ARTICLE 299 (B) ROBBERY WITH FORCE UPON

THINGS
Anyarmedpersonwhoshallcommitrobberyinaninhabited
houseorpublicbuildingoredificedevotedtoreligiousworship
shall be punished byreclusion temporal, if the value ofthe
propertytakenshallexceed250pesos,if
(b) The robbery be committed under any of the ff.
circumstances:
1) Bybreakingofdoors,wardrobes,chests,oranyother
kindoflockedorsealedfurnitureorreceptacle;
2) Bytakingsuchfurnitureorobjectsawaytobebroken
orforcedopenoutsidetheplaceoftherobbery.
When the offenders do not carry arms & the value of the
propertyexceeds250pesos,thepenaltynextlowerindegree
shallbeimposed.
Thesameruleshallbeappliedwhentheoffendersarearmed,
butthevalueofthepropertytakendoesnotexceed250pesos.
Whensaidoffendersdonotcarryarms&thevaluetakendoes
notexceed250pesos,theyshallsufferthepenaltyprescribed
inthenext2precedingparagraphs,initsminimumperiod.
If the robbery committed in one of the dependences of an
inhabited house, public building or building dedicated to
religiousworship,thepenaltiesnextlowerindegreethanthose
prescribedinthisArt.shallbeimposed.
ELEMENTS:
1.Thattheoffenderisinside(a)anuninhabitedplace,or(b)
public building, or (c) edifice devoted to religious worship,

regardlessofthecircumstancesunderwhichheenteredit.
2. That the offender takes personal property belonging to
another,withintenttogain,underanyoftheff.circumstances:
a) Bybreakingofdoors,wardrobes,chests,oranyother
kindoflockedorsealedfurnitureorreceptacle;
b) Bytakingsuchfurnitureorobjectsawaytobebroken
orforcedopenoutsidetheplaceoftherobbery.

To commit robbery under Art. 299 (B), it is not

necessarythattheoffenderenteredthebuildingbyany
ofthemeansmentionedinArt.299(A).
o Eachsubdivisionisindependentofeachother
Thetermdoorin(B)par.1refersonlytodoors,lids
or opening sheets of furniture or other portable
receptaclesnottoinsidedoorsofhouseorbuilding
(Peoplev.Puzon&Martinez).
o Reyes doubts the wisdom of this ruling &
believes the term doors in said subdivision
referstoinsidedoorsofthehouseorbuilding.
Breakingthekeyholeofthedoorofawardrobe,which
islocked,isbreakingalockedfurniture.
Whensealedboxorreceptacleistakenoutofthehouse
orbuildingforthepurposeofbreakingitoutside,itis
notnecessarythatitisactuallyopened.
o Crime is consummated robbery even though he
doesnotsucceedinopeningthebox.
Estafaortheftifthelockedorsealedreceptacleisnot
forcedopeninthebuildingwhereitiskeptortaken
therefromtobebrokenoutside
o Ifapersonforcesopenalockedreceptaclewhich
has been confided in his custody & takes the

moneycontainedinside,heisguiltyofestafa
o Ifalockedreceptacleisfoundonthesideofthe
street&itisforciblyopened&itscontentstaken,
thecrimeistheft
Thepenaltydependsonthevalueofpropertytaken&
whetherornottheoffendercarriesanarm
o When person is armed & value of property
takenexceedsP250ReclusionTemporal
o When person is unarmed & the value of
propertyexceedsP250PrisionMayor
o Whenpersonisarmed&valueofpropertydoes
NOTexceedP250PrisionMayorMinimum
o In a dependency of inhabited house, public
buildingoredificedevotedtoreligiousworship
Penalty next lower in degree than those
specifiedabove
Boloisnotanarmwhenusedbyaservanttoopena
trunkinhismastershouse;thus,suchaservantwho
takessomethingwouldbeguiltyofrobberycommitted
byanunarmedperson
Armcarriedmustnotbeusedtointimidate;otherwise,
itwouldbesufficientlyfallunderArt.294(Robbery
withViolenceorIntimidation)
Eventhosewhodidnotcarryarmsareliableforthe
same penalty as those who carried arms, if a group
robbedaplacetogether
Heavierpenaltyforrobberyinadwellingduetothe
possibility that the inhabitants therein might suffer
bodilyharmduringthecommissionofthecrime
ARTICLE 300. ROBBERY IN AN UNINHABITED
PLACE&BYABAND

The robbery mentioned in the next preceding article, if

committed in an uninhabited place & by a band, shall be
punished by a maximum period of the penalty provided
therefor.
Robbery in an inhabited house, public building or
edificedevotedtoreligiousworshipisqualifiedwhen
committedbyaband&inanuninhabitedplace
o Shallbepunishedbythemaximumperiodofthe
penaltyprovidedfor
o Bothuninhabitedplace&byabandmustconcur
together.
o Allfactsmustbeallegedintheinformation.
Theinhabitedhouse,publicbuildingoredificedevoted
toreligiousworshipmustbelocatedinanuninhabited
place.
Art.299,whenqualifiedby Art.294,whenqualifiedby
Art.300
Art.295
Robberywithforceupon Robbery with violence
things, in order to be
againstorintimidationof
qualified, must be
persons must be
committed:
committed:
1) In an uninhabited
1) In an uninhabited
placeAND
place,OR
2) Byaband
2) Byaband
ARTICLE 301. WHAT IS AN INHABITED HOUSE,
PUBLIC BUILDING, OR BUILDING DEDICATED TO
RELIGIOUSWORSHIP&THEIRDEPENDENCIES
Inhabitedhousemeansanyshelter,shiporvesselconstituting
the dwelling of one or more persons, even though the

