Fire Protection 101

Fire Protection 101
TS 100-2-4
Wednesday, November 3, 2010, 8:30am-9:45am
Todd Stevens, CFPS
Fire Protection 101

Presented by:
Todd Stevens
Viking Corporation
Agenda
NFPA 13
Hazard Classifications
Automatic Sprinklers
History
Identification
Control Mode Sprinklers
Storage Applications
Residential
Fire Protection 101
NFPA - National Fire Protection Association
NFPA 13 - Standard for the Installation of Sprinkler

Systems (2010 edition)
Fire Protection 101

NFPA 13 - Standard for the Installation of Sprinkler
Systems (2010 edition)
Chap. 1 - Administration
Chap. 2 Referenced Publications

Chap. 3 Definitions
Chap. 4 General Requirements
Chap. 5 Classifications of Occupancies and
Commodities
Chap. 6 System Components and Hardware

Chap. 7 System Requirements
Fire Protection 101

Chap. 8 Installation Requirements
Chap. 9 Hanging, Bracing and Restraint of System
Piping
Chap. 10 Underground Piping

Chap. 11 Design Approaches
Chap. 12 General Requirements for Storage
Chap. 13 Miscellaneous Storage
Chap. 14 Protection of Class I to Class IV
Commodities that are Stored Palletized, Solid Piled, Bin
Boxes, Shelf Storage or Back to Back Shelf Storage
Fire Protection 101

Chap. 15 Protection of Plastic and Rubber
Commodities that are Stored Palletized, Solid Piled, Bin
Boxes, Shelf Storage or Back to Back Shelf Storage
Chap. 16 Protection of Class I Through Class IV
Commodities that are Stored on Racks
Chap. 17 Protection of Plastic and Rubber
Commodities that are Stored on Racks
Chap. 18 Protection of Rubber Tire Storage
Chap. 19 Protection of Roll Paper
Chap. 20 Special Design of Storage Protection
Fire Protection 101

Chap. 21 Special Occupancy Requirements
Chap. 22 Plans and Calculations
Chap. 23 Water Supplies
Chap. 24 System Acceptance
Chap. 25 Marine Systems
Chap. 26 System Inspection, Testing and

Maintenance
NFPA 13 Classification of Occupancies
Light Hazard
Ordinary Hazard (Group 1)
Extra Hazard (Group 1)
Light Hazard
Low combustibility of contents
Low rates of heat release
Moderate amounts of combustible contents
Moderate rates of heat release
Moderate to High combustible contents
Moderate to High rates of heat release
Very High combustibility
High rates of heat release
Substantial amounts of Flammable or Combustible Liquids
Storage Occupancies
Type of Commodity
Class I
Class II
Class III
Class IV
Plastics
Group A
Group B
Group C
Sprinkler Hydraulics
NFPA 13 (2010 ed.) Density / Area Curve

Figure 11.2.3.1.1
Sprinklers
Fire Triangle
Fire Triangle
Fire Tetrahedron
Goal is to remove one of the three elements to

eliminate the reaction
History of Sprinklers
1852 - Mill owners in New England developed
perforated piping systems activated by a manual control
valve.
1874 - Henry S. Parmalee of New Haven, CT created

and installed the first automatic fire sprinkler system
using solder that melted in a fire to plug holes in the
otherwise open water pipes.
1881 - Frederick Grinnell of Providence, RI patented
the first sensitive automatic sprinkler and incorporated it
with a tooth-edged deflector and -inch orifice.
History of Sprinklers
1895 - The National Fire Protection Association was
founded in Boston. The NFPA set standards for
automatic sprinklers and by 1899 requirements became
uniform throughout the United States and Canada.
1913 Studies showed that after 38 years of fire
sprinkler installation only five people had lost their lives in
a sprinkler facility.
Today - NFPA is responsible for 300 codes and
standards designed to minimize the risk and effects of
fire by establishing criteria for building, processing,
design, service, and installation throughout the World.
Materials of Construction
The components that make up a sprinkler
head are:
Frame or casting
Deflector
Fusible element or frangible bulb
Pip Cap
Pintle Screw
Belleville Spring
A low zinc content brass provides a more
resilient frame or casting.
The Bellville Spring seals the water way
of the sprinkler. This metal to metal
sealing mechanism allows the waterway
to clear even when no pressure is on the
inlet of the sprinkler head.
Laboratory Approvals
AGENCY
UL & c-UL (ULC)
FM
LPC
VDS
NYC & LA
STANDARD
NFPA & UL Requirements
FM Requirements
(NFPA = minimum)
LPC Standard
VDS Standard
Specific City approvals
Types of Sprinklers
Control Mode
Standard Coverage / SR or QR
Extended Coverage / SR or QR
Control Mode Special Application

