Chapter 4

Criteria of Material Failure

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Chapter4- 1

OUTLINE
4.1 Definition of Structural Failure.
4.2 Types of Failure.
4.3 Failure Criteria.
4.3.1 Maximum Principal Stress Criterion.
4.3.2 Maximum Shear Stress Criterion.
4.3.3 Maximum Distortion Energy Criterion.
(Von Mises Failure Criterion)
4.3.4 Coulomb-Mohr Failure Criterion.

4.4 Application of Failure Criterion.

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Chapter4- 2

4.1 Definition of Structural Failure

Structural failure can be defined as any

change in size, shape or material
properties of a structure that makes it
incapable of satisfactorily performing its
intended function.

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Chapter4- 3

4.2 Types of Failure

The common types of failure observed in
engineering practice are described as:
(1) Force/ temperature induced excess
elastic deformation.
(2) Excess plastic deformation (yielding).

(3) Ductile rupture (excess plastic deformation

that causes the structure broken into pieces).
(4) Brittle failure (excess elastic deformation
that causes the structure broken into pieces).
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Chapter4- 4

4.2 Types of Failure (contd)

(5) Fatigue Failure
-- A certain size of crack initiation
resulting from the cyclic loading.
(6) Buckling failure
-- Structure is buckled.
(7) Creep failure
--The plastic deformation in structure under
the influence of stress over a period of time.
(8) Corrosion, wearing, impact etc.
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Chapter4- 5

4.3 Failure Criteria

Stress analysis would not be able to predict
the failure of a given structure. To know about
how high stress can a structure be safely
sustained, a failure criterion is needed.
The criteria discussed in this section will be
focused to relate failures due to force
induced failure, yielding, brittle failure and
ductile rupture.

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Chapter4- 6

4.3.1 Maximum Principal Stress Criterion

Failure occurs when the maximum principal
stress becomes equal or exceeds the maximum
principal stress (ultimate strength) in a simple
uniaxial tension/compression of the same
material.
Mathematically, we can write
1 u 0
t

or

3 u 0 if fails

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Chapter4- 7

Maximum Principal Stress Criterion (contd)

u

uc

( 1 , 2 , 3 )

u , u Ultimate strength of the material

t

in tension or compression
2

t
u

SAFE
uc

For the plane stress condition, 3 0

Any state of stress within the
envelope would not produce
1
ut
failure.
* No effect of 1 and 2 interaction

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Chapter4- 8

4.3.2 Maximum Shear Stress Criterion

Failure occurs when the maximum shear stress
magnitude becomes equal to or exceeds the
maximum shear stress magnitude at yielding
failure in a simple uniaxial load.
Mathematically, we have
1, 2 S
1, 2
S

1 2
2

1,3 S
1,3

1 3
2

2,3 S
2,3

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(4-2)

2 3
2
1 0

y at failure
Chapter4- 9

Maximum Shear Stress Criterion (contd)

1 2
2

1 0
2

y
2

y
2

y
0 2

2
2

1 2 y

1 y

for 3 0

2 y
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SAFE
y

(4-3)

Chapter4- 10

4.3.3 Maximum Distortion Energy Criterion

(Von Mises Failure Criterion)
Failure occurs when the distortion energy
becomes equal to or exceeds the distortion
energy at yielding failure in a simple tension.

U o U oV U od
Strain energy per unit volume
due to distortion
Strain energy per unit volume
due to volume change
Total strain energy per unit volume
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Chapter4- 11

Maximum Distortion Energy Criterion (contd)

3
1
2

1
(2-26)
E
E
E

1
1
1
U o 11 2 2 3 3
2
2
2

1 2 2 2 3 2 2 1 2 2 3 3 1
2E

3 1 2 1 2 3
3 1 2 2
(2-30)

2 E
3
2 E

1 1
U o U oV
1 2 2 2 3 2 3 1 2 (2-31)
2E 3
2

U oV

U od

o
U od U od

( at failure )

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Chapter4- 12

Maximum Distortion Energy Criterion (contd)

For uniaxial tension, 1 y

U

or

o
od

2 3 0

1 2

y
3E

1 1
1 2 2 2 3 2 3 1 2 1 y 2
2E 3
3E

1 2 2 3 3 1 2 y at failure
2

For plane stress, 3 0

(4-4)

1 2 2 12 2 2 2 y 2
or

12 2 2 1 2 y 2

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Chapter4- 13

Maximum Distortion Energy Criterion (contd)

2
o

Since,
QuickTime and a
decompressor
are needed to see this picture.

