Professional Documents
Culture Documents
1 Background
In 1962, a revolution in North Yemen ended over 1,000
years of rule by Zaidi Imams, a branch of Shia Islam, who
claimed descent from the Islamic prophet Muhammad
peace be upon him. Sa'dah, in the north, was their main
stronghold and since their fall from power the region
was largely ignored economically and remains underdeveloped. The Yemeni government has little authority in
Saada.[73]
3 TIMELINE
leaders for their part rejected the accusation by saying 3.3 Round 3: November 2005 early 2006
that they had never rejected the president or the republican system but were only defending themselves against A third round of ghting broke out from November 2005
government attacks on their community.[75]
until early 2006. During this round, the pro-government
According to a February 2015 Newsweek report, Houthis Hamdan tribe, led by Sheikh Abdullah al-Awjari battled
are ghting for things that all Yemenis crave: govern- with pro-Houthi tribes and Houthis tried to assassinate
ghting
ment accountability, the end to corruption, regular utili- a Ministry of Justice ocial in Dhamar. The [81]
ended
before
the
Presidential
elections
that
year
and
ties, fair fuel prices, job opportunities for ordinary Yemein
March
2006,
the
Yemeni
government
freed
more
than
[76]
nis and the end of Western inuence.
600 captured Sha ghters.[82] There was no data with
In an interview with Yemen Times, Hussein Al-Bukhari, regards to casualties in 2006, but they were said to be siga Houthi insider said that Houthis preferable political sys- nicantly lower than those of the previous year.[52]
tem is a republic with elections where women can also
hold political positions, and that they do not seek to form
a Shia cleric-led government after the model of Islamic 3.4 Round 4: JanuaryJune 2007
Republic of Iran for we cannot apply this system in
Yemen because the followers of the Sha [Sunni] doc- A new spate of ghting broke out on January 28, 2007,
trine are bigger in number than the Zaydis [Shia].[77]
when militants attacked multiple government installations, killing six soldiers and injuring 20 more.[83][84]
Further attacks on January 31, left six more soldiers dead
and 10 wounded.[85] A further ten soldiers died and 20
3 Timeline
were wounded in an attack on an army roadblock near
the Saudi Arabian border on February 1.[86] Though there
Further information: Timeline of the Yemeni conict was no ocial conrmation of militant casualties in the
attacks, government sources claim three rebel ghters
(2011present)
were killed in a security operation following the January
31 attacks.[87]
In February, the government launched a major oensive
against the rebels involving 30,000 troops.[41] By Febru3.1 Round 1: JuneSeptember 2004
ary 19, almost 200 members of the security forces and
over 100 rebels had died in the ghting.[88] A further
From June to August 2004, government troops battled 160 rebels were killed in the subsequent two weeks.[89]
supporters of al-Houthi in the north.[78] Estimates of the A French student was also killed.[90]
dead range from 500 to 1,000.[52] On September 10,
A ceasere agreement was reached on June 16, 2007.