Suppression
ESFR - Early Suppression Fast Response
Residential
Types of Sprinklers
Control mode sprinklers are separated in the following
categories:
Standard Coverage
Standard Response / Quick Response
Extended Coverage
Dry Barrel
Storage
Sprinkler Identification
155 F
(68 C)
Red
Ordinary
Max Ceil
Temp
100 F
(38 C)
175 F 200or212 F 286 F

(79 C) (93or100 C) (141 C)
Yellow
Green
Blue
Intermediate
High
Max Ceiling
Temp
150 F
(65 C)
360 F
500 F
(182 C) (260 C)
Mauve
Black
Extra
Ultra
High
High
Max Ceil Max Ceil Max Ceil
Temp
Temp
Temp
225 F
300 F
465 F
(107 C) (149 C) (240 C)
Standard Response Elements 5 mm bulb
155 F
(68 C)
Red
Ordinary
Max Ceil
Temp
100 F
(38 C)
175 F
200or212 F
(79 C)
(93or100 C)
Yellow
Green
Intermediate
Max Ceiling
Temp
150 F
(65 C)
286 F
(141 C)
Blue
High
Max Ceil
Temp
225 F
(107 C)
Fast Response Elements 3 mm bulb
Installed on the top of the sprinkler piping
Upright Sprinklers
Pendent sprinkler
fed through a ceiling
Pendent sprinkler
on exposed piping
Pendent Sprinklers are Installed on bottom of piping or through a ceiling
Sidewall Sprinklers are generally installed through a wall
Horizontal Sidewall Sprinkler
K Factors:
K factors are known as the coefficient of discharge.
The larger the K factor in number, the more water it
can discharge at a given pressure. There are (3)
current thread sizes used for sprinkler heads, , ,
and 1 threads.
Do not just match the thread size when replacing a
sprinkler head. Identify what orientation, K factor, and
temperature prior to replacing a sprinkler.
K
% of 5.6
1.4 25%
Thread
K
% of 5.6
14.0 250%
1.9
33.3%
16.8
300%
2.8
50%
19.6
350%
4.2 75%
Baseline
5.6 100%
22.4
400%
25.2
8.0
140%
28.0
11.2
200%
450%
500%
Thread
Spray Patterns
Conventional Old Style

40% to 60% Initially Downward
NFPA 13 (2010 ed.) Figure A 8.5.5.1
Standard Spray
Residential
Wall Wetting
Thermal Sensitivity
Are Fast Response and Quick Response the same?
Thermal Sensitivity
Standard Response
3 Min. 51 Sec. Room Fire Test
100 Sec. Plunge Test
Quick Response
75 Sec. Room Fire Test
14 Sec. Plunge Test
Residential
Special Fire Test
14 Sec. Plunge
Thermal Sensitivity
Response Time Index

RTI - measures the speed of
response of the heat sensitive
element
Fast Response Sprinklers:
RTI of 50 (m-sec)1/2 or less.
Standard Response
Sprinklers:
RTI of 80 (m-sec)1/2 or more.
Standard Coverage
Sprinklers
Standard Response Sprinklers

Standard Coverage / Standard Response Sprinklers
Utilized in mercantile, manufacturing, general assembly,
storage applications
Quick Response Sprinklers

Standard Coverage / Quick Response Sprinklers
Quick Response Sprinklers are required to be installed in
all new Light Hazard Occupancies
Control Mode Sprinklers

Standard Coverage Sprinklers
Area of Coverage
Light Hazard (as defined by NFPA 13) : 225 sq. ft. max
Ordinary Hazard (as defined by NFPA 13) : 130 sq. ft. max
Extra Hazard (as defined by NFPA 13) : 100 sq. ft. max
Control
Mode Sprinklers
Sprinklers
Minimum operating pressure is 7 psi.
Flow rate per sprinkler equals:
Area x Density
Or
K-Factor x square root of minimum pressure
(which ever is greater)
Q = Area x Density
Q=Kx P
Sprinkler Hydraulics
Q=Kx P
Q = Water Flow
K = Coefficient of
Discharge
P = Pressure
P = (Q / K)2
K= Q/ P
Q = Area x Density

