Geotechnical Investigation Report - Franklin

GEOTECHNICAL INVESTIGATION
ASSESSMENT REPORT
FOR THE KINGSEAT STUDY AREA
PRIVATE PLAN CHANGE, FRANKLIN
DISTRICT
Kingseat Village Incorporated
C/- Hosken & Associates Limited
GENZNEWP14534
21 December 2009
Coffey Geotechnics (NZ) Limited

10 Lion Place Epsom 1023 Auckland New Zealand
CONTENTS
PROJECT BRIEF
SITE DESCRIPTION AND TOPOGRAPHY
AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHS
COUNCIL RECORDS
FIELDWORK AND LABORATORY TESTING
SUMMARY OF GROUND CONDITIONS
6.1
Published Geology
6.2
Geomorphology
6.3
Aerial Photographs
6.4
Borehole Investigation
6.4.1
Topsoil
6.4.2
Filling
6.4.3
Natural Subsoils
6.5
Groundwater and Percolation Testing
6.6
Laboratory Testing
6.6.1
Atterberg Limits
6.6.2
Liquidity Index
DISCUSSION ON GROUND CONDITIONS
7.1
Tunnel Erosion (Tomos)
7.2
Pumiceous and Organic Soils
7.3
Allophane
GEOTECHNICAL CONSIDERATIONS
8.1
General
8.2
Roading and Services
8.3
Onsite Stormwater Disposal
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21 December 2009
CONTENTS
8.3.1
Effluent Disposal
8.4
Earthworks Operations
8.4.1
General
8.4.2
Pumiceous Silts in Earthworks
8.4.3
Unsuitables
8.5
Seismic Hazard
8.5.1
Liquefaction Potential
CONCLUSION
10
LIMITATIONS
Figures
Figure 1: Site Plan
Appendices
Appendix 1: Field Investigation Data - Soil Description Explanation Sheets
- Borehole Records
Appendix 2: Laboratory Test Results
Appendix 3: Stormwater Percolation Test Results
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ii
PROJECT BRIEF
Coffey Geotechnics (NZ) Limited was commissioned by Kingseat Village Incorporated to undertake a
Geotechnical Assessment into the adequacy of land for future development at Kingseat, Franklin
District.
Our principle objectives were to:
Confirm (or otherwise) in principle the feasibility of urban development across the site;
Make preliminary recommendations relating to the feasibility of onsite stormwater and effluent water
disposal;
Identify any specific geotechnical issues which may affect the proposed development at the site.
It is therefore intended that this report will provide a baseline of geotechnical data for preliminary
planning purposes to aid the advancement of a private plan change to rezone the Kingseat Village
study area for urban development (including residential, commercial and business).
SITE DESCRIPTION AND TOPOGRAPHY
The Kingseat Study Area is depicted on the attached Site Plan (Figure 1) and has an area of
approximately 275 hectares. It is bounded by farm land to the north, east and south and by an inlet from
the Manukau Harbour to the west.
The land within the study area is predominantly used for pasture and agriculture. Pastural grazing land
predominates to the east and north and primarily consists of paddocks with associated farm buildings.
However, there is an area of residentially developed land along Buchanan Road that continues along
the northern side of McRobbie Road. Agricultural cropping land predominates west of McRobbie Road,
extending to the Manukau Harbour inlet.
The small town of Kingseat is centred in the southern portion of the site near the intersection of
Kingseat Road, McRobbie Road and Linwood Road. To the west of Kingseat, extending from Kingseat
Road to the Manukau Harbour inlet is the former Kingseat Mental Institution, which comprises a range
of small to large buildings located on spacious grounds. It appears that a number of these buildings are
being used as residential dwellings or for commercial activities but some appear derelict. In the northwest corner of these grounds there is a small waste water treatment plant.
The terrain over the majority of the study area is essentially flat, with rolling hills. Shallow gullies appear
to cut across the site from the central portions to the Manukau Harbour inlet to the west. The sides of a
central gully draining to the inlet were observed to be moderately incised in areas but reasonably well
intact.
There were no obvious visual signs of large scale land instability observed during the time of our site
investigation.
We understand that several tunnel erosion features (tomos) exist within the study area, although we did
not specifically observe any during our time on site.
The project area lies within the jurisdiction of the Franklin District Council.
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AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHS
We have reviewed a series of stereoscopic aerial photographs to assess changes in landform and land
use in the study area. The review was conducted using three photographs; one dated 1942 and at a
scale of 1:16000, and two more recent photographs dated 1981 and 2000 at a scale of 1:25000. They
show no obvious signs of large scale ground instability. However, they show a change in land use in the
south-east and central to western portions of the site by way of subdivision of land into smaller rural
blocks, with an increase in the number of buildings in these areas.
COUNCIL RECORDS
In preparation of this report, we have reviewed available information from the Franklin District Council
pertinent to the study area.
A report investigating the feasibility of onsite effluent disposal at a proposed 31 lot residential
subdivision at 125 McRobbie Road was prepared in February 2008 by Ground Consulting Limited. The
copy of the report supplied by the council was incomplete, however the relevant parts of the report have
been considered during the preparation of this report.
Further records indicate the presence of filled ground at 1060 Linwood Road in the vicinity of a
glasshouse.
Two subdivision plans relating to the B.R. Yates Estate were also obtained from the Council and these
plans indicate the locations of tomos within the study area. These locations have been indicated on our
site plan.
FIELDWORK AND LABORATORY TESTING
Our fieldwork commenced on 24 November 2009 and involved the drilling of fifteen hand auger
boreholes to depths of up to 5.2 metres and percolation testing in two boreholes. The locations of these
tests are shown on the site plan.
Soil Classification tests and water content determination was conducted in the laboratory on two
samples taken from representative depths during the drilling of the hand auger boreholes.
Results of all insitu soil tests and groundwater monitoring, together with detailed descriptions and
depths of strata encountered during the drilling of the boreholes are appended. IANZ (International
Accreditation New Zealand) endorsed laboratory results are also appended.
SUMMARY OF GROUND CONDITIONS
6.1
Published Geology
The published Institute of Geological and Nuclear Sciences Limited (GNS) map Geology of the
Auckland Area, 1:250,000, Geological Map 3 indicates the study area consists of Tauranga Group
Alluvial materials. The geology of the site is primarily of the Puketoka Formation, which comprises
pumicious mud, sand and gravel with muddy peat and lignite; rhyolite pumice, including non-welded
ignimbrite, tephra and alluvial pumice deposits; as well as massive micaceous sand. The map also
indicates an area of Taupo Pumice Alluvium in the south-western portion of the site, which is described
as pumice sands silts and gravels and includes estuarine, lacustrine/swamp and fan deposits.
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6.2
Geomorphology
As mentioned previously, an inlet from the Manukau Harbour is located on the western boundary of the
site and runs in an approximate north-south direction, with shallow gullies running from the central
portions of the site to the inlet. The gullies appear moderately incised with the more dominant ones
containing flowing streams. The gully sides were observed to be reasonably intact with large scale
ground stability not being obvious. Vegetation is fairly sparse across the majority of the site but dense
marshland vegetation is present along the floodplains of the Manukau Harbour inlet. Planted trees are
reasonably continuous along the boundary between the inlet floodplains and farmland along the
western boundary of the study area.
We understand that tunnel erosion features (tomos) are present across the study area, although none
were observed during our time onsite. These features essentially form from a combination of dispersive
soil properties, topographic influences and hydrological processes. In essence, the infiltration of flowing
water into the subsoils removes certain susceptible soils through dispersion and physical erosion, which
creates a cavity or tunnel that extends in a vertical direction until a more impermeable soil layer is
encountered. These tunnels then follow the impermeable layer in a sub-horizontal direction until a
convenient exit point is reached.
Anecdotal evidence also suggests that natural surface depressions are located across the study area
that are not directly connected to drainage paths but act to retain water during high rainfall events and
then slowly drain away over an extended period.
6.3
Aerial Photographs
The ground conditions encountered were generally uniform and typical of the region. The aerial
photographs that were reviewed show little change in the geomorphic features within the study area.
The main channel of the inlet from the Manukau Harbour appears to have remained in a uniform
alignment over the period of time shown by the reviewed aerial photographs. However, the floodplain
area along the inlet appears to have changed slightly in a number of portions and overall it appears to
have reduced to some extent, particularly in the southern reaches of the inlet. The shallow gullies that
flow towards the inlet in the western portions of the site appear to have become less distinguished and
this may be associated with changing land use and / or quality of the reviewed aerial photographs.
6.4
Borehole Investigation
6.4.1
Topsoil
Topsoil was encountered in most boreholes, with the exception of borehole 11 which was located in the
base of a shallow gully. The depth of topsoil was typically 0.2 metres, with a maximum depth of 0.3
metres.
6.4.2
Filling
No filling was detected at our borehole locations or obvious from our review of historic aerial
photographs, although in farm environments the presence of old offal pits or rubbish pits can never be
discounted. As discussed in a preceding section, we understand that filled ground is present at 1060
Linwood Road in the vicinity of a glasshouse development.
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6.4.3
Natural Subsoils
6.4.3.1
Stiff to Hard Inorganic Deposits
The natural subsoils investigated by our boreholes predominantly comprised inorganic, stiff to hard
clayey silts and silty clays, with consistent layers of pumicious sandy clayey silts and silty clays across
the study area. Plasticity was generally medium to high. Very loose to loose pumicious silty and clayey
sands were also observed to varying extents across the study area and were typically fine to medium
grained. These findings appear to be consistent with the Puketoka Formation.
Shear strengths within the inorganic clayey silts and silty clays ranged from 46 kPa to more than 218
kPa (the upper limit on our shear vane dial), with an average value of 144 kPa.
6.4.3.2
Soft to Firm Organic Deposits
Carbonaceous staining/inclusions and organic soils were observed in borehole 15, which was drilled in
the middle of a shallow gully to the west of McRobbie Road. Shear strengths within this material ranged
from 22 kPa to 63 kPa, with an average value of 39 kPa.
6.4.3.3
Hard Stratum
The subsoils described above typically extend to a depth of at least 5.2 metres, which was the
maximum depth drilled during this investigation. However, in boreholes 10, 11 and 15, hard silts and
slightly clayey silts were observed that had shear strengths in excess of the upper limit of our shear
vane dial and were eventually too stiff to auger further at 2.6, 3.2 and 2.5 metres respectively.
6.5
Groundwater and Percolation Testing
The water table was encountered in boreholes 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 11, 12, 13, 14 and 15 during the time
of our site investigations. The groundwater depth in these boreholes varied from 1.2 metres to 4 metres.
Percolation testing was carried out in separate 100mm diameter boreholes drilled near boreholes 8 and
4, as shown on the appended site plan. The percolation tests were carried out in the soil above the
ground water table and the holes were pre-soaked overnight prior to testing. Resultant soakage rates
for Tests 1 and 2 were 0.1 to 0.02 L/m2/min respectively, which is below the guideline value for
minimum percolation rates.
6.6
Laboratory Testing
Full details of laboratory test results are appended.