inhabitantsthereofshalltemporarilybeabsenttherefromwhen
therobberyiscommitted.
All interior courts, corrals, waterhouses, granaries, barns,
coachhouses,stablesorotherdepartmentsorenclosedplaces
contiguous to the building or edifice, having an interior
entranceconnectedtherewith,&whichformpartofthewhole,
shall bedeemeddependencies ofan inhabitedhouse,public
buildingorbuildingdedicatedtoreligiousworship.
Orchards&otherlandsusedforcultivationorproductionare
notincludedinthetermsofthenextprecedingparagraph,even
if closed, contiguous to the building and having direct
connectiontherewith.
Theterm"publicbuilding"includeseverybuildingownedby
theGovernmentorbelongingtoaprivatepersonbutusedor
rentedbytheGovernment,althoughtemporarilyunoccupiedby
thesame.
Robberyinasunkenshipashipiscoveredbythe
termuninhabitedhouse
o Ex. A steamship containing money sank. The
following day, the defendant, discovering the
locationoftheship,diveddown&tookmoney
enclosedinsealedboxesinside.Theshipwas
notyetabandonedbytheowner.Thedefendant
was pronounced guilty of robbery, especially
sincetheboxesinsidewerereinforcedwithiron
straps & nails & broken by the defendant in
ordertotakepossessionofthemoneytherein.
Theplaceisstillinhabitedhouseeveniftheoccupant
wasabsent.
o When a house is actually uninhabited for a
periodofalmostamonth,itisstillrobberyinan
inhabited hose if it is ordinarily inhabited &

intendedasadwelling.
o Ex. X stored several trunks containing
merchandiseinahousewhichactuallybelongs
toB.XsleepsthereatnightasBscaretaker.
Onenight,Xsleptsomewhereelse.Thatnight,
certainpersonscame&tookXstrunks.This
is robbery of an inhabited house, although A
was absent therefrom when the robbery took
place.
Dependenciesallinteriorcourts,corrals,warehouses,
granaries or enclosed places of an inhabited house,
public building or building dedicated to religious
worshipwhentheyhavetheff.requisites:
1) Mustbecontiguoustothebuilding
2) Must have an interior entrance connected
therewith
3) Mustformpartofthewhole
ExamplesforDependencies
o Asmallstorelocatedonthegroundfloorofthe
house,belongingtotheownerofthestore,isa
dependencybecausethehouse&storeformone
singlewhole,thereisnopartitionbetweenthem
& the inmates in going to the main stairway
havetoenterthestorewhichhasadoor.
o NOTNECESSARILYadependencywhenthe
information alleges that the robbery was
committedinagaragesituatedinthepremises
ofahouse&lot,becauseagaragemayormay
notbeadependencyofthehouse(e.g.itmay
notbeattachedtothehouse)
Orchards & other lands used for cultivation or
productionarenotdependencies

ARTICLE 302. ROBBERY IN AN UNINHABITED

PLACEORINAPRIVATEBUILDING
Any robbery committed in an uninhabited place or in a
buildingotherthanthosementionedinthe1stpar.ofArt.299,
ifthevalueofthepropertytakenexceeds250pesos,shallbe
punishedbyprisioncorreccionalifanyoftheff.circumstances
ispresent:
1.Iftheentrancehasbeeneffectedthroughanyopeningnot
intendedforentranceoregress.
2.Ifanywall,roof,flouroroutsidedoororwindowhasbeen
broken.
3.Iftheentrancehasbeeneffectedthroughtheuseoffalse
keys,picklocksorothersimilartools.
4.Ifanydorm,wardrobe,chestorbysealedorclosedfurniture
orreceptaclehasbeenbroken.
5. If any closed or sealed receptacle, as mentioned in the
precedingparagraph,has beenremovedevenifthesameto
brokenopenelsewhere.
When the value of the property takes does not exceed 250
pesos,thepenaltynextlowerindegreeshallbeimposed.
InthecasesspecifiedinArt.294,295,297,299,300,&302of
this Code, when the property taken is mail matter or large
cattle, the offender shall suffer the penalties next higher in
degreethanthoseprovidedinsaidarticles.
ELEMENTS:
1. That the offender entered an uninhabited place or a
buildingwhichwasNOT(a)adwellinghouse,(b)a
publicbuildingor(c)an edificedevoted toreligious
worship.
2. Thatanyoftheff.circumstancesarepresent:
a. Theentrancewaseffectedthroughanopening
notintendedforentranceoregress

