Seminar Koordinasi Proteksi Arus Lebih

ion &
Agenda
Day 2
Day 1
Introduction
Information Required
Using Log-Log Paper & TCCs
Types of Fault Current
Protective Devices & Characteristic
Curves
Coordination Time Intervals (CTIs)
Effect of Fault Current Variations
Multiple Source Buses
Transformer Overcurrent Protection

Motor Overcurrent Protection
Conductor Overcurrent Protection
Generator Overcurrent Protection
Coordinating a System
Introduction
Protection Objectives
Personnel Safety
Equipment Protection
Service Continuity & Selective Fault Isolation
13.8 kV
Faults should be quickly
detected and cleared with a
minimum disruption of service.
13.8 kV/480 V
2.5 MVA
5.75%
480 V
Protective devices perform this

function and must be adequately
specified and coordinated.
Errors in either specification or
setting can cause nuisance
outages.
Types of Protection
Distance
High Impedance Differential
Current Differential
Under/Over Frequency
Under/Over Voltage
Over Temperature
Overcurrent
Overload
Coordinating Overcurrent Devices

Tools of the trade in the good ole days





Tools of the trade today
Using Log-Log Paper & TCCs
Log-Log Plots
Time-Current Characteristic Curve (TCC)
1000
effectively
steady state
100
I2t withstand
curves plot as
straight lines
1 minute
Time In Seconds
Why log-log paper?

Log-Log scale compresses
values to a more manageable
range.
10
typical motor
acceleration
I2t withstand curves plot as

straight lines.
0.1
typical fault
clearing
5 cycles
(interrupting)
1 cycle
(momentary)
0.01
0.5
FLC = 1 pu
Fs = 13.9 pu
10
100`
Fp = 577 pu
1000
10000
Current in Amperes
Plotting A Curve
5000 hp Motor TCC
1000
FLC = 598.9 A
13.8 kV
Time In Seconds
100
13.8/4.16 kV
10 MVA
6.5%
10
Accel. Time = 2 s
4.16 kV
1
M 4.16 kV 5000 hp
90% PF, 96% , 598.9 A
3593.5 LRA, 2 s start
0.1
LRA = 3593.5 A
0.01
0.5
10
100`
1000
10000
Current in Amperes
Plotting Fault Current & Scale Adjustment

5000 hp Motor TCC with Fault on Motor Terminal
1000
13.8 kV
FLC = 598.9 A
100
Time In Seconds
13.8/4.16 kV
10 MVA
6.5%
10
Accel. Time = 2 s
4.16 kV
15 kA
M 4.16 kV 5000 hp
90% PF, 96% , 598.9 A
0.1
15 kA
LRA = 3593.5 A
0.01
0.5
10
100`
1000
10000
Current in Amperes x 10 A
Voltage Scales
5000 hp Motor TCC with Fault on Transformer Primary
45 kA @ 13.8 kV
= ? @ 4.16 kV
1000
13.8 kV
= (45 x 13.8/4.16)
= 149.3 kA @ 4.16 kV
45 kA
100
Time In Seconds
13.8/4.16 kV
10 MVA
6.5%
10
4.16 kV
15 kA
M 4.16 kV 5000 hp
90% PF, 96% , 598.9 A
0.1
15 kA
0.01
0.5
10
100`
1000
149.3 kA
10000
Current in Amperes x 100AA @ 4.16 kV
Types of Fault Currents
Fault Current Options

Crest/Peak
Current
Interrupting/Breaking
Momentary
Initial Symmetrical
ANSI
IEC
Momentary Symmetrical
Momentary Asymmetrical
Momentary Crest
Interrupting Symmetrical
Adjusted Interrupting Symmetrical
Initial Symmetrical (Ik)

Peak (Ip)
Breaking (Ib)
Asymmetrical Breaking (Ib,asym)
Fault Current Options

Crest/Peak
Current
Momentary
Interrupting/Breaking
Initial Symmetrical
Symmetrical currents are most appropriate.