6.6.1
Atterberg Limits
The liquid or cone penetration limit is the minimum water content at which the soil will flow as a liquid,
while the plastic limit is the minimum water content at which the soils remain plastic. The difference is
the plasticity index, being the range of water contents over which the soil remains in a plastic state. The
two samples tested returned plastic limits of 37 and 22, giving an average value of 29.5. Liquid limits
and linear shrinkages ranged from 103 to 57, and 20 to 13 respectively.
A plot of plasticity index versus liquid limit is called a plasticity chart and one has been prepared for
each sample tested to determine its Casagrande Classification (see Appendix 2).
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The A-line on the plasticity chart is the arbitrary boundary between inorganic clays (CL and CH), which
are above this line and the inorganic silts, and organic clays (ML, MH, OL and OH), which are below.
It has been found that samples of soils of similar geological origin and composition usually yield points
that fall on a line parallel to the A-line.
The Casagrande Classification tests confirmed highly plastic site materials.
6.6.2
Liquidity Index
The liquidity index is a measure of the proximity of the natural water content to their liquid and plastic
limit. Values near to or greater than 1 indicate highly compressible sensitive materials with natural water
contents near the liquid limit, while values near zero indicate heavily over-consolidated soils with natural
water contents near the plastic limit. In this case, the samples obtained around 1.0 metre depth
returned liquidity indices of 0.1 and 0.3, which indicates over-consolidation of the near surface
materials.
DISCUSSION ON GROUND CONDITIONS
7.1
Tunnel Erosion (Tomos)
The potential existence of tunnel erosion features (tomos) presents a risk to future development.
Buildings, services and/or other improvements located above tunnels are at risk should these tunnels
collapse and new tunnels that may be formed following development could also result in additional risk
of collapse.
Identifying these subsurface cavities within the study area is likely to require both above and below
ground techniques.
Detailed geological and topographic mapping can provide an indication of the surface expressions of
possible subsurface tunnel erosion features and can outline areas of possible tunnel collapse.
Geophysical investigation is a very useful above ground method of locating tunnel erosion features
and is done by measuring differences in density, magnetic field or electrical conductivity (resistivity)
between adjacent soils, rocks and/or tunnels. Ground penetrating radar would be an obvious choice.
Boreholes and test pits can accurately identify specific subsurface cavities and provide information
on the soils where these features are forming. However, the extent of the tunnels and the location of
other tunnels may not be easily identified using these methods, and would normally be used
following geophysical investigations to examine anomalies.
In general, to mitigate and/or eliminate the effects of on-going tunnel erosion there are a number of
approaches. The simplest approach is to avoid development within potential problem areas within the
study area. This may not be viable and so adopting procedures that minimise and control subsurface
seepage may be required, such as the proper design of subsurface drains, good surface water control
measures, adequate filters around drains and proper compaction control of earthworks and trench
backfills. If problematic soils are identified then there is also the potential to stabilise these (dispersive)
soils with the addition of lime. Lastly, existing cavities that are able to be located can be exposed,
tracked and then backfilled with a non-dispersive fill or lime stabilised soil.
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These are all specific investigation and design issues that should be addressed at subdivision consent
stages.
7.2
Pumiceous and Organic Soils
Pumiceous silts and organic soils are sometimes difficult materials to build on or use in earthworks
operations. In terms of the pumiceous silts of the type that have been identified on this site, they usually
exhibit considerable strength where they are confined (for example shear vanes/hand augers unable to
penetrate). However, where exposed they are prone to rapid weathering, erosion, slumping and
collapse in extreme cases. They are also quite porous and can contain artesian groundwater when
confined between materials of low permeability. They can be difficult to earthwork, being prone to
pumping under earthworks machinery loads, often forming a slurry of silt and water. However, limited
amounts of pumiceous silts can be worked successfully provided they are thoroughly blended and
mixed with plastic clays. Most of the pumiceous silts and sands identified were slight and intermixed
with cohesive deposits so the issues described above should diminish in this study area.
Organic soils of the type confined to the shallow gully areas within the study area are generally
characterised by being typically soft to firm, having high water contents, often potentially high
settlement/consolidation characteristics, consequential low design bearing capacity values and a
general tendency of being very difficult to lift, transport and compact. They usually require cutting to
waste (i.e. mucking out) if the gullies are to be filled and / or built over.
7.3
Allophane
Although allophanic soils were not specifically tested during the ground investigation, our experience in
the region suggests there is potential for these types of soils to be present within the study area. The
presence of allophanic clay minerals in a soil can result in marked irreversible changes in the physical
properties of the soil when it is dried below the natural water content. This is attributed to the collapse of
the allophanic gel-like structure and aggregation into much coarser grain sizes.
An allophane content of greater than 5% indicates the probability of compaction difficulties if the
materials are allowed to dry below the natural moisture content. The addition of water during
compaction is generally required. Allophanic soils may also be prone to weaving and pumping when
wet and repetitively trafficked by heavy construction machinery and as such lighter machinery is
generally more suitable when working with these soils.
The presence of allophanic soils should be assessed at subdivision stages.
GEOTECHNICAL CONSIDERATIONS
8.1
General
Our findings show that the land is predominantly blanketed by at least 5 metres depth of stiff to hard
alluvial soils and is considered to be suitable for urban intensification comprising residential, commercial
and businesses.
However there are potential erosion tunnel issues (tomos) that should be investigated further at
subdivision stages.
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This issue aside, the undertaking of earthworks construction and drainage works in accordance with
NZS 4404, Code of Practice for Urban Land Subdivision, related documents and Franklin District
Councils Code of Practice where appropriate, should ensure that future development of the study area
would generally be suitable for conventional light industrial/commercial building development and/or
light timber frame dwellings constructed in accordance with the requirements of AS 2870, NZS 3604
and NZS 4229.
Light industrial/commercial buildings are generally defined as single storey structures with or without
mezzanine floors, comprising reinforced concrete block or tilt panel boundary walls, light weight roofing
and cladding elements fixed to timber or steel portal or truss frames with reinforced concrete floor slabs
on grade, incorporating shallow strip, and/or pad foundations.
Our preliminary assessment of AS2870 expansive soil shows variable conditions ranging from class S
(slight) to H (high) and this implies that specific delineation for foundation design will be required at
subdivision stage via further testing.
Specific comments and recommendations follow:
8.2
Roading and Services