b. Awall,roof,floor,outsidedoororwindowwas
broken
c. The entrance was effected through the use of
falsekeys,picklocksorothersimilartools
d. Adoor,wardrobe,chestoranysealedorclosed
furnitureorreceptaclewasbroken
e. A closed or sealed receptacle was removed,
evenifthesamebebrokenopenelsewhere
3. Thatwithintenttogain,theoffendertooktherefrom
personalpropertybelongingtoanother
The"uninhabitedplaceisanuninhabitedbuilding
o Buildingincludesanykindofstructureused
forstorageorsafekeepingorpersonalproperty,
suchas(a)freightcaror(b)warehouse
Forfreightcars,theunnailingofapiece
ofclothwhichwasnailedoverthedoor
astosealit,wasonceheldtobe
breakingbyforce(USv.Magsino);
however,thereisacasewithacontrary
rulingstatingthatthedoormustbe
broken(Peoplev.Fernandez)
o A pigsty is NOT a building under Art. 302
whichreferstoahabitablebuilding
Buildingotheraninhabitedhouse,publicbuildingor
edificeforreligiousworship
o Thoughastoremaybeusedasadwelling,to
sustainaconvictionforrobberyinaninhabited
house,theinformationmustallegethatthestore
wasused&occupiedasadwelling(Peoplev.
Tubog);otherwise,itisunderArt.302
Forcircumstance(d)&(e),itisnotrequiredthatthe

offender entered the uninhabited house through the

waysmentionedin(a),(b)or(c)
Breakingthepadlockofadoorisuseofforceupon
things&wasconsideredrobberyinPeoplev.Mesias
o HOWEVER,inPeoplev.Puzon,&inReyes
opinion,itwasruledthatdestroyingapadlock
ofagaragedoor&taking35tiresinsideistheft
& not robbery, because the padlock is a
detachableaccessorygadgetofthedoororits
lock,&notthedoororlockitself
Useoffictitiousnameorpretendingtoexercisepublic
authoritytoenterabuildingarenotinthisarticle
Thereceptacleorfurnituremustbesealed
o Ifacabinetisclosed,butnotlocked,suchthata
personentersawarehouse&stealssomething
fromsaidclosedcabinetwhichwasnotlocked,
thecrimeistheftonly,asnothingwasbroken
o A receptacle is a container (ex. crate which
containsarticlesormerchandise;whenacrateis
broken to retrieve the object inside, that is
robbery)
Ex.ofrobberyinanuninhabitedhousetheservantof
theownerofanoilmillwhotakesawaythekeyofthe
warehouse&handsittoanother,whointurnopensthe
warehousewiththatkey&stealsoil,isalsoguiltyof
robbery in an uninhabited house as principal by
conspiracy
Mere removal of closed or sealed receptacle is not
sufficient;theremustbeanintentiontoopenitbyforce
o Ex.Xenteredtheofficeofacorporationatnight
withoutusingforcetoopenthedoor&removed

aclosedsteelsafe,whichXthenforcedopen
outside.HeisguiltyunderArt.302,par.5.
Taking of mail matter or large cattle in any kind of
robbery(Art.294,295,297,299,300&302)makesthe
penaltyhigherbyonedegree
o Thereisnosuchthingasqualifiedrobbery,
but this may be called qualified robbery
technically
o Motor vehicles, coconuts & fish are NOT
included;ifonetakesacar,penaltyisnotone
degreehigher
Penaltyisbasedonthevalueofthepropertytaken
o Offendersbeingarmedisnotimportantinthis
article,unlikeinArt.299
Robberyinastoreinstanceswhenpunishableunder
Art.299orunderArt.302
o IfthestoreisalsoaninhabitedhouseArt.299
o Ifthestoreislocatedonthegroundfloorofthe
housebelongingtotheownerofthestore,the
storeisadependencyoftheinhabitedhouse
Art.299
o Ifthestorewasnotactuallyoccupiedatthetime
oftherobbery&wasnotusedasadwelling,
sincetheownerlivedinaseparatehouseArt.
302
ARTICLE303. ROBBERY OF CEREALS,FRUITS OR
FIREWOOD IN AN UNINHABITED PLACE OR
PRIVATEBUILDING
InthecasesenumeratedinArt.299&302,whentherobbery
consistsinthetakingofcereals,fruits,orfirewood,theculprit
shall suffer the penalty next lower in degree than that

prescribedinsaidarticles.
WhentherobberydescribeinArt.299&302consists
inthetakingofcereals,fruitsorfirewood,thepenalty
nextlowerindegreethanthatprescribedinsaidarticles
shallbeimposed;thus,robberyshouldbeeither:
o Committed by the use of force upon things,
withoutviolenceagainstorintimidationofany
person,inaninhabitedhouse,publicbuildingor
edificedevotedtoreligiousworship(Art.299)
o Inanuninhabitedplaceorprivatebuilding(Art.
302)
Ex.Iftheoffendertakes 15sacks ofpalayfromthe
camarin though an opening made on the floor, but
makesuseofviolenceorintimidation,offenderwillbe
punishedunderArt.294insteadofArt.303(Manahan
v.People)
CerealsAseedlingwhichistheimmediateproductof
the soil (hulled rice is not the immediate & natural
productofsoil,thusrobberyofhulledricewouldbe
underArt.302)
o Palayincludedincereal;however,itmustbe
keptasaseedlingortakenforthatpurposeby
therobbers.Wherearobbertakes9cavansof
palay from anothers granary by breaking its
wall,thecrimeisunderArt.302,par.2&notin
Art.303,becauseofthequantityofthepalay&
because there was no showing it was kept or
takeninitsformasaseedling
ARTICLE 304. POSSESSION OF PICKLOCKS OR
SIMILARTOOLS
Any person who shall without lawful cause have in his