A = 13 x 10
A = 130 sq.ft.
Area of a Sprinkler
A=SxL
NFPA 13 (2010) 8.5.2.1
S = 13
L = 10
10
66
13

Light Hazard = .10 gpm per sq. ft.
Minimum flow rate for sprinklers spaced 225 sq. ft.
Area x density = Q
225 sq.ft. x .10 gpm per sq. ft. = 22.5 gpm
A = 15 x 15
A = 225 sq.ft.
15
15
15

Ordinary Hazard Group 1 = .15 gpm per sq. ft.
Area x density = Q
A = 13 x 10
A = 130 sq.ft.
10
13
13

Extra Hazard Group 1 = .3 gpm per sq. ft.
Area x density = Q
100 sq.ft. x .3 gpm per sq. ft. = 30 gpm
A = 10 x 10
A = 100 sq.ft.
10
10
10

Pendent & Uprights
15 gpm for K 5.6 at 7 psi
Q=Kx P

Standard Sprinkler Minimum Design
Hazard
Max Area of
coverage
K 5.6
Density
Minimum
water flow
Light
225 ft
.10 gpm/sq ft.
22.5 gpm
16.1 psi
Ord. Gr 1
130 ft
.15 gpm/sq ft.
19.5 gpm
12.1 psi
Ord. Gr 2
130 ft
.20 gpm/sq ft.
26 gpm
21.6 psi
Ex. Gr 1
100 ft
.30 gpm/sq ft.
30 gpm
28.7 psi
Ex. Gr 2
100 ft
.40 gpm/sq ft.
40 gpm
51 psi

Hazard
Max Area of
coverage
K 8.0
Density
Minimum
water flow
Light
225 ft
.10 gpm/sq ft.
22.5 gpm
7.9 psi
Ord. Gr 1
130 ft
.15 gpm/sq ft.
(19.5 gpm)
21.1 gpm
(6 psi)
7 psi
Ord. Gr 2
130 ft
.20 gpm/sq ft.
26 gpm
10.6 psi
Ex. Gr 1
100 ft
.30 gpm/sq ft.
30 gpm
14 psi
Ex. Gr 2
100 ft
.40 gpm/sq ft.
40 gpm
25 psi
= Over-Discharge

Hazard
Max Area of
coverage
Minimum
water flow
K 11.2
Density
Light
225 ft
.10 gpm/sq ft.
(22.5 gpm)
29.6 gpm
(4 psi)
7 psi
Ord. Gr 1
130 ft
.15 gpm/sq ft.
(19.5 gpm)
29.6 gpm
(3 psi)
7 psi
Ord. Gr 2
130 ft
.20 gpm/sq ft.
(26 gpm)
29.6 gpm
(5.3 psi)
7 psi
Ex. Gr 1
100 ft
.30 gpm/sq ft.
30 gpm
7.1 psi
Ex. Gr 2
100 ft
.40 gpm/sq ft.
40 gpm
12.8 psi
= Over-Discharge

Standard Pendent and Upright Spray Sprinklers
NFPA 13 (2010) Chapter 8.6
8.6.2 Protection Areas per Sprinkler
8.6.3 Sprinkler Spacing
8.6.4 Deflector Position
8.6.5 Obstructions to Sprinkler Discharge

8.6.6 Clearance to Storage
8.6.7 Ceiling Pockets
Sidewall Sprinklers
Area of Coverage
Light Hazard (as defined by NFPA 13) : 196 sq. ft. max
Ordinary Hazard (as defined by NFPA 13) : 100 sq. ft. max
(Note: Must be listed for Ordinary Hazard)
Sidewall Sprinklers
Light Hazard = .10 gpm per sq. ft.
Area x density = Q
14
14
14
Sidewall Sprinklers
Area x density = Q
10
10
10
Sidewall Sprinklers
Area x density = Q
10
10
10
Sidewall Sprinklers
Sidewall Standard Coverage Sprinkler Minimum Design
Hazard
Max Area of
coverage
K 5.6
Density
Minimum
water flow
Light
196 ft
.10 gpm/sq ft.
19.6 gpm
12.25 psi
Ord. Gr 1
100 ft
.15 gpm/sq ft.
15 gpm
7.1 psi
Ord. Gr 2
100 ft
.20 gpm/sq ft.
20 gpm
12.75 psi
Sidewall Sprinklers
Sidewall Standard Coverage Sprinkler Minimum Design
Hazard
Max Area of
coverage
Minimum
water flow
K 8.0
Density
Light
196 ft
.10 gpm/sq ft.
(19.6 gpm)
21.1 gpm
(6 psi)
7 psi
Ord. Gr 1
100 ft
.15 gpm/sq ft.
(15 gpm)
21.1 gpm
(3.5 psi)
7 psi
Ord. Gr 2
100 ft
.20 gpm/sq ft.
(20 gpm)
21.1 gpm
(6.25) psi
7 psi
= Over-Discharge
Sidewall Sprinklers
Sidewall Standard Spray Sprinklers