Momentary asymmetrical should be considered when setting
instantaneous functions.
Use of duties not strictly appropriate, but okay.
Use of momentary/initial symmetrical currents lead to conservative CTIs.
Use of interrupting currents will lead to lower, but still conservative CTIs.
10
Protective Devices & Characteristic

Curves
Electromechanical Relays (EM)

100
IFC 53
RELAY Very
Inverse Time
Time-Current
Curves
10
3
2
0.1
Time Dial
Settings
TIME IN SECONDS
10
0.01
1
10
100
MULTIPLES OF PICK-UP SETTING
11
Electromechanical Relays Pickup Calculation

The relay should pick-up for current
values above the motor FLC ( ~ 600 A).
4.16 kV
IFC
53
For the IFC53 pictured, the available

ampere-tap (AT) settings are 0.5, 0.6,
0.7, 0.8, 1, 1.2, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, & 4.
800/5
For this type of relay, the primary pickup

current was calculated as:
PU = CT Ratio x AT
4.16 kV
5000 hp FLC =
598.9 A SF =
1.0
Set AT = 4
PU = (800/5) x 3 = 480 A (too low)

= (800/5) x 4 = 640 A (107%, okay)
Electromechanical Relays Operating Time Calculation

4.16 kV
IFC 53
RELAY Very
Inverse Time TimeCurrent Curves
10
IFC
53 Setting = 4 AT, ?? TD
800/5
10 kA
15 kA
M
1.21
1
1.05
10
0.34
0.30
3
2
0.1
0.08
7
0.01
15.6
1
Time Dial Settings
TIME IN SECONDS
100
23.4
4.16 kV
5000 hp
598.9 A, SF = 1
IFC 53 Relay Operating Times

Fault Current
15 kA
10 kA
15000/640
= 23.4
10000/640
= 15.6
Time Dial
0.07 s
0.08 s
Time Dial 3
0.30 s
0.34 s
Time Dial 10
1.05 s
1.21 s
Multiple of Pick-up
10
100
MULTIPLES OF PICK-UP SETTING
12
Solid-State Relays (SS)
Microprocessor-Based Relays
52B
2000/5
01-52B
41-SWGR-01B
13.8 kV
OCR F15B
400/5
01-F15B
Seconds
52B
OC1
ANSI-Normal Inverse
Pickup = 2.13 (0.05 20 xCT Sec)
Time Dial = 0.96
Inst = 20 (0.05 20 xCT Sec)
Time Delay = 0.01 s
F15B
OC1
ANSI-Extremely Inverse
Pickup = 8 (0.05 20 xCT Sec)
Time Dial = 0.43
Inst = 20 (0.05 20 xCT Sec)
Time Delay = 0.02 s
52B 3P
F15B 3P
30 kA @ 1 3.8 kV
Amps X 100 (Plot Ref. kV=13.8)
13
Power CBs
PWR MCB
3200 A
LT Pickup
16-SWGR-02A
0.48 kV
PWR FCB
1600 A
LT Band
Power MCB
Seconds
Cutler-Hammer RMS 520 Series

Sensor = 3200
LT Pickup = 1 (3200 Amps)
LT Band = 4
ST Pickup = 2.5 (8000 Amps)
ST Band = 0.3 (I^x)t = OUT
Power FCB
Cutler-Hammer RMS 520 Series
Sensor = 1200
LT Pickup = 1 (1200 Amps)
LT Band = 2
ST Pickup = 4 (4500 Amps)
ST Band = 0.1 (I^x)t = OUT
ST Pickup
ST Band
Power MCB 3P
47.4 kA @ 0.48 kV
Power FCB 3P
90.2 kA @ 0.48 kV
Insulated & Molded Case CB

Insulated Case MCB
1200 A
16-SWGR-02A
0.48 kV
Molded Case CB
250 A
Insulated Case MCB
Seconds
Frame = 1250 Plug = 1200 A

LT Pickup = Fixed (1200 A)
LT Band = Fixed
ST Pickup = 4 x (4000 A)
ST Band = Fixed (I^2)t = IN
Override = 14000 A
Molded Case CB
HKD
Size = 250 A
Terminal Trip = Fixed
Magnetic Trip = 10
Fault current
< Inst. Override
Insulated Case MCB

11 kA @ 0.48 kV
14
Insulated & Molded Case CB

Insulated Case MCB
1200 A
16-SWGR-02A
0.48 kV
Molded Case CB
250 A
Insulated Case MCB
Seconds
Frame = 1250 Plug = 1200 A

LT Pickup = Fixed (1200 A)
LT Band = Fixed
ST Pickup = 4 x (4000 A)
ST Band = Fixed (I^2)t = IN
Override = 14000 A
Molded Case CB
HKD
Size = 250 A
Terminal Trip = Fixed
Magnetic Trip = 10
Fault current
> Inst. Override
Insulated Case MCB