possessionpicklocksorsimilartoolsespeciallyadoptedtothe
commission of the crime of robbery, shall be punished by
arrestomayorinitsmaximumperiodtoprisioncorreccionalin
itsminimumperiod.
Thesamepenaltyshallbeimposeduponanypersonwhoshall
makesuchtools.Iftheoffenderbealocksmith,heshallsuffer
thepenaltyofprisioncorreccionalinitsmedium&maximum
periods.
ELEMENTS:
1. That the offender has in his possession picklocks or
similartools.
2. That such picklocks or similar tools are specifically
adoptedtothecommissionofrobbery.
3. Thattheoffenderdoesnothavelawfulcauseforsuch
possession.

Actualuseofpicklocksorsimilartoolsforcommission
orrobberyisnotnecessary
Ifthepersonwhomakessuchtoolsisalocksmith,the
penaltyishigher
o If he is NOT a locksmith, the penalty is the
sameasthatofamerepossessor
ARTICLE305.FALSEKEYS
Theterm"falsekeys"shallbedeemedtoinclude:
1.Thetoolsmentionedinthenextprecedingarticles;
2.Genuinekeysstolenfromtheowner;
3.Anykeysotherthanthoseintendedbytheownerforusein
thelockforciblyopenedbytheoffender.

Merepossessionoffalsekeysunderpar.2&3ofArt.
305isnotpunishable.

o Ex.Beforeleavingforanotherprovincewithhis
family,AentrustedthekeyofhishousetoB,
Asneighbor.Oneday,Busedsaidentrusted
key to enter As house & took As personal
belongings.Bisnotguiltyofrobbery,ashedid
not steal the keyit was merely entrusted to
him.
ExampleofuseoffalsekeyAproposedtoB,aporter
ofawarehouse,togetsomecasesofwhiskyfromthe
warehouse,offeringtopayP16acase.Asuggestedto
Bthatheshouldtakeanimpressionofthekeyofthe
warehouse&haveanothermadebyalocksmith.Using
that key,B opened the warehouse andtook cases of
whiskey.ThecrimecommittedwasRobberywithUse
ofFalseKey,&Aisaprincipalbyinducement.(USv.
Galuran)
CHAPTERTWO:BRIGANDAGE
Brigandagecommittedbymorethan3armedpersons
whoformabandofrobbersforthepurposeof:
1) Committingrobberyinthehighway,or
2) Kidnappingpersonsforthepurposeofextortion
ortoobtainransom,or
3) Foranyotherpurposetobeattainedbymeans
offorceorviolence.
ARTICLE306.WHOAREBRIGANDSPENALTY
Whenmorethan3armedpersonsformabandofrobbersfor
the purpose of committing robbery in the highway, or
kidnappingpersonsforthepurposeofextortionortoobtain
ransomorforanyotherpurposetobeattainedbymeansof
forceandviolence,theyshallbedeemedhighwayrobbersor
brigands.

Persons found guilty of this offense shall be punished by

prisionmayorinitsmediumperiodtoreclusiontemporalinits
minimumperiodiftheactoractscommittedbythemarenot
punishablebyhigherpenalties,inwhichcase,theyshallsuffer
suchhighpenalties.
If any of the arms carried by any of said persons be an
unlicensedfirearm,itshallbepresumedthatsaidpersonsare
highway robbers or brigands, & in case of convictions the
penaltyshallbeimposedinthemaximumperiod.
THEREISBRIGANDAGEWHEN:
1. Therebeatleast4armedpersons
2. Theyformedabandofrobbers
3. Thepurposeisanyoftheff.:
a. Tocommitrobberyinthehighway
b. Tokidnappersonsforthepurposeofextortion
ortoobtainransom
c. To attain by means of force & violence any
otherpurpose

Evidencethattheaccusedwasamemberofanarmed
bandisnotsufficienttoconvicthimofbrigandageif
thereisnoevidencethatthebandwasorganizedforany
ofthepurposesmentionedinArt.306
o Abandofdissidentswhosepurposeistoattain
thedestructionofarmyinstallationscannotbe
convicted of brigandage, as they are NOT a
bandofrobbers
Iftheaccusedweremembersofalawlessband&anyo
thempossessedunlicensedfirearms,itisPRESUMED
thattheyarehighwayrobbersorbrigands(Peoplev.De
LaRosa)

o If they are convicted, the penalty shall be

imposedinthemaximumperiod
Brigandagecanbecommittedusinganyweapon,not
necessarilyfirearms
Objectofthelawistopreventformationofbandof
robbersthus,suchformationissufficienttoconstitute
aviolationofthelaw.
Itisnecessarytoshow,inaprosecutionunderArt.306,
thatamemberofthebandactuallycommittedhighway
robbery,etc.toconvicthimorthem.
Theonlythingstoproveare:
1)Thatthereisanorganizationofmorethan3armed
personsformingabandofrobbers
2) That the purpose of the band is any of those
enumeratedinArt.306
3)Thattheywentuponthehighwayorroamedupon
thecountryforthatpurpose
4)Thattheaccusedisamemberofsuchband
Previous activities are considered in determining the
existenceofbrigandage
o Whenthearmedband,previoustokidnapping
&takingthepersonalpropertyoftheoffended
party, already kidnapped & looted other
persons, the previous activities of prove the
purposeofthearmedband(Peoplev.Laporeda)
Thetermhighwayincludesstreetswithin,aswellas
roadsoutsidethecities(ex.thestreetsofManila)
Penalties
o Prisionmayorinitsmediumperiodtoreclusion
temporal in its minimum period for
brigandageonly

