ozone (Dobson unit):

The amount of atmospheric ozone is measured by Dobson spectrometer and is
expressed in Dobson unit (Du).
In temperate latitude -350 Du

In tropics - 250 Du
In sub polar region -450 Du
Control Measures of Ozone Depletion:
1. Replacing CFCs by other materials which are less damaging.
2. Manufacturing and using of ozone depleting chemicals should be stopped.
9) What functions are performed by the central and state
pollution control boards?
Role of Central and State Pollution Control Board:
Both take many step to control pollution.
Functions of Central Board:
1. It advises the central government regarding the prevention of pollution.
2. It plans for the prevention and control of pollution.
3. It provides technical assistance and guidance to state boards and sponsor research
regarding water air pollution.
4. It identifies areas or industries causing air pollution.
5. It encourages industries to recycle and reuse the wastes.
6. Also advises the industries to treat waste water and gases with modern technology.
Functions of State Board:
1. It has the right to inspect at all times any pollution control equipment,
industrial plant and gives orders to take the necessary steps to control
pollution.
2. It encourages research and investigations regarding pollution
3. It organizes educational programme in collaboration with central board.
4. The analyst of the board is expected to analyze the sample, sent to him and
submit a report to the board and respective industry.

10) Discuss briefly on Environment Pollution Act.

This act empowers the central government to fix the standards for quality of air,
water, soil and noise and to formulate procedures and safe guards for handling of hazard

substances.
Objectives of Environmental Act:
I. To protect and improvement of the environment.
II. To prevent hazards to all living creatures and property.
III. To maintain harmonious relationship between humans and their environment.
Important Features of Environment Act:
1. The act empowers the government to lay down procedures and safe guards for the
prevention of accidents which cause pollution and remedial measures if an
accident occurs.
2. The government has the authority to close or prohibit or regulate any industry or
its operation, if the violation of the provisions of the act occurs.
3. If the violation continues, an additional fine thousand per day may be imposed for
the entire period of violation of rules.
4. The act empowers the officer of central government to inspect the site or the plant
or the machinery for preventing pollution and to collect samples of air , water,
soil or other material from any factory or its premises for testing
The environment act is the most comprehensive legislation with powers for the
central government to directly act, avoiding many regulatory authorities or
agencies.
11) Discuss Briefly on Forest Conservative or Preservative Act.
This act provides conservation of forests and related aspects. This act also covers
all types of forests including reserved forests, protected forests and any forest land.
This act is enacted in 1980. It aims is to arrest deforestation.
Objectives of Forest Act:
I. To protect and conserve the forest.
II. To ensure judicious use of forest products.

Important Features of Forest Act:

I. The land that has been notified or registered or forest land may not be used for

non- forest purposes.

II. Any illegal non-forest activity within a forest area can be immediately stopped
under act.
Important Features of Amendment Act:
1. Forest departments are forbidden to assign any forest land by way of lease or
otherwise to any private person or non-government body for deforestation.
2. Clearance of any forest land of naturally grown trees for the purpose of
deforestation is forbidden.
3. Anyone who violates the law is punishable.
12) Discuss briefly on Water Prevention Act.
This act provides for maintaining and restoring the sources of water. It also
provides for preventing and controlling water pollution.
Objectives of Water Act:
Maintaining or restoring the wholesomeness of water.
Establishing central and state boards for the prevention and control of water
pollution.
Important Features of Forest Act:
1. To protect water from all kinds of pollution and to preserve the quality of water in
all aquifers.
2. The establishment of central board and state boards for prevention of water
pollution
3. The states are empowered to restrain any person from discharging a pollutant or
sewage or effluent into any water body without the consent of the board.
State Pollution Control Board :
Take steps to establish any industry on any treatment and disposal system which
is likely to discharge or trade effluent into a stream or well or river or on land.
Use any new or altered outlet for the discharge of sewage.

