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Q2.
Prepare a flow chart to show the sequence of processes used to convert ammonia to
concentrated nitric acid. Write equations for significant chemical reactions beside the
appropriate section of the flow chart.
A2.
E1.
Adipic acid (hexanedioic acid), HOOC(CH4)4COOH, and 1,6-diaminohexane,
H2N(CH2)6NH2, are monomers used to manufacture nylon 6,6.
a Draw a section of the repeating units of this polymer.
b What other substance is formed in this polymerisation reaction?
c What name is given to the bond formed between the monomer units?
d Which polymer of biological importance has the same linkage between its
monomers?
AE1.
a
b
c
d
[~NH(CH2)6NHCO(CH2)4CO~]n
water molecule
amide bonds NHCO
polypeptide bonds formed between the amino acid monomers in proteins have the
same structure as the amide bond formed between the monomers in polyamides
such as nylon.
Practice
A4.
The production of nitric acid is a mature industry established long before the
applications of green chemistry practices were considered important. Nevertheless, a
number of aspects of the industrial production of nitric acid can be related to green
chemistry principles.
Principles
Prevent waste
Practice
Reaction conditions are optimised to
maximise production of NO and to
minimise production of other oxides of
nitrogen.
Q6.
During the Ostwald process, nitrogen monoxide is made from ammonia at about
900C and then cooled to 30C before being reacted with air to make nitrogen
dioxide. Both these reactions are exothermic. Why are the temperatures used for these
reactions so different?
Heinemann Chemistry 2 4th edition Enhanced
Copyright Pearson Australia 2010 (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd)
A fast rate of reaction is desirable for reactions involved in industrial processes. The
oxidation of ammonia to nitrogen dioxide is performed at 900oC, rather than at lower
temperatures that would give higher equilibrium yields, because the rate of this
reaction increases with increasing temperature. The rate of oxidation of nitrogen oxide
to nitrogen dioxide is fast at low temperatures. Since a low temperature also gives a
high equilibrium yield for this reaction, a reaction temperature of about 30oC is
chosen.
Q7.
As the gas passes through the catalyst bed in the converter during nitric acid
manufacture, its temperature increases. The gas must be cooled before it is mixed with
air.
a Why does the temperature of the gas rise?
b Why is it necessary to cool the gas?
c What side benefit is obtained from the need to cool gases?
A7.
a
b
c
Q8.
The oxidation states of nitrogen stages in the conversion of ammonia to nitric acid
may be represented as
3
a
b
c
+2
+4
+5
Q10.
Nitrogen monoxide is present in the gaseous emissions from nitric acid plants.
a Explain why the levels of these emissions need to be restricted.
b What other human activities cause nitrogen monoxide to be produced?
A10.
a
Q11.
If you were designing a new nitric acid plant, briefly list important factors that you
would consider when deciding:
a whether to provide further treatment for waste gases containing NOx from the
absorption tower
b which catalyst to use, platinumrhodium or powdered iron
c whether to use air or oxygen for the reaction in the converter
A11.
a
b
c
Describe two ways that expenses are minimised in the Ostwald process.
A12.
For example:
1 Heat released by the reaction in the converter is removed and used to heat
incoming gases and converted to electricity.
2 The costly platinum catalyst slowly vaporises. Once the gas leaves the
converter it is passed through a filter to recover the metal.
Q13.
Under the title Nitric acid: providing fertilisers to feed the world, write a paragraph
that uses the words: fertilisers, Ostwald process, converter, cooling chamber,
absorption tower, equilibrium, reaction rate, and catalytic oxidation.
A13.
Imagine a serious acid spill occurred at a nitric acid plant. As a consequence, the local
council invited the plant manager to speak to the local citizens about their health and
safety concerns.
a Design a flyer advertising the meeting and highlighting the main issues of
concern.
b List the points that the manager might wish to make to the concerned residents.
A14.
a
The flyer might mention safety issues, such as the risk of spillage and concerns
about gas emissions. It might also mention the safety record of the company and
visual pollution. (A flyer advertising a public meeting would also give the date,
time and venue.)
The plant manager might describe the safety precautions in place, the companys
safety record, operation to strict government guidelines, provision of
employment, incentives for associated industries with employment and the trade
spin-offs for local community.
Construct a concept map that includes the following terms: nitric acid, explosives,
fertilisers, Ostwald process, converter, absorption tower, cooling chamber, oxidation,
reaction rate, equilibrium yield, and catalyst.
A15.
Q16.