Road subgrades may expose pumiceous material that may be prone to loss of integrity under heavy
earthworks machinery and wet ground conditions. This issue is normally mitigated by appropriate site
management during construction.
Piping and internal erosion, and the likelihood of tunnel erosion features being present within the study
area, is a concern that will require further investigation.
If this issue persists, all service trench backfills should be carefully designed to provide an adequate
filter to prevent migration of fines. We anticipate that this may be achieved by using an appropriate well
graded granular filter material (such as SAP 20 or other granular product) in conjunction with a
geotextile filter used as a fines barrier, and topped by the placement of engineer certified backfill as a
capping. As already stated, we consider tunnel erosion potential and risk mitigation / recommendations
is a specific design issue to be addressed at subdivision stages.
8.3
Onsite Stormwater Disposal
Our preliminary recommendation is that onsite stormwater disposal via soakage devices is not advised
based on percolation testing, borehole investigation, soil classification testing and the likely presence of
tomos. The percolation rate was found to range between 0.02 and 0.1 L/m2/min, which indicates a fairly
slow draining soil. The Auckland City Council Soakage Design Manual states that it will be difficult to
obtain building consents for soakage systems below the guideline minimum percolation rate of 0.5
L/m2/min. This is backed up by anecdotal evidence, mentioned previously, which suggests that natural
surface depressions within the study area retain water and then slowly drain away over an extended
period after high rainfall events.
Future intensification of the land should incorporate stormwater reticulation into public disposal
systems. However, where development remains rural or very low density and appropriate drainage
paths are available, stormwater may be able to be returned to overland flow using appropriate devices
(e.g. level spreaders etc).
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8.3.1
Effluent Disposal
Based on borehole investigation, percolation test results and local knowledge, we have classified the
soils on this site as being category 5 to 6 as defined in Table 5.1 of Auckland Regional Council
Technical Paper No. 58 (TP58). However it is envisaged the future intensification would involve
reticulation into a public disposal system rather than individual onsite effluent disposal systems.
8.4
Earthworks Operations
8.4.1
General
Earthworks operations are anticipated to involve borrow materials, usually from the elevated portions of
the site, and be relatively straightforward. Generally, both the cuts and fills will involve inorganic, slightly
pumiceous clayey silts and silty clays that should be suitable, with conditioning, for handling and
compaction by conventional earthmoving plant.
Due to the scope of investigation and the typically variable nature of the site materials, allowance
should always be made for the presence of layers of soft sensitive (highly pumiceous) clays and silts,
together with groundwater, especially in the deeper cuts. Allowance may also need to be made for soils
with high allophane content, as mentioned previously. These types of materials may present problems
during earthworks construction and require specific on site handling methods.
Accordingly, appropriate compaction specification testing and advice will be the subject of further
geotechnical studies commensurate with any proposed subdivisional developments involving
earthworks operations.
8.4.2
Pumiceous Silts in Earthworks
As discussed earlier, the pumiceous silts encountered in some boreholes in the study area exhibited
moderate to high shear strengths. It has been our experience that these materials generally have
satisfactory bearing characteristics when left untouched and confined beneath building foundations.
However, when highly pumiceous, they are very troublesome when exposed to the elements as their
weakly cemented structure rapidly collapses when wet. Therefore, benching and cut operations which
involve these materials should be completed as rapidly as possible and any exposures should be
covered with a compacted clay layer to prevent erosion, scour and possible piping upon completion of
the site development works.
When layers of pumiceous silts are exposed during cut to fill operations they should be well mixed with
the more clayey materials and compacted in the normal manner.
8.4.3
Unsuitables
Any identifiable deposits of unsuitable materials that are considered unfit for reworking should be
undercut and disposed of off the site or on topsoil stockpiles if appropriate.
Generally, the gully borehole 15 has identified relatively small quantities of soft, organic or otherwise
unsuitable materials (up to approximately 2.3 metres depth over apparently narrow widths), although it
is difficult to estimate overall volumes from limited borehole information.
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8.5
Seismic Hazard
Our opinion is that the seismic hazard for the study area is likely to be low. The nearest active faults are
the Wairoa North fault (17 Km away) and the Kerepehi North fault (53 Km away). These faults have a
maximum moment magnitude of 6.6 and 6.7 respectively, and recurrence intervals of 22,152 and 2,500
years respectively. This results in a 0.2% and 2% probability of a 50 year seismic event respectively.
8.5.1
Liquefaction Potential
Liquefaction is a process in saturated soils that involves, as a result of intense cyclic (earthquake)
loading, the transfer of effective stresses to the pore water resulting in a total loss of strength, recompaction of soil grains to a more dense state and subsequent deformation or strain as excess pore
water pressures are gradually released. It occurs predominantly within loose sands and silty sands
although more recent research shows that low plasticity silts are also prone to liquefaction.
Recent case studies also provide evidence that little or no surface damage from earthquakes occurs
where a non-liquefiable surface layer thickness exceeds the thickness of any underlying potentially
liquefiable layer.
The potential for liquefaction of soils under seismic shaking depends upon a range of inter-related
factors such as particle size distribution, relative density, water content and groundwater levels. Bray
(2004) has proposed criteria using Atterberg Limits based on research into the 1999 Earthquake in
Adapazari, Turkey, which resulted in considerable building damage due to liquefaction. Brays criteria
are as follows:
Water content
Liquid Limit
0.8
Plasticity Index 12
The results of Atterberg tests conducted for this project show that the soils tested do not meet Brays
criteria and combined with the depth of potential liquefiable layers, groundwater levels observed and
knowledge of the region, the liquefaction hazard in the study area is considered to be low and should be
dismissed as a geotechnical concern.
CONCLUSION
With appropriate engineering measures, we consider that the identified geotechnical conditions which
form the basis of this preliminary assessment should not constrain future development (density or type
of land use).
The provisions of the District Plan should prevail and it is considered that future subdivisional scheme
plans or building proposals will need to be the subject of site specific geotechnical investigation,
especially with regard to identifying and remediation of potential tunnel erosion features within the study
area, as well as site specific completion reporting following earthworks.
10
LIMITATIONS
This report has been prepared solely for the use of our client, Kingseat Village Incorporated, their
professional advisers and the relevant Territorial Authorities in relation to the specific project described
herein. No liability is accepted in respect of its use for any other purpose or by any other person or
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Figures
Legend
HA01
Approximate Hand
Auger Borehole Location
HA07
Study Area
Approximate Percolation
Test Location
Approximate locations of
Tomo's
HA02
HA08
PT01
an
an
ch
Bu ad
Ro
Approximate location of filled