In the event of a violation of the conditions imposed , the state board may serve

on the offender a notice imposing any such conditions as it might establishment , such
outlet or discharge that is a violation of the conditions.
13. Explain the following
a. Green house effect
b. Global warming
c. Acid rain
A. GREEN HOUSE EFFECT
The green house effect may be defined as the progressive warming up of the
earths surface due to blanketing effect of manmade CO2 in the atmosphere.
Green House gases
1. CO2
2. CH4
3. Nitrous oxide (N2O)
4. Chloro fluoro carbons (CFCs)
B. GLOBAL WARMING
The increased input of CO2 and other green house gases into the atmosphere from
human activities will enhance the global temperature of earths surface. This
enhanced green house effect is called global warming.
Effect of global warming
1. Effect of sea level
2. Effect on agriculture and forestry
3. Effect on water resources
4. Effect on terrestrial ecosystems
5. Effect on human health
Control measures
1. CO2 emission can be controlled by reducing use of fossil fuels.
2. Implement energy conservation measures.
3. Using renewable energy such as wind, solar, tidal etc

4. Plant more trees

5. Stabilize population growth
6. Remove atmospheric CO2 by utilizing photosynthetic algae.
C. ACID RAIN
The presence of SO2 and NO2 gases in the atmosphere, decreases the of the water during
the rainfall. This type of precipitation of water is called acid deposition.
It is otherwise called acid fog, acid snow and acid precipitation.
Formation of Acid rain
The thermal power plants, industries and vehicles release SO2 and NO2 gases in
the atmosphere due to burning of coal and oil. When these gases react with water vapor
in atmosphere, they form acids and descend on to earths acid rain through rain water.
SOx + H2O H2SO4
NOx + H2O HNO3
Effect of acid rain
1. Effect on Human health
2. Effect on aquatic life and terrestrial
3. Effect on materials
Control measures
1. Using clean combustion technology
2. Emission of SO2 and NO2 gases can be reduced by using pollution control
equipments.
3. Using low sulphur and nitrogen content fuels

1. How the population problem in India is analyzed?

Indias population problem may be viewed from three aspects
1. The absolute size of population.
2. The rate of growth of the population.
3. The age structure of the population.

2. What is population explosion?

Population explosion means the rapid population growth which is unexpected and
unimaginable. The graph of recent population growth is referred to as a J curve as it
follows the shape of that letter, starting out low and skyrocketing straight up.
3. List the effect of population explosion.
1. Increased consumption of resources available in the environment and depletion
of the same quickly.
2. Due to over consumption of natural resources, the environment gets
deteriorated and polluted.
3. There will be desertification, deforestation, soil erosion, loss of fertility and
poor productivity.
4. Mass poverty, poor per-capital availability of food for consumption and
prevalence of disease on large scale.
4. Define wellness.
Wellness is a state of optional well being. Wellness emphasizes each individuals
responsibility for making decisions that will lead not only to the prevention for disease
but to the promotion of a high level of health.
5. Name some health related fitness components.
1. Muscular strength and endurance.
2. Flexibility.
3. Body composition.
4. Cardio-vascular endurance.
6. Define Demography.
It refers to the science of dealing with the study of size, composition and territorial
distribution of population; it includes study of natality, fertility, mortality, and social

mobility.
7. Name the fundamental rights of an Indian citizen.
1. Right to equality

2. Right to freedom of Speech and Activity

3. Right against Exploitation
4. Right to Freedom of Religion
8. Write short notes on common property resources.
Our environment has a major component that does not belong to individuals. There
are several commonly owned resources that all of us use as a community. The water that
nature recycles, the air that we all breathe, the forests and grasslands which maintain our
climate and soil, are all common property resources
9. What is HIV?
HIV stands for Human Immuno-deficiency Virus and is a virus that can damage
the bodys defense system so that it cannot fight off certain infections.
10. What is AIDS?
AIDS stands for (Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome). An HIV infected
person receives a diagnosis of AIDS after developing one of the AIDS indicator illness,
A positive HIV test result does not mean that person has AIDS. A diagnosis of AIDS is
made by a physician using certain clinical criteria (E.g.: AIDS indicator illnesses).
11. List the means of HIV transmission.
There are four main ways in which HIV can be passed on:
a. By having vaginal, anal or oral sex without a condom with someone who has HIV.
b. By using needles, syringes or other drug-injecting equipment that is infected with
HIV.
c. From a woman with HIV to her baby (before or during birth) and by Breast feeding.
d. By receiving infected blood, blood products or donated organs as part of medical
treatment.
12. Name some tests available to find HIV infection.
1. In addition to the EIA or ELISA and Western blot, other tests now available
include:
2. Radio Immuno Precipitation Assay (RIPA)