Extended Coverage
Sprinklers
Extended Coverage Sprinklers

Extended Coverage Sprinklers allow for fewer sprinklers to be
installed in an application. Extended coverage covers a greater
floor area than standard coverage sprinklers.

Area of Coverage
400 sq. ft. max per NFPA
Spacing is in increments of 2-0.

12 x 12, 14x14 16x16, 18x18, 20x20

ECLH Sprinkler Minimum Design
Spacing
Area of
coverage
Light Hazard
Density
Minimum
water flow
* % Fewer
Sprinklers
16x16
256 ft
.10 gpm/sq ft.
25.6 gpm
13%
18x18
324 ft
.10 gpm/sq ft.
32.4 gpm
30%
20x20
400 ft
.10 gpm/sq ft.
40 gpm
44%
*Based on a 225 sq. ft. coverage area for standard coverage upright and pendent

ECOH Sprinkler Minimum Design (must be listed for OH)
Spacing
Area of
coverage
Ord. Group l
Density
Minimum
water flow
* % Fewer
Sprinklers
12x12
144 ft
.15 gpm/sq ft.
21.6 gpm
10%
14x14
196 ft
.15 gpm/sq ft.
29.4 gpm
35%
16x16
256 ft
.15 gpm/sq ft.
38.4 gpm
50%
18x18
324 ft
.15 gpm/sq ft.
48.6 gpm
60%
20x20
400 ft
.15 gpm/sq ft.
60 gpm
66%
*Based on a 130 sq. ft. coverage area for standard coverage upright and pendent

Extended Coverage Upright and Pendent Spray
Sprinklers

8.8.7 Ceiling Pockets

Extended Coverage Sidewalls
Area of Coverage
400 sq. ft. max per NFPA

Extended Coverage Sidewall Spray Sprinklers
Corrosion Resistant
Sprinklers
Corrosion Resistant Sprinkler

Corrosion Resistant Sprinklers are sprinklers that are
manufactured with a special coating or special materials to
resist atmospheres that would be corrosive to a standard
finish sprinkler
Note: Corrosion resistance does not mean corrosion proof
Corrosion Resistant Sprinklers

Brass Finish
Chrome Finish
White Polyester
Black Polyester
Black Teflon
Wax Coated
Wax over Polyester

Stainless Steel
Dry Barrel Sprinklers

Dry barrel sprinklers
Custom made sprinklers
Installed on dry pipe system, pre-action systems, or fed
from a wet system to protect an area subject to freezing
Must be installed in a Tee fitting

Deflector
Frangible bulb
Frame
Split Seat
Coated Steel Barrel
Circular Crush Seal
Bellville Spring
Seal Assembly
Dry Upright Sprinkler
Dry Barrel Sprinkler Components
Sprinklers Used in
Storage Occupancies
Rolled Paper Storage
Rack Storage
Palletized Storage
Idle Pallet Storage
Miscellaneous Storage
Shelf Storage
Rubber Tire Storage
Baled Cotton Storage
Storage Fires are very demanding and require more
water to control them than standard occupancy hazards.
5.6 K factor sprinklers are limited to densities of .20 gpm
per sq. ft. and lower.
8.0 K factor sprinklers are limited to densities of .34 gpm
per sq. ft. and lower.
Densities greater than .34 gpm per sq. ft. require K
factors of 11.2 or larger.
Why Larger K Factors?
Develop larger water droplets that are able to penetrate
the fire plume and the thermal updraft.
Discharge the same water flow rate at much lower
pressures
Lower starting pressures may allow smaller pipe sizes,
lowering the total cost.
Densities greater than .25 require limit the area of
standard coverage sprinklers used to 100 sq. ft.
Minimum 7 PSI
Larger Densities will require higher starting pressures
Control Mode Density Area Sprinklers