Tomo
Tomo locations taken
from B.R Yates estates
subdivision plans.
HA06
HA09
HA03
b
Ro
Mc
HA12
bie
a
Ro
od
nwo
Roa
Li
HA05
HA10
HA04
gs
Kin
HA15
HA11
oa
tR
ea
PT02
HA14
HA13
description
drawn
approved
date
drawn
revision
150.0
300.0
Horizontal Scale (metres)

150.0
300.0
Vertical Scale (metres)
450.0
approved
PD
LS
client:
HOSKEN & ASSOCIATES LIMITED
project:
KINGSEAT STUDY AREA

date
03/12/09
scale
1:7500
450.0
original
size
A3
title:
project no:
SITE PLAN
GENZNEWP14534
figure no:
3/12/2009 F:\COFFEY GEOTECHNICS\9 PROJECTS\14000-14999\14400-14600\14534 KINGSEAT STUDY AREA FRANKLIN DISTRICT\4 DRAWINGS\03-OUTGOING\031209\14534 SP 131209.DWG
01
Appendix 1
Field Investigation Data
Soil Description Explanation Sheet (1 of 2)

DEFINITION:
DENSITY OF GRANULAR SOILS
In engineering terms soil includes every type of uncemented

or partially cemented inorganic or organic material found in
the ground. In practice, if the material can be remoulded or
disintegrated by hand in its field condition or in water it is
described as a soil. Other materials are described using rock
description terms.
TERM
Very loose
Less than 15
Loose
15 - 35
Medium Dense
35 - 65
Dense
65 - 85
Very Dense
Greater than 85
CLASSIFICATION SYMBOL & SOIL NAME

Soils are described in accordance with the Unified Soil
Classification (UCS) as shown in the table on Sheet 2.
DENSITY INDEX (%)
PARTICLE SIZE DESCRIPTIVE TERMS

NAME
SUBDIVISION
SIZE
Boulders
>200 mm
Cobbles
63 mm to 200 mm
Gravel
coarse
20 mm to 63 mm
medium
6 mm to 20 mm
fine
2.36 mm to 6 mm
coarse
600 m to 2.36 mm
medium
200 m to 600 m
fine
75 m to 200 m
Sand
Moist
Wet
TERM
ASSESSMENT
GUIDE
PROPORTION OF
MINOR COMPONENT IN:
Presence just detectable

by feel or eye, but soil
properties little or no
different to general
properties of primary
component.
Coarse grained soils:

<5%
With some Presence easily detected
Coarse grained soils:

5 - 12%
Fine grained soils:
15 - 30%
Trace of
by feel or eye, soil

properties little different
to general properties of
primary component.
Fine grained soils:

<15%
SOIL STRUCTURE
MOISTURE CONDITION
Dry
MINOR COMPONENTS
Looks and feels dry. Cohesive and cemented soils

are hard, friable or powdery. Uncemented granular
soils run freely through hands.
Soil feels cool and darkened in colour. Cohesive
soils can be moulded. Granular soils tend to cohere.
As for moist but with free water forming on hands
when handled.
CEMENTING
ZONING
Layers
Continuous across Weakly

exposure or sample. cemented
Lenses Discontinuous
layers of lenticular
shape.
Easily broken up by
hand in air or water.
Moderately Effort is required to

cemented break up the soil by
hand in air or water.
Pockets Irregular inclusions

of different material.
CONSISTENCY OF COHESIVE SOILS

TERM
UNDRAINED
STRENGTH
FIELD GUIDE
su (kPa)
<12
A finger can be pushed well into the

soil with little effort.
Soft
12 - 25
A finger can be pushed into the soil

to about 25mm depth.
Firm
25 - 50
The soil can be indented about 5mm

with the thumb, but not penetrated.
Stiff
50 - 100
The surface of the soil can be

indented with the thumb, but not
penetrated.
Very Soft
Very Stiff
Hard
Friable
100 - 200
The surface of the soil can be marked,

but not indented with thumb pressure.
>200
The surface of the soil can be marked

only with the thumbnail.
Crumbles or powders when scraped

by thumbnail.
GEOLOGICAL ORIGIN
WEATHERED IN PLACE SOILS
Structure and fabric of parent rock visible.
Extremely
weathered
material
Residual soil
Structure and fabric of parent rock not visible.
TRANSPORTED SOILS
Aeolian soil
Deposited by wind.
Alluvial soil
Deposited by streams and rivers.
Colluvial soil
Deposited on slopes (transported downslope

by gravity).
Fill
Man made deposit. Fill may be significantly

more variable between tested locations than
naturally occurring soils.
Lacustrine soil Deposited by lakes.

Marine soil
Deposited in ocean basins, bays, beaches

and estuaries.
Soil Description Explanation Sheet (2 of 2)

SOIL CLASSIFICATION INCLUDING IDENTIFICATION AND DESCRIPTION
FIELD IDENTIFICATION PROCEDURES
CLEAN
GRAVELS
(Little
or no
fines)
GRAVELS
WITH FINES
(Appreciable
amount
of fines)
CLEAN
SANDS
(Little
or no
fines)
SANDS
WITH FINES
(Appreciable
amount
of fines)
GRAVELS
SANDS
More than half of coarse
More than half of coarse
fraction is smaller than 2.0 mm fraction is larger than 2.0 mm
SILTS & CLAYS
Liquid limit
less than 50
HIGHLY ORGANIC
SOILS
PRIMARY NAME
USC
Wide range in grain size and substantial

amounts of all intermediate particle sizes.
GW
GRAVEL
Predominantly one size or a range of sizes

with more intermediate sizes missing.
GP
GRAVEL
Non-plastic fines (for identification

procedures see ML below)
GM
SILTY GRAVEL
Plastic fines (for identification procedures

see CL below)
GC
CLAYEY GRAVEL
Wide range in grain sizes and substantial

amounts of all intermediate sizes missing
SW
SAND
Predominantly one size or a range of sizes

with some intermediate sizes missing.
SP
SAND
Non-plastic fines (for identification

procedures see ML below).
SM
SILTY SAND
Plastic fines (for identification procedures

see CL below).
SC
CLAYEY SAND
IDENTIFICATION PROCEDURES ON FRACTIONS <0.2 mm.
SILTS & CLAYS

Liquid limit
greater than 50
(A 0.075 mm particle is about the smallest particle visible to the naked eye)
FINE GRAINED SOILS

More than 50% of material less than
63 mm is smaller than 0.075 mm
COARSE GRAIINED SOILS

More than 50% of materials less than 63 mm is
larger than 0.075 mm
(Excluding particles larger than 60 mm and basing fractions on estimated mass)
DRY STRENGTH
DILATANCY
TOUGHNESS
None to Low
Quick to slow
None
ML
SILT
Medium to High
None
Medium
CL
CLAY
Low to medium
Slow to very slow
Low
OL
ORGANIC SILT
Low to medium
Slow to very slow
Low to medium
MH
SILT
High
None
High
CH
CLAY
Medium to High
None
Low to medium
OH
ORGANIC CLAY
Pt
PEAT
Readily identified by colour, odour, spongy feel and

frequently by fibrous texture.
Low plasticity Liquid Limit WL less than 35%.
Modium plasticity WL between 35% and 50%.
COMMON DEFECTS IN SOIL

PARTING
DEFINITION
A surface or crack across which the
soil has little or no tensile strength.
Parallel or sub parallel to layering
(eg bedding). May be open or closed.
JOINT
DIAGRAM
TERM
higher moisture content than elsewhere.
TUBE
Tubular cavity. May occur singly or as one

of a large number of separate or
inter-connected tubes. Walls often coated
with clay or strengthened by denser packing
of grains. May contain organic matter
TUBE
CAST
Roughly cylindrical elongated body of soil

different from the soil mass in which it
occurs. In some cases the soil which
makes up the tube cast is cemented.
INFILLED
SEAM
Sheet or wall like body of soil substance

or mass with roughly planar to irregular
near parallel boundaries which cuts
through a soil mass. Formed by infilling of
open joints.
boundaries containing closely spaced,

smooth or slickensided, curved intersecting
joints which divide the mass into lenticular
or wedge shaped blocks.
SHEARED A near planar curved or undulating, smooth,

SURFACE polished or slickensided surface in clayey
soil. The polished or slickensided surface
indicates that movement (in many cases
very little) has occurred along the defect.
DIAGRAM
SOFTENED A zone in clayey soil, usually adjacent

ZONE
to a defect in which the soil has a
has little or no tensile strength but which is

not parallel or sub parallel to layering. May
be open or closed. The term 'fissure' may
be used for irregular joints <0.2 m in length.
SHEARED Zone in clayey soil with roughly

ZONE
parallel near planar, curved or undulating
DEFINITION
72810 / 07-06
TERM
Engineering Log - Hand Auger
Hand Auger No.
HA01
Sheet
Project No:
1 of 1
Client:
Hosken & Associates Limited
Date started:
GENZNEWP14534
24.11.2009
Principal:
Date completed:
24.11.2009
Project:
Kingseat Study Area
Logged by:
LS
Hand Auger Location:
Refer to site plan
Checked by:
JK
Vane No: 897 / xviv

