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LIVING THINGS
The word we use for any individual living thing is organism. An
organism can carry out the basic life processes. The life processes are
the abilities to do things that keep an organism alive and to produce
more of its own kind. All living things share life processes such as
growth and reproduction. Most scientists use seven life processes or
characteristics to determine whether something is living or non-living.
1. Movement: The ability to change of place or posture.
2. Respiration: The ability to release energy from inside the food.
3. Sensitivity: The ability to react to changes in the surroundings.
4. Growth: The ability to get bigger.
5. Reproduction: The ability to produce offspring that is, more of its
own kind.
6. Excretion: The ability to get rid of waste.
7. Nutrition: The ability to take in food or raw materials to support
the other life processes.
Structure of Living Things
Cell: the smallest part of a living thing that can carry out processes
of life.
Cell membrane: a thin outer layer of a cell.
Cytoplasm: the gel-like material inside the cell that holds all the
other inner parts of the cell.
Nucleus: a large, round structure at the center of a cell that
controls all the activities of a cell.
Mitochondrion: the part of a cell that breaks down food and turns it
into energy for the cell.
Vacuole: a cell part that holds food, water, and wastes.
Cell wall: a hard outer layer of a plant cell that protects the cell
and provides support.
Chloroplast: a part of a plant cell that uses energy from sunlight to
make food.
Organism: an individual living thing that can carry out all its own
life activities.
Tissue: a group of similar cells that do the same job in an organism.
What are living things made of?
All living things are made of cells. A cell is the smallest part of a living
thing that can carry out life activities. That is, they take in food and
grow. Cells are the building blocks that all living things are made of.
There are different kinds of cells. Cells that make up plants are able
to make food for a plant. They can store water. Cells that make up
animals allow for taking in food, since animals do not make their own
1 | Pa g e
NATURAL
NUMBERS
The
whole of the
natural
numbers is
formed by:
N=
{0, 1, 2, 3, 4,
5,
6, 7, 8, 9,. ..}
Natural
numbers
count the
elements of a
whole,
cardinal
number, or
express the
order which
occupies an
element in a
whole,
ordinal
number . The
natural
numbers are ordered, which al lows us to compare two natural
numbers:
5 > 3; 5 is greater than 3.
3 < 5; 3 is less than 5.
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5 | Pa g e
15 = 5 3
2. Not exact division: A division is no exact when the remainder is not
zero.
D=dc+r
17 = 5 3 + 2
Properties of the Division of Natural Numbers
1. No closure: The result of dividing two natural numbers is not
always another natural number.
2:6
2. No commutative:
a:bb:a
6:2 2:6
3. Zero divided by a number equals zero.
0:a=0
0:5=0
4. Division by 0 is undefined.
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