o Penalty for the crime actually committed

when the brigands commit robbery with
homicide or kidnapping with a demand for
ransom,theyshallbepenalizedforthosecrimes
Brigandage
RobberyinaBand
Bothrequirethattheoffendersareabandofrobbers.
Purposeisanyoftheff.:
Purposeisonlytocommit
1) To commit robbery in robbery,notnecessarilyin
thehighway
ahighway
2) To kidnap persons for
thepurposeofextortionor
toobtainransom
3)Foranyotherpurposeto
be attained by means of
force&violence
Agreement among more Agreement among more
than 3 armed men is to than3armedmenisonly
formaband&commitacts to commit a particular
mentionedabove
robbery
Mere formation of a band Itisnecessarytoprovethat
for any of the purposes the band actually
above is sufficient; not committed robbery, as
necessarytoshowthatthe mereconspiracytocommit
crimes were actually robberyisnotpunishable
alreadycommitted
ARTICLE 307. AIDING & ABETTING A BAND OF
BRIGANDS
Anypersonknowinglyandinanymanneraiding,abettingor

protecting a band of brigands as described in the next

precedingarticle,orgivingtheminformationofthemovements
ofthepoliceorotherpeaceofficersoftheGovernment(orof
theforcesoftheUnitedStatesArmy,whenthelatterareacting
in aid of the Government), or acquiring or receiving the
propertytakenbysuchbrigandsshallbepunishedbyprision
correccional in its medium period to prision mayor in its
minimumperiod.
Itshallbepresumedthatthepersonperforminganyoftheacts
providedinthisarticlehasperformedthemknowingly,unless
thecontraryisproven.
ELEMENTS:
1) Thatthereisabandofbrigands
2) Thattheoffenderknowsthebandtobeofbrigands
3) Thattheoffenderdoesanyoftheff.acts:
a. Heinanymanneraids,abetsorprotectssuch
bandofbrigands;
b. Hegivestheminformationofthemovementsof
thepoliceorotherpeaceofficersofthe
Government
c. Heacquiresorreceivesthepropertytakenby
suchbrigands
Itispresumedthatthepersonperforminganyofthe
actsinArt.307performedthemknowingly,unlessthe
contraryisproven
HIGHWAYROBBERY/BRIGANDAGEUNDERPD532
HighwayRobbery/BrigandageTheseizureofany
personforransom,extortionorotherunlawful
purposes,orthetakingawayofthepropertyofanother
bymeansofviolenceagainstorintimidationofpersons

orforceuponthingsorotherunlawfulmeans,
committedbyanypersononanyPhilippinehighway
Penalties:
o BasicReclusiontemporalinitsminimum
period
o Ifwithphysicalinjuriesorothercrimes
committedduringtherobberyorbrigandage
Reclusiontemporalinitsmedium&maximum
periods
o Ifwithkidnappingforransom,extortion,
murder,homicideorrapedeathpenalty
Philippinehighwayanyroad,street,passage,highway
&bridgesorotherpartsthereof,orrailwayorrailroad
withinthePhilippinesusedbypersons,orvehicles,or
locomotivesortrainsforthemovementorcirculationof
personsortransportationofgoods,articlesorproperty,
orboth.
Anyonewhoknowinglyaidsorprotectshighway
robbersorabetsthecommissionofhighwayrobberyor
brigandageshallbeconsideredanaccomplice
o Anyonewhoperformssuchactsshallbe
presumedtohavedonesoknowingly
CHAPTER3.THEFT
Theftanypersonwho,withintenttogainbutwithout
violenceagainstorintimidationofpersonsnorforce
uponthings,shalltakethepersonalpropertyofanother
withoutthelattersconsent
ARTICLE308.WHOARELIABLEFORTHEFT
Theftiscommittedbyanypersonwho,withintenttogainbut
withoutviolenceagainstorintimidationofpersonsnorforce
uponthings,shalltakepersonalpropertyofanotherwithoutthe

latter'sconsent.
Theftislikewisecommittedby:
1.Anypersonwho,havingfoundlostproperty,shallfailto
deliverthesametothelocalauthoritiesortoitsowner;
2.Anypersonwho,afterhavingmaliciouslydamagedthe
propertyofanother,shallremoveormakeuseofthefruitsor
objectofthedamagecausedbyhim;&
3.Anypersonwhoshallenteranenclosedestateorafield
wheretrespassisforbiddenorwhichbelongstoanotherand
withouttheconsentofitsowner,shallhuntorfishuponthe
sameorshallgathercereals,orotherforestorfarmproducts.
Theff.areliablefortheft:
1)Thosewho,(a)withintenttogain,(b)butwithout
violenceagainstorintimidationofpersonsnorforce
uponthings,(c)takepersonalpropertyofanother
withoutthelattersconsent
2)Thosewho,(a)havingfoundlostproperty,(b)failto
deliverthesametothelocalauthoritiesoritsowner
3)Thosewho,(a)afterhavingmaliciouslydamagedthe
propertyofanother,(b)removeormakeuseofthe
fruitsorobjectofthedamagecausedbythem
4)Thosewho(a)enteranenclosedestateorafield
where(b)trespassisforbidden,orwhichbelongsto
another,withouttheconsentofitsowner,(c)huntor
fishuponthesameofgatherfruits,cereals,forestorfar
products
ELEMENTS:
1)Thattherebetakingofpersonalproperty
2)Thatsaidpropertybelongstoanother
3)Thatthetakingbedonewithintenttogain
4)Thatthetakingbedonewithouttheconsentofthe
owner