Hole diameter: 50 mm
R.L. Surface: m
Northing: m
Bearing:
Datum:
0.5
ML
TOPSOIL; brown, friable
Slightly fine sandy slightly clayey SILT; light brown / orange,

low plasticity
vane shear
(remoulded
/peak) kPa
VSt
St
1.0
1.5
structure and
additional observations
25
50
75
100
125
150
175
material
Soil type; colour, structure. Grading; bedding;
plasticity, sensitivity. Secondary and minor
components, additional information.
moisture
condition
consistency/
density index
classification
symbol
RL
graphic log
notes
samples,
tests, etc
Slope: -90
material substance
depth
metres
water
stratigraphy
drilling information
Easting: m
MH
Slightly fine sandy clayey SILT; brown, streaked orange,

medium plasticity
CL
Silty CLAY; light grey, streaked orange / pink, medium

plasticity
ML
Pumiceous fine to medium sandy slightly clayey SILT; light

grey, streaked orange / pink, medium plasticity
ML
Pumiceous fine to coarse sandy clayey silt; light grey,

streaked pink / orange, medium plasticity, with minor
maganese staining
VSt
None Observed
Tauranga Group Alluvium
2.0
2.5
becoming fine to medium grained pumiceous sand
3.0
HAND AUGER 14534 HAS 241109.GPJ COFFEY.GDT 8.12.09
becoming pink / orange, mottled white / light grey
3.5
St
4.0
VSt
ML
4.5
SM

brown / pink, streaked light grey and orange, medium
plasticity, with minor maganese staining and hard clay
inclusions
Silty pumiceous fine to medium SAND; light brown / orange,

with some clay
5.0
Borehole HA01 terminated at 5 metres.
Form GEO 5.1 Rev.6
5.5
classification symbols and
soil description
based on Field Description of Soil
and Rock, New Zealand
Geotechnical Society Inc 2005
vane shear (kPa)

remoulded
peak
peak greater than 200kPa
>>
UTP unable to penetrate
water
10/1/98 water level
on date shown
water inflow
water outflow
moisture
D
dry
M
moist
W
wet
S
saturated
consistency/ density index

very soft
VS
soft
S
firm
F
stiff
St
very stiff
VSt
hard
H
VL
L
MD
D
VD
very loose
loose
medium dense
dense
very dense
Hand Auger No.
HA02
Sheet
Project No:
1 of 1
Client:
Date started:
GENZNEWP14534
24.11.2009
Principal:
Date completed:
24.11.2009
Project:
Kingseat Study Area
Logged by:
GS
Refer to site plan
Checked by:
JK
Vane No: 591 / vxii

0.4m 0.6m
Atterberg
Suite
Sample
1.0m 1.2m
Atterberg
Suite
Sample
R.L. Surface: m
Northing: m
Bearing:
Datum:
TOPSOIL; dark brown, with minor rootlet inclusions
ML
Fine sandy SILT; brown, low plasticity
MH
Fine sandy SILT; reddish brown, low to medium plasticity
0.5
vane shear
(remoulded
/peak) kPa
structure and
25
50
75
100
125
150
175
material
moisture
condition
consistency/
density index
classification
symbol
RL
graphic log
notes
samples,
tests, etc
Slope: -90
material substance
depth
metres
water
stratigraphy
Easting: m
>>
>>
1.0
with trace pumiceous fine sand
1.5
>>
>>
becoming light grey, streaked red / orange

None Observed
2.0
2.5
VSt
ML
Slightly clayey SILT; light grey, streaked red / orange, low

plasticity, with some fine to medium pumiceous sand
ML

grey, streaked red, low plasticity
MH
Pumiceous fine to medium sandy clayey SILT; light grey,

streaked red, low to medium plasticity
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
St
W
ML
5.0
Slightly clayey SILT; light grey / pink, low plasticity, with some
fine pumiceous sand
Form GEO 5.1 Rev.6
5.5
soil description
vane shear (kPa)

remoulded
peak
>>
water
10/1/98 water level
on date shown
water inflow
water outflow
moisture
D
dry
M
moist
W
wet
S
saturated

very soft
VS
soft
S
firm
F
stiff
St
very stiff
VSt
hard
H
VL
L
MD
D
VD
very loose
loose
medium dense
dense
very dense
Hand Auger No.
HA03
Sheet
Project No:
1 of 1
Client:
Date started:
GENZNEWP14534
24.11.2009
Principal:
Date completed:
24.11.2009
Project:
Kingseat Study Area
Logged by:
GS
Refer to site plan
Checked by:
JK
Vane No: 591 / vxii

R.L. Surface: m
Northing: m
Bearing:
Datum:

MH
24/11/2009
vane shear
(remoulded
/peak) kPa
Clayey SILT; brown, medium plasticity, with minor maganese

inclusions
0.5
1.0
structure and
25
50
75
100
125
150
175
material
moisture
condition
consistency/
density index
classification
symbol
RL
graphic log
notes
samples,
tests, etc
Slope: -90
material substance
depth
metres
water
stratigraphy
Easting: m
VSt
CH
CH
1.5
Silty CLAY; brown, streaked orange, high plasticity, with minor

maganese inclusions
with minor pumiceous inclusions
Pumiceous medium to coarse sandy silty CLAY; orange /
brown, mottled red / grey, high plasticity
W
S
St
VSt
2.0
H
>>
>>
2.5
>>
3.0
ML
3.5
Pumiceous medium to coarse sandy slighly clayey SILT; light

grey / brown, mottled pink / red, low plasticity
VSt
4.0
4.5
5.0
Form GEO 5.1 Rev.6
5.5
soil description
vane shear (kPa)

remoulded
peak
>>
water
10/1/98 water level
on date shown
water inflow
water outflow
moisture
D
dry
M
moist
W
wet
S
saturated

very soft
VS
soft
S
firm
F
stiff
St
very stiff
VSt
hard
H
VL
L
MD
D
VD
very loose
loose
medium dense
dense
very dense
Hand Auger No.
HA04
Sheet
Project No:
1 of 1
Client:
Date started:
GENZNEWP14534
24.11.2009
Principal:
Date completed:
24.11.2009
Project:
Kingseat Study Area
Logged by:
LS
Refer to site plan
Checked by:
JK
Vane No: 897 / xviv

R.L. Surface: m
Northing: m
Bearing:
Datum:
ML
0.5
Slightly fine sandy slightly clayey SILT; light brown, low

plasticity
becoming light brown, streaked orange
vane shear
(remoulded
/peak) kPa
structure and
25
50
75
100
125
150
175
material
moisture
condition
consistency/
density index
classification
symbol
RL
graphic log
notes
samples,
tests, etc
Slope: -90
material substance
depth
metres
water
stratigraphy
Easting: m
VSt
1.0
1.5
MH
Clayey SILT; light grey / light brown, streaked orange,

medium plasticity, with trace fine sand
CH
Silty CLAY; light grey, streaked orange, high plasticity
CH
Pumiceous slightly fine to medium sandy silty CLAY; grey,

high plasticity
CH
Silty CLAY; grey, high plasticity
CH
Pumiceous fine to coarse sandy CLAY; grey, high plasticity
CH
CLAY; grey, high plasticity
2.5
24/11/2009
2.0
3.0
3.5
4.0
with minor black organic staining, slightly odourous

with some fine to coarse pumiceous sand to 4.2 metres depth
St
4.5
5.0
Form GEO 5.1 Rev.6
5.5
soil description
vane shear (kPa)

remoulded
peak
>>
water
10/1/98 water level
on date shown
water inflow
water outflow
moisture
D
dry
M
moist
W
wet
S
saturated

very soft
VS
soft
S
firm
F
stiff
St
very stiff
VSt
hard
H
VL
L
MD
D
VD
very loose
loose
medium dense
dense
very dense
Hand Auger No.
HA05
Sheet
Project No:
1 of 1
Client:
Date started:
GENZNEWP14534
24.11.2009
Principal:
Date completed:
24.11.2009
Project:
Kingseat Study Area
Logged by:
LS
Refer to site plan
Checked by:
JK
Vane No: 897 / xviv

