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V=
4h
1868-1946
1875-1953
Inwash
Outwash
pu pl
Vortical wake
Downwash
Section model
Induced drag
di
Section A-A
l
A
-w
CL =
L
2
1
2 V S
C Di =
Di
2
1
V
S
2
= (y)
= (y)
-s
y1
y
dy1
w( y ) =
dy y1
dy1
4 ( y y1 )
dy y1
dy1
4 ( y y )
-w
Cl =
V
l
=
=
2
2
1
1
2 V c
2 V c
So
Sectional forces
Total Forces
integrated over span
Total Coefficients
d i V w
l V
Di wdy
L V dy
s
= V ( 0 )c + wc
L
2
CL = 1
dy
2
V S s
2 V S
D
2
C Di = 1 i 2 2 wdy
V S s
2 V S
Wake model
w( y ) =
dy y1
dy1
4 ( y y )
Section model
c
= V ( 0 )c +
4 s
dy y1
dy1
y y1
y / s = cos
= V ( 0 )c + wc
s y
-s
0
= 4U s
cn
+ sin
( 0 ) sin = An sin( n )
4s
4s
n =1, odd
A sin(n )
n =1, odd
Results
Substituting
= 4U s
A sin(n )
n =1, odd
into
gives
CL =
2
dy
V S s
C L = ARA1
2
C Di = 2 wdy
V S s
C L2
C Di =
(1 + )
AR
n( A
n =3, odd
So,
/ A1 ) 2
w( y ) =
dy y1
dy1
4 ( y y )
nA sin(n )
n
w
n =1, odd
=
sin
V
c
4s
( 0 ) sin =
cn
A
n
+
sin(
)
sin
n
4s
n =1, odd
cn
( 0 ) sin = An sin( n )
+ sin
4s
4s
n =1, odd
s y
-s
0
y / s = cos
1. Decide on the number of terms N needed for the sine series for
2. Select N points across the half span, evenly spaced in
3. At each point evaluate c, , 0 and thus the NxN matrix of terms that
multiplies the Ans and the N terms on the left hand side
4. Solve for the Ans by matrix division
5. Evaluate CL, CDi , w(y), and (y).
c
4s
( 0 ) sin =
s=2.8;
alpha=5*pi/180;
alpha0=-5.4*pi/180;
N=20;
th=[1:N]'/N*pi/2;
y=-cos(th)*s;
c=ones(size(th));
n=1:2:2*N-1;
cn
sin(
)
sin
+
A
n
n
4 s
n =1, odd
llt.m
= 4U s
ARA1
A sin(n )
n =1, odd
C L2
C Di =
(1 + )
AR
1. Decide on the number of terms N needed for the sine series for
2. Select N points across the half span, evenly spaced in
3. At each point evaluate c, , 0 and thus the NxN matrix of terms that
multiplies the Ans and the N terms on the left hand side
4. Solve for the Ans by matrix division
5. Evaluate CL, CDi , w(y), and (y).
Example
0.1
y/c
0
0
CL=0.80783, CDi=0.038738
0.2
/Vs
0.15
0.1
0.05
0
-1
-0.9
-0.8
-0.7
-0.6
-0.5
-0.4
-0.3
-0.2
-0.1
-0.9
-0.8
-0.7
-0.6
-0.5
y/s
-0.4
-0.3
-0.2
-0.1
-w/V
-0.05
-0.1
-0.15
-0.2
-1
o-5.4o
0.05
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
x/c
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
Drag Polar
C L2
CD =
AR
/Vs
0.15
0.1
0.05
0
-1
-0.9
-0.8
-0.7
-0.6
-0.5
-0.4
-0.3
-0.2
-0.1
-0.9
-0.8
-0.7
-0.6
-0.5
y/s
-0.4
-0.3
-0.2
-0.1
-w/V
-0.05
2AR( 0 )
= 0.856
AR + 2
C L2
= 0.041
C Di =
AR
CL =
-0.1
-0.15
-0.2
-1
= 4U s
A sin(n ) = 4U
n =1, odd
y
+ = 1
4V A1s s
sA1 sin( )
(cos = y / s )
2.
nAn sin( n )
w
n =1, odd
=
= A1
V
sin
3.
= V ( 0 )c + wc
c=
V ( 0 ) V A1
Spitfire
Note that the chordlengths are all lined up along the quarter chord line so
the actual wing shape is not an ellipse
Further results
C L2
C Di =
AR
C L = ARA1
But what is A1?
Now
cr =
S = 12 scr
V ( 0 ) V A1
2
and
w
= A1
V
r 0
+ = 1 r = 4V A1s
4V A1s s
2
2AR( 0 )
CL =
AR + 2
A1 = 2( 0 ) /( AR + 2)
2( 0 )
w
=
V
AR + 2
2AR( 0 )
CL =
AR + 2
Consider two elliptical wings with the same section but different AR
producing the same lift coefficient:
A 0 =
C L ( ARA + 2)
2ARA
1
CL 1
A B =
ARA ARB
B 0 =
C L ( ARB + 2)
2ARB
Similarly, we can show the two drag coefficients are related as:
C DiA C DiB
C L2 1
1
ARA ARB
C 1
1
A B = L
ARA ARB
Prandtls Classic
Rectangular Wing
Data for Different
Aspect Ratios
C DiA C DiB
C L2 1
1
ARA ARB
Prandtls
rescaling using
LLT result to
AR=5