5)Thatthetakingbeaccomplishedwithoutuseof
violenceagainst,orintimidationofpersonsorforce
uponthings
Robbery
Offenderusesviolenceor
intimidationordoesnot
enterahousethroughanyof
themeansspecifiedinArt.
299or302intakingthe
personalpropertyofanother
withintenttogain
Takingagainstthewillofan
owner

Theft
Offenderdoesnotuse
violenceorintimidationor
doesnotenterahouse
throughanyofthemeans
specifiedinArt.299or302
intakingthepersonal
propertyofanotherwith
intenttogain
Itsufficesthatconsentonthe
partoftheownerislacking

Xtook6roostersfromtheircoopintheyardofYs
house.Thereisnoproofthatviolenceorintimidation
wasused.SCconvictedXoftheft,astherewasno
evidenceoftheelementsunderArt.294,norArt.299
or301,asthecoopwasoutsideYshouse&nota
dependency.(Peoplev.Jaranilla)
Takinginthefttakingawayorcarryingawayof
personalpropertyofanotherisNOTrequired
o Consummatedwhentheculpritsareabletotake
possessionofthethingtakenbythem
o Notanindispensibleelementthatthethieves
successfullycarrysaidthingaway
TakinginPeoplev.Navalconsummatedonlywhen
theoffenderisabletoplacethethingunderhiscontrol
&insuchasituationashecoulddisposeofitatonce

o Inthecase,theaccusedwasinamovingtruck
&wasabletodumponoftheboxescontaining
120bedsheetsontheground,whereuponhe
wasimmediatelyarrested.Accusedwas
convictedofrape.
o NOTE:Therulingalsoappliestothemeaning
oftakinginrobberywithviolenceagainstor
intimidationofanyperson.
Inothercases,however,itwasheldthatthetheftis
completewhentheoffenderhadfullpossessionofthe
thing,evenifhedidNOThaveanopportunityto
disposeofthesame.
Illustrations:
o Xpickpocketedtheoffendedparty,butYwas
abletoimmediatelysensethelossofhis
pocketbook.YgrabbedholdofX&shoutedfor
thepolice.Itwasheldthatthecrimewas
alreadyconsummatedbecauseXhad
successfullytakenthepocketbook.
o Btookfromachestasumofmoneybelonging
toC&placeditoverthecoverofthechest.B
wasthencaught.ItwasruledthatBalready
materiallytookpossessionofthemoney&took
itinhishandswithintenttoappropriatethe
same.Hethusexecutedalltheactsnecessaryto
constituteconsummatedtheft.
ThereisNOCRIMEofFrustratedTheft
o InpreviouscasesEspiritu&Dio,theCAruled
thattherewasfrustratedtheft&thatthe
distinctionlayintheabilityoftheoffenderto
disposefreelyofthearticlesstolen,evenifit

weremoreorlessmomentarily
o However,SCdefinitivelyruledthatthereisno
crimeofFrustratedTheft.
Musttakinghavethecharacterofpermanency?There
areconflictingviews.
o Peoplev.FernandezThedomesticservantwas
convictedbyCAofQualifiedTheftbecausehe
tookthecarofhisbossoutwhilethelatterwas
asleep.CAruledthatgainisnotonlythe
acquisitionofthethingusefultothepurposeof
lifebutalsothebenefitwhichinanyothersense
maybederivedorexpectedfromtheactwhich
isperformed.
o Peoplev.GalangTheboysinthiscasetook
thecarofapoliceman,whichwasentrustedto
them,outforajoyride.CAruledthatthiswas
nottheft,becausetherewasabsenceofintentto
makethecartheirown.
SCofSpaininPeoplev.RicoOffenderMUSThave
theintentionofmakinghimselftheownerofthethings
taken,ofplacingthepropertytakenunderhiscontrol.
Thereistakingeveniftheoffenderreceivedthething
fromtheoffendedparty.Theunlawfultakingmay
occuratorsoonafterthetransferofphysical
possession(notjuridicalpossession)ofthethingtothe
offender.
o Insuchcase,thearticleisdeemedtohavebeen
takenalso,althoughinthebeginning,itwasin
factgivento,andreceivedby,theoffender.
o Ex.Xreceivedabarofgold&papernotesfrom
Yforthepurposeofhavingsaidbarexamined