.20 gpm per sq. ft x 130 sq. ft. = 26 gpm
K Factor
Flow Rate
Starting Pressure
5.6
26 gpm
21.55 psi
8.0
26 gpm
10.56 psi
11.2
26 gpm
29.63 gpm
5.11 psi
7 psi
16.8
26 gpm
44.44 gpm
2.39 psi
7 psi
= Over-Discharge

K Factor
Flow Rate
Starting Pressure
5.6
25 gpm
19.92 psi
8.0
25 gpm
9.76 psi
11.2
25 gpm
29.63 gpm
4.98 psi
7 psi
16.8
25 gpm
44.44 gpm
2.21 psi
7 psi
= Over-Discharge

K Factor
Flow Rate
Starting Pressure
5.6
30 gpm
28.6 psi
8.0
30 gpm
14.06 psi
11.2
30 gpm
7.17 psi
16.8
30 gpm
44.44 gpm
3.18 psi
7 psi
= Over-Discharge

K Factor
Flow Rate
Starting Pressure
5.6
45 gpm
64.57 psi
8.0
45 gpm
31.64 psi
11.2
45 gpm
16.14 psi
16.8
45 gpm
7.17 psi

K Factor
Flow Rate
Starting Pressure
5.6
60 gpm
114.7 psi
8.0
60 gpm
56.25 psi
11.2
60 gpm
28.6 psi
16.8
60 gpm
12.75 psi
In-Rack Sprinklers
In-Rack Sprinklers (Intermediate level sprinklers)
If storage exceeds 25-0 in-racks and control mode
sprinklers are utilized, levels of in-rack sprinklers are
within the rack structure.
In-rack sprinklers require 3 water shields to protect
their operating elements from the ceiling sprinklers.
In-rack sprinklers are intermediate level sprinklers, as

there is at least one level of sprinklers above them.
In-Rack Sprinklers
In-Rack Sprinklers (Intermediate level sprinklers)
K factors of 5.6 and 8.0, or 11.2.
In-rack sprinklers are usually located in the longitudinal
flue space of the rack, but can be located at the face of
the rack or within the storage space
Racks with solid barriers require levels of in-rack
sprinklers above the storage where the solid barriers
exist.
In-Rack Sprinklers
Control Mode Sprinkler
In-Rack Sprinkler
With Water Shield
Control Mode Special Application

CSMA Sprinklers (Control Mode Special Application)
Can eliminate in-rack sprinklers
Minimum 11.2 K Factor
Wet, Dry or Preaction Systems, accordance with listing
VK 592 (K 19.6) Pendent Control Mode Special Application (CMSA) Sprinkler

