St.

Aquinas says that there has to be 3 important character of

human action (for it to be judged ethical)
1. Knowledge
2. Voluntariness
3. Free will
Divine command theory
Naturalistic argument: ethics is wha is defined in natures law.
Natures law is constant. Nature operates through certain
principles and principles define certain things as good and bad.
Every law is a move to be closer to ethics. Natural law is absolute
Legal positivist: law is not absolute as it depends upon conditions
of the society. So every thing legal might not be ethical
Mansa vacha karmana: you should do what you honestly think to
be right
Non moral : which do not come under ethics: ex. Action by kids
Importance of ethics
1. Ethics prevent corruption and anarchy in the society
How to calculate greatest no. of people benefited? A/c bentham
1. Pleasure minus pain
2. Intensity
3. Duration
4. Fruitfulness: there are certain happiness which when
avoided will also lead to increasing/availing of further
happiness
5. Likelihood of the act to produce the result

Natural law, or the law of nature (Latin: lex naturalis), is a system of

law that is purportedly determined by nature, and thus universal.
[1]
Classically, natural law refers to the use of reason to analyze human
natureboth social and personaland deduce binding rules of moral
behavior from it. Natural law is classically contrasted with the positive
law of a given political community, society, or state.[2] In legal theory,
on the other hand, the interpretation of positive law requires some
reference to natural law. On this understanding of natural law, natural
law can be invoked to criticize judicial decisions about what the law

says but not to criticize the best interpretation of the law itself. Some
scholars use natural law synonymously with natural justice or natural
right(Latin ius naturale),[3] while others distinguish between natural law
and natural right

Article 311 in The Constitution Of India 1949

311. Dismissal, removal or reduction in rank of persons employed
in civil capacities under the Union or a State
(1) No person who is a member of a civil service of the Union or
an all India service or a civil service of a State or holds a civil post
under the Union or a State shall be dismissed or removed by a
authority subordinate to that by which he was appointed
(2) No such person as aforesaid shall be dismissed or removed or
reduced in rank except after an inquiry in which he has been informed
of the charges against him and given a reasonable opportunity of being
heard in respect of those charges Provided that where it is proposed
after such inquiry, to impose upon him any such penalty, such penalty
may be imposed on the basis of the evidence adduced during such
inquiry and it shall not be necessary to give such person any
opportunity of making representation on the penalty proposed:
Provided further that this clause shall not apply
(a) where a person is dismissed or removed or reduced in rank on
the ground of conduct which has led to his conviction on a criminal
charge; or
(b) where the authority empowered to dismiss or remove a
person or to reduce him in rank ins satisfied that for some reason, to
be recorded by that authority in writing, it is not reasonably practicable
to hold such inquiry; or
(c) where the President or the Governor, as the case may be, is
satisfied that in the interest of the security of the State, it is not
expedient to hold such inquiry

(3) If, in respect of any such person as aforesaid, a question

arises whether it is reasonably practicable to hold such inquiry as is
referred to in clause ( 2 ), the decision thereon of the authority
empowered to dismiss or remove such person or to reduce him in rank
shall be final