Logic is the study of the methods and principles used to

Fallacies of relevance. Fallacies of relevance are

distinguish correct from incorrect reasoning.
the most numerous and
PropositionA statement; what is typically
the most frequently encountered. In these
asserted using a declarative sentence, and
fallacies, the premises of the argument
hence always either
are simply not relevant to the conclusion.
true or falsealthough its truth or falsity may be However, because they are made
unknown.
to appear to be relevant, they may deceive.
Inference
Fallacies of defective induction. In fallacies of
A process by which one proposition is arrived at defective induction, which
and affirmed on the basis of some
are also common, the mistake arises from the
otherproposition or
fact that the premises of the argument,
propositions.
although relevant to the conclusion, are so weak
and ineffective that relying on them is a blunder.
Argument Any group of propositions of which
one is claimed to follow from the others, which Fallacies of presumption. In fallacies of
are regarded as providing support or grounds for presumption, too much is assumed in
the truth of that one.
the premises. The inference to the conclusion
depends mistakenly on these
Conclusion In any argument, the
unwarranted assumptions
proposition to which the other propositions in the
argument are claimed to give support, or for
Fallacies of ambiguity. The incorrect reasoning in
which they are given as reasons.
fallacies of ambiguity arises from the equivocal
use of words or phrases. Some word or phrase in
Premises In an argument, the propositions upon one part of the argument has a meaning
which
different from that of the same word or
inference is based; the propositions that are
phrase in another part of the argument.
claimed to provide grounds or reasons for the
conclusion.
Missing the Point (Ignoratio Elenchi )
An informal fallacy committed when one refutes,
not the thesis ones interlocutor
is advancing, but some different thesis that one
mistakenly imputes to him or her.
The Appeal to Inappropriate Authority (ad
Verecundiam )
An informal fallacy in which the appeal to
authority is illegitimate, either because
the authority appealed to has no special claim to
expertise on the topic at issue, or, more
generally, because no authority is assured to be
reliable.
False Cause (non Causa pro Causa )
An informal fallacy in which the mistake arises
from accepting as the cause of an
event what is not really its cause.
Hasty Generalization
An informal fallacy in which a principle that is
true of a particular case is applied, carelessly or
deliberately, to the great run of cases.