Yemeni forces killed al-Houthi.[79] Since then, the rebelThe rebel leaders agreed to lay down arms and go into
lion has been led by one of his brothers, Abdul-Malik alexile in Qatar (by whom the agreement had been mediHouthi.[75] His father, Badr Eddin al-Houthi, took over
ated), while the government agreed to release rebel pristhe position as the groups spiritual leader.[80]
oners, help pay for reconstruction and assist with IDPs returning home.[91] In total some 1,500 people were killed
by the conict in 2007, including 800 government troops,
600 rebels and 100 civilians.[52]
3.2 Round 2: MarchMay 2005
Between March and April 2005, some 1,500 people were 3.5 Round 5: MarchJuly 2008
killed in a resurgence of ghting between government
forces and supporters of the slain cleric.[52]
Armed incidents resumed in April 2008, when seven
In May 2005, the rebels rejected an oer of a presidential Yemeni soldiers died in a rebel ambush on April 29.[92]
pardon by President Ali Abdullah Saleh after their con- On May 2, 15 worshippers were killed and 55 wounded in
ditions for surrender were refused by the government and a bombing at the Bin Salman Mosque in Sa'dah as crowds
minor clashes continued. On May 21, the government re- of people left Friday prayers. The government blamed the
leased estimates of the impact of the rebellion, announc- rebels for the bombing, but Houthis group denied being
ing that it was responsible for 552 deaths, 2,708 injures, responsible.[66][93] Shortly after the attack, three soldiers
and four rebels died in overnight skirmishes.[94]
and over USD 270 million in economic damages.[75]
On, 23 June 2005, the rebels military commander
Abdullah al-Ruzami surrendered to Yemeni authorities. after tribal mediators worked out a deal with the
government.[80]
3.6
Some 70,000 people were displaced by the ghting.[52] that rebels had entered Saudi territory and attacked paPresident Saleh declared an end to ghting in the north- trols, and that a second soldier later died from wounds
ern Sadah governorate on July 17, 2008.[96]
sustained in the same clash.[105][106] On November 5,
Saudi Arabia responded by launching heavy air strikes on
rebels in northern Yemen, and moved troops nearer the
3.6 Round 6: August 2009 February border. Saudi government ocials said only that the air
2010
force had bombed Yemeni rebels who had seized a border
area inside the kingdom, which they said had now been
Main article: Operation Scorched Earth
recaptured. The ocials said at least 40 rebels had been
Yemeni troops, backed by tanks and ghter aircraft, killed in the ghting. The Saudi government adviser said
no decision had yet been taken to send troops across the
border, but made clear Riyadh was no longer prepared to
tolerate the Yemeni rebels.[105] The Saudi assault continued the following day, as Saudi residents near the southern border of Jizan Province were evacuated.[107] At the
same time, a Houthi spokesman reported to the media
that they had captured Saudi troops.[108] On 16 November, Yemen killed two Houthi commanders, Abbas Aaida
and Abu Haider. On 19 November, Yemeni forces took
control of al-Malaheez, killing the local commander Ali
al-Qatwani.[109]
Saudi army in Jizan before war against the Houthis, November
2009
3 TIMELINE
causing major outrage in some Shi'a populated countries that soldiers in Amshia Bsan region were creating an
like Iraq, Iran and Lebanon.[115][116]
army stronghold on Mount Guide. The report came as
On January 13, 2010, Operation Blow to the Head was the Yemeni government blamed Houthi ghters for relaunched in an attempt by the government to capture the cent ethnic clashes which had killed 11 people, including
city of Sa'adah. Security forces claimed they killed 34 two soldiers, and for the kidnapping of two people in a
and
and arrested at least 25 Houthis, as well as killing al- market. The Houthis have denied these allegations [125]
have
claimed
that
it
was
the
work
of
the
government.
Qaeda in Yemen leader Abdullah al-Mehdar within the
next two weeks of ghting.[117]
[118]
3.7
In April, Houthi spokesman Mohammed Abdulsalam declared that rebels had captured the Manaba district in
Sa'dah, with little government resistance. Government
troops declared they had killed 30 Houthis who had tried In total, between 195 and 281 people were killed during
to penetrate into Harf Sufyan District.