&forconvertingthepapernotestosilvercoins.
Insteadofdoingso,Xappropriatedthebarof
goldforhimself.Xwasconvictedoftheft(US
v.DeVera)
Ifthereisjuridicalpossession,thecrimeisestafa,not
theft.Thereistransferofjuridicalpossessionincases
whereitemsaregivenintrustoroncommission,orfor
administrationorunderaquasicontractoracontractof
bailment,&latermisappropriatedorconvertedthe
thingtotheprejudiceofanother.
Ifthereisnotakingofpersonalproperty,nocrimeof
theftiscommitted.
o Whenawifedeliverstoherhusband,property
inherlawfulpossessionasdepositaryor
pledgee,&herhusbandsellsthelottopayfor
hisobligations,CAruledtherewasnotheft,
onlycivilliability,althoughthehusbandknew
thewifedidnotowntheproperty,astherewas
notakingorabstractingthearticlefromthe
owner(Peoplev.DeLosReyes)
Personalpropertyincludeselectricity,gas,promissory
notes,checks,invoices,etc.Theamountwhicha
documentrepresentsmustserveasthebasisforthe
penalty.
o AmeterreaderforMERALCOwhoknowingly
misreadstheelectricitymetersosomeonewho
paidhimcanappropriate11,880kilowattsof
electriccurrentisguiltyoftheft(Natividadv.
CA)
Hewhotakesawaythepropertypledgedbyhimto
another,withoutthelattersconsent,isnotguiltyof

theft,butestafa,forheistheownerofthethingtaken
byhim.
Sellingtheshareofapartnerorjointownerisnottheft,
because,beforethedissolutionofthepartnershiporthe
divisionofthepropertyheldincommon,nopartofthe
propertyofthepartnershiporpropertyheldincommon
trulybelongstoapartnerorcoowner.
Anemployeeisnottheownerofseparationpaynot
actuallydeliveredtohim.Thus,inacasewherethe
employeetooktheseparationpaydirectlyfromthedesk
oftheownerwithoutwaitingfortheownertohanditto
him,afterwhichtheemployeerefusedtosignreceiptof
separationpay&evendeniedtakingthemoneyduring
trial,theemployeewasfoundguiltyoftheft(Peoplev.
DeJesus,CA)
Inthesaleofgoods,ownershipisnottransferreduntil
thegoodshavebeentried,measured&weighed.If,
beforesuchtrying,measuringorweighing,theaccused
takesthegoodswithouttheconsentoftheowner,there
canbetheft.
Intenttogainpresumedfromtheunlawfultakingof
personalpropertybelongingtoanother
o Ifapersontakespersonalpropertyopenly&
avowedly,ingoodfaith,believingittobehis
own,thepresumptionisrebutted
o Satisfaction&pleasurederivedfromtheactof
givingtoanotherisconsideredarealgain,so
thatonecanbeconvictedoftheftforstealing
somethingtogivetoanotherperson
o Joyridescanbeconsideredtakingwithintentto
gain(Peoplev.Fernandez)

o Thereisalsointenttogainwhentheemployee
tookthepapersofhisemployer&delivered
themtothegovernmentinvestigatorsasanact
ofrevenge(Peoplev.Padilla,CA)
Dissent:Theintentoftheaccusedisnot
tosatisfyhisowngreed,buttoseek
revenge
Actualorrealgainisnotnecessaryintheft;itisenough
thathewasactuatedbythedesireorintenttogainatthe
timehetookthem.
Takingwithoutconsentoftheownerconsentmustbe
freelygiven&notmerelyinferredbylackof
opposition
o Ifoffendedpartyisbeingpickpocketed&
knowsitbutremainssilent,thereisstilltheft.
Allegationofownerslackofconsentcannotbe
dispensedwithincharginganordinarytheft.
o Thepossibilityofconsentmustbenegatedin
theinformationifthechargeisordinarytheft
underpar.1,whichexpresslysaystheremustbe
takingwithoutconsentoftheowner.
Thereisnotheftwhentakingiswithconsentofthe
ownerthusanindividualwhotakesacowfroma
cattlemenwithoutanyoppositionisnotguiltyoftheft.
Thetakingofpersonalpropertybelongingtoanother
mustbeaccomplishedwithoutviolenceagainstor
intimidationofperson.
o Ex.ApickpocketsBswallet&walksaway.B
chasesafterA.AboxesB&runsaway.IsAs
crimetheftorrobbery?
o Answer:Itistheft,becausethetakingofthe

walletwasalreadycompletewhenAused
violenceagainstB.
o BUTiftheviolenceresultedinhomicide,rape,
intentionalmutilationorseriousphysical
injuries(Art.263,par.1&2),thecrimeis
robberycomplexedwithoneofsuchcrimes,
evenifthetakingofthepropertywasalready
complete.
Whennoforceorviolencewasemployedinthetaking,
asthevictimwasalreadyheavilywounded,thereis
onlytheft,evenifaccusedsprimaryintentwastokill
orinjurethevictim&hesubsequentlydecidedtotake
thevictimsthingsaswell.Thiswouldmakehimliable
forwhatevercrimehecommittedinrelationtovictims
injuries,&,separately,theft.
Itisalsotheftnotrobbery,whenviolenceisfora
reasonentirelyforeigntothefactoftaking,aswhenA,
apoliceman,tiesBinhishouse,thinkingBaideda
bandofrobbers,&severalhourslatertookmoneyfrom
Bsopendrawer.Here,thetakingofthemoneywhileB
wastiedisnottheviolencecontemplatedfortheft.
Unlesstheforceuponthingsisemployedtoentera
building,thetakingofthepersonalpropertybelonging
toanotherwithintenttogainisTHEFT,notrobbery.
o AenteredBshousethroughtheopendoor&
onceinside,forcibleremovedthefixtures&
carriedthemaway.Aisliablefortheftinspite
oftheforceused,astheforcewasnotemployed
forentry.
o Thereisonlyrobberywithoutentryintoa
buildingwhenafurniture,chestorotherlocked
orsealedreceptacleisbrokeninthehouseor