R.L. Surface: m
Northing: m
Bearing:
Datum:
TOPSOIL; dark brown / black, with minor rootlet inclusions

MH
Clayey SILT; brown, streaked orange, medium plasticity, with

minor rootlet inclusions
CH
Silty CLAY; grey, streaked orange, medium to high plasticity
CH
CLAY; grey, streaked orange / pink, high plasticity
0.5
vane shear
(remoulded
/peak) kPa
structure and
25
50
75
100
125
150
175
material
moisture
condition
consistency/
density index
classification
symbol
RL
graphic log
notes
samples,
tests, etc
Slope: -90
material substance
depth
metres
water
stratigraphy
Easting: m
VSt
1.0
H
>>
1.5
24/11/2009
>>
2.0
VSt
2.5
CL
Pumiceous fine to medium sandy CLAY; grey streaked pink,

medium plasticity, with some silt
W
S
3.0
3.5
SM
Silty pumicious fine to medium SAND; light grey / pink,

streaked orange, with some clay
VL
4.0
L
4.5
5.0
ML
Pumiceous fine to medium sandy SILT; light brown / orange,

streaked pink / light grey, low plasticity, with some clay
VSt
Form GEO 5.1 Rev.6
5.5
soil description
vane shear (kPa)

remoulded
peak
>>
water
10/1/98 water level
on date shown
water inflow
water outflow
moisture
D
dry
M
moist
W
wet
S
saturated

very soft
VS
soft
S
firm
F
stiff
St
very stiff
VSt
hard
H
VL
L
MD
D
VD
very loose
loose
medium dense
dense
very dense
HA06
Sheet
Project No:
1 of 1
Client:
Date started:
GENZNEWP14534
24.11.2009
Principal:
Date completed:
24.11.2009
Project:
Kingseat Study Area
Logged by:
GS
Refer to site plan
Checked by:
JK
Vane No: 591 / vxii

Slope: -90
R.L. Surface: m
Northing: m
Bearing:
Datum:

MH
24/11/2009
0.5
vane shear
(remoulded
/peak) kPa
Clayey SILT; light brown, streaked orange, medium plasticity,

with some fine sand, with minor maganese inclusions (fine to
coarse gravel sized) and minor limonite staining
St
VSt
1.0
with some light grey / pink pumiceous fine to coarse sand
lenses
ML
Pumiceous fine to coarse sandy slightly clayey SILT; light

grey, streaked light brown / pink, low plasticity
MH
Pumiceous fine to medium sandy clayey SILT; light grey,

streaked light brown / orange / pink, medium plasticity
1.5
structure and
25
50
75
100
125
150
175
material
moisture
condition
consistency/
density index
classification
symbol
RL
graphic log
notes
samples,
tests, etc
Easting: m
material substance
depth
metres
water
stratigraphy
2.0
2.5
St
VSt
3.0
Hand Auger No.
3.5
SM
Pumiceous silty SAND; light grey / pink, fine grained
CL
Silty CLAY; pink / light grey, low to medium plasticity, with

some fine pumiceous sand
4.0
4.5
St
Borehole collapse in sand layer preventing further drilling

Borehole HA06 terminated at 4.2 metres.
5.0
Form GEO 5.1 Rev.6
5.5
soil description
vane shear (kPa)

remoulded
peak
>>
water
10/1/98 water level
on date shown
water inflow
water outflow
moisture
D
dry
M
moist
W
wet
S
saturated

very soft
VS
soft
S
firm
F
stiff
St
very stiff
VSt
hard
H
VL
L
MD
D
VD
very loose
loose
medium dense
dense
very dense
Hand Auger No.
HA07
Sheet
Project No:
1 of 1
Client:
Date started:
GENZNEWP14534
24.11.2009
Principal:
Date completed:
24.11.2009
Project:
Kingseat Study Area
Logged by:
LS
Refer to site plan
Checked by:
JK
Vane No: 897 / xviv

R.L. Surface: m
Northing: m
Bearing:
Datum:
ML

plasticity
ML
Slightly fine sandy clayey SILT; light brown / light grey,

streaked orange, medium plasticity
0.5
1.0
vane shear
(remoulded
/peak) kPa
structure and
25
50
75
100
125
150
175
material
moisture
condition
consistency/
density index
classification
symbol
RL
graphic log
notes
samples,
tests, etc
Slope: -90
material substance
depth
metres
water
stratigraphy
Easting: m
VSt
>>
>>
1.5
ML

grey, streaked orange / light brown, low to medium plasticity
>>
2.0
2.5
with red and pink streaks
W
3.0
24/11/2009
VSt
CL
Pumiceous fine to medium sandy silty CLAY; light grey,

streaked orange, medium plasticity
ML
Pumiceous fine to medium sandy SILT; light grey / light

brown, streaked orange, medium plasticity, with some hard
clay inclusions
SM
Pumiceous silty SAND; pink / orange, fine to medium grained,

with some clay
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
becoming pink / light grey

Form GEO 5.1 Rev.6
5.5
soil description
vane shear (kPa)

remoulded
peak
>>
water
10/1/98 water level
on date shown
water inflow
water outflow
moisture
D
dry
M
moist
W
wet
S
saturated

very soft
VS
soft
S
firm
F
stiff
St
very stiff
VSt
hard
H
VL
L
MD
D
VD
very loose
loose
medium dense
dense
very dense
Hand Auger No.
HA08
Sheet
Project No:
1 of 1
Client:
Date started:
GENZNEWP14534
24.11.2009
Principal:
Date completed:
24.11.2009
Project:
Kingseat Study Area
Logged by:
GS
Refer to site plan
Checked by:
JK
Vane No: 591 / vxii

0.4m 0.6m
Atterberg
Suite
Sample
24/11/2009
1.0m 1.2m
Atterberg
Suite
Sample
R.L. Surface: m
Northing: m
Bearing:
Datum:
0.5
MH
TOPSOIL; dark brown, friable, with minor rootlet inclusions
Clayey SILT; brown, medium plasticity, with trace fine sand
vane shear
(remoulded
/peak) kPa
structure and
25
50
75
100
125
150
175
material
moisture
condition
consistency/
density index
classification
symbol
RL
graphic log
notes
samples,
tests, etc
Slope: -90
material substance
depth
metres
water
stratigraphy
Easting: m
>>
becoming greyish brown

VSt
1.0
ML
1.5
2.0
SM
Pumiceous fine to medium sandy slightly clayey SILT; yellow /

brown, low plasticity
Slightly silty pumiceous SAND; orange/yellow, fine to medium

grained
VL /
L
with minor clay lenses, pink / grey

W
S
2.5
3.0
becoming light grey, streaked red / pink
3.5
4.0
becoming orange / pink
4.5
5.0
Form GEO 5.1 Rev.6
5.5
soil description
vane shear (kPa)

remoulded
peak
>>
water
10/1/98 water level
on date shown
water inflow
water outflow
moisture
D
dry
M
moist
W
wet
S
saturated

very soft
VS
soft
S
firm
F
stiff
St
very stiff
VSt
hard
H
VL
L
MD
D
VD
very loose
loose
medium dense
dense
very dense
Hand Auger No.
HA09
Sheet
Project No:
1 of 1
Client:
Date started:
GENZNEWP14534
26.11.2009
Principal:
Date completed:
26.11.2009
Project:
Kingseat Study Area
Logged by:
GS
Refer to site plan
Checked by:
JK
Vane No: 591/vxii

R.L. Surface: m
Northing: m
Bearing:
Datum:
TOPSOIL; dark brown, friable
0.5
MH
vane shear
(remoulded
/peak) kPa
structure and
25
50
75
100
125
150
175
material
moisture
condition
consistency/
density index
classification
symbol
RL
graphic log
notes
samples,
tests, etc
Slope: -90
material substance
depth
metres
water
stratigraphy
Easting: m
Clayey SILT; brown mottled orange, medium plasticity, with

trace fine sand
>>
M
VSt
1.0
ML
1.5
Slightly clayey SILT; light brown/orange, low plasticity, with

trace fine sand
becoming light grey streaked red/orange, with some

pumicious inclusions
2.5
3.0
26/11/2009
2.0
3.5
becoming pink/light grey
W
S
4.0
4.5
ML
Pumicious fine to medium sandy slightly clayey SILT;

pink/light grey, low plasticity
5.0
Form GEO 5.1 Rev.6
5.5
soil description
vane shear (kPa)

remoulded
peak
>>
water
10/1/98 water level
on date shown
water inflow
water outflow
moisture
D
dry
M
moist
W
wet
S
saturated

very soft
VS
soft
S
firm
F
stiff
St
very stiff
VSt
hard
H
VL
L
MD
D
VD
very loose
loose
medium dense
dense
very dense
Hand Auger No.
HA10
Sheet
Project No:
1 of 1
Client:
Date started:
GENZNEWP14534
26.11.2009
Principal:
Date completed:
26.11.2009
Project:
Kingseat Study Area
Logged by:
GS
Refer to site plan
Checked by:
JK
Vane No: 591/vxii