this round violence, with the majority of the casualties on
On July 17, 2010, the Houthis warned on their website the Houthi side.[134]
that the government was preparing for another oensive
against the Houthis. They said the government had been
digging trenches from the Sana'a to Sa'ada. They claimed
the army was trying to amass servicemen in villages and
3.9
3.8
PostSaleh (20122015)
5
On November 9, after several days of heavy ghting, the
Houthis managed to break through defense lines of the
pro-government Kashir and Aahm tribes in Hajjah Governorate, seizing control of the Kuhlan Ash Sharaf District and advancing towards the port of Midi, thereby
gaining access to the sea. Through Hajjah, the Houthis
would be able to launch an assault on the Yemeni capital Sana'a.[154] By taking Kuhlan Ash Sharaf, the Houthis
managed to gain control over a highway linking San'a to
the sea.[149]
ary 2012. Saleh returned home the same day to attend Hadis presidential inauguration.[161] After months
of protests, Saleh had resigned from the presidency and
formally transferred power to his successor, marking the
end of his 33-year rule.[162]
On 23 November, Saleh signed a power-transfer agreement brokered by the Gulf Cooperation Council in
Riyadh, under which he would transfer his power to
his Vice-President within 30 days and leave his post as
president by February 2012, in exchange for immunity
from prosecution.[157][158] Although the GCC deal was
accepted by the JMP, it was rejected by many of the
On March 26, Houthi rebels declared the creation of their protesters and the Houthis.[159][160]
own administration in Saada Governorate, independent A presidential election was held in Yemen on 21 Februfrom Yemeni authorities. A former arms dealer was ap- ary 2012. With a reported 65 percent turnout, Abd Rabpointed governor by the Houthis, the previous governor buh Mansur al-Hadi won 99.8% of the vote, and took
having ed to Sanaa.[2][3]
the oath of oce in Yemens parliament on 25 Febru-
6
In early February, over 55 people had been killed during
sectarian violence in Kushar.[166] During February and
March some 27 people were killed and 36 injured due to
mines in Hajjah. A total of 600 were killed in clashes in
Hajjah between November 2011 and April 2012, mainly
in Kushar and Mustaba Districts.[167]
3 TIMELINE
36 Islah men captured by the Houthis. After a ceasere was agreed on, Houthis withdrew from the town and
released the prisoners they had taken.[163] A group of
Houthis remained in Owaidan mosque.[180]
4.2
United States
4.1
There have been a number of alleged Iranian involvements in the insurgency to aid the Houthis, including:
7
for the Houthi rebels, and for South (Yemens)
secession. The sources added that those Hezbollahallied gures informed al-Bidh that the partys top
ocials do not want to meet with him and that they
do not approve the attribution of Hezbollahs name
with what is happening in Yemen, or to appear as
supporting to any rebellion. Ibrahim al-Mussawi,
Head of Hezbollahs Media Unit, told Alarabiya.net
that his party denies the report about an alleged
secret visit.[191]
High-ranking ocials from the Iranian Revolutionary Guard were said to have secretly met with
Houthi rebels and Hezbollah in Yemen to coordinate joint military operations against Saudi positions
along the border. Pan-Arab Asharq al-Awsat daily
said Arab and Egyptian sources uncovered that a
number of intelligence services in the region have
learned of the three-way meeting which also aimed
at developing a plan to escalate the military situation
along the Saudi-Yemeni border. It said the highlevel meeting which took place in November, 2009
was the most prominent evidence of direct Iranian
involvement in the support of Houthi rebels nancially, militarily and logistically.[192]
Yemeni Foreign Minister Abu Bakr al-Qirbi on 13
December 2009 urged Iran to crack down on Iranian groups he accused of aiding Houthi rebels
in northern Yemen and held Irans government
partly to blame. He said: Religious (Shiite) circles and groups in Iran are providing aid to the
Huthis, However, Iran has repeatedly denied such
accusations.[193]
On 25 May, Iran rst deployed warships to the Gulf
of Aden to combat piracy in Somalia.[194] On 20
January 2010, On 18 November, a second group
of Iranian warships came to the Gulf of Aden, at
the same time as Saudi Arabia imposed a blockade
on Houthi-controlled coasts and launched a crackdown on Houthi ships delivering weapons to the
Houthis.[194] Iran dispatched its 5th eet to the Gulf
of Aden.[195] Some have alleged that the Iranian
Navy is operating there to help supply the Houthis
with weapons and counter the Saudi naval power in
the area rather than to ght Somali pirates.[194]
REFERENCES
6 See also
Human rights in Yemen
On June 17, 2011, following Friday prayers, tens of thousands of protestors rallied in Sa'dah against US interference in Yemen.[198]
4.3
Other
Jordan: It has been alleged that Jordan deployed commandos to ght alongside the Saudis during their oensive in Northern Mount Al-Dukhan
and that Saudis sent the Jordanian commandos to
ght in Northern Yemen. They also sent auxiliary
units to support Saudi forces.[17] By December 2009
it was alleged that over 2,000 Jordanian soldiers
were ghting at the front.[19]
Morocco: It was alleged that Morocco have
sent hundreds of elite ghters, mainly para-troopers
trained for counter-insurgency operations, to aid the
20092010 Saudi oensive.[19]
Pakistan: It was alleged in Pakistani news media and newspapers that the Pakistan government
had sent contingent of special forces to join Yemeni
counter insurgency operations in Sa'dah.[200]
Humanitarian eects
Military of Yemen
7 References
[1] Insurgents take control of Yemeni city. Financial Times.