3. Dot blot Immuno binding assay

4. Nucleic acid testing
5. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
13. List the special features of Comprehensive programme on
women and child
welfare.
1. Personality.
2. Reduction of Deprivation.
3.Maternity and Motherhood.
14. Name some applications of IT in health.
Apart from helping in the administration of hospitals, IT is playing a key role in
the health industry. On the, medical care, the IT has varied applications right from the
diagnosis, where there are latest tools like CT scans, Ultrasound Sonography etc. Which
use It as their basis for diagnosis of ailments. Most of the ICUs (Intensive Care Units)
are now using computers to monitor the progress and condition of the patient, undergoing
treatments. Apart from this, with help of IT, expert opinions from doctors away from the
place can be sought with help of IT tools like video conferencing etc. Apart from this can
be used in the analysis and research on various potential medicines /drugs to be used in
medical treatments.
15. List the applications of IT in environment.
a. Remote Sensing
b. Geographic Information System (GIS)
c. Global Positioning System(GPS)
d. Meteorology

UNIT 5 HUMAN POPULATION AND ENVIRONMENT

1. Explain the role of information technology in environment and
human health?
Information technology means collection, processing storage and distribution of

information.
Role of IT
I. Role of information technology in Environment
II. Role of information technology in human health
I Role of information technology in Environment
It plays a vital role in the field of environmental education.- They are
1. Remote sensing
2. Database
3. Geographical information system (GIS)
4. Satellite data
5. world wide web
1. Remote sensing
Remote sensing used to gather information about an object without coming in
contact with it. Remote sensing is used to denote identification of earth feature
by detecting the characteristics electromagnetic radiation that is reflected or
emitted by the earth
Application
a. It is used to find resources like vegetative cover, water bodies, land
use, soil, geological features, etc.
b. It is used give the information about agriculture, forestry, land
cover, water resources, etc.
2. Database
Database is the collection of inter-related data on various subjects.
Application
a. The ministry of environment and forest

b. National management information system

c. Environmental information system
3. Geographical information system (GIS)

It is a technique of superimposing various thematic maps using digital data

on a large number of inter-related aspects.
Application
a. Different thematic maps like water resources, soil type, forest land, grass
land are superimposed on a layered form in computer using software.
b. Interpretations of polluted zones, degraded lands can be done.
c. It is used to check unplanned growth and environmental related problems.
4. Satellite data
a. It provides information of monsoon, cyclone, ozone layer depletion, smog,
etc.
b. It give data like oil reservoir, mineral reservoir etc
5. World web wide
a) This provides current data, relevant information, principles, problems,
queries, application of environmental science.
b) It has digital files of photos, power-point lecture presentations, animations,
etc
II Role of information technology in Human health
It plays a key role in human health. This involves system like finance,
accounting, pathology and clinical system.
Application
a. The IT provide the data like birth and death rates, immunization and
sanitation programmed are maintained accurately,
b. It helps the doctor to monitor the health of the people effectively.
c. Epidemic diseases can be conveyed easily.

d. On-line help of expert doctors can be consulted to provide better treatment

and services to the patient.
e. Drugs and its replacement can be administered efficiently.