2
2
oct (in an uniaxial tension ) 1 y
3
3
o

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Chapter4- 14

Maximum Distortion Energy Criterion (contd)

Substituting the above equation into (4-4),
2
0
we have
3
2
2

3 oct

2 y 2

oct

oct
oct

(4-6)
(4-7)

Hence, the distortion energy criterion can

be stated as
Failure occurs when the octahedral shear stress
becomes equal to or exceeds the octahedral
shear at yield failure in a uniaxial loading.
Rewriting equation (4-6),

oct

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y 0.47 y
3
Chapter4- 15

4.3.4 Coulomb Mohr Failure Criterion

In general, ut uc
The Coulomb Mohr failure criterion is given as
2

ut
ut

c
u

all , all
1
2

c
u

1 2
c 1
t
u u

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Chapter4- 16

Coulomb Mohr Failure Criterion (contd)

Consider a state of pure shear. The pure
shear stress state is equivalent to
2

2 1 ( 1 0)

Therefore,
1
all 1
1 t c 1
u u
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1all

ut uc
t
u uc
Chapter4- 17

4.4 Application of Failure Criterion

Example 1
A steel part is subjected to a state of stress, 1
(principal stress) = 35 ksi, 2 (principal stress)
= -25 ksi. The part has ultimate strength in
t

tension, u = 100 ksi, ultimate strength in

c

compression, u =100 ksi and ultimate strength

in torsion, S = 60 ksi. Estimate the safety factor
using the following failure criteria:
(a) Maximum normal stress criterion.
(b) Maximum shear stress criterion.
(c) Maximum distortion energy criterion.
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Chapter4- 18

Example 1 (contd)
Solution:
(1) Determine the maximum failure strength
(allowable) from the failure envelope.
Failure Strength
(2) Compute factor of safety S .F .
Actual Stress
(a) Maximum normal stress criterion
St
35

Sc

25

Sc

St

100
S .F .
2.86
35
1
1allow
35
or

allow
2 25 2

5
7

5
7

2allow 1allow .100

500 / 7
S .F .
2.86
25

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Chapter4- 19

Example 1 (contd)
(b) Maximum shear stress criterion
1
35
5

2 25
7

100

5
2 1
7

100

100

allow
1

allow
2

100

1allow 58.33 ksi

or 2allow 41.67 ksi

100

1allow
100

2allow

100

5
1allow 1 100
7

S .F .
S .F .

58.33
1.67
35

41.67
1.67
25

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Chapter4- 20

Example 1 (contd)
(c) Maximum distortion energy criterion.

allow 2
1

allow 2
2

5
2 1
7

allow 2
1

allow
1

1allow. 2allow 0

25 allow 2 5 allow 2
2

1
1
. 0
49
7
7
109

.100 67.05 ksi

67.05
S .F .
1.92
35
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Chapter4- 21

Example 2
A force P0 kips applied by a lever arm to the shaft as shown
in the figure produces stresses at the critical point A
having the values shown on the element in the figure. The
shaft is made of steel with the yield strength, Y= 36ksi, and
the ultimate strength, Tult=75 ksi, Cult =75ksi.
Determine the load that would cause
the shaft failure
according to the maximum shear
failure criterion
according to the maximum distort
energy criterion

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Chapter4- 22

Example 2 (contd)
Solution:
(1) Find the stress at A related to radius, r
Let x along the shaft, and z perpendicular to the surface
A.
a= distance from P to the
connection point
b= distance the connection pint to
point A

Mr Pobr 4 Pob

10Ksi
3
I
I
r
A
x

A
xy

Tr 2T
2 Po a

3
14.14 Ksi
3
J
r
r
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yA 0
Chapter4- 23

Example 2 (contd)

The state of stress at A gives

4 Pob
r 3

2 Po a
3
r

2 Po a
r 3 10 14.14
14.14

The principal stresses are 20ksi

A
1

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2A 10ksi

Chapter4- 24

Example 1 (contd)
(a) Maximum shear stress criterion
1
20

2
2 10

36

2 0.51
36

36

1allow 2allow

36

1allow 2allow 36
1allow 24 ksi

2all 0.51all

36

36

1.51allow 36
S.F .

24
1.2
20

Hence, the failure load will be at 1.2Po .

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Chapter4- 25

Example 1 (contd)
(c) Maximum distortion energy criterion.
2 0.51 allow 0.5 allow
2
1

allow 2
1

allow
1

allow 2
2

. 2allow y

allow
1

36 27.21 ksi
1.75

27.21
S.F .
1.36
20

The failure load is 1.36P0.

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Chapter4- 26