Retrieved 17 October 2014.
[2] Yemen Post Sta (27 March 2011). Houthi Group Appoints Arms Dealer as Governor of Sa'ada province.
Yemen Post.
[3]
[4] The Muslim News Yemen after Saleh: A future fraught
with violence, Friday 27 May 2011.
[5] Yemen leader urges Shiite rebels to leave capital. The
Daily Star Newspaper - Lebanon. Retrieved 17 October
2014.
[6] Bombings in Yemeni Mosques Kill More Than 130.
The New York Times. 20 March 2015.
[7] Yemen: A country contested. Al Jazeera. 24 March
2015.
[8] Military Operation in Yemen. Sputnik News. 27 March
2015.
[9] HOW AL QAEDAS BIGGEST ENEMY TOOK
OVER YEMEN (AND WHY THE U.S. GOVERNMENT IS UNLIKELY TO SUPPORT THEM)". The Intercept. 22 January 2015. Retrieved 22 January 2015.
[10] Shiite rebels take control of Yemens third largest city.
The Daily Star. Retrieved 22 March 2015.
In April 2008, the United Nations High Commissioner [11] UPDATED: Yemen anti-government forces seize airbase
near Aden: Army
for Refugees estimated that the conict had created
77,000 internally displaced persons (IDPs) in Sa'dah
[12] BREAKING: Yemens Hadi ees Aden with Saudi diploGovernorate.[201] By order of then king Abdullah of
matic mission: Sources
Saudi Arabia, the Saudis were to shelter and build 10,000
new homes for the war-displaced people.[202][203][204]
[13] Yemeni President Hadi ees Aden
[14] Hadi loyalists retake Yemens Aden airport-local ocial. The Daily Star. Retrieved 26 March 2015.
[15] Gulf Arabs say they are defending Yemen against aggression. The Daily Star. 26 March 2015.
[39] Houthy military leaders killed under the Saudi Air forces
airstrikes over Yemen
Presstv.com.
[51] Yemeni military battles Shi'ite rebels. The Age (Melbourne). 20 March 2007. Retrieved 29 December 2009.
[55]
[34] Hadi Flees As Yemen Army Enters Gulf of Aden, Restores Houta
[35] Houthis enter Yemens Aden
10
REFERENCES
[78] Clashes 'leave 118 dead' in Yemen. BBC News. 200407-03. Retrieved 2007-02-03.
[79] Yemeni forces kill rebel cleric. BBC News. 2004-0910. Retrieved 2007-01-30.
[80] al-Shabab al-Mumen / Shabab al-Moumineen (Believing Youth)". GlobalSecurity.org. Retrieved 29 December
2009.
[81] Christopher Boucek and Marina Ottaway (2010). Yemen
on the Brink. Carnegie Endowment for International
Peace. Retrieved 17 October 2014.
[82] Yemen tells Shi'ite rebels to disband or face war.
Reuters. 2004-01-29. Retrieved 2007-01-30.
[83] "'Shia gunmen' kill Yemeni troops. BBC News. 200401-28. Retrieved 2007-01-30.
