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    DNS uses UDP instead of TCP. If a DNS packet is lost, there is automatic recovery. If a process makes a DNS request, it starts a timer. If the timer expires, it just sends the request again. The effectiveness of the technique is better for JPEG images as compared to HTML.

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    DNS uses UDP instead of TCP. If a DNS packet is lost, there is automatic recovery. If a process makes a DNS request, it starts a timer. If the timer expires, it just sends the request again. The effectiveness of the technique is better for JPEG images as compared to HTML.

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    703 views3 pages

    Assignment 2 Soln

    Uploaded by

    postscript
    DNS uses UDP instead of TCP. If a DNS packet is lost, there is automatic recovery. If a process makes a DNS request, it starts a timer. If the timer expires, it just sends the request again. The effectiveness of the technique is better for JPEG images as compared to HTML.

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    of 3

    Written Assignment II

    Solutions

    I. Problem 7.5: DNS uses UDP instead of TCP. If a DNS packet is lost,
    there is automatic recovery. (10 points)

     Does this cause a problem? The users wait longer to have


    the name resolved.

     If this causes a problem, how is it solved?

    Answer. DNS is idempotent. Operations can be


    repeated without harm. When a process makes a DNS
    request, it starts a timer. If the timer expires,
    it just sends the request again.

    II. Problem 7.39: An HTML page is as follows:

    <html> <body>
    <a href=”www.info-source.com/welcome.html”>
    Click here for info </a>
    </body> </html>

    If the user clicks on the hyperlink, a TCP connection is opened and a


    series of lines is sent to the server. List all the lines sent. (10 points)

    Answer. After the TCP connection is opened, an HTML


    request packet corresponding to the clicked
    hyperlink is sent to the server.

    GET /welcome.html HTTP/1.1\r\n


    Host: www.info-source.com\r\n
    \r\n

    III. Problem 7.40: The If-Modified-Since header can be used to check


    whether a cached page is still valid. Requests can be made for pages
    containing images, sound, video, and so on, as well as HTML. Do you
    think the effectiveness of this technique is better or worse for JPEG
    images as compared to HTML? Think carefully about what
    “effectiveness” means and explain your answer. (10 points)

    Answer. The answer to this problem depends on how


    we define “effectiveness”. Here are examples.
    Definition 1: The effectiveness means the reduction
    in the transmission bandwidth caused by the
    validity of the cached objects.

    With this definition, the effectiveness of the


    technique is better for JPEG files. JPEG files are
    usually much larger, but change less often than
    HTML files. Therefore, not having to send one is a
    big win.

    Definition 2: The effectiveness is defined as the


    amount of the new data fetched from the requests
    sent to the server.

    With this definition, the effectiveness of the


    technique is better for HTML files. HTML pages
    change more often than JPEG files. Therefore, it is
    more likely to have updated HTML pages when sending
    request packets to the server.

    Note Some other acceptable definition may be


    applied.

    IV. Problem 7.42: Does it make sense for a single ISP to function as a CDN?
    If so, how would that work? If not, what is wrong with the idea? (10
    points)

    Answer. The answer to this problem is a matter of


    understanding the question.

    Possibility 1: The question asks whether it makes


    sense for an ISP to work as one of the servers of a
    CDN.

    With this understanding, it surely makes sense


    for an ISP to function as one of the servers of a
    CDN. The ISP goes to a number of content providers
    and gets their permission to replicate the content
    on the ISP’s site. The content provider might even
    pay to the ISP for this. The disadvantage is that
    it is a lot of work for the ISP to contact may
    content providers. It is easier to let CDNs do
    this.

    Possibility 2: The question asks whether it makes


    sense that a CDN replicates the content on only one
    ISP site.
    With this understanding, it does not make sense
    for a CDN to place the content on a single ISP
    site. This will cause a lot of problems. For
    instance, the single ISP may not actually close to
    the clients or reduce the delay experienced by the
    clients as desired by the CDN; and the single ISP
    becomes the bottleneck of the system.

    V. Problem 7.43: Under what conditions is using a CDN a bad idea? (10
    points)

    Answer. It is a bad idea if the content changes


    rapidly. Pages full of up-to-the second sports
    results or stock quotes are not good candidates,
    for example. Pages that are generated dynamically
    are not suitable.

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