2. Briefly describe the various schemes launched for women and

child welfare in
India.
OBJECTIVE OF WOMEN WELFARE
The main aims of women welfare
a. To improve the status of the women by providing opportunities in education,
employment and economic independence.
b. To get awareness about environment and population
c. To restore the dignity, status, equality and respect for women.
Women welfare organization
1. The National Network for Women And Mining (NNWM)
It is fighting for a Gender Audit of Indias mining companies.
2. United Nations Decade for women
It witnessed inclusion of several women welfare related issues on international
agenda.
3. International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of
Discrimination
Against women (CEDAW)
It has created an international standard for the protection and promotion of
womens human and socio economic upliftment.
4. Non-Government Organizations (NGOs)
It creates awareness among women of remote villages to empower them, train
them, educate them and help them to become economically self-dependent.
5. Ministry for Women And Child Development
It aims to work for the upliftment of women by family planning, health care,
education and awareness.

OBJECTIVE OF CHILD WELFARE

The main aim of child welfare is to provide education, childhood care, nutrition,

sanitation, healthy environment, recreation etc.

Reason for child welfare
a. poverty
b. need of money
Child welfare organization
a. UN conventions on rights of child
It formulated a set of international standards and measures to promote an protect
the well being of children in our society.
The international law defines the child to survival participation, development and
protection.
b. World Summit on child
It focused agenda for the well being of he children targeted to be achieved in the
beginning of the new millennium.
c. Ministry of Human Resource Development (MHRD)
It concentrates on childs health, education, nutrition, clan an safe drinking water,
sanitation and environment.
3. What is AIDS? What are the functions & modes of Transmission
of HIV and how
it can be prevented?
AIDS is the abbreviated form for Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome caused
by a virus called HIV (Human Immune Deficiency virus).
Origin of AIDS
It was discovered in 1983.
The following theories have been suggested.
a. Through African Monkey
AIDS has spread from Africa. The HIV has transferred to humans from African

monkey.
b. Through vaccine programme

a) HIV has spread in Africa through HIV contaminated polio vaccine,

prepared from monkeys kidney.
b) HIV has spread in Africa through small pox vaccine programme in Africa.
c) It has spread through Hepatitis-B viral vaccine in New York.
Function of HIV
The HIV enter into the human body and destroys the T-cells(White blood Cell) which
collapse the immune system, as a result of which various types of infection diseases
occur.
Mode of transmission of HIV
a. Unprotected sex with infected person
b. Using contaminated needles or syringes of HIV positive person
c. HIV infected mother to babies
d. Blood transfusion from infected person to normal person
Symptoms for HIV/AIDS
Minor symptoms
b. Persistent cough for more than one month.
c. General skin disease
d. Viral infection
e. Frequent fever, headache, fatigue
Major symptoms
a. Fever more than one month
b. Diarrhea for more than one month
c. Cough and TB for more than 6 month
d. Fall of hairs from head
e. 10% of body weight get reduced within a short period
Control and preventive measures AIDS
The basic approaches to control AIDS are

a. Education

b. Prevention of Blood borne HIV transmission

c. Primary health care
d. Counseling services
e. Drug treatment
4. Discuss the Population growth variation among nations.
Variation of population among nations:
Different regions of the world find themselves at different stages of demographic
transition from high to low mortality and fertility.
At present the worlds population has crossed 6 billion. Less developed countries have
80% population while the developed countries have only 20%.
In the most developed countries the population increases at the rate of less than 1%
per year. But in less developed countries the population increases at the rate greater than
1% per year.
Variation of population based on age structure:
Pre-productive population - 0-14 years
Reproductive population -15-44 years
Post - Reproductive population - above 45 years
Pyramid shaped variation of population: (increase)
E.g.,: India, Bangladesh etc.,
In figure shows that the Reproductive age group population is high which
increases the population growth.
Bell shaped variation of population:(stable)
E.g.: France, USA , UK ,Canada
etc.,
The figure shows Pre-productive
age group and reproductive age group

population are more or less equal. So the population growth is stable.