[84] Al-Mahdi, Khaled (2007-02-15). 95 Killed in Yemen
Clashes. ArabNews. Retrieved 2007-04-11.
[85] Shi'ite rebels kill six Yemen soldiers - Web site.
Reuters. 2007-02-01. Retrieved 2007-02-03.
[86] Yemeni soldiers killed in attack. Al Jazeera English.
2007-02-01. Retrieved 2007-02-02.
[87] 10 soldiers killed in attack in Yemen. Middle East Online. 2007-02-02. Retrieved 2007-02-03.
[88] More than 100 killed in 5 days of clashes between army
and Shiite rebels clashes in Yemen, ocials say. International Herald Tribune. 2007-02-19. Retrieved 2007-0411.
[89] 160 rebels killed in Yemen. Israel Herald. 2007-03-07.
Retrieved 2007-04-11.
[90] Two killed in Yemen attack including a Frenchman.
Reuters. 26 March 2007. Retrieved 29 December 2009.
[91] Al-Hajj, Ahmed (2007-06-17). Yemens government,
Shiite rebels negotiate end to 3-year conict. The Seattle
Times. Retrieved 2007-06-17.
[92] Reuters (2008-05-02). Dozens of casualties in Yemen
mosque blast. France 24. Retrieved 2008-05-23.
[93] Deaths in Yemeni mosque blast. Al Jazeera English.
2008-05-02. Retrieved 2008-05-23.
[74] Stephens Michael (27 March 2015). Yemen is a dening moment for King Salman. Al jazeera. Retrieved 29
March 2015.
[96] Yemen: Hundreds Unlawfully Arrested in Rebel Conict. Human Rights Watch. 2008-10-24. Retrieved
2009-11-09.
11
[99] Yemen rebels 'seize Saudi area'". BBC News. 2009-11- [121] Despite truce call, Saudis pound northern Yemen. Press
04. Retrieved 2009-11-09.
TV. 29 January 2010.
[100] Yemenis intercept 'Iranian ship'". BBC News. 2009-10- [122] Al Jazeera Yemen rebels renew ceasere oer, January
27. Retrieved 2009-11-02.
30, 2010.
[101] Iran says documents prove Yemen ship had no arms. [123] Press TV Saudis 'launch 17 air raids on Houthis, 30 JanPress TV. 2009-10-28. Retrieved 2009-11-02.
uary 2010.
[102] Yemen rebels accuse Saudi. France 24. Agence France- [124] Press TV Yemen rejects Houthis 4th peace oer, 31 JanPresse. 2009-11-02. Retrieved 2009-11-02.
uary 2009.
[103] Riyadh continues air raids on northern Yemen. Press [125] Press TV 'Yemen preparing to attack Houthis, 18 July
TV. 24 December 2009. Retrieved 29 December 2009.
2010.
[104] Houthis Say they Will Withdraw from Saudi if Riyadh [126] Press TV Fresh clashes claim 49 in north Yemen, 21 July
Ends Attacks. Naharnet (AFP). 23 December 2009. Re2010.
trieved 29 December 2009.
[127] Press TV More people killed in N Yemen clashes, 22 July
[105] Saudi air force hits Yemen rebels after border raid.
2010.
Swissinfo.ch. 2009-11-05. Retrieved 2009-11-09.
[128] Press TV UN concerned about Yemen situation, 24 July
[106]
2010.
[107] Saudi forces keep up Houthi assault. Al Jazeera. 2009- [129]
11-06. Retrieved 2009-11-06.
[130]
[108] Ersan, Inal (2009-11-06). Yemeni rebels say capture
Saudi soldiers: report. Reuters. Retrieved 2009-11-06.
[131]
[109] Saudi soldier, Houthi leaders killed in north Yemen.
Press TV. 19 November 2009. Retrieved 29 December
[132]
2009.