42 kA @ 0.48 kV
Power Fuses
MCC 1
4.16 kV
Mtr Fuse
Seconds
Mtr Fuse JCL

(2/03) Standard
5.08 kV
5R
Minimum
Melting
Total
Clearing
Mtr Fuse
15 kA @
4.16 kV
Amps X 10 (Plot Ref. kV=4.16 kV)
15

The CTI is the amount of time allowed between a
primary device and its upstream backup.
Backup devices wait for sufficient

time to allow operation of primary
devices.
Primary devices sense, operate

& clear the fault first.
Main
Feeder
When two such

devices are
coordinated such
that the primary
device should
operate first at all
fault levels, they are
selectively
coordinated.
16
Coordination Time Intervals EM

In the good old days,
Main
What typical CTI would we

want between the feeder and
the main breaker relays?
Seconds
Feeder
It depends.
30 kA
Main
Feeder
?s
30 kA

On what did it depend?
Remember the TD setting?
It is continuously adjustable
and not exact.
So how do you really
know where TD = 5?
FIELD TESTING !
(not just hand set)
17

Plotting the field test points.
3x means 3 times pickup

3 * 8 = 24 A (9.6 kA primary)
5 * 8 = 40 A (16 kA primary)
8 * 8 = 64 A (25.6 kA primary)
Seconds
Feeder
3x (9.6 kA), 3.3 s

5x (16 kA), 1.24 s
8x (25.6 kA), 0.63 s
30 kA

So now, if test points are not
provided what should the CTI
be?
Main
0.4 s
Feeder
Seconds
30 kA
But, if test points are provided

what should the CTI be?
0.3 s
Main w/ testing
Main w/o testing
Feeder
0.3 s 0.4 s
30 kA
18

Where does the 0.3 s or 0.4 s come from?
1.
2.
3.
breaker operating time

(Feeder breaker)
CT, relay errors
(both)
disk overtravel (Main relay only)
Tested
Hand Set
breaker 5 cycle
0.08 s
0.08 s
Disk over travel
0.10 s
0.10 s
CT, relay errors
0.12 s
0.22 s
TOTAL
0.30 s
0.40 s
Main
Feeder
30 kA

Red Book (per Section 5.7.2.1)
Components
Obviously, CTIs can be a

subjective issue.
Buff Book (taken from Tables 15-1 & 15-2)
Field Tested
Components
0.08 s
0.10 s
0.17 s
0.35 s
0.08 s
0.10 s
0.12 s
0.30 s
19
Coordination Time Intervals EM & SS

So, lets move forward a few years.
For a modern (static) relay what part of the
margin can be dropped?
Disk overtravel
So if one of the two relays is static, we can

use 0.2 s, right?
It depends
Main (EM)
CTI = 0.2 s
CTI = 0.3 s
Main (SS)
(because disk OT is
still in play)
Feeder (SS)
Feeder (EM)
Coordination Time Intervals EM & SS

Main (EM)
Main (SS)
Feeder (SS)
Feeder (SS)
Main (SS)
Seconds
Main (EM)
Feeder (EM)
Feeder EM
0.3 s
0.2 s
disk OT still applicable

Main (EM)
Main (SS)
Feeder (SS)
30 kA @ 13.8 kV
Feeder (EM)
30 kA @ 13.8 kV
20
Coordination Time Intervals EM/SS with Banded Devices

OC Relay combinations with banded devices
disk over travel
EM Relay
Power
Fuse
Power
Fuse
operating time x
CTI
0.22 s
disk over travel x

CT, relay errors
operating time x
CTI
0.12 s
0.12 s
Static Trip or
Molded Case
Breaker
Static Relay
Static Trip or
Molded Case
Breaker
0.1 s
Coordination Time Intervals EM/SS with Banded Devices

EM-Banded
SS-Banded
EM Relay
SS Relay
PWR MCB
PWR MCB
PWR MCB
EM Relay
SS Relay
Seconds
PWR MCB
0.22 s
25 kA
0.12 s
25 kA
21
Coordination Time Intervals Banded Devices

Banded characteristics include
tolerances & operating times.
Seconds
There is no
intentional/additional time delay
needed between two banded
devices.
All that is required is clear
space (CS).
Coordination Time Intervals Summary