R.L. Surface: m
Northing: m
Bearing:
Datum:
ML
Fine sandy clayey SILT; brown streaked orange, medium

plasticity
ML
Pumicious fine to medium sandy slightly clayey SILT;

brown/orange, low plasticity, with minor limonite staining and
inclusions
ML
Slightly fine sandy clayey SILT; brown streaked light

brown/orange, low plasticity to medium plasticity
None observed
0.5
1.0
vane shear
(remoulded
/peak) kPa
structure and
25
50
75
100
125
150
175
material
moisture
condition
consistency/
density index
classification
symbol
RL
graphic log
notes
samples,
tests, etc
Slope: -90
material substance
depth
metres
water
stratigraphy
Easting: m
VSt
1.5
W
St
2.0
ML
Fine sandy SILT; brown, no plasticity to low plasticity
2.5
>>
Too stiff to auger further

3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
Form GEO 5.1 Rev.6
5.5
soil description
vane shear (kPa)

remoulded
peak
>>
water
10/1/98 water level
on date shown
water inflow
water outflow
moisture
D
dry
M
moist
W
wet
S
saturated

very soft
VS
soft
S
firm
F
stiff
St
very stiff
VSt
hard
H
VL
L
MD
D
VD
very loose
loose
medium dense
dense
very dense
Hand Auger No.
HA11
Sheet
Project No:
1 of 1
Client:
Date started:
GENZNEWP14534
26.11.2009
Principal:
Date completed:
26.11.2009
Project:
Kingseat Study Area
Logged by:
GS
Refer to site plan
Checked by:
JK
Vane No: 591/vxii

R.L. Surface: m
Northing: m
Bearing:
Datum:
ML
Fine sandy slightly clayey SILT; light brown streaked light

grey/orange, low plasticity
ML
Fine sandy SILT; light brown/orange, low plasticity
SM
Pumicious silty SAND; light grey streaked orange/light brown,

fine to medium grained
vane shear
(remoulded
/peak) kPa
structure and
25
50
75
100
125
150
175
material
moisture
condition
consistency/
density index
classification
symbol
RL
graphic log
notes
samples,
tests, etc
Slope: -90
material substance
depth
metres
water
stratigraphy
Easting: m
VSt
0.5
>>
1.5
with minor limonite staining and inclusions forming lenses
L/MD
26/11/2009
1.0
becoming dark grey streaked orange/light brown
2.0
2.5
ML
with trace clay
Pumicious fine to medium sandy slightly clayey SILT; dark

grey streaked light brown/orange, low plasticity
H
>>
>>
3.0
3.5
>>

4.0
4.5
5.0
Form GEO 5.1 Rev.6
5.5
soil description
vane shear (kPa)

remoulded
peak
>>
water
10/1/98 water level
on date shown
water inflow
water outflow
moisture
D
dry
M
moist
W
wet
S
saturated

very soft
VS
soft
S
firm
F
stiff
St
very stiff
VSt
hard
H
VL
L
MD
D
VD
very loose
loose
medium dense
dense
very dense
Hand Auger No.
HA12
Sheet
Project No:
1 of 1
Client:
Date started:
GENZNEWP14534
26.11.2009
Principal:
Date completed:
26.11.2009
Project:
Kingseat Study Area
Logged by:
LS
Refer to site plan
Checked by:
JK
Vane No: 897/xviv

R.L. Surface: m
Northing: m
Bearing:
Datum:
ML
Slightly fine sandy slightly clayey SILT; light brown/orange,

low plasticity, with minor root inclusions
MH
Clayey SILT; light brown, medium plasticity, with trace fine

sand
0.5
1.0
vane shear
(remoulded
/peak) kPa
structure and
25
50
75
100
125
150
175
material
moisture
condition
consistency/
density index
classification
symbol
RL
graphic log
notes
samples,
tests, etc
Slope: -90
material substance
depth
metres
water
stratigraphy
Easting: m
VSt
1.5
becoming light grey/light brown, with some fine sand
2.0
ML
2.5
>>
Pumicious fine to medium sandy slightly clayey SILT; light

grey/light brown streaked pink, medium plasticity
VSt
becoming light brown/pink streaked light grey
3.0
26/11/2009
3.5
S
4.0
SC
Pumicious clayey SAND; pink/orange streaked light grey, fine

to medium grained
SM
Silty pumicious SAND; light grey/pink, fine to medium grained
VL
4.5
5.0
Form GEO 5.1 Rev.6
5.5
soil description
vane shear (kPa)

remoulded
peak
>>
water
10/1/98 water level
on date shown
water inflow
water outflow
moisture
D
dry
M
moist
W
wet
S
saturated

very soft
VS
soft
S
firm
F
stiff
St
very stiff
VSt
hard
H
VL
L
MD
D
VD
very loose
loose
medium dense
dense
very dense
Hand Auger No.
HA13
Sheet
Project No:
1 of 1
Client:
Date started:
GENZNEWP14534
26.11.2009
Principal:
Date completed:
26.11.2009
Project:
Kingseat Study Area
Logged by:
LS/GS
Refer to site plan
Checked by:
JK
Vane No: 591/vxii

R.L. Surface: m
Northing: m
Bearing:
Datum:
TOPSOIL; greyish brown

ML
Fine sandy slightly clayey SILT; grey streaked dark orange,

medium plasticity
CH
Silty CLAY; light grey streaked orange, medium to high

plasticity, with trace fine sand
VSt
St
vane shear
(remoulded
/peak) kPa
structure and
25
50
75
100
125
150
175
material
moisture
condition
consistency/
density index
classification
symbol
RL
graphic log
notes
samples,
tests, etc
Slope: -90
material substance
depth
metres
water
stratigraphy
Easting: m
26/11/2009
Taupo Pumice Alluvium
0.5
1.0
with minor black organic staining and wood inclusions
with major wood inclusions
1.5
SP
S
VL
SAND; dark grey, fine grained, with some silt

becoming fine to medium grained
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
Form GEO 5.1 Rev.6
5.5
soil description
vane shear (kPa)

remoulded
peak
>>
water
10/1/98 water level
on date shown
water inflow
water outflow
moisture
D
dry
M
moist
W
wet
S
saturated

very soft
VS
soft
S
firm
F
stiff
St
very stiff
VSt
hard
H
VL
L
MD
D
VD
very loose
loose
medium dense
dense
very dense
Hand Auger No.
HA14
Sheet
Project No:
1 of 1
Client:
Date started:
GENZNEWP14534
26.11.2009
Principal:
Date completed:
26.11.2009
Project:
Kingseat Study Area
Logged by:
LS
Refer to site plan
Checked by:
JK
Vane No: 897/xviv

R.L. Surface: m
Northing: m
Bearing:
Datum:
ML

plasticity
ML
Fine to medium sandy clayey SILT; light brown, medium

plasticity
vane shear
(remoulded
/peak) kPa
structure and
25
50
75
100
125
150
175
material
moisture
condition
consistency/
density index
classification
symbol
RL
graphic log
notes
samples,
tests, etc
Slope: -90
material substance
depth
metres
water
stratigraphy
Easting: m
VSt
0.5
becoming light grey streaked orange and light brown
1.0
1.5
CL
Pumicious fine to medium sandy CLAY; light grey streaked

orange, medium plasticity, with some silt
CH
Slightly fine sandy silty CLAY; light grey/brown streaked

orange, medium to high plasticity, with minor black organic
staining
2.5
St
becoming grey, high plasticity
3.0
26/11/2009
2.0
3.5
W
4.0
SM
Silty SAND; grey/light grey, fine to medium grained
CH
CLAY; grey/light grey, high plasticity, with trace fine sand
4.5
L
St
with minor black/dark brown organic inclusions and staining

