Problems

1. A control area consists of three generating stations. Their ratings and droop settings
are as follows:
G1
G2
G3

500 MW
400 MW
100 MW

droop=5%
droop=4%
No frequency control

Determine the equivalent R of the area on 1000 MW base. If the load-frequency

sensitivity, D, is 0.75 per unit on 100 MW base determine the Area Frequency
Response Characteristics parameter . What is the steady state frequency error
following a load increase of 25 MW. Assume that D does not change. (R=5%,
=20.75, 0.0012pu)
2. A control area consists of a mixture of thermal and hydropower generation. The
fraction of hydropower generation is Fhydro. Draw a control block diagram for the
area.
3. Draw the control block diagram of an area that has some of its generating units on
(Automatic Generation Control or AGC). Let the
secondary frequency control
fraction of generation on AGC be FAGC .
4. The frequency sensitivity of loads in a control area is such that a 1% change in
system frequency results in a 1% change in existing load. The rating of the system is
load is 500 MW. Determine the load-frequency sensitivity
1000 MW and the existing
parameter D in (a) per unit, (b) pu/Hz, and (c) MW/Hz. (0.5pu,0.00833 pu/Hz, 8.33
MW/Hz)
5. Consider a two-area power system with following ratings, R, and D.
Area 1
Area 2

Rating
2000 MW
1000 MW

R
4%
4%

D
0.8
0.8

a. The load in Area 1 increases by 20 MW. Determine the steady state values of
f , and P12 . Assume that there is no secondary frequency control and that
D does not change. (0.00026 pu, -20/3 MW)
b. Repeat above with a PI controller in Area 2 only. The input to the PI
controller is f2 . (0, 20 MW)
c. Repeat (a) above with PI controllers in both areas. The input to PI
controllers in each area is f of the respective area. ( f =0)

6. The load frequency

sensitivity of the loads in a control area is 0.75 per unit. The load
is 1200 MW and the rating of the system is 1500 MW. Determine the value of D if
lost. (0.625 pu)

200 MW of load is suddenly

7. Draw the control block diagram of two areas connected by an HVDC transmission
line.
8. Draw a control block diagram of a two-area power system where only one area has
AGC. The droop setting, inertia, and the load-frequency sensitivity of the two areas
are as follows:

Area 1
Area 2

R (%)

H (s)

D (pu)

4%
5%

4.0
4.0

0.5
0.6

Only the Area 1 has AGC. The ratings, the amount of generation, and the load in the
two areas are as follows:

Area 1
Area 2

Rating

Generation

Load

4000 MW
1000 MW

3000 MW
500 MW

2500 MW
1000 MW

The tie line connecting the two areas suddenly trips off due to a fault.
a. Determine the steady state error in frequency in the two areas. (0.0 pu,
0.024 pu)
b. Determine the initial rate of change of frequency in both areas. (0.0156 pu/s,
0.0625 pu/s)
9. The droop setting of generating units in a control area is set at 4%. The total rating
of the generators operating in the area is 1000MW. One of the units is operating at
its maximum power of 100 MW with its governor function disabled. Other units
generate a total of 600 MW, and they are not operating at the limit. What is the
primary frequency response of the control area in MW (change in total generation)
for a drop in area frequency by 0.01 pu. Hence determine the equivalent droop of
the area. (4.4%)
10. Two generators with ratings of 200MW and 100 MW have the same droop setting.
Show that their contribution to primary frequency control is in the same ratio as
their rating (i.e. 2:1).