Buff Book (Table 15-3 Minimum CTIsa)
22
Effect of Fault Current Variations
CTI & Fault Current Magnitude

Inverse relay characteristics
imply
Operating
Time
For a fault current of 10 kA the

CTI is 0.2 s.
For a fault current of 20 kA the
CTI is 0.06 s.
Feeder
F1 = 10 kA
Seconds
Relay
Current
Main
Main
F2 = 20 kA
Feeder
0.2 s
0.06 s
If CTI is set based on 10 kA, it

reduces to less than the
desired value at 20 kA.
F1 = 10 kA
F2 = 20 kA
23
Total Bus Fault versus Branch Currents

10 kA
15 kA
1.2 kA
0.8 kA
1 kA
2 kA
For a typical distribution bus all feeder relays will see a slightly different
maximum fault current.
Years back, the simple approach was to use the total bus fault current as
the basis of the CTI, including main incomer.
Using the same current for the main led to a margin of conservatism.
Total Bus Fault versus Branch Currents
10 kA
Using Total Bus

Fault Current of
15 kA
Using Actual
Maximum Relay
Current of 10 kA
15 kA
Feeder
Feeder
0.2 s
15 kA
Seconds
Main
Main
0.8 s
10 kA
15 kA
24
Curve Shaping
Using a definite time

characteristic (or delayed
instantaneous) can
eliminate the affect of
varying fault current levels.
Seconds
Most modern relays

include multiple OC
Elements.
0.2 s
20 kA
15 kA
10 kA
25
When a bus includes multiple sources, care must be

taken to not coordinate all source relays at the total
fault current.
Source relays should be plotted only to their respective

fault currents or their normalized plots.
Plotting the source curves to the total bus fault current

will lead to much larger than actual CTIs.
Plot to Full Fault

Level
Plot to Actual
Relay Current
18 kA
12 kA
30 kA
Seconds
1.1 s
0.2 s
12 kA
30 kA
12 kA
30 kA
26
Adjusted Pickup Method
Many software packages include the facility to

adjust/shift the characteristics of the source relays to
line up at the bus maximum fault currents.
The shift factor (SF) is calculated using:

SF = Bus Fault / Relay Current
Adjusted Pickup Method
Without shift factor

both pickups = 3000 A.
18 kA
12 kA
30 kA
Seconds
With shift factor relay 2

pickup shifts to 7500 A.
SF = (30/12) * 3000 A
12 kA
0.2 s
0.2 s
30 kA
30 kA
27
10 kA
Bus A
10 kA
5 kA
Bus B
15 kA (Fa)
10 kA (Fb)
Fb = 25 kA
Fa = 25 kA
Different fault locations cause different flows in tie.

SF(Fa) = 25 / (10 + 5) = 1.67
SF(Fb) = 25 / 10
=2
Preparing a TCC for each unique location can confirm defining case.
Cases can be done for varying sources out of service & breaker logic
used to enable different setting groups.
Partial Differential Relaying
Source 1
Ip1
Is1
51A
51B
Is1+Is2
Is2
Source 2
Is2
Ip2
Is2
Bus A
Bus B
Typically used on double-ended

systems with normally closed
ties.
Automatically discriminates
between Bus A and Bus B faults.
Ip2
Ip1+Ip2
Feeder A
Feeder B
Eliminates need for relay on tie

breaker.
Saves coordination step.
28

Embellish notes
Source 1
Ip1
Is1
51A
51B
Is1
Is1
Source 2
0
Scheme works even with one

source out of service.
0
Open
Is1
Bus A
Bus B
Ip1
However, the relay in the open

source must remain in operation
since the relay in the remaining
source sees no operating current.
Ip1
Feeder A
Feeder B

Show same 3 source 1 tie example
29
Directional Current Relaying
67
Bus A
67
Bus B
Directional overcurrent (67) relays should be used on double-ended

line-ups with normally closed ties and buses with multiple sources.
Protection is intended to provide more sensitive and faster detection
of faults in the upstream supply system.
30

NEC Table 450.3(A) defines overcurrent setting requirements for primary &
secondary protection pickup settings.