MH
Slightly fine sandy clayey SILT; grey/brown, medium plasticity,

with minor organic staining
CL
Slightly fine sandy silty CLAY; grey, medium plasticity, with

minor organic staining
5.0
F
Form GEO 5.1 Rev.6
5.5
soil description
vane shear (kPa)

remoulded
peak
>>
water
10/1/98 water level
on date shown
water inflow
water outflow
moisture
D
dry
M
moist
W
wet
S
saturated

very soft
VS
soft
S
firm
F
stiff
St
very stiff
VSt
hard
H
VL
L
MD
D
VD
very loose
loose
medium dense
dense
very dense
Hand Auger No.
HA15
Sheet
Project No:
1 of 1
Client:
Date started:
GENZNEWP14534
26.11.2009
Principal:
Date completed:
26.11.2009
Project:
Kingseat Study Area
Logged by:
LS
Refer to site plan
Checked by:
JK
Vane No: 897/xviv

R.L. Surface: m
Northing: m
Bearing:
Datum:
26/11/2009
ML
0.5
ML
1.0
1.5
Fine sandy slightly clayey SILT; light grey/brown streaked

orange, medium plasticity, with minor to major black organic
staining and inclusions
with major black organic staining
Fine to medium sandy clayey SILT; light brown streaked

orange, medium plasticity, with minor black organic staining
OH
Organic silty CLAY; dark brown streaked dark orange,

medium plasticity, with minor wood inclusions
OL
Organic slightly clayey SILT; black/dark brown, low plasticity,

with major wood/root inclusions
vane shear
(remoulded
/peak) kPa
structure and
25
50
75
100
125
150
175
material
moisture
condition
consistency/
density index
classification
symbol
RL
graphic log
notes
samples,
tests, etc
Slope: -90
material substance
depth
metres
water
stratigraphy
Easting: m
St
F
S
2.0
F
2.5
ML
Fine to medium sandy slightly clayey SILT; dark grey/blue, low

plasticity
>>

3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
Form GEO 5.1 Rev.6
5.5
soil description
vane shear (kPa)

remoulded
peak
>>
water
10/1/98 water level
on date shown
water inflow
water outflow
moisture
D
dry
M
moist
W
wet
S
saturated

very soft
VS
soft
S
firm
F
stiff
St
very stiff
VSt
hard
H
VL
L
MD
D
VD
very loose
loose
medium dense
dense
very dense
Appendix 2
Laboratory Test Results
Appendix 3
Stormwater Percolation Test Results
STORMWATER PERCOLATION TEST

Client:
Location:
Kingseat Village Incorporated C/- Hosken & Associates Ltd

Kingseat Study Area
Job No:
Date:
Page
Diameter:
0.1
Depth:
2.0
Hole No:
HA04 - Test 2
Location: Refer to Site Plan
Weather conditions preceding test:
Details of presoaking:
Dry
Overnight
Time
of Test
(hr.min)
Time
Interval
(min)
Depth
Reading
(m)
Water
Depth
(m)
Cum
Time
(min)
10:25 AM
0
10
30
25
60
60
60
0.00
0.20
0.50
0.57
0.68
0.72
0.78
2.00
1.80
1.50
1.43
1.32
1.28
1.22
0
10
40
65
125
185
245
Test 2
Gradient
Percolation
percolationv21206
14534
9/12/2009
1 of 2
(m)
(m)
0.001 m/min
2
0.0200 L/m /min
Operator:
DK
Checked:
JK

Client:
Location:
Kingseat Village Incorporated C/- Hosken & Associates LJob No:

Kingseat Study Area
Date:
Page
HA04 - Test 2
Diameter:
0.1
(m)
Refer to Site Plan
Depth:
2.0
(m)
Hole No:
Location:
14534
9/12/2009
2 of 2
Water Depth vs Time
2.00
1.90
1.80
1.70
1.60
1.50
1.40
1.30
Water Depth (m)
1.20
1.10
1.00
0.90
0.80
0.70
0.60
0.50
0.40
0.30
0.20
0.10
0.00
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
220
240
Time (min)
Operator:
DK
Checked:
JK

Client:
Location:
Kingseat Village Incorporated C/- Hosken & Associates Ltd

Kingseat Study Area
Job No:
Date:
Page
Diameter:
0.1
Depth:
2.0
Hole No:
HA08 - Test 1
Location: Refer to Site Plan
Weather conditions preceding test:
Details of presoaking:
Dry
Overnight
Time
of Test
(hr.min)
Time
Interval
(min)
Depth
Reading
(m)
Water
Depth
(m)
Cum
Time
(min)
10:25 AM
0
10
20
25
60
60
60
0.00
0.20
0.40
0.57
0.85
1.06
1.26
2.00
1.80
1.60
1.43
1.15
0.94
0.74
0
10
30
55
115
175
235
Test 1
Gradient
Percolation
percolationv21206
14534
9/12/2009
1 of 2
(m)
(m)
0.00333 m/min
2
0.0992 L/m /min
Operator:
DK
Checked:
JK

Client:
Location:
Kingseat Village Incorporated C/- Hosken & Associates LJob No:

Kingseat Study Area
Date:
Page
HA08 - Test 1
Diameter:
0.1
(m)
Refer to Site Plan
Depth:
2.0
(m)
Hole No:
Location:
14534
9/12/2009
2 of 2
Water Depth vs Time
1.80
1.70
1.60
1.50
1.40
1.30
1.20
Water Depth (m)
1.10
1.00
0.90
0.80
0.70
0.60
0.50
0.40
0.30
0.20
0.10
0.00
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
220
Time (min)
Operator:
DK
Checked:
JK
240

Geotechnical Investigation Report - Franklin

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Geotechnical Investigation Report - Franklin

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GEOTECHNICAL INVESTIGATION

Coffey Geotechnics (NZ) Limited

SITE DESCRIPTION AND TOPOGRAPHY

FIELDWORK AND LABORATORY TESTING

SUMMARY OF GROUND CONDITIONS

Groundwater and Percolation Testing

DISCUSSION ON GROUND CONDITIONS

Tunnel Erosion (Tomos)

Pumiceous and Organic Soils

Roading and Services

Onsite Stormwater Disposal

Pumiceous Silts in Earthworks

SITE DESCRIPTION AND TOPOGRAPHY

FIELDWORK AND LABORATORY TESTING

SUMMARY OF GROUND CONDITIONS

Stiff to Hard Inorganic Deposits

Soft to Firm Organic Deposits

Groundwater and Percolation Testing

Full details of laboratory test results are appended.

DISCUSSION ON GROUND CONDITIONS

Tunnel Erosion (Tomos)

Pumiceous and Organic Soils

Roading and Services

Onsite Stormwater Disposal

Pumiceous Silts in Earthworks

Approximate location of filled

Horizontal Scale (metres)

HOSKEN & ASSOCIATES LIMITED

KINGSEAT STUDY AREA

Soil Description Explanation Sheet (1 of 2)

DENSITY OF GRANULAR SOILS

In engineering terms soil includes every type of uncemented

CLASSIFICATION SYMBOL & SOIL NAME

DENSITY INDEX (%)

PARTICLE SIZE DESCRIPTIVE TERMS

Presence just detectable

Coarse grained soils:

With some Presence easily detected

Coarse grained soils:

by feel or eye, soil

Fine grained soils:

Looks and feels dry. Cohesive and cemented soils

Continuous across Weakly

Moderately Effort is required to

Pockets Irregular inclusions

CONSISTENCY OF COHESIVE SOILS

A finger can be pushed well into the

A finger can be pushed into the soil

The soil can be indented about 5mm

The surface of the soil can be

The surface of the soil can be marked,

The surface of the soil can be marked

Crumbles or powders when scraped

Structure and fabric of parent rock not visible.

Deposited by streams and rivers.

Deposited on slopes (transported downslope

Man made deposit. Fill may be significantly

Lacustrine soil Deposited by lakes.

Deposited in ocean basins, bays, beaches

Soil Description Explanation Sheet (2 of 2)

Wide range in grain size and substantial

Predominantly one size or a range of sizes

Non-plastic fines (for identification