12
REFERENCES
[144] Thomson Reuters Foundation. Trust.org. Retrieved 17 [163] Situations calm down in north of Yemen after 16 ghters
October 2014.
killed
[145] Tens Killed as Battles between Tribes, Houthis Resume [164] Sectarian clashes continue in north Yemen, dozens killed
- Yemen Post English Newspaper Online. Retrieved 22
in Yemen - Yemen Post English Newspaper Online. ReMarch 2015.
trieved 22 March 2015.
[146] Lack of authority in northern Yemen seen as 'golden op- [165] Two Houthis killed in clashes with Hajjah tribesmen.
Yemen Fox. 2011-11-21. Retrieved 2015-01-24.
portunity' for Iran. World Tribune. 2011-07-20. Retrieved 2015-01-24.
[166] Sectarian clashes continue in north Yemen, at least 55
killed. www.uruknet.info. Retrieved 2015-01-24.
[147] Yemeni Revolution Slowly entering Phase of WarYemen Post English Newspaper Online. Retrieved 22
[167] United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (2012March 2015.
04-18). Yemen: Rising landmine death toll in Hajjah
Governorate. UNHCR. Retrieved 2015-01-24.
[148] Houthis vs. Islah in al Jawf. Armiesoiberation.com.
Retrieved 17 October 2014.
[168] Yemen: military commander, six bodyguards killed by
Houthis- Yemen Post English Newspaper Online. Re[149] Houthis Close to Control Hajjah Governorate, Amid Extrieved 22 March 2015.
pectations of Expansion of Control over Large Parts of
Northern Yemen. Islam Times. 2011-11-09. Retrieved
[169] Suicide bomber kills 12 in northern Yemen. Chicago
2015-01-24.
Tribune. 2012-05-25.
[150] Suspected al-Qaida car bomb kills 14 Shi'ite Houthi
rebels in Yemen: ocial. News.xinhuanet.com. Re- [170] Suicide bombing kills 14 Houthis in Al-Jawf.. Retrieved 22 March 2015.
trieved 17 October 2014.
[151] Al-Qaeda claims attacks on Houthis in northern Yemen
[152] Al-Qaeda Announces Holy War against Houthis- Yemen
Post English Newspaper Online. Retrieved 22 March
2015.
13
[184] Houthis accuse Yemens president of arming Al-Qaeda. [204] Saudi king orders construction of 10,000 houses for disMiddle East Monitor - The Latest from the Middle East.
placed people in south. Kuwait News Agency. 2 DecemRetrieved 22 March 2015.
ber 2009. Retrieved 29 December 2009.
[185] Yemen President Hadi Resigns After Shiite Rebels Seize [205] UN calls for the prosecution of child soldier recruiters.
The National. Retrieved 17 October 2014.
Palace. Bloomberg. 22 January 2015. Retrieved 22 January 2015.
[206] Issue of child soldiers raised in Yemen. UPI. Retrieved
17 October 2014.
[186] Yemens Shia rebels nalize coup, vow to dissolve parliament. The Globe and Mail. 6 February 2015. Retrieved
[207] Yemen child soldier tells of his hatred for al-Houthi
6 February 2015.
rebels. The Times. Retrieved 17 October 2014.
[187] Saudis announce onset of military intervention in
[208] Yemen children renews protest al-Houthi-related child
Yemen. PressTV. 25 March 2015. Retrieved 26 March
abuse.
2015.
[188] Angela Greiling Keane (March 26, 2015). U.S. Backs
Saudi-Led Yemeni Bombing With Logistics, Spying.
Bloomberg News. Retrieved March 27, 2015.