C37.91 defines the ANSI
withstand protection limits.
Withstand curve defines
thermal & mechanical limits of
a transformer experiencing a
through-fault.
mechanical
withstand
thermal
withstand
based on
transformer Z
25 x FLC
@ 2s
31

Requirement to protect for
mechanical damage is based
on frequency of through faults
& transformer size.
Right-hand side (thermal) used
for setting primary protection.
Left-hand side (mechanical)
used for setting secondary
protection.
mechanical
withstand
thermal
withstand
25 x FLC
@2s
based on
transformer Z

FLC = 2.4 MVA/(3 x 13.8) = 100.4 A
Relay PU must be 600% FLC = 602.4 A
PWR-MCB
400 / 100.4 = 398% so okay
Seconds
Using a relay setting of 2.0 x CT, the relay

PU = 2 x 200 = 400 A
2.4 MVA, 5.75% Z

-Y Resistor Ground
13.8 kV
Time Dial depends on level of protection

desired.
13.8/0.48 kV
2.4 MVA
5.75%
PWR-MCB
480 V
32

-Y Connections Phase-To-Phase Faults
A
0
1.0
0.866
b
c
0.5
C
0.866
Assume
1:1 turns ratio
X1 = X2 = X0
3-Phase fault current = base current.
Phase-phase fault current is typically
0.866 per unit.
This current transforms to 0.5
(0.866/3) per unit on the delta phase
winding and adds up to 1.0 per unit on
the line-side.
primary relay clipped

at 100% secondary
fault current
coordinated with a
secondary relay
clipped at 86% of the
secondary fault
current.
Trim down notes on

left and summarize
that we normally dont
mess with this issue
The CTIs need to be set assuming

1.15 (1/0.866) per unit fault current.

-Y Connections Phase-To-Ground Faults
1.0
0.577
0.577
0
b
0.577
Add TCC with a

shifted and non-shifted
transformer damage
curve.
Assume
1:1 turns ratio
X1 = X2 = X0
3-Phase fault current = base current.
The 1 per unit phase-ground fault
current transforms to 0.577 (1/3) per
unit on the delta phase.
The transformer damage curve is
shifted to the left to ensure protection.
33
Will be deleted once the previous page is fixed.

For a solidly-grounded
secondary
For resistancegrounded secondary

PWR-MCB
PWR-MCB
2.4 MVA, 5.75% Z

-Y Solid Ground
Seconds
2.4 MVA, 5.75% Z

-Y Resistor Ground
13.8 kV
13.8/0.48 kV
2.4 MVA
5.75%
Withstand
curve shifted
left due to
-Y xfmr.
More difficult
to provide
protection.
PWR-MCB
480 V

Inrush Current
PWR-MCB
Use of 8-12 times FLC @ 0.1 s is an

empirical approach based on EM
relays.
The instantaneous peak value of the
inrush current can actually be much
higher than 12 times FLC.
Seconds
2.4 MVA, 5.75% Z

-Y Resistor Ground
The inrush is not over at 0.1 s, the dot

just represents a typical rms
equivalent of the inrush from
energization to this point in time.
13.8 kV
13.8/0.48 kV
2.4 MVA
5.75%
8-12 x FLC
(typical)
PWR-MCB
480 V
34

Setting the primary inst. protection
PWR-MCB
The primary relay instantaneous

(50) setting should clear both the
inrush & the secondary fault current.
It was common to use the
asymmetrical rms value of
secondary fault current (1.6 x sym)
to establish the instantaneous
pickup, but most modern relays filter
out the DC component.
Seconds
2.4 MVA, 5.75% Z

-Y Resistor Ground
13.8 kV
13.8/0.48 kV
2.4 MVA
5.75%
8-12 x FLC
(typical)
PWR-MCB
480 V

-Y Connection & Ground Faults
A secondary L-G fault is not sensed by the ground devices on the

primary () side.
Low-resistance and solidly grounded systems are coordinated as
separately derived systems.
35

-Y Connection & Ground Faults
The ground resistor size is selected to
limit the fault current while still providing
sufficient current for coordination.
The resistor ratings include a maximum
continuous current that must be
considered.
36