Configuration
Commodity Class
Maximum Storage
Maximum
Number of Design
Height
Ceiling/Roof Height
Sprinklers
25 ft
(7.6m)
30 ft
(9.1m)
15
Palletized and Solid Class l, ll, lll, and lV
30 ft.
(9.1m)
35 ft
(10.7m)
15
Piled
commodities
35 ft.
(10.7m)
40 ft
(12.2m)
15
20 ft.
(6.1m)
25 ft.
(7.6m)
15
20 ft.
(6.1m)
30 ft.
(9.1m)
15
20 ft.
(6.1m)
35 ft.
(10.7m)
15
Palletized and Solid
20 ft.
(6.1m)
40 ft.
(12.2m)
15
Storage of Plastic and
Rubber Commodities Cartoned Un25 ft.
(7.6m)
30 ft.
(9.1m)
15
(no open-top
expanded Plastics
25 ft.
(7.6m)
35 ft.
(10.7m)
15
containers or solid
25 ft.
(7.6m)
40 ft.
(12.2m)
15
shelves)
30 ft.
(9.1m)
35 ft.
(10.7m)
15
30 ft.
(9.1m)
40 ft.
(12.2m)
15
35 ft.
(10.7m)
40 ft.
(12.2m)
15
20 ft.
(6.1m)
25 ft.
(7.6m)
15
20 ft.
(6.1m)
30 ft.
(9.1m)
15
20 ft.
(6.1m)
35 ft.
(10.7m)
15
20 ft.
(6.1m)
40 ft.
(12.2m)
15
Single-Row, DoubleRow, and MultipleClass l, ll, lll, and lV
25 ft.
(7.6m)
30 ft.
(9.1m)
15
Row Rack (no open- commodities
25 ft.
(7.6m)
35 ft.
(10.7m)
15
top containers)
25 ft.
(7.6m)
40 ft.
(12.2m)
15
30 ft.
(9.1m)
35 ft.
(10.7m)
15
30 ft.
(9.1m)
40 ft.
(12.2m)
15
35 ft.
(10.7m)
40 ft.
(12.2m)
15
20 ft.
(6.1m)
25 ft.
(7.6m)
15
20 ft.
(6.1m)
30 ft.
(9.1m)
15
20 ft.
(6.1m)
35 ft.
(10.7m)
15
20 ft.
(6.1m)
40 ft.
(12.2m)
15
Single-Row, DoubleRow, and MultipleCartoned Un25 ft.
(7.6m)
30 ft.
(9.1m)
15
Row Rack (no open- expanded Plastics
25 ft.
(7.6m)
35 ft.
(10.7m)
15
top containers)
25 ft.
(7.6m)
40 ft.
(12.2m)
15
30 ft.
(9.1m)
35 ft.
(10.7m)
15
30 ft.
(9.1m)
40 ft.
(12.2m)
15
35 ft.
(10.7m)
40 ft.
(12.2m)
15
20 ft.
(6.1m)
25 ft.
(7.6m)
15
20 ft.
(6.1m)
30 ft.
(9.1m)
15
On Floor
Idle Wood Pallets
20 ft.
(6.1m)
35 ft.
(10.7m)
15
20 ft.
(6.1m)
40 ft.
(12.2m)
15
Note: Hose stream allowance is 500 gpm (1900 lpm)
Minimum Operating
Pressure
16 PSI
(1.1bar)
25 PSI
(1.7bar)
30 PSI
(2.06bar)
16 PSI
(1.1bar)
16 PSI
(1.1bar)
25 PSI
(1.7bar)
30 PSI
(2.06bar)
16 PSI
(1.1bar)
25 PSI
(1.7bar)
30 PSI
(2.06bar)
25 PSI
(1.7bar)
30 PSI
(2.06bar)
30 PSI
(2.06bar)
16 PSI
(1.1bar)
16 PSI
(1.1bar)
25 PSI
(1.7bar)
30 PSI
(2.06bar)
16 PSI
(1.1bar)
25 PSI
(1.7bar)
30 PSI
(2.06bar)
25 PSI
(1.7bar)
30 PSI
(2.06bar)
30 PSI
(2.06bar)
16 PSI
(1.1bar)
16 PSI
(1.1bar)
25 PSI
(1.7bar)
30 PSI
(2.06bar)
16 PSI
(1.1bar)
25 PSI
(1.7bar)
30 PSI
(2.06bar)
25 PSI
(1.7bar)
30 PSI
(2.06bar)
30 PSI
(2.06bar)
16 PSI
(1.1bar)
16 PSI
(1.1bar)
30 PSI
(2.06bar)
30 PSI
(2.06bar)
Early Suppression Fast Response

ESFR Sprinklers (Early Suppression Fast Response)

Developed by Factory Mutual in the early 1980s.
Suppression sprinklers meaning these type of sprinklers
are designed not to control a fire, but to suppress the fire.
Class l, Class ll, Class lll, Class lV, commodities and

plastic commodities
Can eliminate in-rack sprinklers
Limited to wet type sprinkler systems
Calculating the (12) most remote sprinklers
Buildings must have flat ceilings or roofs. (No greater

than 2 inches in 12 inches.)
ESFR Sprinklers
Eliminate In-Rack
Sprinklers in most
Cases
SPRAY PATTERN FOR ESFR PENDENT SPRINKLER

Make note of obstruction rules. NFPA 13 (2010) Chapter
8.12
36 Clearance or greater between deflector and top of
storage
Avoid obstructions directly below Pendent ESFRs
Obstructions can cause more sprinklers to activate than
designed
Skipping

Upright sprinklers may allow for less obstruction
concerns per their listing
Full scale fire tests have been performed to prove small
obstructions did not negatively effect the performance of
some upright ESFR sprinklers.
Make sure to review manufactures requirements
Upright ESFR
Factory Mutual Test Facility
Obstruction to pendent
ESFR.
Many times obstructions
occur after the sprinklers
are installed.
Other trades may install
materials below pendent
ESFRs, obstructing the
sprinkler.
When room exists above

the sprinkler line for an
upright ESFR sprinkler,
turning the outlet 180
and installing an upright
ESFR is a cost effective
method of repairing the
problem.

