Science & Math First Period

LIVING THINGS
The word we use for any individual living thing is organism. An
organism can carry out the basic life processes. The life processes are
the abilities to do things that keep an organism alive and to produce
more of its own kind. All living things share life processes such as
growth and reproduction. Most scientists use seven life processes or
characteristics to determine whether something is living or non-living.
1. Movement: The ability to change of place or posture.
2. Respiration: The ability to release energy from inside the food.
3. Sensitivity: The ability to react to changes in the surroundings.
4. Growth: The ability to get bigger.
5. Reproduction: The ability to produce offspring that is, more of its
own kind.
6. Excretion: The ability to get rid of waste.
7. Nutrition: The ability to take in food or raw materials to support
the other life processes.
Structure of Living Things
Cell: the smallest part of a living thing that can carry out processes
of life.
Cell membrane: a thin outer layer of a cell.
Cytoplasm: the gel-like material inside the cell that holds all the
other inner parts of the cell.
Nucleus: a large, round structure at the center of a cell that
controls all the activities of a cell.
Mitochondrion: the part of a cell that breaks down food and turns it
into energy for the cell.
Vacuole: a cell part that holds food, water, and wastes.
Cell wall: a hard outer layer of a plant cell that protects the cell
and provides support.
Chloroplast: a part of a plant cell that uses energy from sunlight to
make food.
Organism: an individual living thing that can carry out all its own
life activities.
Tissue: a group of similar cells that do the same job in an organism.
What are living things made of?
All living things are made of cells. A cell is the smallest part of a living
thing that can carry out life activities. That is, they take in food and
grow. Cells are the building blocks that all living things are made of.
There are different kinds of cells. Cells that make up plants are able
to make food for a plant. They can store water. Cells that make up
animals allow for taking in food, since animals do not make their own
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food. Plant cells often have boxlike shapes that fit closely together.
This arrangement provides support for a plant. Animal cells have
more rounded shapes than plant cells. Their shapes allow for
movement.
Organ: a body part made of different kinds of tissues that work
together to do a certain job.
Organ system: a group of organs that work together to do a
certain job.
Kingdom: the broadest group into which living things are
classified.
Vertebrate: an animal that has a backbone.
Invertebrate: an animal that does not have a backbone.
Vascular: any plant that has tubes for moving water and other
materials to where they are needed.
Nonvascular: any plant that soaks up water from the ground
directly into its cells.
Fungus: an organism that cannot make its own food, but instead
absorbs food from decaying organisms.
Bacteria: one-celled living things that do not have a nucleus.
Protest: a one- or many celled organism that can make, eat, or
absorb food.
Kinds of Organisms
Based on the number of cells, there are two kinds of organisms:
One-celled organisms: A one-celled organism carries out all its life
processes in a single cell. One-celled organisms live in water, soil,
and even on dust in the air.
Many-celled organisms: People and all animals and plants are
many-celled organisms. In a many-celled organism, each cell carries
on life processes. However, the cells work together to do different
jobs. For example, muscle cells in your heart work to keep your heart
beating.
How do cells work together?
Many celled organisms are made of different kinds of cellssuch as
blood cells, muscle cells, nerve cells, and so on. Each of these kinds
of cells has a particular job. Cells of the same kind work together
doing their particular job. A group of the same kind of cells that do
the same job is called a
tissue. Examples include:
Animals: muscle tissue (which allows you to move), blood, nerves,
bone, and skin
Plants: tissue that carries water from roots to stems to leaves, flesh
of fruits.
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Organs and Organ Systems
Tissues of different kinds come together to make up an organ.
Examples are:
Animals: brain, lungs, heart, stomach.
Plants: stems, fruits.
A group of different organs that work together to do a certain job is
an organ system. Examples are:
Animals: system for breaking down food, transporting system,
skeletal system.
Plants: root system, shoot system (stems and leaves).

NATURAL
NUMBERS
The
whole of the
natural
numbers is
formed by:
N=
{0, 1, 2, 3, 4,
5,
6, 7, 8, 9,. ..}
Natural
numbers
count the
elements of a
whole,
cardinal
number, or
express the
order which
occupies an
element in a
whole,
ordinal
number . The
natural
numbers are ordered, which al lows us to compare two natural
numbers:
5 > 3; 5 is greater than 3.
3 < 5; 3 is less than 5.
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The natural numbers are unlimited, if 1 is added to a natural number,
another natural number is obtained.
Representation of the Natural Numbers
The natural numbers can be represented in a straight line ordered
from minor to major. On a straight line, draw one point and mark i t
with the number zero. To the right of the zero, and with the same
separations, place in ascending order the following natural numbers:
1, 2, 3...

Addition of Natural Numbers

a + b = c The terms of the addition, a and b, are called addends and
the result, c is the sum.
Properties of the Addition of Natural Numbers
1. Closure: The sum of two natural numbers is also a natural number.
a+b
2. Associative: The way in which the addends are grouped does not
change the result.
(a + b) + c = a + (b + c)
(2+3) + 5 = 2 + (3+5)
5+5=2+8
10 = 10
3. Commutative: The order of the addends does not change the
addition.
a+b=b+a
2+5=5+2
7=7
4. Additive identity: The 0 is the identity element of the addition
because every number added with it gives the same number.
a+0=a
3+0=3
Subtraction of Natural Numbers
a-b=c
The terms involved in a subtraction are called: the
minuend, a, and the subtrahend, b. The result, c, is called the
difference.
Properties of the Subtraction of Natural Numbers
1. No closure: The result of subtracting two natural numbers is not
always another natural number.
25
2. No commutative:
5225
Multiplication of Natural Numbers
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To multiply two natural numbers, add one factor to itself many times
as indicated by the other
factor.
ab=c
The terms a and b are calle factors and the result, c, is
the product.
Properties of the Product of Natural Numbers
1. Closure: The result of multiplying two natural numbers is
another natural number. a b
2. Associative: The way in which the factors are grouped does not
change the result.
(a b) c = a (b c)
(2 3) 5 = 2 (3 5)
6 5 = 2 15
30 = 30
3. Commutative: The order of the factors does not change the
product.
ab=ba
25=52
10 = 10
4. Multiplicative Identity: The 1 is the neutral element of the
multiplication because any number multiplied by it gives the same
number. a 1 = a
31=3
5. Distributive: The multiplication of a natural number and a sum is
equal to the sum of the multiplication of the natural number for each
of the addends.
a (b + c) = a b + a c
2 (3 + 5) = 2 3 + 2 5
2 8 = 6 + 10
16 = 16
Removing a common factor: It is the reverse of the distributive
property.
a b + a c = a (b + c)
2 3 + 2 5 = 2 (3 + 5)
6 + 10 = 2 8
16 = 16
Division of Natural Numbers
D:d=c
The terms involved in a division are called, D, the
dividend and, d, the divisor. The result,c, is the quotient.
Types of Divisions
1. Exact Division: A division is exact when the remainder is zero.
D=dc

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15 = 5 3
2. Not exact division: A division is no exact when the remainder is not
zero.
D=dc+r
17 = 5 3 + 2
Properties of the Division of Natural Numbers
1. No closure: The result of dividing two natural numbers is not
always another natural number.
2:6
2. No commutative:
a:bb:a
6:2 2:6
3. Zero divided by a number equals zero.
0:a=0
0:5=0
4. Division by 0 is undefined.

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