Fuse provides short-circuit
protection.
GE Multilin 469
Standard O/L Curve
Pickup = 1.01 X FLC
Curve Multiplier = 3
49 or 51 device provide motor

overload protection.
Bussmann
JCL Size 9R
Hot
Seconds
Overload pickup depends on

motor FLC and service factor.
1000 hp
4.16 kV
650% LRC
The time delay for the 49/51

protection is based on motor
stall time.
M

GE Multilin 469
Standard O/L Curve
Pickup = 1.01 X FLC
In the past, instantaneous OC

protection was avoided on contactorfed motors since the contactors could
not clear high short-circuits.
Hot
1000 hp
4.16 kV
650% LRC
Seconds
With modern relays, a delayed

instantaneous can be used if its
setting is coordinated with the
contactor interrupting rating.
Bussmann
JCL Size 9R
Contactor
6 kA Int.
M
37

The instantaneous setting for a
breaker-fed motor must be set to pass
the motor asymmetrical inrush.
Can be done with a pickup over the
asymmetrical current.
GE Multilin 469
Standard O/L Curve
Pickup = 1.01 X FLC
1000 hp
4.16 kV
650% LRC
Hot
Seconds
Can be done using a lower pickup with

time delay to allow DC component to
decay out.
3 kA @ 4.16 kV
38

LV Cables
NEC 240.4 Protection of Conductors conductors shall be protected against
overcurrent in accordance with their ampacities
(B) Devices Rated 800 A or Less the next higher standard device rating
shall be permitted
(C) Devices Rated over 800 A the ampacity of the conductors shall be the
device rating
NEC 240.6 Standard Ampere Ratings

(A) Fuses & Fixed-Trip Circuit Breakers cites all standard ratings
(B) Adjustable Trip Circuit Breakers Rating shall be equal to maximum
setting
(C) Restricted Access Adjustable-Trip Circuit Breakers Rating can be
equal to setting if access is restricted

MV Cables
NEC 240.101 (A) Rating or Setting of Overcurrent Protective Devices
Fuse rating 3 times conductor ampacity
Relay setting 6 times conductor ampacity
40

The insulation temperature rating
is typically used as the operating
temperature (To).
Seconds
The final temperature (Tf) depends

on the insulation type (typically
150 deg. C or 250 deg. C).
1 3/C 350 kcmil

Copper Rubber
Tc = 90 deg. C
When calculated by hand, you

only need one point and then draw
in at a -2 slope.
Amps X 100 (Plot Ref. V=600)
41
A generators fault current

contribution decays over time.
Overcurrent protection must

allow both for moderate
overloads & be sensitive enough
to detect the steady state
contribution to a system fault.

FLC/Xd
Voltage controlled/ restrained

relays (51V) are commonly
used.
The pickup at full restraint is

typically 150% of Full Load
Current (FLC).
The pickup at no restraint must

be < FLC/Xd.
42
Generator 51V Pickup Setting Example
Fg
19500 kVA
903 A
Xd = 280%
1200/5
51V
12.47 kV
Fg = FLC/Xd = 903 / 2.8 = 322.5 A

51V pickup (full restraint)
> 150% FLC = 1354 A
51V pickup (no restraint)
< 322.5 A
Generator 51V Pickup Setting Example

51V Setting > 1354/1200
Using 1.15, 51V pickup
With old EM relays,
51V pickup (no restraint)
= 1.13
= 1.15 x 1200 A = 1380 A
= 25% of 1380 A
= 345 A (> 322.5 A, not good)
With new relays a lower MF can be set, such that 51V

pickup (no restraint)
= 15% of 1380 A
= 207 A (< 322.5, so okay)
43
Generator 51V Settings on TCC
Seconds
15% x Pickup
Pickup = 1.15 x
CT-Sec
GTG-101A
No Load
Constant Excitation
Total Fault Current
Limited guidance on
overcurrent protection
(C37.102 Section 4.1.1)
with respect to time delay.
Want to avoid nuisance
tripping, especially on
islanded systems, so
higher TDs are better.
30 kA
44
TCCs show both
protection & coordination.
Most OC settings should
be shown/confirmed on
TCCs.
Showing too much on a
single TCC can make it
impossible to read.
Showing a
vertical slice of
the system can
reduce
crowding, but
still be hard to
read.
Upstream
equipment is
shown on
multiple and
redundant
TCCs.
45
TCC Zone Map
TCC-6
TCC-3
TCC-2
TCC-5
TCC-1
TCC-Comp
TCC-4
TCC-307J
TCC-101J
TCC-212J
Coordinating a System: TCC-1

Zone Map
Motor starting & protection is adequate.