buildingortakentherefrom&brokenoutside.
o Takingabullbelongingtotheoffendedparty
fromthecorralwhereitwasenclosedistheft
becausethecorralwasnotcovered&not
connectedwiththehouse.
Whenapersonhasinhispossessionpartoftherecently
stolenproperty,heispresumedtobethethiefofall,in
theabsenceofsatisfactoryexplanationofhis
possession
o Appliesonlywhenallthegoodsarelostatthe
sametime,inthesameplace&inthesame
occasion
o NOTwhenthethingsarelostatdifferenttimes
orplaces&onlyapartofthemwasfoundinthe
possessionoftheaccused
o Whenstolenpropertyisnotwiththeaccused,
hispriorpossessioncanbeprovenby
circumstantialordirectevidenceofhisdisposal
oftheproperty,inwhichcasepresumption
attachestohim
o Presumptionisnotlimitedtoactualphysical
possession,&alsocoverspriorunexplained
possession
o Ifthepropertywasstolenalongtimeago,
presumptiondoesnotarise
Presumptiondoesnotarisewhenalltherecentlystolen
effectshavebeenfound&discovered,oneinthe
possessionoftheaccused&theother,justoutinthe
open(e.g.onecarabaoiswiththeaccused,&theother
isjustwanderingaround)
FinderofLostProperty(Par.1,Art.308)thephrase

lostpropertyembraceslossbystealing,suchaswhen
anaccused,havingfoundsomethingthatbelongsto
another,keepsitforhimself
o Xisalsoguiltyoftheftifhefindsthemoneyof
YontheflooramountingtoP150,&returnsto
YonlyP30,appropriatingtherestforhimself.
PROVINGTHEFTOFLOSTPROPERTY:
o Itisnecessarytoprove:
(1)Thetimeoftheseizureofthething;
(2)Thatitwasalostpropertybelongingto
another;
(3)Thattheaccusedhavinghadthe
opportunitytoreturnordeliverthelost
propertytoitsownerortothelocal
authorities,refrainedfromdoingso.
However,delayinthedeliveryoflostpropertytothe
localauthoritiesisimmaterial,whenthefinder
surrendersitvoluntarilytotheownerwhenthelatter
comestothefindershousetoretrieveitwithout
keepinganycontentsforhimself
Art.308,par.1isnotlimitedtoactualfinderifa
policemanwhoreceivesfromfinderXalostwallet
appropriatesthewalletforhimselfinsteadoflooking
foritsowner,healsoisguiltyoftheft.
o ThefinderXacquiresphysicalcustodyonly&
doesnotbecomevestedwithlegalpossessionof
thething.Eventhepolicemanwhoreceivesit
fromthefindercannothavejuridicalpossession
ofthepropertythisiswhythepolicemanis
notliableforestafa.
o Thelawdoesnotrequiretheknowledgeofthe

ownerthathispropertywaslost;forexample,if,
duetothestrongtyphoon,Xswoodenchest
containingjewelryiswashedaway,&Ypicks
upthecontentsforhimself,Ycanalsobeguilty
oftheft,asYhadreasontoknowthatthe
propertywaslost&itwashisdutytoreturnitto
theauthorities.
Intenttogaininferredfromdeliberatefailureto
deliverthelostpropertytotheproperperson
Finderofhiddentreasurewhomisappropriatedthe
sharepertainingtotheownerofthepropertyisguiltyof
theftasregardstothatshare
o UndertheCivilCode,thefinderofhidden
treasureinthepropertyofanother&bychance
getsthereof;ifthefindermisappropriatethe
entireamount,heisliablefortheftastothe
shareoftheowner.
Removingormakinguseofthefruitsorobjectof
propertymaliciouslydamagedcanalsomakeoneliable
forsimpletheft
o Ex.Xshot,killed&slaughteredthecattleofY,
whichhaddestroyedXsplantation.X
distributedamonghimself&hisneighborsthe
meat.Xisguiltyofsimpletheft.
Hunting,fishingorgatheringfruits,etc.inenclosed
estate(Art.308,par.3)
o ELEMENTS:
1)Thatthereisanenclosedestateorafield
wheretrespassisforbiddenorwhichbelongs
toanother;
2)Thattheoffenderentersthesame;

3)Thattheoffenderhuntsorfishesuponthe
sameorgathersfruits,cerealsorotherforestor
farmproductsintheestateorfield;&
4)Thatthehuntingorfishingorgatheringof
productsiswithouttheconsentoftheowner.
Fishingshouldnotbeinthefishpondorfisherywithina
fieldorestate;otherwise,itwouldbequalifiedtheft.