(a) pyramid shaped variation

(b) bell shaped variation

(c) Urn shaped variation.
Urn shaped variation of population :(decrease)
E.g.,: Germany, Italy, Sweden, Japan, etc.,
The figure shows Pre-productive age group is less than the reproductive age group
population. So the population growth decreases in next 10 years.
5) Discuss the methods and strategies of imparting value
education.
Education is nothing but learning through which knowledge about the particular thing
can be acquired.
Types of education:
(i)Formal Education: All people will read, write, will get good jobs, and tackle any
problems only with the help of formal education.
(ii)Value Education: It is an instrument used to analyze our behavior and provide
proper
direction to our youths.
E.g.,: If a person is highly qualified, well employed and rich living style, sometimes he
does not know how to behave properly with his environment. But value education does
this.
(iii) Value Based Environmental Education: It creates a sense of duty to
care for the
natural resources and to manage them in a sustainable way. It is important to known all
about the environment and also have the right to safe and clean environment.\
Objectives (or) Importance of Value Education:
To improve the integral growth of human being.

To increase awareness about our natural history, our cultural heritage,

constitutional rights, national, integration, community development and
environment.

To create and develop awareness about the values and their significance and role.
To know about various living and non-living organisms and their interaction with
environment.
Concept of value education:
The followings are the concepts of values in environmental education.
1. Why and how can we use less resources and energy?
2. Why do we need to keep our surrounding clean?
3. Why should we use less fertilizers and pesticides in farms? Etc.,
All these issues are linked to the quality of human life.
Methods/elements of imparting value education:
The following approaches are some methods and strategy of imparting value
education.
1. Telling: Process of developing values to enable a pupil to have a clean picture of a
value-laden situation.
2. Modeling: It is a method in which a certain individual perceived as ideal values is
presented to the learners as a model.
3. Role Playing: Acting out the true feelings of the actor/actors by taking the role of
any
other person but without the risk of reprisals.
4. Problem Solving: It is a method wherein a dilemma is presented to the learners
asking
them what decisions they are going to take.
5. Studying Biographies of Great Man: This method makes use of the lives of
the
great man as the subject matter for trying to elicit their good deeds and through worthy
for emulation.
Types of values:
Universal value /social value: It tells us about the importance of the human
conditions.

Culture values: It varies with respect to time and place. It is reflected in language,
aesthetics, education, law, economics, philosophy, etc.,
Individual value: Parents and teachers are main key to shape our Individual value. It is
reflected in the individual goals, relationships, commitments, etc
Global values: It stress the concept , that the human civilization is a part of the planet
and similarly nature and natural phenomena over the earth and interconnected and interlinked
with special bonds of harmony.
Spiritual values: It is reflected in self restraint, self-discipline, contentment,
reduction
of wants, etc.,
6. Define human rights and discuss the salient features of the
universal declaration
of human rights by UN.
Definition: Human rights are the fundamental rights, which are possessed by all human
beings irrespective of their caste, nationality, sex, language.
Universal declaration of human rights:
Universal declaration of human rights (UNDHR) by the UN was established in 1948.
Some of the main declarations of human rights, which are globally accepted as follows,
Human rights to freedom.
Human rights to property.
Human rights to freedom of religion
Human rights to constitutional remedies.
Human rights against exploitation.
Human rights to food and environment
Human rights to freedom.
1. Citizens can assemble at any place to express their views.
2. They have freedom to form union or association.
3. They have full rights to start any profession.

Human rights to property: Every human beings has the right to earn property.
Human rights to freedom of religion: Every citizen has the freedom to choose
their
religion according to his wishes.
Human rights to culture and education: All the citizens have equal rights
both in
culture and education.
Human rights to constitutional remedies: If a citizen is denied any of these
fundamental rights, he/she can go to the court for protection. The court has the power to
protect the basic rights of the citizens.
Human right to equality: All citizens are equal before the law. There is no any
discrimination on grounds of religion, caste, sex (or) place of birth.
Human rights against exploitation: Children should not be employed as
labors.
Human rights to food and environment: All human beings have the right to
get
sufficient healthy food, safe drinking water and healthy environment.
Human rights to good health: All human beings have the right to have very good
physical and mental health.