Cable withstand protection is adequate.
The MCC main breaker may trip for faults
above 11 kA, but this cannot be helped.
The switchgear feeder breaker is selective
with the MCC main breaker, although not
necessarily required
46

Zone Map
The switchgear feeder breaker settings

established on TCC-1 set the basis for this
curve.
The main breaker is set to be selective with
the feeder at all fault levels.
A CTI marker is not required since the
characteristic curves include all margins and
breaker operating times.
The main breaker curve is clipped at its
through-fault current instead of the total bus
fault current to allow tighter coordination of
the upstream relay.

Zone Map
The LV switchgear main breaker settings

established on TCC-2 set the basis for this curve.
The transformer damage curve is based on
frequent faults and is not shifted since the
transformer is resistance grounded.
The primary side OC relay is selective with the
secondary main and provides adequate
transformer and feeder cable protection.
The OC relay instantaneous high enough to pass
the secondary fault current and transformer
inrush current.
47
Coordinating a System: TCC-307J

Zone Map
This curve sets the basis for the upstream

devices since its motor is the largest on the
MCC.
Motor starting and overload protection is
acceptable.
Motor feeder cable protection is acceptable
The motor relay includes a second definite
time unit to provide enhanced protection.
The definite time function is delay to allow
the asymmetrical inrush current to pass.

Zone Map
The 307J motor relay settings established

on TCC-307J set the basis for this curve.
The tie breaker relay curve is plotted to the
total bus fault current to be conservative.
The main breaker relay curve is plotted to its
let-through current.
A coordination step is provided between the
tie and main relay although this decision is
discretionary.
All devices are selectively coordinated at all
fault current levels.
The definite time functions insulation the
CTIs from minor fault current variations..
48

Zone Map
The MV MCC main breaker settings

established on TCC-4 set the basis for this
curve.
The transformer damage curve is based on
frequent faults and is not shifted since the
transformer is resistance grounded.
The primary side OC relay is selective with the
secondary main and provides adequate
transformer and feeder cable protection.
The OC relay instantaneous high enough to
pass the secondary fault current and
transformer inrush current.
Coordinating a System: TCC-Comp

Zone Map
Due to the compressor size, this curve may

set the basis for the MV switchgear main
breaker.
Motor starting and overload protection is
acceptable.
Short-circuit protection is provided by the
relay/breaker instead of a fuse as with the
1000 hp motor.
The short-circuit protection is delay 50 ms to
avoid nuisance tripping.
49

Zone Map
The feeder breaker settings established on

TCC-3, TCC-4, and TCC-Comp are shown
as the basis for this curve.
The settings for feeder 52A1 (to the 2.4
MVA) could be omitted since it does not
define any requirements.
A coordination step is provided between the
tie and main relay although this decision is
discretionary.
All devices are selectively coordinated at all
fault current levels.
The definite time functions insulation the
CTIs from minor fault current variations.
TCC Zone Map
TCC-G1
TCC-G2
50
Coordination Pop Quiz #1

2000/5
OCR
Does this TCC look good??
Main
SWGR-1
400/5
OCR
600/5
TR-FDR1
OCR
There is no need to maintain a

coordination interval between
feeder breakers.
The CTI between the main and

feeder 2 is appropriate unless all
relays are electromechanical and
hand set.
TR-FDR2
0.301 s
0.3 s

2000/5
OCR
Main-1
SWGR-3
400/5
OCR
600/5
FDR-1
The CTIs shown between main

and both feeders are sufficient.
Assuming testing EM relays, the

0.615s CTI cannot be reduced
since the 0.304s CTI is at the
limit.
The main relay time delay is

actually too fast since the CTI at
30 kA is less than 0.2s.
OCR
FDR-2
0.615 s
0.304 s
51

The marked CTIs are okay,

but.
A main should never include an

instantaneous setting.
0.472 s
0.325 s

Primary relay pickup is 525% of

transformer FLC, thus okay.
Transformer frequent fault

protection is not provided by the
primary relay, but this is okay
adequate protection is provided
by the secondary main.
Cable withstand protection is

inadequate. Adding a 50 to the
primary relay would be
appropriate and fix this.
52

Crossing of feeder
characteristics is no problem.
There is no need to maintain an

intentional time margin between
two LV static trip units clear
space is sufficient.
0.021 s

0.03 s
The source relays should not be

plotted to the full bus fault level
unless their plots are shifted
based on:
SF = Total fault current / relay
current.
Assuming each relay actually

sees only half of the total fault
current, the CTI is actually much
higher than 0.3s.
53