Minimum K14 Design Pressure and Flow Rate
Ceiling Height
Minimum
Pressure
Flow Rate
30 ft and less
50 PSI
98.99 GPM
40 ft to greater
than 30 ft
75 PSI
121.2 GPM
*Refer to Specific Design Standard for Commodity Storage

And specific application installation requirements.

Minimum K16.8 Design Pressure and Flow Rate
Ceiling Height
Minimum
Pressure
Flow Rate
30 ft and less
35 PSI
98.99 GPM
40 ft to greater
than 30 ft
52 PSI
121.2 GPM
*Refer to Specific Design Standard for Commodity Storage

And specific application installation requirements.

Minimum K 25.2 Design Pressure and Flow Rate
Storage
Height
Ceiling
Height
UL
FM
40
45
35
40
30
35
25
30
159.3 gpm
40 psi
126 gpm
25 psi
112.6 gpm
20 psi
97.5 gpm
15 psi
178.1 gpm
50 psi
159.3 gpm
40 psi
138 gpm
30 psi
112.6 gpm
20 psi
Residential Sprinklers
Residential Sprinklers are the largest growth market for the
sprinkler industry.
International Residential Code
As the name suggest, these sprinklers are installed in homes,
apartments, dormitories, hotels, motels.
NFPA 13
NFPA 13D
NFPA 13R
UL 1626, Residential Sprinklers for Fire Protection Service
Standard published and used by UL to evaluate the
performance of a residential sprinkler. The testing
procedure verifies the thermal sensitivity and water
distribution characteristics.
Plunge Test
Room Test
Residential Sprinkler Room Test
Provide safety to the occupant and allow safe egress
Temperature cannot exceed 600 F 3 below the ceiling
The maximum temperature at 5-3 above the floor is
200 F
The temperature 5-3 above the floor shall not exceed
130 F for any continuous 2 minute period
The maximum ceiling material temperature behind
the finished ceiling surface shall not exceed 500 F.
Residential Sprinkler Room Test
(2) residential sprinklers are located in the room for their
coverage area
Pendent sprinkler coverage's 12x12, 14x14, 16x16,

18x18, and 20x20
Sidewall sprinklers coverage are typically 14x14,
16x16, 16x18, 16x20, 16x22, 18x18 and 20x20.
A third sprinkler is located near an open door, if the
sprinkler activates at any time during the test, the test is
considered a failure.
Wall Wetting Characteristics
28 is the maximum distance down from the ceiling on
the wall that is not being wet.
Sidewall sprinklers must direct 5% of their discharge

upon the wall on which they are installed.
Spray is in a very flat pattern. Obstructions such
as sloped ceilings, beams, ceiling fans, and lights can
inhibit the performance.
The minimum design criteria for residential sprinklers
per UL And NFPA 13D and NFPA 13R is to provide a
minimum .05 gpm per sq. ft. over the area of protection.
NFPA 13 requires that the minimum design criteria for

residential sprinklers or residential occupancies be a .10
gpm per sq. ft.
Other Sprinkler Types
Institutional Sprinklers
Institutional Sprinklers are utilized in jails, penitentiaries, mental
hospitals, juvenile wards, and other places where long term
incarceration is practiced.
Institutional Sprinklers
Tamper Resistant
Lockable Escutcheons
Retaining Flange
Drop weight rating
Combustible Concealed Space

Sprinklers
Interstitial Space Sprinklers

An Upright Sprinkler
Spray patterns different from standard spray upright sprinklers
Spray Nozzles
Spray Nozzles are special discharge devices normally utilized
on deluge systems to protect the entire surface area of an
object
Model E
A-D Series
Model M
Window Sprinkler
Sprinkler Accessories
Sprinkler Accessories are products that are attached to a
sprinkler such as a head guard or are part of the sprinklers
finish installation such as an escutcheon
In the
Box Thinking
Sprinkler
Aesthetics
Standard Cover Plate

2 Outside Diameter
Square Cover Plate
Large Cover Plate

3 5/16 Outside Diameter
Sprinkler Aesthetics
Special Applications
MRI Facilities
Concealed Sprinkler for MRI facilities
Non Magnetic Materials
Cleanroom Environments
Gasketed Concealed Coverplate
Conclusion
What did we learn?
Thank You
Todd Stevens
tstevens@vikingcorp.com
910-215-0262

Fire Protection 101

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