8 External links
14
9.1
Text
Houthi insurgency in Yemen Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houthi%20insurgency%20in%20Yemen?oldid=654285499 Contributors: William Avery, Fred Bauder, Etherialemperor, WhisperToMe, Tpbradbury, Dimadick, PBP, Beland, Rich Farmbrough, Richard
Cane, Viriditas, Geo Swan, Nightstallion, Tabletop, Mandarax, Tim!, Koavf, Feydey, Nogburt, Mark J, Malhonen, Russavia, Bgwhite,
Chaser, Member, Joshdboz, Awiseman, Black Falcon, Maphisto86, Malekhanif, De Administrando Imperio, SmackBot, Midway, Kudzu1,
Hmains, Chris the speller, Cattus, Jprg1966, Hibernian, Arsonal, George Ho, Tdl1060, Derek R Bullamore, Publicus, Sijo Ripa, Fsotrain09,
Uq, Yaris678, Cydebot, Travelbird, Daniel J. Leivick, Sa.vakilian, Ebyabe, Thijs!bot, Omgfreshbeatsnap, Nick Number, Darklilac, Shannon.2710, MER-C, Top Gun, Magioladitis, Email4mobile, Ksanyi, R'n'B, CommonsDelinker, Fconaway, BR64, Dinkytown, KazakhPol,
Neutron Jack, Kray0n, Olegwiki, Signalhead, Hugo999, Saad64, Messir, XavierGreen, Umar99, AnomanderDrake, DennyColt, Cerebellum, Oren neu dag, Hoboron, Kermanshahi, So far not banned, Calliopejen1, Mimihitam, Jmj713, Farolif, Mild Bill Hiccup, Ktr101, Mkativerata, Searcher 1990, Dunseath, DumZiBoT, Direct action, Terry J. Carter, Kormin, Bilsonius, Wikiarabia, Addbot, Jojhutton, Download, Lihaas, Manowar3745, Zorrobot, Omega933, Ettrig, Wikifan12345, Ben Ben, Drpickem, Luckas-bot, Yobot, Reenem, KamikazeBot,
AnomieBOT, Knowledgekid87, Brightgalrs, Futur3g4ry, LilHelpa, Xqbot, Jersay, The Banner, Ameen Mohammad, GrouchoBot, No More
Mr Nice Guy, Coltsfan, Ashrf1979, MerlLinkBot, Green Cardamom, FrescoBot, LucienBOT, Saudijp, D'ohBot, HCPUNXKID, Kassjab,
Gire 3pich2005, Full-date unlinking bot, Zoeperkoe, , Underlying lk, IRISZOOM, Mikroblgeovn, MegaSloth, RjwilmsiBot, TRUZaydi1, VernoWhitney, Slon02, Abu Beirutti, EmausBot, Artefactual, News surveys, Anakida, United-Yemen, Gfoley4, GoingBatty, Sentinel R, Disambigutron, Werieth, ZroBot, Alcea setosa, H3llBot, Greyshark09, Mdmday, Someone65, Labnoor, Kendite,
EkoGraf, Asmiya, Mr. Ibrahem, Parsa1993, Omar-toons, AndyTheGrump, HandsomeFella, Nakata Osaka, Catlemur, American Idiot1,
Dms77, Tomseattle, North Atlanticist Usonian, Helpful Pixie Bot, BG19bot, Sematz, PhnomPencil, MrPenguin20, FutureTrillionaire,
K2qh243, Mideastwhoswho, Takahara Osaka, Glacialfox, MRC37, Reader1987, Alhanuty, Pravdavoin, 23 editor, Stumink, LightandDark2000, Charles Essie, Jackninja5, Mabuhay92, Popcorn1101, Alhadi2007, Alexismocam, Fanxiuz, Germanjohn55, B14709, Damin
A. Fernndez Beanato, Agrso, Hanibal911, Jem87, Monkbot, Ceosad, Zakky Hirza, , Pctn, WikiCorrectah, Strivingsoul,
SaudAlkhaldi, ElCommandanteVzl, Bearcve, Bohemian Baltimore, 0aali0, I love Islamic, StanMan87, Nykterinos, Aapatel96y, 0ali1,
Shah9019, SomeGirl777, Jerodlycett, Mr.User200, Savior59, HC90 and Anonymous: 117
9.2
Images
9.3
Content license
15
9.3
Content license