There are two curves to be

concerned with for a 51V full
restraint and zero restraint.
Assuming the full restraint curve

is shown, it is coordinated too
tightly with the feeder.
The 51V curve will shift left and

lose selectivity with the feeder if
a close-in fault occurs and the
voltage drops.
0.302 s
Coordination Software
Computer-aided coordination software programs
originated in the late 1980s.
The accuracy of the device characteristic curves was
often highly questionable.
There are numerous, much more powerful programs
available today, many of which are very mature.
Even still, the accuracy of the protective devices
functions and characteristics is still extremely critical.
54
Coordination Software
For many years clients maintained separate impedance
models for power studies and protective device models
for coordination studies.
Integrated models are now the norm and are required to
support arc-flash studies.
Information Required
55
Accurate One-Line Diagram
Equipment Ratings
drive short-circuit
calculations
affect asymmetrical
currents
56
Equipment Ratings
drives short-circuit
calculations
affects transformer
through-fault protection
inrush affects settings
Equipment Ratings
size and construction

ampacity
insulation type/rating
affects I2t damage curve
57
Equipment Ratings
bus continuous rating affects

relay pickup (different for LV
and MV)
short-circuit rating must be
adequate but does not affect
overcurrent coordination
differing fault current affect
coordination
Equipment Ratings
adds to short-circuit
LRC, acceleration time, & hot/
cold stall times affect time
curve selection
58
Protective Devices
Make & model
CT Ratio
Tap & time dial
settings (old days)
setting files (today)
Trip device type
LT, ST, Inst settings
References
59
Selected References
Applied Protective Relaying Westinghouse

Protective Relaying Blackburn
IEEE Std 242
Buff Book
IEEE Std 141
Red Book
IEEE Std 399
Brown Book
IEEE C37.90
Relays
IEEE C37.91
Transformer Protection
IEEE C37.102
Guide for AC Generator Protection
NFPA 70
National Electrical Code
120
60

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Seminar Koordinasi Proteksi Arus Lebih

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ion &

Transformer Overcurrent Protection

Protective devices perform this

Coordinating Overcurrent Devices

Coordinating Overcurrent Devices

Coordinating Overcurrent Devices

Coordinating Overcurrent Devices

Coordinating Overcurrent Devices

Coordinating Overcurrent Devices

Using Log-Log Paper & TCCs

Why log-log paper?

I2t withstand curves plot as

Plotting Fault Current & Scale Adjustment

Current in Amperes x 100AA @ 4.16 kV

Types of Fault Currents

Fault Current Options

Initial Symmetrical (Ik)

Fault Current Options

Symmetrical currents are most appropriate.

Protective Devices & Characteristic

Electromechanical Relays (EM)

MULTIPLES OF PICK-UP SETTING

Electromechanical Relays Pickup Calculation

For the IFC53 pictured, the available

For this type of relay, the primary pickup

PU = (800/5) x 3 = 480 A (too low)

Electromechanical Relays Operating Time Calculation

Time Dial Settings

IFC 53 Relay Operating Times

Solid-State Relays (SS)

Amps X 100 (Plot Ref. kV=13.8)

Cutler-Hammer RMS 520 Series

Amps X 100 (Plot Ref. kV=0.48)

Insulated & Molded Case CB

Insulated Case MCB

Frame = 1250 Plug = 1200 A

Insulated Case MCB

Amps X 100 (Plot Ref. kV=0.48)

Insulated & Molded Case CB

Frame = 1250 Plug = 1200 A

Insulated Case MCB

Amps X 100 (Plot Ref. kV=0.48)

Mtr Fuse JCL

Amps X 10 (Plot Ref. kV=4.16 kV)

Coordination Time Intervals (CTIs)

Coordination Time Intervals (CTIs)

Backup devices wait for sufficient

Primary devices sense, operate

When two such

Coordination Time Intervals EM

What typical CTI would we

Coordination Time Intervals EM

Coordination Time Intervals EM

3x means 3 times pickup

3x (9.6 kA), 3.3 s

Coordination Time Intervals EM

But, if test points are provided

Coordination Time Intervals EM

breaker operating time

Disk over travel

CT, relay errors

Coordination Time Intervals EM

Obviously, CTIs can be a

Coordination Time Intervals EM & SS