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Overland, M., K.A. Rorvik and A. Skrede. 1999. Effect of trimethylamine oxide and betaine
in swine diets on growth performance, carcass characteristics, nutrient digestibility,
and sensory quality of pork. J. Anim. Sci. 77:2143-2153
Park, J. H., C. W. Kang and K.S. Ryu. 2006. Effect of feeding betaine on performance and
blood hormone in laying hens. Kor. J. Poult. Sci. 33:323-328
Rafique, M., T.N. Pasha, A. Khalique and A. Mahmud. 2000. Biological avaibility of betaine
for methionine sparing in broiler chickens. Int. J. Agri. Biol. 2.1-2:165-166
Ratriyanto, A., Mosenthin, R., Bauer, E. And Eklund, M. 2009. Metabolic, osmoregulatory
and nutritional functins of betaine in monogastric animal. J. Anim. Sci., 22:1461-1467
Sayed, M.A.M and Downing. 2011. Tehe effect of water replcement by oral rehydration
fluids with or without betaine supplementation on performance, acid- base balance,
and water retention of heat stressed broiler chickens. Poult. Sci. 90:157-167.
Scharma, J.W. and W.J.J. Gerrits. 2000. Effect of dietary betaine supplementation on energy
partitioning in pigs. Internal Report, wagering en Agricultural University, the
Netherlands 24p.
Schwahn, B.C., et al. 2003. Pharmacokinetics of oral betaine in healthy subjects and patients
with homocystinuria. Br J Clin Pharmacol,. 55(1)p. 6-13
Siljander R., H., Speuranen, K. Tiihonen, E. Virtanen, H. Kettunen, T. Alaviuhkola and P. H.
Simmins. 2003. Effect of equi-molar dietary betaine and choline addition on
performance, carcas quality and physiological prameters of pigs. Anim. Sci. 76:55-62
Steel, R.G dan J.H. Torrie. 1993. Prinsip dan Prosedur Statistika, suatu PendekatanGeometri.
PT. Gramedia. Jakarta.
Susilorini TE, M Eirry Sawitri, Muharlien. 2007. Budidaya 22 Ternak Potensial. Penebar
Swadaya. Jakarta
Ueland, P.M., Choline and betaine in health and disease. J Inherit Metab Dis. 34(1) p. 3-15.
Waldroup, P.W., M.A. Motl., F. Yan and C.A. Fritts. 2006. Effect of betaine and choline on
response to methionine supplementation to broiler diets formulated to industry
standards. J. Appl. Poult. Res. 15:58-71
Yuwanta, T. 2008. Dasar ternak unggas. Cetakan ke-5 Universitas Gadjah Mada Press.
Yogyakarta
Teng Y. J. Biol . Chem . 2011
Sun et al. (2008
Pesti et al. (1980